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wave_theory - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2014-05-14 Wed

#1843. conservative radicalism [language_change][personal_pronoun][contact][homonymic_clash][homonymy][conjunction][demonstrative][me_dialect][wave_theory][systemic_regulation][causation][functionalism][she]

#941. ѸθѲϤʤ̤ŤΤ ([2011-11-24-1]) ϡޤϤäƲƤʤѸˤǤ롥QŪˤϡҲŪƶϤΤ London 濴Ȥ륤󥰥ѲȯϤȤʤꡤʤɼդŤƤϤѸǤϤषդθबعߤƤȤ㤬¿
ФơMillar Samuels ήεǽŪΩ줫顤"conservative radicalism" ȤͿƤ롥ȤƼ夲ƤѲϡ3;ʣ̾ they ˤűѸ hīe ִȡͤȲꤵƤ롤³ though ˤ þeah ִӻؼ those ˤ tho ִ

   The issue with ambiguity between the third person singular and plural forms was also sorted through the borrowing of Northern usage, although on this occasion through what had been an actual Norse borrowing (although it would be very unlikely that southern speakers would have been aware of the new form's provenance --- if they cared): they. Interestingly, the subject form came south earlier than the oblique them and possessive their. Chaucer, for instance, uses the first but not the other two, where he retains native <h> forms. This type of usage represents what I have termed conservative radicalism (Millar 2000; in particular pp. 63--4). Northern forms are employed to sort out issues in more prestigious dialects, but only in 'small homeopathic doses'. The problem (if that is the right word) is that the injection of linguistically radical material into a more conservative framework tends to encourage more radical importations. Thus them and their(s) entered written London dialect (and therefore Standard English) in the generation after Chaucer's death, possibly because hem was too close to him and hare to her. If the 'northern' forms had not been available, everyone would probably have 'soldiered on', however.
   Moreover, the borrowing of they meant that the descendant of Old English þeah 'although' was often its homophone. Since both of these are function words, native speakers must have felt uncomfortable with using both, meaning that the northern (in origin Norse) conjunction though was brought into southern systems. This borrowing led to a further ambiguity, since the plural of that in southern England was tho, which was now often homophonous with though. A new plural --- those --- was therefore created. Samuels (1989a) demonstrates these problems can be traced back to northern England and were spread by 'capillary motion' to more southern areas. These changes are part of a much larger set, all of which suggest that northern influence, particularly at a subconscious or covert level, was always present on the edges of more southerly dialects and may have assumed a role as a 'fix' to sort out ambiguity created by change.


Millar Conservative radicalism ̾ΤȤDz⤷ƤηϤ˼ޤƤᥫ˥ϡƵǽŪȤ뤬Υᥫ˥बѤȤơܿ (dialect contact) ȽѰ۷ (variants) ζ¸äȤפǤ롥ܿ (contact) η̤ȤƷ֤Ѱ (variation) εޤ졤ηŪĴ (systemic regulation) ˤꡤ֤Ѥ줿ΤǤ롥ˤϡ#1466. Smith ˤѲ3ʳ3 ([2013-05-02-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ѳ3 contact, variation, systemic regulation ФäƤ롥Millar conservative radicalism Ȥͤϡ츫ԲĻ׵ĤؤθѲŤȤˡӤŪͿƤ褦˻פ롥
they though Ѳ˴ؤ̤ȤƤϡ#975. 3;̾μгʷǤϤޤѤʤä۲ ([2011-12-28-1]) ȡ#713. "though" "they" Ʊ۵ ([2011-04-10-1]) 򻲾ȡ
ʤMillar (119--20) ϡ3;νñ̾ she ˤűѸ hēo ִˤ conservative radicalism Ʊ褦ŬѤǤȹͤƤ褦she ˤĤƤϡ#792. she --- Ǥ٤ι⤤츻Ծܤθ ([2011-06-28-1]), #793. she --- 奤󥰥ˤ۷ʬۡ ([2011-06-29-1])#827. she θ츻 ([2011-08-02-1])#974. 3;̾μʷ˺Ѥ۲([2011-12-27-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Millar, Robert McColl. English Historical Sociolinguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2012.

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2014-01-13 Mon

#1722. Pisani ۩ָϤǤ [wave_theory][family_tree][language_change][historiography][neolinguistics]

#1578. ϲȤƤ ([2013-08-22-1]) #1579. ָϿʪǤפȡ ([2013-08-23-1]) εۤǡָϡǤפȤͻȤ⤤ϡ#449. Vendryes ۩ָǤס ([2010-07-20-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Vendryes Ȥϰۤʤ̣ǸʤȤϡˤȤƤؼԤΤǾҲ𤷤ε#1721. 2ĤθȤϲ ([2014-01-12-1]) Ƴ Pisani Ǥ롥
Pisani ϡǥǤѾȾǥǤѤȤΤͭյʶ̤ǧ᤺ξԤŪ׿ (créations) Ȥ礷褦Ȥζ̤ȤäѤ餦ȤڤȤΥ᡼礷ʥ᡼Ȥ (fleuve) ⤫Ǥήɤʣ˹ήʬ򷫤֤֤˱äƤҤή³ϤǤ롥

À vrai dire, le terme de parenté, avec les images qu'il reveille, porte à une vision erronée comme l'autre, qui y est connexée, de l'arbre généalogique. Une image beaucoup plus correspondante à la réalité des faits linguistiques pourrait être suggérée par un système hydrique compliqué: un fleuve qui rassemble l'eau de torrents et ruisseaux, à un certain moment se mêle avec un autre fleuve, puis se bifurque, chacun des deux bras continue à son tour à se mêler avec d'autres cours d'eau, peut-être aussi avec un ou plusieurs dérivés de son compagnon, il se forme des lacs dont de nouveaux fleuves se départent, et ainsi de suite. (13)


ϤʬʬϡϤϤȸƤФ뤬ϤϤλϤޤ꤬ɤʤΤ̤οϤϤȤζϤɤʤΤȤ䤤뤳ȤϤǤʤƱȤϤȤ줿ˤ⤤롥ȤʣʰϤΤʤǡɤʬޥϤȸƤФΤɤʬѸȸƤФΤ뤳ȤϤǤʤǤ뤳ȤȤС褽ʬصŪˤΥ٥Ž뤳Ȥ餤Τ褦˹ͤȡѸ˵ҤȤΤ⡤ϩΤ褦ʻήΤʤ顤ڤɮǤɤꡤ֤ϤѸʻˡˤǤפȸäƤȤˤʤ롥

Pisani, Vittore. "Parenté linguistique." Lingua 3 (1952): 3--16.

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2014-01-12 Sun

#1721. 2ĤθȤϲ [wave_theory][family_tree][language_change][romancisation]

2ĤθΤˤߤȤطȤΤϡäؤƤΤ2֤δطİǥȤŪǥ (family_tree) Ⱦǥ (wave_theory) 󵯤Ƥ2ĤΥǥδطΤоݤȤƤꡤޤξԤ礷ǥϺ³Ƥ롥##369,371,999,1118,1236,1302,1303,1313,1314 ۤŪǶǤϡ#1236. ڤȡ ([2012-09-14-1]) #1397. ³ʿեǥ ([2013-02-22-1]) Ǥ˴Ϣ򰷤äƤϥꥢθؼ Pisani ʸ򻲾ȤƹͤƤߤ褦
Pisani ˤȤäơ2ĤθΤ (parenté) Ȥϡ̤ƤŪǤ¿ˤäƷޤ롥

. . . à chaque moment nous nous trouvons en présence d'une langue nouvelle constituée par la confluence et le mélange toujours divers d'éléments de provenance diverse dans les innombrables créations des individus parlants; et parenté linguistique n'est autre chose que la communauté d'éléments que l'on constate ainsi entre langue et langue. (14)


