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wave_theory - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2012-03-15 Thu

#1053. Ⱦȵڸ [wave_theory][geography][dialect][sociolinguistics][rhotic][lexical_diffusion][geolinguistics]

ѲȾ˼ϤäƹԤȤȾ (the wave theory; Wellentheorie) ˤĤơ#999. ѲȾ ([2012-01-21-1]) #1000. Ÿն˻Ĥ ([2012-01-22-1]) #1045. Ĺˤ ([2012-03-07-1]) εǼ夲ƤȾϡӸؤȤƤ the family tree model ФȿȤ󾧤줿ΤäѲˤ¾ʸŤƱͤŪ¦̤ȤͤƤߤФäȤʼĥ˳ΩͿȤɾ롥
ȾϡѲŤˤĤƤ͡¦̤˸ƤƤʲˡȾ⤬ѲθͿȵڸ̤ߤˤĤơιͤȤ󤲤褦

(1) ָŸն˻Ĥ (archaism in marginal areas) θ§ǤΩơƤߤͿ
(2) ѲŤŪ¦̤ˤĤƤν߽ФΤȤʤä㤨СȾФ the gravity model 䡤 the gravity model й the counterhierarchical modelŪڤܤ border effect ʤɡ (linguistic geography) ȯŸ˹׸
(3) Ⱦθϡ٥ŤǤʤҲ٥ŤˤѤǤǽ롥㤨С[2010-06-07-1]ε#406. Labov New York City /r/פǾҲ𤷤ĴǡҲкŪʳؤβ˸äơʺǾ̤Ȥơ /r/ Ψ⤫ä¤ϡrhotic ȯؤ˥äȾ˹äƤΤǤϤʤȤٻ롥
(4) óȻ (lexical diffusion) ϡ衤Ū¦̤ϴطʤηϤΤʤ˥褦˿ʤ಻ѲȤ󾧤줿ŪȾȤ褦˻פ롥Ⱦ¤2ܡ3ܤȳȤФ줾Ѥ4ܡ9ܤ˳礹褦ˡóȻǤ⤢ʳĤ "take-off" ȡ®٤޷˾夬ꡤäȾ쵤ݤ߹ࡥ

Ⱦ⤬ѲŪͣηǤϤʤȤΤƤ뤬(2) ǽҤ٤褦ˡѲθŪ֤ȤᤷӤ礭Britain ϡʸƬǡߤǤҲؤˤŪ֤μؤδؿ˳ȻŦƤ롥

The geographical dimension of space has been an almost wholly unexplored dimension in sociolinguistics. This is a somewhat surprising state of affairs since modern sociolinguistics can rightfully claim roots in a number of (seemingly) spatially-aware antecedents: the cartographic tradition of early dialectology, early linguistic anthropology, the cultural geography of Vidal de la Blache . . . and so on. Almost without exception, and rather than having been critically explored as a potential social variable, space has been treated as a blank canvas onto which sociolinguistic processes are painted. It has been unexamined, untheorised and its role in shaping and being shaped by language untested.


Ū֤ѲΥХȤƤǤϤʤζȤƤȤ館ƤƤɬפ롥

Britain, Dave. "Geolinguistics and Linguistic Diffusion." Sociolinguistics: International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Ed. U. Ammon et al. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2004.

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2012-03-12 Mon

#1050. postvocalic r Υ󥰥ϿޤˤĤ­ [wave_theory][dialect][rhotic]