ñʸΤ褦ǥˤȾǥˤ⤢ƸڤʤտŪʸ󤷤ʤΤǤ롥ǥ˽СܤϡΩʳбܤŪȯŸΤȤ롥ǡȾǥ˽СܤϡܤбܤڤꤿΤǤȤ롥ξˤ⡤θܤϴ¸бܤ˲餫ΰ̣ǡֻƤפˤϰ㤤ʤɤΥǥˤΤֻۤƤפΤŪ˷뤳ȤϤǤʤʤСֻƤٹ礤¬ǡŪʴطŻ뤷Ƥ褤ͳʤСդȾŪʴطͥƤ褤ͳʤȤȤˤʤ롥
ѸξͤƤߤȡŪˤϷǥ˽äƥޥɤ°Ȥ뤬ä˸äΥޥ󥹸첽Ѹʹߤ˷㤷äΤǡȾǥ˽äơåɤˤ­ƧƤȤ롥ĤޤꡤιԤϤäϡ§ȤƤϷǥιͤͥȤߤʤơŪ˥ޥɤ°ȾθȾǥιͤƳơŪ˥åŪǤ⤢ȾƤΤǤ롥ѸξˤϡŪ˭٤ʸĤäƤꡤˤѤλŪط⤢٤Ϥ狼äƤΤǡ嵭̤ͥǤȤ館ΤǤȤ䤹Ūʾ󤬤ۤȤʤˤơȲ餫٤ǻƤȤ¬ˤϡǥȤ뤳ȤǤʤȾǥȤ뤳ȤǤʤʡ#371. ƶɬ̤Ǥʤ ([2010-05-03-1]) 򻲾ȡˡܤˤΤϡ򼨤ܤΤߤǤ롥
Pisani ϡSchuchardt ˤäƿƻҴطȼѴطΤ˰̣̤ǧ᤺٤ƤθϺ (Mischsprachen) ǤȤΩΩäơ2֤褦ȤΤǤʴϢơ#1069. ե顼ɡɡ --- üԸĿͤοŤ󤸤ѡ ([2012-03-31-1]) ⻲ȡˡ2֤θܤͳϡƻҴط⤷ʤѴط⤷ʤˤ褽줾θˤơΤ˲餫θŪ׿ߤ̤äƤΥƤꤷƤ˰㤤ʤפʤΤϸŪ׿ΤߤǤꡤPisani ϡ֤줾줬ͭŸȤġ̡βʲΤʤˤǧʤäפΤǤʥڥp. 89ˡ

Pisani, Vittore. "Parenté linguistique." Lingua 3 (1952): 3--16.
󡦥ڥ Ϻⳤ ϯ δ Ͳ ظء١ҡʸ˥ӡ1972ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2014-01-16-1] [2014-01-13-1]

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2013-10-25 Fri

#1642. lexical diffusion 3ĤS [lexical_diffusion][variation][wave_theory][schedule_of_language_change]

#1550. ȾóȻްռ (3) ([2013-07-25-1]) ȡ#1569. óȻSؤȽ (2) ([2013-08-13-1]) ǤˤѲγ˴ؤóȻǥ (lexical_diffusion) ȤơóȻSΥդˤYϲؤΤȤ䤬롥Xϻ֤ɽ魯ȤȤǰʤYɽ魯ѿˤ͡ʤΤͤ롥
ޡܤˤĤƵ֤Ȥͤ褦ɤ򼨤ܤѹȸƤӡ(ITEM) ɽ롥ޤ /O/, /N/ ɽ魯Ȥ褦θѲϡŪ "(ITEM): /O/ /N/" ɽǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ơθѲꤵSΥդˤơYβǽͤƤߤ褦óȻȤ̾ޤפ⤫֤ΤϡΥդϡ1ͤüԤˤĤѲä˥褦˿ʹԤƤ椯ȤɽƤ롤ȤȤǤ롥ξ硤YѲڤӤäΤ100%Ȥ뼴Ǥꡤ֤ȤȤ¿θˤ /N/ /O/ ֤Ƥ椯ˤĤ졤YͤƤ椯ȤդɤߤȤʤ롥SϡѲ "lexical gradualness" ɽ路Ƥ롥
̤Yͤ롥üԤΤ夲θˤ /N/ /O/ ֤ƤȤȤºݤˤϤθΤ٤ƤˤĤơޤ /O/ äΤˤʤä /N/ ؤѲ櫓ǤϤʤष/O/ /N/ ΨʲΤ褦ʳŪѲƤ椭̤Ȥƿ֤äƤߤ /O/ /N/ äƤȤΤ¤

Timet1t2t3t4t5
/O/0%15%50%85%100%
/N/100%85%50%15%0%


ξ˿ /N/ ѤY˼ȡSȤʤ뤳Ȥͽۤ롥Υդɽ路ƤΤϡ"variable gradualness" ȤǤƤ٤뤫⤷ʤѲǤС"phonetic gradualness" (Lass 331) ȸƤǤ褤
̤Yͤ롥Ҥ2ĥϤ1ͤüԤǰƬ֤դ/O/ /N/ ѲäüԤο뤤ϸ춦ƱγYˤ褦ʥդ뤳ȤǤΥդǤϡѲ춦ƱΤŤƤ椯ͻҤɽ路Ƥ롥ϡ"populational gradualness" ȸƤ٤뤫⤷ʤޤüԤ°ƤΤŪʶ֤Ǥ뤫顤˰̲ơѲŪɽ魯դȤȤ館롥ޤǿʤȡȾ (wave_theory) ˤ᤯ʤäƤ롥
ۤˤYμѿβǽϤʤȤ lexical gradualness, variable gradualness, populational gradualness 3ĤŪưפꤹ뤳ȤǤ롥٤ޤȤȡ줾Υդϡ1ͤüԤθΤˤѲοʹԤͤȤ1ͤüԤ1ĤθˤѲοʹԤͤȤ춦ƱΤüԽĤˤѲŤͤȤб롥
⤷ΥդˤƤóȻμĥ褦SȤʤС3SŪ礷̤⡤ϤSȤʤŪ˸ѲγˤĤƸ줿޼줿ꤹSϡݲ줿̣ǤSȤȤ館Ƥɬפ롥Lass (331) ϡlexical gradualness variable gradualness 2ĤΤߤǰƬˤƵƤϤΤΡSݲ줿ΤǤȤλŦŪΤǤ롥

[T]he overall smooth S-curve for a change is an abstraction from (a) individual lexical curves, and (b) variable and phonetically gradual phonetic implementation along these curves. But the final historical effect is a levelling-out, so that the single-curve abstraction in fact BECOMES TRUE of the change as a whole. Thus we distinguish, in the broader historical perspective, between the change-as-a-whole and the piecemeal mechanism of its implementation.


/O/ /N/ ȤѲɽϡѲλϤޤȽΤߤ򼨤άǤ롥ºݤˤϡΤʤˡ͡ʥ٥ˤ̵в᤬ޤޤƤ롥Τʤ򤸤äѻƸѲ򤷤褦ȤΩ줬 diffusionist˷̤ȤƤѲȤ館褦ȤΩ줬 Neogrammarian ξԤΩΰ㤤ˤѲȤƵäƤ뤳Ȥ1ĤʤΤǤ롥Τ褦˹ͤСε#1641. Neogrammarian hypothesis lexical diffusion ͻ¡ ([2013-10-24-1]) ȤˤнǤ

Lass, Roger. Phonology. Cambridge: CUP, 1983.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-08-13-1]

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2013-08-22 Thu

#1578. ϲȤƤ [history_of_linguistics][language_change][family_tree][wave_theory][language_change][saussure][language_myth][philosophy_of_language]

ָϡǤפȤȤϡؤޤ͡ˤʤƤ19˶ؤֺ餤ư衤ߤ˻ޤǿȤ³Ƥ롥
㤨СߡؤαѸˤʤɤμȤDZѸŪѲؤ¿ʪǤ뤳ȤƳǧȽҤ٤뤬ȤӸؤȯã August Schleicher (1821--68) θͭľܤεͭ롥ޤεǤϡ#449. Vendryes ۩ָǤס ([2010-07-20-1]) 夲⤷
Aitchison (42--46) ϡػˤˤפʡָϡǤפȤ򽸤Ƥ롥

(1) conduit: John Locke (1632--1704) οƻɤȤ̤롥ʤ"For Language being the great Conduit, whereby Men convey their Discoveries, Reasonings and Knowledge, from one to another." ΥɥοۤΤߥ˥μʤãȤ⤳Ȥ˴ŤƤꡤḽθѤͿƶ礭Τ롥
(2) tree: ǤҤ٤褦ˡ19³ Family Tree Model (=Stammbaumtheorie) ϸθؤǤ⺬Ƥ롥֤δط򼨤ޤΤۤʬϤˤڹ¤ʤɤˤ⡤ȤϴФ#1118. Schleicher η ([2012-05-19-1]) 򻲾ȡ
(3) waves and ripples: #999. ѲȾ ([2012-01-21-1]) Ǹ褦ˡSchleicher ηФ륢ơȤơҤ Johannes Schmidt wave_theory (=Wellentheorie) 򾧤ѲȾŤƤ椯ͤȤߤ˻ޤǷۤɤϤ褯ΤƤʤ
(4) game: ͭ̾ʤΤ Saussure ΥȤǤ롥ζˤȤäƽפʤΤϤκǤϤʤ¾ζȤδطˤäƷޤǤ롥Saussure ϤˤäƷʤ뤤Ϸ (form) ȼ¼ (substance) ν̤⤤"si je remplace des pièces de bois par des pièces d'ivoire, le changement est indifférent pour le système: mais si je diminue ou augmente le nombre des pièces, ce changement-là atteint profondément la “grammaire” du jeu."ޤWittgenstein ʸˡ§򥲡Υ롼Ȥۤˤ⡤äˤƥ˥ܡΤȤʤɤȤˡָᥲפȯۤ롥
(5) chain: ˡ§ (grimms_law) (gvs) ŵŪ˸ϢŪܤϤ褯ΤƤ롥Ȥ櫓 Martinet Τ餷᤿ȤǤ롥
(6) plants: ˤҤ٤ͭ٤붯Ϥʥ᡼˺ԤϤäƤ롥ۤˡSaussure ϿʪĤڤäݤ˸ݤ̻֤ˡڤä̿ޤ򶦻֤˸ΩƤ
(7) buildings: Wittgenstein ϡ羮γϩȡʤԻԤˤʤ館ԻԤϰۤʤ˰ۤʤؤä뤳ȤˤäѲƤ椯ʪȤϡ¤ؤ "building blocks" ιͤˤߤ롥
(8) dominator model: (2) tree ȤȤϢ뤬ؤμڹ¤ǤϾΥΡɤ۲ǤۤȤȤ롥"c-command" "government and binding" ʤɤѸ줫顤ֻۡפȤѤƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
(9) ¾: Wittgenstein ϸ labyrinth ˤʤ館Ƥ롥"Language is a labyrinth of paths. You approach from one side and know your way about; you approach the same place from another side and no longer know your way about."

ȤϿȯۤοϤˤʤꤦƱˡͳȯۤ­ˤʤꤦ롥Ȥβǽȸ³ǧĤġʣȤΤԤ褹뤳ȤʤΤǤϤʤ

Aitchison, Jean. "Metaphors, Models and Language Change." Motives for Language Change. Ed. Raymond Hickey. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 39--53.

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2013-08-13 Tue

#1569. óȻSؤȽ (2) [lexical_diffusion][language_change][speed_of_change][wave_theory][variation]

[2013-07-26-1]ε˰³lexical_diffusion ʸóȻˤθѲȤƤˤĤơεκǽΰѤǿ줿 Denison (2003) 򤸤äɤDenison Ĺ餯ŵŪʸѲοʹԥѥȤ lexical diffusion ξħǤSƤˤĤƹͤľ褦ˤʤäȽҤ١Ūʲսꡤ٤餫ˤƤ롥lexical diffusion ˤĤƻƤռȽŤʤʬ¿äᶽʳʤɤʲ˲վ񤭤ޤȤ褦

(1) lexical diffusion ϸѲ slow-quick-quick-slow ȿʹԤȾƤ뤬ʤΤ褦ʥѥΤˤĤƤιŪϡ̵ǤϤʤΤ (ex. Bloomfield, Labov) Фе̤˸Ƥʤ
(2) SطʤˤŪʣꤦ뤬¿ξ硤̵Ƚ˥ƥå (logistic curve) ȤƤ롥
(3) óȻΥդYɽ魯ΤȤˤĤƿ˵Ƥʤä"lexical diffusion" Ȥ̾Ȥꡤ̾Ѳ˴ͿäΤ100%ȤY˿롥ʸפοŪʴĶοüԸĿͤοѤγ硤춦ƱüԿ͸γʤɡͤY¿ˤ錄롥
(4) Yɽ魯ͤпʤΤʤΤˤꡤظˤؤ礭ۤʤ뤬ιͻϤʤƤʤ
(5) X֤ɽ魯Ȥ˵;ϤϤʤĿͤολ֤ȤȤ館뤳ȤϤǤΤϡĿͤΰΤʤǤθѲȤ̤ζ̣ȴؤäƤ
(6) ѲSϡʬʾڵʤȤͳ뤤ѲߤޤäչԤꤹȤͳˤꡤȾʬʤȤ¿餯S⡤Τ褦ԴʶΤۤ¿
(7) ۤȤɤθóȻϡФƤ뿷礷Ƥ椯ѥܤƤ롥Ω variants ϡ٤ƤθѲˤĤơ1ġ1Ĥη2ĤͿƤʤΤºݤˤ¿ variants ϤǤϤʤ3İʾ variants ؤθѲǥϡ2ĤξΥǥȤ˰ۤʤΤǤϤʤǽŪˤ variants ȤߤʤϤɤΤ褦˷Τ
(8) 1ˤ򡤸Ѳ«ǤȤơʤS«ǤȤ˴Ѥ㤨СűѸȶѸŪꤷƤ뤬ѸϷѤλǤ뤫顤Ѹˤ礭SȤ븫ˡ̵θġθѲɽ魯S«ͤȤȤϡäɤȤʤΤ̣ΤǤ롥

(3) ιͤYȤˤĤ­褦#1550. ȾóȻްռ (3) ([2013-07-25-1]) "double diffusion" Ȥͤ˿줿double ɤ multiple γȻͤȤΤYʤΤǤϤʤYƱΤμȤȤ館СȻȤ wave_theory ˤŤȰۤʤʤȤˤʤ
٤ɷŪʸä

Denison, David. "Log(ist)ic and Simplistic S-Curves." Motives for Language Change. Ed. Raymond Hickey. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 54--70.

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2013-07-25 Thu

#1550. ȾóȻްռ (3) [wave_theory][lexical_diffusion][implicational_scale]

[2013-07-07-1], [2013-07-08-1]ε˰³wave_theory lexical_diffusion δطˤĤơѲ濴ϤȾ˼ϰŤƤ椯Ȥǥ벽ȾȡѲäδ֤˥褦ˤʳŪ˿ʤǤ椯ȤƤóȻȤοϹ⤤ظˤSȤإǥꤵƤꡤ̾ͤʷϵɺäƤ롥
ξԤȤ˲餫ΰ̣ (diffusion) 򰷤äƤΤŪʰ㤤ϡȾŪ֤ȤƤΤФơóȻϸŪ֤ˤƤ뤳ȤǤ롥Wardhaugh (222--23) ŦƤΤǡսѤ褦

The theory of lexical diffusion has resemblances to the wave theory of language change: a wave is also a diffusion process. . . .
   The wave theory of change and the theory of lexical diffusion are very much alike. Each attempts to explain how a linguistic change spreads through a language; the wave theory makes claims about how people are affected by change, whereas lexical diffusion makes claims concerning how a particular change spreads through the set of words in which the feature undergoing change actually occurs: diffusion through linguistic space. That the two theories deal with much the same phenomenon is apparent when we look at how individuals deal with such sets of words. What we find is that in individual usage the change is introduced progressively through the set, and once it is made in a particular word it is not 'unmade', i.e., there is no reversion to previous use. What is remarkable is that, with a particular change in a particular set of words, speakers tend to follow the same order of progression through the set; that is, all speakers seem to start with the same sub-set of words, have the same intermediate sub-set, and extend the change to the same final sub-set. For example, in Belfast the change from [ʊ] to [ʌ] in the vowel in words like pull, put, and should shows a 74 percent incidence in the first word, a 39 percent incidence in the second, and only an 8 percent incidence in the third . . . . In East Anglia and the East Midlands of England, a sound change is well established in must and come but the same change is found hardly at all in uncle and hundred . . . . This diffusion is through social space.