[2012-03-07-1]ε#1045. Ĺˤפǡ󥰥ɱѸˤ1Ȥ postvocalic r ˸ڤTrudgill (27) arm ȯ˴ؤϿޤϡ[2010-07-23-1]ε#452. 󥰥ɱѸνˤ rפǼϿޤ򸫤СȾ濴ɤΤˤϤ狼ʤɥ˶ᤤ󥰥դˤäΤǤϤʤȤ¬ΩƤ줽 postvocalic r ˴ؤˤĤư۵Ĥ򾧤ĤϤʤϡϿޤ᤹Ǥâ񤭤äƤȤϤäƤ⡤ȥåɥ (186--87) Ȥդ򴭵ƤǤ롥
1ܤϡϿޤ arm cart ΤĤθ˴ؤϿޤǤꡤä postvocalic r ΤϿޤɽȤ櫓ˤϤʤȤǤ롥óȻ (lexical diffusion) ʤɤθѲ⤯ȤˤСѲ postvocalic r ξüȤ褦ʥ٥뤬Ž줿ȤƤ⡤ѲϡͿ췲ФɬƱ˰ΧƯ櫓ǤϤʤϿ޾Τäդ "(r)" ϰϡˤä r ̵ͭɤƤϰǤ롥ϿޤϤ褽ηĤƤ뤳ȤϳΤθʬۤäưŪʬ뤳ȤϤǤʤȤϲƤɬפ롥
2ܤϡϿޤϡܤŪѰۤʬۤ򼨤ȤŪȤƤꡤҲŪѰۤϼξݤƤȤǤ롥㤨СϿޤϡ󥰥ɤν̱ʤ뤤ϾʤȤ¿ˤ arm ˤ r ȯ뤫Τ褦Ƥ뤬r ̵ͭŪװʳˤƼμҲŪװˤ⺸줦롥㤨СϰǤϡϿޤȤ˼ºݤ r ȯΤϡּҲŪ˺DzؤϷͤäפʤΤǤʥȥåɥ롤p. 186ˡ󤳤ϿޤǤϤʤϿޤɤդȤȤǤ롥
3ܤϡϿޤ "Traditional Dialect" ([2012-02-20-1]ε#1029. England θѸʬ (1)פ򻲾ȡˤɽ路ΤǤꡤȤ¼Ѽɽ뤳ȤܻؤϿޤǤȤLiverpool ޤ¿ԻǤ r ޤäȯʤλ¤ϤϿޤˤȿǤƤʤ
[2010-07-23-1]εǤϡ֥ꥹѸᥤ󥰥ɱѸnon-rhoticפȤƤΤȤȤĴ뤿˼ʤȤѤϿޤ켫Ȥ⡤ѲҲŪʻˡɬפΤˤǤϤ뤬˼ξݤƤȤǡϤƤΤǤȤȤ򡤤˵Ƥ֤ϿޤȤϿޤɤǤ롥

Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
P. ȥåɥ ظȼҲ١ȽŹ1975ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-07-09-1] [2014-11-13-1]

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2012-03-07 Wed

#1045. Ĺˤ [wave_theory][dialect][geography][isogloss]

#999. ѲȾ ([2012-01-21-1]) #1000. Ÿն˻Ĥ ([2012-01-22-1]) Ⱦ (linguistic geography) ˤĤƿ줿ܤˤƱͤȤƤϡĹ (1875--1962) ͡ (1930) ˤ󾧤ͭ̾Ǥ롥
͡٤ϲ椬ˤؤκǽͤǤꡤǼ줿ϡ1872ǯ Johannes Schmidt (1843--1901) ȯɽ the wave theory (Wellentheorie) ǤȤäƤ褤Ĥ Schmidt ΤäƤɤ餫Ǥʤե󥹤θؤˤĤƤϳؤǤ褦ǤꡤȯۤǴŪ˱ƶƤȤȤϹͤ롥
ĤϡˤäȤ˰۷μϤޤޤǤ뤳Ȥ夲ƸȸƤ (21) Ȥ櫓̤¿ȤơĤĴΤΤפǤ롥ޤԤ濴Ȥᵦǡ֥ǥǥॷפʬۤǧ롥Τ¦¦Ǥϡ֥ޥޥפʬۤƤꡤˤγ¦͹Ǥϡ֥ĥפϰ褬äƤ롥γ̤ȶ彣Ǥϡ֥ĥ֥פΤޤ¦˰֤ȶ彣Ǥϡ֥ʥ᥯פϰ褬롥θƾΤ (isogloss) ϡ٤ߤС¿θܤƱͤ˺Ƥ뤬޼аʲΤ褦ˤʤɽ路Ĺˡ