ǤϸóȻ "linguistic space" бȾ "social space" бƤ롥Ԥ "geographical space" 礹빭ǰȤƤȤ館Ѳ˿ʹԽԲĵ뤳Ȥˤ⿨Ƥ뤬϶Ūˤϴްռ (implicational scale) 뤳Ȥб롥
social space geographical space ˤŤȤϡŪˤ϶ƱΤ鶦ƱΤؤŤΤȤǤꡤ˥ߥˤüԤüԤؤŤΤȤǤ롥 S-diffusion ȸƤӡФƸ줫ؤŤ W-diffusion ȸƤǡξԤΰƱΤϡOgura and Wang Ǥ롥 (Hotta 120) ƳȤΤǡʲ˰Ѥ롥

Ogura and Wang call these two different levels of diffusion W-diffusion and S-diffusion. W-diffusion proceeds from word to word of a single speaker or at a single site, while S-diffusion proceeds from speaker to speaker, or from site to site of a single word. Students of language change have sometimes spoken of this "double diffusion," which may be compared to diffusion of infectious diseases:

These diffusion processes are comparable to epidemics of infectious diseases, and the standard model of an epidemic produces an S-curve (called logistic) describing the increase of frequency of the trait. There are potentially two epidemics, or more exactly two dimensions in which the epidemic can proceed. One dimension is represented by W-diffusion and the other dimension by S-diffusion. (Ogura and Wang, "Evolution Theory" 322)


Ѳ2Ťΰ̣ŤƤ椯Ȥ "double diffusion" ιͤˡ礭ʲǽ򸫤ȤǤǤ롥Hudson (183) ǤС"cumulative diffusion" ȤɽȤ⤷ʤ

How does the theory of lexical diffusion relate to the wave theory . . . . According to the latter, changes spread gradually through the population, just as, according to the former, they diffuse through the lexicon, so we might expect a connection between them. A reasonable hypothesis is that changes spread cumulatively through the lexicon at the same time as they spread through the population, so that the words which were affected first by the change will be the first to be adopted in the new pronunciation by other speakers.


Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.
Hotta, Ryuichi. The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Hituzi Linguistics in English 10. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.
Ogura, Mieko and William S-Y. Wang. "Evolution Theory and Lexical Diffusion." Advances in English Historical Linguistics. Ed. Jacek Fisiak and Marcin Krygier. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1998. 315--43.
Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1996.

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2013-07-08 Mon

#1533. ȾóȻްռ (2) [wave_theory][neogrammarian][lexical_diffusion][implicational_scale][phonetics][ot]

ε[2013-07-07-1]˰³ѲˤޤĤ3ĤγǰδطˤĤơϡSecond Germanic Consonant Shift ([2010-06-06-1]) ŪȾ˳礷ɤΤ褦ʽǸä˥äƿʹԤȤ夲ϡѸνѼˤߤ -t/-d deletion Ȥݤܤ롥
-t/-d deletion Ȥϡmissed, grabbed, mist, hand ʤɤθλĺü벻Ǥ롥ɸŪάȯäǤϤ褯ߤ븽ݤ٤ϷֲĶˤäưۤʤȹͤƤ롥ͿŪʷֲĶȤϡθ줬 (1) mist Τ褦1 (monomorphemic) ʤ뤫 miss-ed Τ褦2 (bimorphemic) ʤ뤫(2) ³벻Ҳ (ex. missed train) 첻 (ex. missed Alice) 2Ǥ롥(1) 1 > 2, (2) Ҳ³ > 첻³ȤطΩ1ǤǻҲ³ -t/-d Ǥü䤹2Ǥ첻³ -t/-d ǤüˤȤȤͽۤ롥ͽۤ mist missed ˴ؤɽηȡʲΤ褦ˤʤRomain, p. 142 "Temporal development of varieties for the rule of -t/-d deletion" ˡ

Temporal Development of Varieties for the Rule of -<em>t</em>/-<em>d</em> Deletion


ϡ SGCS θ򼨤ɽƤ롥ǤϡѼˡֲĶ˱ơ-t deletion θ礬ʾʬۤʤƤ롥ѼؤγȤȤߤȾɽ魯ΤȤơǤߤóȻɽ魯ΤȤơ̻ŪʽζŪʸȤߤްռɽ魯ΤȤơɽ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥
2ηֲĶˤĤƤϡ-t/-d deletion θ˴ؤ (constraint) ȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥(1) ̣ͭ -ed ϾüˤȤ(2) ʻҲϢ³ʤ -t/-d ϾüˤȤȤƺƲǤ롥δ餹ȡ2Ĥθ̤ͥˤäơۤʤä -t/-d deletion ʬɽ뤳ȤˤʤˤơȾóȻްռȤäǰȡOptimality Theory ŬˤȤ⸫ƤΤǤϤʤ

Romain, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2000.

Referrer (Inside): [2013-10-24-1] [2013-07-25-1]

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2013-07-07 Sun

#1532. ȾóȻްռ (1) [wave_theory][lexical_diffusion][implicational_scale][dialectology][german][geography][isogloss][consonant][neogrammarian][sgcs][germanic]

#1506. The Rhenish fan ([2013-06-11-1]) εǡϥɥĸϥɥĸʬˤäƸߤ˰פʤ¤ǧλ¤ˤϡǯʸˡ (Neogrammarians) ˤ벻ˡ§ΰΧŬѤȤΤǤϤʤषȾ (wave_theory) Ȥơ줴Ȥ˳礷Ƥ椯ΰ褬ۤʤΤȤߤʤɬפ롥
The Rhenish fan ̤ؤľ˽ǤϢΰۤʤϰ1--7̾դ褦ļ˼ꡤѰۤθҲޤ6 (ich, machen, dorf, das, apfel, pfund) 򲣼˼롥ȡSecond Germanic Consonant Shift ([2010-06-06-1]) θ̤ˤĤơʲΤ褦ʳʾʬۤ뤳ȤǤRomain, p. 138 "Isoglosses between Low and High German consonant shift: /p t k/ /(p)f s x/" ˡ

Isoglosses between Low and High German Consonant Shift

1Ǥ SGCS θ̤ϥ2Ǥ ich ˴ؤƤΤ߸̤Ƥ롥3Ǥ machen ˸̤ڤӡ4Ǥ dorf ˤڤ֡³Ƥ椭Ǹ7ˤäơ6줹٤ƤҲѲФȤˤʤ롥1--7ŪľϢ³Ǥ뤳ȤפФСɽϡѲȾ˳礷Ƥ椯ͻҡʤȾɽ魯ΤǤ뤳Ȥ餫
ơ1--7ľܤɽ魯ΤǤϤʤ1ˤɽ魯ΤȤƲᤷ褦ˤơ1ˤƤ SGCS θ̤ϤޤƤʤ2ˤƤ ich ˴ؤƸ̤Ƥ롥34ˤ machen, dorf 줾ѲФơ缡7 pfund ޤ³λˤäƤ褦䤯٤Ƥθˤ SGCS λ롥βȤСɽϡ֤ȤȤ SGCS ä˥褦ˤƿʹԤóȻ (lexical diffusion) ɽ魯ΤǤ뤳Ȥ餫
ļ1--7Ȥ٥ϡŪľ¤򼨤ΤȤȤ館뤳ȤǤС֤򼨤ΤȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥ԤȾ򡤸ԤϸóȻɽ路Ѳˤξδط褯򤵤ΤǤϤʤ
ˡɽϸѲȼްռ (implicational scale) 򼨺ƤǤͭյǤ롥6Τ줬 SGCS 򤹤Ǥ˷ФƤȤ狼äƤΤǤС뤤Ϥλˤơθ꺸¦ˤ뤹٤Ƥθ SGCS ФƤϤǤ롥ΤȤϱ¦θϺ¦θްդɽǤ롥ѲνȤ̻Ūʼȡɤθ줬 SGCS θ̤򼨤ͽ¬ǽǤȤŪʼȤߤȤͻ¤Ƥ롥
Ѳ implicational scale ˤĤƤϡ#841. yod-dropping ([2011-08-16-1]) ⻲ȡ

Romain, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2000.

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2013-06-11 Tue

#1506. The Rhenish fan [dialectology][german][geography][isogloss][wave_theory][map][consonant][neogrammarian][sgcs][germanic]

ε#1505. ˤ "mouse"-line "house"-line ([2013-06-10-1]) ǡƱ첻Ǥޤ2ĤθˤĤơ줾첻 (isogloss) פʤ򸫤ϡƱͤͭ̾⤦1ĸƤߤ褦ɥġ̤ή饤 (the Rhine) ڤäƤĤäƤꡤϴߤ40餤ϴߤظ򳫤褦˿ӤƤ뤿ᡤؤǤ "The Rhenish fan" ȤΤƤ롥Bloomfield (344) ˷ǺܤƤ Behaghel ϿޤǺܤ롥

The Rhenish Fan

ޥؤǤϡ"make" 2Ҳ [x] [k] ʬäơϥɥĸϥɥĸʬΤŪǤ롥ͤͤŪȤȤˤʤ뤬#1317. פ ([2012-12-04-1]) ˤŬäƤ롥ϡ¦Ǥ Berlin 򤫤˱ӤƤ뤬¦Ǥ Benrath ȤĮǥ饤Ϥ롥¦ "Benrath line" ȸƤФƤ롥ϡˤ Berg ʥ饤ˤ Jülich ʥ饤ˤڤʬ붭ä
Ʊ [x/k] ѰۤǤ⡤1;ñ̾ I ˤƤϰۤʤǧ롥Benrath 鲼ήؤФ餯ԤäȤˤ Ürdingen Ȥ¼̤äƥ饤Ϥ [ix/ik] ǡ "Ürdingen line" ȸƤǤ롥Benrath line ǤϤʤ Ürdingen line ϥɥĸζȤߤʤԤ⤤롥ϡʥݥ쥪θΤȥΤȤʬ붭ä
Benrath line ܤܤȡ¼פɽ魯θҲ˴ؤ [dorf/dorp] äƤ롥Ūˤϥȥ졼ΤζȤ褽פ롥ˤϡ"that" [das/dat] ˱ӤƤ롥ϤŪڤζȳͰפ롥
Benrath line Ürdingen line ˤ [x/k] Ѱۤ԰פϡǯʸˡ (Neogrammarians) ˤ벻ˡ§ΰΧŬѤȤޤƤϤޤʤǤ롥ƱǤޤफȤäơġθפȤϸ¤ʤ԰פͳϡġġŪҲŪʶбƤ뤫Ǥ롥 chaque mot a son histoire "every word has its own history" ([2012-10-21-1]) ǧ롥ζκǸθ "history" ˷ƻ "social" 򴧤Ȥ
ʾ塤Bloomfield (343--45) 򻲾ȤƼɮ

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.

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2013-06-10 Mon

#1505. ˤ "mouse"-line "house"-line [dialectology][dutch][geography][isogloss][wave_theory][map][phonetics][vowel]

ɸѸ mouse house ˤ [əʊ] 2첻ޤޤƤ롥2첻ϥޥĸǤ *[uː] äߤΥޥ¿Ǥϡ¿¿ͤ餫2첻Ĺ첻̤ξ˸롥㤨СɸɥĸǤ [aʊ] Ǥꡤɸ४Ǥ [øy] Ǥ롥
Ȥ٥륮ȥˤޤϰϿޡʵ򻲾ȡˤƤߤȡ2첻ˤĤƶ̣ʬۤ餫ˤʤ롥ˤϸŤ [uː] ĤäƤꡤ[muːs, huːs] 롥ˤϡϤȤƤʬۤǤϤ뤬߿Ĺ첻 [yː] ޤ [myːs, hyːs] ԤʤƤ롥ޤüˤ [øː] ޤ [møːs, høːs] ١ʬۤƤ롥ơȾˤɸ४ [øy] äƤ롥줾ϰǡۤʤΤΡ"mouse" "house" ξƱĹ첻2첻Ƥ뤳ȤǧǤ롥
Ȥ[muːs, huːs] [myːs, hyːs] ˶ޤ줿Ȥˡξ첻οä [muːs, hyːs] 򼨤ꥢΤǤ롥ΤȤϡ"mouse" "house" 첻Ѱۤɽ魯 (isogloss) ߤ˰פƤʤȤʪäƤ롥mouse Τۤ "house" ⹭ϰˤơŤ2첻ݤäƤȤȤˤʤ롥άϼޤʲ˼



ʬۤΤˡΤ褦ʥʥꥪꤵ롥ΤȤ餯Υեɥdz׿ [yː] ʸṲ̄ͥ椨ˡγ׿Ū첻Ⱦ˹äƤä줫̥ɥĤΥϥԻԤ濴Ȥ⤦1ĤʸαƶˤꡤŤ [uː] ⺬ʬۤƤʸ椬Υꥢդʣˤ֤ĤꤢŶλʪȤ⤤嵭ʬۤΤǤ롥ºݡߤǤ [yː] ʤϤäȷ³ƤȤ
16--17餯ȥȯǡʤ׿Ū2첻 [øy] Ф줬λޤǤͥȤʤäƤ [yː] ֤Ƥ椭ɸŪȯȤʤäƤä
[muːs, hyːs] ߽Фפʤϡ[2012-10-21-1]εǿ줿 chaque mot a son histoire "every word has its own history" Τ΢դΤǤ롥
ʾ塤Kloeke, G. G (De Hollandsche Expansie. Noorden Zuid-Nederlandsche Dialectbibliotheek 2. The Hague: 1927.) Ĵ⤷ Bloomfield (328--31) 򻲾ȤƼɮʲϿޤϡBloomfield (328) ꡥ

Kloeke's Map of

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.

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2013-06-07 Fri

#1502. Ⱦʤ̼ҳȻ [dialect][isogloss][methodology][wave_theory][geography]

ʤˤѼ郎¸ߤΤȤˤĤơ֤ѲĴ뽾ηǥؤΥơȤơȳȻĴȾǥ뤬ƤƤȤϡ#999. ѲȾ ([2012-01-21-1]) Ϥᡤwave_theory γƵǼ夲Ƥ
ȾˤС׿Ūʸ (linguistic item) γơϡӤꤲޤ줿ФΤ褦ˡŪȾ˳ȻƤ椯ܤˤä濴ΰ֤ϰۤʤ뤷Ȥζۤʤ뤷³֤ۤʤ뤿ᡤ̤ȤαƶεڤϰϤХХȤʤꡤȤʣ (isogloss) 뤳ȤˤʤΤǤ롥
ܤγȻιȤ뤳ȤǤΤϡޤǤǤ롥ιߤޤϳŪŪǤ뤫⤷ʤܤγȻϤüԡʽġˤѶŪ˺Ѥй³ǤʤлߤޤȤҲŪװ˰¸ʡ#1056. ѲϿʹ֤ˤѶŪʺѤǤ ([2012-03-18-1]) #1069. ե顼ɡɡ --- üԸĿͤοŤ󤸤ѡ ([2012-03-31-1]) 򻲾ȡˡޤȻܤϡɬ׿ŪʤΤǤɬפϤʤŤ餽ˤäܤȤȻ濴ϤȤƵǽϤȤȤ⤢ꤦΤǤ롥ꤲޤ줿СסֵŪιפȤΤߤǤϡԽʬȤȤˤʤ롥
ǡHudson (41) ϡذƤȤơŪʼҳȻȤ٤Τ󵯤

Because of these reservations it seems best to abandon the analogy of the stones dropping in a pool. A more helpful analogy would perhaps be one involving different species of plants sown in a field, each spreading outwards by dispersing its seeds over a particular area. In the analogy, each item would be represented by a different species, with its own rate of seed dispersal, and an isogloss would be represented by the limit of spread of a given species. Different species would be able to coexist on the same spot (a relaxation of the normal laws of botany), but it might be necessary to designate certain species as being in competition with one another, corresponding to items which provide alternative ways of saying the same thing (like the two pronunciations of farm). The advantages of this analogy are that there is no need for the distribution of species in a field to be in constant change with respect to every item, and that every item may be represented in the analogy, and not just those which are innovative.
     In terms of this analogy, a linguistic innovation is a new species which has arisen (either by mutation or by being brought in from outside), and which may or may not prosper. If it does, it may spread and replace some or all of its competitors, but if it does not it may either die out or remain confined to a very small area of the field (i.e. to a very small speech community). Whether or not a species thrives depends on how strongly its representatives grow (i.e. on the power and influence of its speech community): the bigger the plants, the more seeds they produce, and the better the chances of the species conquering new territory.


ΥǥϡHudson (48--49) ̤Ƥ롤 "variety-based view of language" Ȥ "item-based view of language" Ȥ礹롥⡤ġθܤ˼ҲŪǧȤ Hudson θѤǻȿǤƤ롥

Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1996.