kagyuukou

ꤵΤϡɽ魯줬㤨Ƽȵնޤ졤ơƱ߾˳¦˹äƤäȤǤ롥դߤȡǤ⳰¦ʬۤ줬Ǹؤ¦ˤ椯ˤäƿؤȤʤꡤԤˤäƺǿؤ˽в񤦡ؤѻФĤƤϼưǤΤƱͤˡʬۤѻФĤƤθܤγȻλǤ뤳ȤĤˤäƼ¾Ū˼ΤǤ롥ʤ֥ʥ᥯פΤ˸ؤȤƼ˳ΤȤƤΡ֥ߥʡפʬۤƤȤΤⶽ̣ġpp. 149--50ˡ
μ¾ڤϤߤȤļȤҤ٤Ƥ̤ꡤʬۤβ1ĤˤʤäˤĤƤϤ٤ޤ뤳ȤǤƤ⡤䥢ȤʬۤǤϡष濴ݼŪħݤĤȤ졤ŬѤǤʤäˤĤƤϤΩ˿֤ޤ¿ȯ⾧Ƥ롥ޤ֤γϡɬϤäƿʤȤϸ¤ʤȤͤ⤢롥
뤤ȾˤĤܸȱѸȤǰۤʤäƤϡܸǤϡޤǤϡפʸѲϵԤ濴ȤȹͤƤ褽ְ㤤ʤѸǤɬɥ濴Ȥ׿ФǤϤʤäȤɥ濴Ȥ󥰥ɤ׿ȯϤȤʤäơ줬Ʊ߾˳ϤؤŤƤ椯ϡΤˤ롥[2010-07-23-1]ε#452. 󥰥ɱѸνˤ rפǾҲ𤷤18Ⱦ postvocalic r ξüɽǡ[2011-11-24-1]ε#941. ѸθѲϤʤ̤ŤΤפǼ夲󥰥ȯϤȤѲ¿ǧ롥äơΩ줫鸫ȡ󥰥ɤξȯ줿ƱߤʣŪ褷ƤȤȤˤʤ롥

ˡ͡١ȽŹ1980ǯ

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2012-01-22 Sun

#1000. Ÿն˻Ĥ [wave_theory][geography][map]

ε#999. ѲȾ ([2012-01-21-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 the wave theory ϡޤʸݤγȻλȤȤϽҤ٤Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿̣򤽤롥
ȾȿϢŤƤ⤤ˡָŸն˻Ĥ (archaism in marginal areas) ȤΤ롥㳰⾯ʤʤ׿ϱˤкѡʸ濴Ϥˤ롥濴Ϥ׿Ⱦ˳ȻƤ椯ΤȤʤ顤ΥΥۤɡնǤФۤɡ׿ȤϵڤӤˤ̤Ȥơնˤϳ׿αƶϤŤ֤ʤˡʤ꤬Ĥ䤹
Ǥ⤷ΤϡƱ߾˹äƤ椯ᡤնΰ A ̤ΰ B ȤϡƱնˤäȤƤ⡤˵Υγִطüʾˤϱߤ濴򶴤ȿ¦ɤΰִطȤʤ뤳Ȥ뤳ȤդˤСΤ褦˸ߤ˳䤷ABˤơϤȤϰۤʤܤ̤Ƴǧ줿硤ն˻ĤäŸפȤ줦ȤȤǤ롥
ե󥯸줫衼åѤعä׿Ȥơ򤤡פɽ魯ƻ blank Ť˼ե󥯸 blank ϡޤե󥹸ؼѤ졤θ塤ƥꥢ䥹ڥˤޤȵڤݥȥǥ˥硤롼ޥ˥ˤϵڤФǤϤŤΥƥ albus 򤤡ˤͳ褹줬ޤѤƤʰʲˡ (122) ˷ǺܤƤ König (48) ϿޤƷǡˡ

Geographical Diffusion of Frankish

Υ줿ϰ alvo, arbu, alb ǧ뤳ȤϡȤ albus 衼åѤ˹ʬۤƤ̤ blank ȾŤȤڤФʤäնǸŸ줬¸ȹͤʤСޤǤʤŸϡжפ˻Ĥ롤Ȥ⤤뤫⤷ʤ

ͺӸ١ҡ1999ǯ
König, Werner. DTV-Atlas zur deutschen Sprache. München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1978.