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2012-12-22 Sat

#1335. Bloomfield ˤǯʸˡɤʸ [neogrammarian][phonetics][borrowing][wave_theory][geography][methodology][dialect]

Bloomfield ϡǯʸˡ (Neogrammarians) ˤ벻ѲβAusnahmslose Lautgesetze "sound laws without exception"ˤˤ͡ȽӤƤɭθؼԤϤߤ Neogrammarian ǤȤơƱɤζӤ⤯ɾƤ롥ȽκǤΤȤơѲ˼Ĥ줿 residue ¸ߤɤΤ褦ŤΤȤ꤬뤬Bloomfield Ϥष˸ꤲΤϡۤʤƱǤȤơȽȿ롥Language ǤϴϢڤߤƤ뤬Τ2Ѥ褦

The occurrence of sound-change, as defined by the neo-grammarians, is not a fact of direct observation, but an assumption. The neo-grammarians believe that this assumption is correct, because it alone has enabled linguists to find order in the factual data, and because it alone has led to a plausible formulation of other factors of linguistic change. (364)

The neo-grammarians claim that the assumption of phonetic change leaves residues which show striking correlations and allow us to understand the factors of linguistic change other than sound-change. The opponents of the neo-grammarian hypothesis imply that a different assumption concerning sound-change will leave a more intelligible residue, but they have never tested this by re-classifying the data. (392--93)


ǯʸˡɤȽԤϡƱɤ (borrowing) (analogy) 򡤼ˤäǤʤꤲॴȢȤưѤƤ뤳Ȥ򤷤ФлŦ뤬Bloomfield ˸碌СषǯʸˡɤϼѤŪϰ̤Ϳ뤳Ȥ˹׸ΤȤȤˤʤ롥
Bloomfield ϡε˴ؤƤ⡤ǯʸˡʸŸ롥벻ѲAˤƤϰ췲θˤʤѤ٤BˤƤϤñˤѤƤʤ褦ʥˤơǯʸˡɤϤ residue ñɤΤ褦Τ

[A]n irregular distribution shows that the new forms, in a part or in all of the area, are due not to sound-change, but to borrowing. The sound-change took place in some one center, and after this, forms which had undergone the change spread from this center by linguistic borrowing. In other cases, a community may have made a sound-change, but the changed forms may in part be superseded by unchanged forms which spread from a center which has not made the change. (362)


ơΰѤˤ³ơǯʸˡɤȽԤؤμ긷ȿ򷫤깭롥

Students of dialect geography make this inference and base on it their reconstruction of linguistic and cultural movements, but many of these students at the same profess to reject the assumption of regular phonetic change. If they stopped to examine the implications of this, they would soon see that their work is based on the supposition that sound-change is regular, for, if we admit the possibility of irregular sound-change, then the use of [hy:s] beside [mu:s] in a Dutch dialect, or of [ˈraðr] rather beside [ˈgɛðr] gather in standard English, would justify no deductions about linguistic borrowing. (362)


Bloomfield εɤߤʤ顤ǯʸˡɤβ⤬Ƚ䤹ΤϡषȤƼ餳ʤΤ⤷ʤȻפƤ

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.

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2012-11-20 Tue

#1303. ʤ¸ߤΤ --- Ⱦǥˤ [dialect][family_tree][wave_theory][geography][isogloss][dialect_continuum][sobokunagimon]

ε#1302. ʤ¸ߤΤ --- ǥˤ ([2012-11-19-1]) ˰³ʤ¸ߤΤʤޤΤȤѤʵ롥Ҥ٤ǥ (family_tree) ˤη٤䤤ΤȾǥ (wave_theory)
Bloomfield (317) εҤڤơȾǥˤʬȤ褦

Different linguistic changes may spread, like waves, over a speech-area, and each change may be carried out over a part of the area that does not coincide with the part covered by an earlier change. The result of successive waves will be a network of isoglosses . . . . Adjacent districts will resemble each other most; in whatever direction one travels, differences will increase with distance, as one crosses more and more isogloss-lines. This, indeed, is the picture presented by the local dialects in the areas we can observe.


ȤƤΤϡ(1) ѲʸŪ׿ˤȾ˳Ȼ뤳Ȥȡ(2) ġθѲˤäȤãϰϤۤʤ뤳Ȥ2ˤꡤΥХˤϡʣȤ (isogloss) 뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ǥդ2Ȥȡߤ˶ᤱжᤤۤɡθѲ¿ͭƤΤǡΤȤƸŪʶ¿ᤤäȤˤʤ롥դ˱󤱤б󤤤ۤɡŪ˶ͭƤѲϾʤΤǡΤȤư㤤礭äȤˤʤ롥ԤΥǤϡ֤ФƤзФĤۤɡŪʶʤʤꡤǽŪˤϸߤ̤ʤۤʤؤʬƤ椯
Τ褦ˡȾǥϡּ˱äʬȼѲ⡤ŪʵΥ˴ŤȤĴ롥ʬΤˤͥ줿ǥȤƤ뤬ǥ˴ŤӸؤƤΤϻ¤Ǥꡤξǥ䤤礦ΤȤƤȤ館ΤΥǥˤƤ⡤Ѳ׺ȤƤ뤳ȤõƤ
Bloomfield (317--18) ϾΰѤ³ơȾǥˤʬˤĤơͤùŪʻͿƤ롥ѤƤ

Now, let us suppose that among a series of adjacent dialects, which, to consider only one dimension, we shall designate as A, B, C, D, E, F, G, . . . X, one dialect, say F, gains a political, commercial, or other predominance of some sort, so that its neighbors in either direction, first E and G, then D and H, and then even C and I, J, K, give up their peculiarities and in time come to speak only the central dialect F. When this has happened, F borders on B and L, dialects from which it differs sharply enough to produce clear-cut language boundaries; yet the resemblance between F and B will be greater than that between F and A, and, similarly, among L, M, N, . . . X, the dialects nearest to F will show a greater resemblance to F, in spite of the clearly marked boundary, than will the more distant dialects. The presentation of these factors became known as the wave-theory, in contradistinction to the older family-tree theory of linguistic relationship. Today we view the wave process and the splitting process merely as two types --- perhaps the principal types --- of historical processes that lead to linguistic differentiation.


Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-22-1] [2013-06-05-1]

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2012-11-19 Mon

#1302. ʤ¸ߤΤ --- ǥˤ [dialect][family_tree][wave_theory][sobokunagimon]

顤ɸѤʵ䤬Ф줿ľμǡΤʤʤ񤷤
ñˤСۤʤ춦ƱΤϰۤʤѤδȯãΤ顤Ȥ뤳ȤǤ롥ܤ붦ƱΤǤ⡤ˡڴη֡衤ˡʤɤʸŪĤߤİۤʤäƤ褦ˡʸ1ĤǤʾ塤Ϥ궦ƱΤȤ˾İۤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ϶ä٤ȤǤϤʤϡʸκϤʤ¸ߤΤפȤؤؤǡɸμФܼŪͿȤˤϤʤʤ
Ūˤϡ̤롥ǥ (family_tree) ˰͵򤹤ȡȾǥ (wave_theory) ˰͵򤹤Υǥϡʤ줬ʬƤ椭ۤޤƤ椯ΤȤ٤󵯤줿ǤȤɸѤʵ򤯤β󶡤ƤƤ롥ƥǥˤĤơ뤤ξǥΩˤĤơޤǤεǤ¿äƤ֤ʤ¸ߤΤפȤ˾Ƥʤ顤ƹͤƤߤ
ǥˤСAäƱaϡ̱ܽ²ʤɤαĤߤˤꡤ֤ȤȤ˶Ʊb, cؤʬ롥ʬ줿Ʊb, cθΤȤʤAħѤ֤ȤȤˤ줾줬ȼθѲʸŪ׿ˤ뤲ΤȤʤAȤϾİۤʤB, Cޤ롥B, CθŪۤΤǤꡤۤʤȤƱ2ĤȸƤ֤ۤŬڤ˻֤Фb, c줾ˤưܽʤɤγư֤ԤʤȡƱbϿʶ̤뿷Ʊd, eؤȡƱcϿƱf, gؤʬƤ椯ȼBϤʬ줿D, EؤȡCϿF, GؤʬƤ椯ŪˤäơüD, E, F, GγϡޤΤȤʤAθħ¿ĤƤߤκۤϤ֤礭ʤäƤ줬֤ⷫƤ椯ȡüγϸߤΥƤ椭ĤˤϸߤǽȤʤ롥ʳǤϡϤۤʤȸƤ֤ۤŬڤ

Family Tree Model

ǥδɸεȤС(1) 춦ƱΤϰ̱ܽ²ʤɤμҲưˤʬ(2) ʬ줾θ춦ƱΤȼθѲ뤲뤫Ǥ롤ȸ롥
ǥˤˤϽʷ롥¤Ĵ٤ƤߤȡʬȼѲפǤǤʤʣʸħʬۤѻ뤫㤨СDEΤ˶̤ħ¿뤳Ȥϡ̤BΤȤʾ塤ΤȤǤ롥ºݤˤϡDFΤƱ⤫ͽۤʾγǶ̤ħ줿ꡤHOΤƱͤδط뤳Ȥ⤢ꤦΤǤ롥ƱΤʬȤäƤ⡤Ū˳䤷Ƥʤ¤ꡤʬ⤢٤θή³Τ̤Ǥꡤ򤹤ȤȤϤޤʤǥǤD, E, F, GΤʤɤβΤĤʤ̵꤬뤵ƤȤ٤Τ
ǤϡȾǥǤϤɤεǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-22-1] [2012-11-20-1]

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2012-09-14 Fri

#1236. ڤ [wave_theory][family_tree][history_of_linguistics][comparative_linguistics][geography][isogloss]

#999. ѲȾ ([2012-01-21-1]) #1118. Schleicher η ([2012-05-19-1]) εǡػˤˤͭ̾ΩǤ the family tree model the wave theory (Wellentheorie) δط򸫤ػ˾ϡSchleicher Schmidt йȤƸڤ뤳Ȥ¿ѲŤΥǥȤƤϡषߤ䴰طˤ롥ɤ餬Ȥϡ줾δǤϤɤͭǤꡤξλԤ褷ꡤͻ礷ǤΤŪȤΤǤϤʤξԤδطͻˤäơPulgram ʸɤ
Pulgram (69) ϡʤ the family tree model οԤǤä19ӸؼԤ޾ϩͤäΤϡ餬 (1) ƸˤѰۤǧ᤺(2) ϢΤѲǽǧʤäȤ˵ȤǧƤޤСˡΤΤ¸Ωפɤ뤰ȤˤʤꡤϤǤǧʤäΤ޾ϩˤƳϩ򸫤ΤSchmidt the wave theory äSchmidt ϡϢ֤ǰפܤä硤ɬַѾפȤȤ⡤ŪŤơֳפ줿Ф褤ǤϤʤȤƤ󼨤ΤǤ롥Pulgram (70) ɾˤС

It was the great merit of Schmidt's wave theory to provide a visual scheme, entirely different from the family tree, which could plainly and correctly account for the overlapping of isoglosses and explain inconsistent partial similarities.


Schmidt ƤϡӸؤιԤͤޤȴƻͿƱˡ[2012-03-15-1]ε#1053. Ⱦȵڸ̡פǿ줿褦˸ (linguistic geography) ȯŸ¥Ȥˤʤä
Pulgram (72) ϡξǥȤ˸Ѳˤȼλ򼨤ǤꡤޤǤθθ³ã򼨤ޤˤʤ᤯롥

If it is true . . . that the family tree and the wave diagram are usable not for the illumination of uncharted areas but merely for the illustration of the known or what is believed to be true, that they are representations of our two primary methods of investigation in accord with the principal types of linguistic differentiation, that they are complementary and no more exclude one another than do comparative linguistics and dialect geography, then it may be agreeable to use both types of visualization of linguistic processes as legitimate didactic devices, though always with due warning as to their figurative nature and their impermanence in the face of new discoveries and insights.


ޤ褦ɾȤơBloomfield Language (New York: 1933. p. 311) "The earlier students of Indo-European did not realize that the family-tree diagram was merely a statement of their method . . . ." ȰƤ롥
Ƭ the family tree model the wave theory ߤ䴰طǤȽҤ٤ξѤƤªʤ֤ޤ󤢤ꡤȯ³ʤФʤʤΤȡʸɤǧƱռ顤ˤַפȡֱƶפδطƹͤƤߤ[2010-05-01-1]ε#369. ˤƶפ[2010-05-03-1]ε#371. ƶɬ̤Ǥʤפ򻲾ȡˡ

Pulgram, E. "Family Tree, Wave Theory, and Dialectology." Orbis 2 (1953): 67--72.

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2012-05-19 Sat

#1118. Schleicher η [family_tree][wave_theory][indo-european][comparative_linguistics][history_of_linguistics]

²ηʤɡطɽ路 (family_tree ϡߤθؤؤּԤˤȤäƸ줿ޤǤ롥ˤϿ̼طꡤʪοʲƱͤ˷ǴطȤιͤǽ󼨤Τϡ19ɽɥĤΰؼ August Schleicher (1821--68) äοʲ¿ʱƶݤȿʪⰦƤ Schleicher ˤȤäơηȤۡStammbaumtheorie ʷ⡤pedigree theory ȤˤϤʤΤäˤȤäơȤϡͭΤǤꡤʹ֤ΰջ֤ˤ餺ˡ§ˤäĹǤΤä롤ͭǤ롥ȯ衤Ω줫Фƶ޸ؤȯŸƤΤǤꡤ˻ˤäƤƻ򤿤ɤäƤȤͤϤ19ŪʸѤǤ褯ɽƤΤ Schleicher ä
Schleicher Compendium ΤʤǼΤ褦ʰηطꤷ줬ߤΤҤʷǤ뤳ȤΤΤưפǤʿޤϡؿѸؼŵ p. 211 ˡ

Schleicher's Tree Model of Indo-European Languages

Schleicher Stammbaumtheorie ϡޤʤҤ Johannes Schmidt (1843--1901) ξ Wellentheorie (the wave theory; [2012-01-21-1]ε#999. ѲȾפ򻲾) ˤäƷ㤷Ƚ͡ȿڤФ˵ڤǡ͵򼺤äƤäߤθؤǤϡͭϤ褽Ƥ뤷¿â񤭤ΤȤDzᤵʤФʤʤ
Ǥ⡤̤ǧǤϡưǤϸؤˤƤ顤ͭؤοĤϺΤ롥ʪǤȤȤŪˤ뤬θ³ˤ뤳Ȥϰճ񤷤[2011-07-13-1]ε#807. ޤʪޤפ򻲾ȡˡޤ˴ؤ͡â񤭤դʧʤȤ⾯ʤʤ㤨С(1) Ϥ뤬ºݤˤϡФƶȤΤĤʤ꤬ƤǽˤȤ[2010-05-01-1]ε#369. ˤƶפ[2010-05-03-1]ε#371. ƶɬ̤Ǥʤפ򻲾ȡˡ(2) ĸϰȤ뤬ºݤˤĸˤѼ郎äϤȤʤɤϤȤ˺줬Ǥ롥
ѸˤؤγˤɬȤäƤ褤ۤɰ²ηƤ뤬ѾƤȤȤϡSchleicher λۤѾƤȤȤˤۤʤʤػˤǤ Schleicher θѤ줿ȤˤʤäƤ뤬ݡߤ˻ޤǤνפʰü̮ȼѤƤΤǤ롥

Schleicher, August. Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen. Weimar: Böhlau, 1861--62.
⿮ ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ

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2012-04-12 Thu

#1081. ҲؤȯŸطʤȼҲؤʬ [sociolinguistics][history_of_linguistics][linguistic_relativism][geography][wave_theory][contact]

[2012-03-18-1]ε#1056. ѲϿʹ֤ˤѶŪʺѤǤפƬ[2012-03-22-1]ε#1060. θοȤȡפθȾǿ줿1960ǯ夫ҲؤȤʬȯŸƤθػŪطʤˤĤơȥåɥ1974ǯΤʤǼΤ褦˻ŦƤ롥

ؤϤޤǸȼҲȤδطޤä̵뤷褿ȸäƤޤäƤϤޤ礶äѤ뤫⤷ʤޤޤäƤȸ褦äȤʤǤäˤĤƤϡ¿ξ礽ʤͳ롥ָĿ͸(idiolect)סĤޤˤĤΥˤĿͤΤȤиθ˸¤뤳Ȥˤäơʣʸݤ򸦵椹ݤˤԲķñ㲽Ϥꡤñ㲽ȤˤäơŪˤ⤷ΤǤ롥Ǥ˻Ŧ̤ꡤȤΤϼҲŪʸݤʤΤǤ롥ҲȤ̤ޤä̵뤷Ƹ򸦵椷ΤǤϡΤʣʡ̣뤤Ĥ̤ɬŪæ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤷ޤ򤵤ȯŸ뵡򼺤碌뤳ȤˤʤȤΤѰۤ䤹ݤǤäơѰϸƱ˼ҲȤ̩ܤ˴طΤȤ¤ν˵ŤȤҲŪʸȯã˻餷᤿װΰĤʤΤǤ롥Ȥϡʤ̤Ǥ⤹٤ƤοͤˤäƱ褦˻ȤññεηϤʤΤǤϤʤƸؤϤʣʸݤ˼Ȥ߻Ϥ뤳ȤǽǤ⤢뤷ͭǤ⤢ȤʳˡäãȤʤΤ(24--25)