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2012-01-21 Sat

#999. ѲȾ [wave_theory][indo-european][family_tree][geography][lexical_diffusion][contact][history_of_linguistics][isogloss]

[2010-02-03-1]ε#282. Sir William JonesαԤŦפǽҤ٤褦ˡSir William Jones (1746--1794) βŪƶˤꡤ18ν꤫ӸؤϤޤäθ塤ӸؤδפϡAugust Schleicher (1821--68) ˤꡤ19ȾФˤϳΩƤȤäƤ褤Schleicher ȤСƷ˥ƥꥹĤ뽬Ϥ᤿ؼԤǤ⤢롥Ӹؤβڡ̤ϡΰη ([2009-06-17-1], [2010-07-26-1]) ˶Ž̤Ƥ롥
ǡƱӸؤȤѲѡ the family tree model ФưлϤƤޤϻּ˱äϤƤ뤬¤ˤϡϸߤܿ򤷤ʤȯŸƤ롥ɤδطͤˤϡּǼĤμǤʤ֤Ǥܿɽ魯μ碌ǰƬˤɬפΤǤϤʤǡSchleicher θѼԤΰ Johannes Schmidt (1843--1901) ϡthe family tree model ؤΥơȤ the wave theory (Wellentheorie) 󼨤ܤŪȵڤƤ椯Ȥ֤μ˾ƤѲѤǤ롥Campbell and Mixco (221) Ѥ褦

According to the wave model, linguistic changes spread outward concentrically as waves on a pond do when a stone is thrown into it, becoming progressively weaker with the distance from their central point. Since later changes may not cover the same area there may be no sharp boundaries between neighboring dialects or languages; rather, the greater the distance between them, the fewer linguistic traits dialects or languages may share.


׿ŪʸܤϡӤꤲޤ줿ФΤ褦ˡ濴ȤƱ߾˶٤عäƤ椯ͤƤߤСΤ褦˻פ롥ιꡤήԤšȯڴʬ۳硤Ȥʸݤ the wave theory ξˡǹäƤ椯褦˸뤫ӸؤϻּˤȤ줹Ƥꡤʤʤּȯۤˤɤ夫ʤäơѲ϶֤μȤ̿᤭ޤ졤 (linguistic geography) ȯŸؤȤĤʤäƤä
Ǥϡthe family tree model ˴Ť²ηޤϡthe wave theory ǤϤɤΤ褦ʿޤȤΤʲβѤޤߤʤ Schmidt ˴ŤδطޤǤʾϲp. 43 οޤ򻲹ͤ˺ˡ

Schmidt's Wave Theory

Ƹʤ־ΰˤϽŤʤ꤬ꡤ餬 Italic Ȥ餬 Germanic ȤΤȤǤʤȤȤ褯Ƥ롥ΰѤ2ʸǽҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡۤʤǻϤޤä2Ĥθ׿㤨п A B ϡȤƱȯȤƤƤ⡤ƱȾ¤ȤϤʤȾ¤κˤꡤABξ줿A줿ʤäʤɤΰ㤤롥ºݤˤϡ̤Τ褦ˤ줤˱ߤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡƸ׿εڤΰθ³ɽ魯 (isogloss) ʣȤΤȤʤ롥ABΤߤʤ餺¿θ׿Τ褦ˤƹäƤ椯ˡŪΥΥۤɡۤʤä줬ޤ줶򤨤ʤΤ Schmidt ϹͤޤƱ⤫顤ؤκ±äȤ⤤ "Every word has its own history." Ȥ⤤ޤ줿

Schleicher, August. Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen. Weimar: Böhlau, 1861--62.
Schmidt, Johannes. Die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der indogermanischen Sprachen. Weimar: Böhlau, 1872.
Campbell, Lyle and Mauricio J. Mixco, eds. A Glossary of Historical Linguistics. Salt Lake City: U of utah P, 2007.
ϲ ͭӾ ɧ ˮɧ ԡ罤۱Ѹؼŵ١罤ۡ1983ǯ

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2011-11-24 Thu

#941. ѸθѲϤʤ̤ŤΤ [geography][me][wave_theory][geolinguistics][3sp]

űѸѸؤѸ˻ޤǡ¿θѲ󥰥ɤ̤Τˤ줫ؤŤƤä;̾ she she 򻲾ȡˤ they [2011-04-10-1]򻲾ȡˤڡ3ñ -s γ硤ʣ -s Hotta θ򻲾ȡˤοĹťΥɸ줫¿θäμѡƱѸ˾Ѳȸ뤫⤷ʤޤοʿʸˡξü⡤ΥꥹɸѸˤĤƤκפǻΤϡѸ˸줿Ρפ椨Ǥ롥
ʤ̤ȤʤΤŤθưϤϲʤΤȤϡǤ롥 (linguistic geography or geolinguistics) ǤϡѲŤȤ the wave theory Ť龧Ƥ롥ˤС󥰥ɤȤӤ礭Фꤲޤ졤;ȤŤƽ˼ϤءäؤȹäƹԤäǤ롥ºݤˡ嵭νѲϡȾμȤŤƤäȤΤƤʾʤȤ⡤ʣ -s ŤˤĤƤdzǧˡꤲޤ줿ФʤۤɤޤǤ˥ͥ륮äΤǤ롥ҲؤǤϡ̾Τ褦ʥͥ륮ϼҲŪ˱ƶϤΤϰŵŪˤԻˤȯȤ;ȤؤŤƤ椯ΤȹͤƤꡤΥɥ󤫤ļˤؤȤʤǤΤ¤ϵդǤ롥ʤʤΤ
ˤĤƤ (175) ǤڤƤ뤬ǰѤ Thomason and Kaufman (274) ΰҲ𤷤褦

Until about 1225 innovations starting in the South were spreading northward (e.g., /aː/ > /oə/, 'ɣ' > w/y), after 1250 practically all innovations in English were starting in the North and spreading southward (e.g. lengthening of short stressed vowel in open syllable, dropping of final unstressed schwa, degemination, spread of third person singular present tense -es at the expense of -eth). No explanation (except that York, England's second city, is located in Deira) can as yet be offered for why the North should have been so influential on the Midlands and South from 1250 to 1400, since it was much poorer than the rest of England, and was constantly being raided by the Scots, with whom the Northerners (ruefully, one supposes) shared a dialect.


¾ǡThomason and Kaufman (289) ϡSawyer (174--75) 򻲾Ȥʤ鼡Τ褦ˤҤ٤Ƥ롥

. . . there was a great growth of quite profitable sheep-farming at the hands of Norse-origin or even Norse-speaking entrepreneurs in the eleventh century in the Lincolnshire Wolds (which lie in Lindsey, the major town being Louth) and in the Yorkshire Wolds (which lie in the East Riding of Yorkshire part of Deira, the major town being Bridlington), which lie right across the Humber from each other . . . .


ʤ顤 (175) ˤơɤɤ˼Τ褦ʰոҤ٤ˤȤɤޤä

I cannot offer a strong alternative, but it is possible that as carriers of Norsified English in the North and East passed innovative linguistic features to neighbouring areas through person-to-person communication, the receiving areas willingly picked up the Norsified features as "faddish." For the time being, however, I would like to leave this question open.


ˤĤƺǶ O'Neil (266) ˸Ĥ̤ΰոҲ𤷤Ƥ

Now why the northern Middle English system became that of all England is not at all clear. . . . After the return to English as the language of the English realm there may have been a (mistaken, note) feeling that it was in the north that real English resided, thus leading to it becoming the accepted model toward which the rest of England moved. This is an explanation of sorts, albeit not a very satisfactory one (1).


ѺǸ (1) ϵؤλȤǡεˤϰʲΤ褦ˤ롥

(1) It is, however, difficult to reconcile this explanation --- such as it is --- with the general London antipathy toward the northern dialects of Middle English. (266)


ϿޤǤ롥

Hotta, Ryuichi. The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Hituzi Linguistics in English 10. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.
Thomason, Sarah Grey and Terrence Kaufman. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: U of California P, 1988.
Sawyer, P. H. The Age of the Vikings. 2nd ed. London: Edward Arnold, 1971.
O'Neil, Wayne. "The Evolution of the Germanic Inflectional Systems: A Study in the Causes of Language Change." Orbis 27 (1980): 248--86.

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