Τ褦ˤȯŸƤҲؤΰϰϤϹߤǤ⤽ϰϤϳ礷Ƥ뤬Ҳؤܤ绨ĤʬȡŪʴؿҲŪʴؿŪʴؿ3郎ǧ롥줾졤ءҲءؤˡ並̤ѤƸȤ館ʤȤܻǤ롥ŪʴȤƤϡ̱²ʸˤäơ²̾Τɽ魯ηϤۤʤäꡤʶ̣򼨤ʪݡˤۤʤȤäŪ (linguistic relativism) ˤ꤬롥ҲŪʴȤƤϡLabov θ[2010-06-07-1]ε#406. Labov New York City /r/פ򻲾ȡˤ Milroy (and Milroy) θ[2011-09-26-1]ε#882. Belfast νŹפ򻲾ȡˤɽǡҲ׳ؤˡѤԻؤŸƤ롥ŪʴϡŤؤǺѤƤȾ (the wave theory) ɽ (linguistic geography) ܿ (language contact) ̤鿷̿᤭ޤƤ롥
ΤۤΥץξ̤Ωġʤ뤤ϲǤ˽ҲؤȤǤƤ֤٤ΰͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ϡȥåɥ (27) ˤСָܼˤĤƤɤв뤳ȤǤ뤫ȤϤʤƤɤΤ褦ѲΤȤä褦ʶ̣Фơ˸ؼԤ˲Ϳ褦ȤΡפǤ롥ޤȹȡȶȤäŪŪ¦̤оݤȤʬ⤢ꡤϸμҲؤȤǤƤ֤ۤŬڤ⤷ʤ
ػŪˤϡҲؤȯŸؤæѤǤȤ¦̤Ĵ뤬˾äƤߡƾˤऱơŪʡֽҲءפܻؤҲŪʴ줿ؤȤΤŪ˹ۤƤ椯ȤˤʤΤǤϤʤä˸ѰۤѲˤĤƤμϡҲؤȯŸˤä˭ˤʤäˤ˸ؤˤ礭ʱƶڤܤƤҲؤˡޤޤܤ

P. ȥåɥ ظȼҲ١ȽŹ1975ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-07-13-1]

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2012-03-31 Sat

#1069. ե顼ɡɡ --- üԸĿͤοŤ󤸤 [dialect][geography][wave_theory][history_of_linguistics][substratum_theory][neolinguistics]

[2012-03-07-1]ε#1045. ĹˤפϤᡤwave_theory γƵȾ (the wave theory; Wellentheorie) 夲ƤĤΡ͡٤ɤߤʤ顤θۤ20äǶäŪǰθؤƤ뤳Ȥ˵ŤǤСüԸĿͤοŤ󤸤ѤǤ롥ʰʲػˤˤ뵭Ҥˤϥå (62--68) 򻲾Ȥ롥
19ˤԤϤHugo Schuchardt (1842--1928) ϡѲȯüˤĿͤŻ뤷Ŀͤγ׿ٿͤ蘆뤳ȤˤäƸѲҲΤΤȤʤȤȤƻŦ20ꡤBergson ľ Benedetto Croce ؤ󾧤ȡSchuchardt αƶؤäơĿͤοŤ󤸤ؤ줿ϡܼŪ˸ĿͿȯǤ뤫顤ʸŪݤȤƤȤ館ʤФʤʤȤΩäζŪʼƳԤ Karl Vossler (1872--1947) ϤȤե顼ɤ̡ǡʹ֤ϸ˴ؤǽưŪǤꡤԤǤȹͤǡ[2012-03-18-1]ε#1056. ѲϿʹ֤ˤѶŪʺѤǤפǰѤĤλۤȰۤʤȤʤ
ꥢǤϡե顼ɤŪǰήѾؤˤƶ (Neolinguistics) Matteo Giulio Bartoli (1873--1946) ɮƬȤ뿷ɤ̡ϡ˴ؤƼºߤΤϡäĿ͡פǤꡤβϡäĿ͡פФڤȹͤޤŪФɽȤơݽѡʸءʤɤ¾ʸŪʻݤƱͤˡĤ䤹ήԤѲˤ餵Ȥ[2012-03-18-1]εΰѤǤϡĤϡήԡȿȯƤ뤬ήԡפȤѸޤʤ椨ȿȯǤꡤѲäĿ͡פκѤǤǤȤǤϡɤΩȰפƤ롥ɤˤˡҲװŻ뤷˸ϰ (areal linguistics) (substratum theory) ȸƤФ뤳ȤˤʤפʳǰƳȤӤ⤢롥Ĥե顼ɤ俷ɤľܤ˱ƶɤ̤ĴγɤĤδ֤¿κΩä뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥
ĿͤονŻϡġĹνŻˤĤʤ롥ȤΤϡ٤ʸĿͤοϡġθˤ⤽٤ȯϤǤ롥ĤˤѰۤΰ (37--38) ϡ¾塤ѲˤĿͤŪФνŦƤȲᤷƤ褤

ñ沽ȤȤϡλѼԤΤˤϲǤʤȤΤ褦Ǥ뤬Ϥ¾Ϥ˰ܤȤˤϡʤ礭ʾ㳷ȤʤäƸ롥ưΤޤ餫ΤƤΤˤϡƿ褦̣ȿơϤޤޤäƼ˻Ĥ路ʤǤȻפġλʪˤä̤¿ꡤġΰιȤȤϡ餯Ϥ沽®⤷Ϥɻߤ٤ϤΡ̵ͭˤΤǤäơμҲȤѤȤԤˤϡˤδطΤˤ֤ɬפΤǤ롥β꤬⤷äƤʤС߰Ĥγٻˤήưפʤ餷ƤϤϡƱˤޤθο¥ϤǤäθˤʤ뺢ˤϡ¾ΰθ̤äơˤϤĤƤͤηˡȲƻĤʳˤϡäƶϾʤԤ˻ߤޤꡤε񤢤뤴ȤˡΤ뱿̿ĤΤǤ롥ñϷ»̾Ť뤳ȤϡɬѤȤϸȤ̡Ȥꤽδ֤ˤϼ̿ĹûäơŸˤˤƺ褭ĹޤĤĤΤ⤢뤳Ȥϻ¤Τ餤ȸŤΤϼ䤹ޤ줿ΤηޤΤϾˡ§ǤΤˡ桹ϼ㴳㳰Τ٤Ȥ򿴤֤ơܸۤߤʬ顤줾θǯĹĤΤ뤳ȤΤǤ롥


˿줿췲θؼԤζ̹򤯤ФСĿͿνŻ롤ǰŪ١ºŤȤȤ

ˡ͡١ȽŹ1980ǯ
ߥ륫å Ρ ͺ ظؤή١ߤ˼1974ǯ

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2012-03-17 Sat

#1055. uvular r θ춭ۤ [map][phonetics][wave_theory][french][linguistic_area]

ѲϤ˹äƤ椯ͻҤˤĤơȾ (the wave theory; Wellentheorie) ̾ΤȤˡĤλ򸫤Ƥʡ#1000. Ÿն˻Ĥ ([2012-01-22-1]) #1045. Ĺˤ ([2012-03-07-1])ˡѲζǤϤʤζۤƱͤ˹äƤ椯ǧƤ롥褯ΤƤΤϡեȯͤ uvular r ʸ r; IPA [ʀ]ˤγǤ롥
ȥåɥ (189--99) ˤС16ޤǤϥ衼åѤθǤ r ȯϡꥢ졤졤åȥαѸŵŪ˹ԤʤƤ褦Τդ뤨ƤäȤ17ˤʤäƥѥξήΥե󥹸ˤ uvular r Ϥ衼åѤΰ⤽θ¤줿Ҳ񳬵餫ȯήԤϡ줫300ǯδ֤衼åѤιΰعäߤǤϡե󥹸ȥɥĸǤ϶ܤۤȤɤο͡ˤäơޤΰǥޡΤۤ衤ǥȥΥ륦ΰǡuvular r ԤʤƤ롥ɥĸؤϹäƤʤȥåɥ (189) ϿޤǺܤ褦

Map of Uvular r in Western Europe

ȾäɤȽȤʤ̳Хȳ̤Ϥ礦褦˿ʤߡä󳤤˽ФгϩǥǥʥȾüŤΤȤȤưפ˿¬Ǥ롥
ʤɸŪʱѸ r ϡIPA Ǥ [ɹ] ɽܶ᲻ (post-alveolar approximant) 뤤̵໤³ (post-alveolar frictionless continuant) Northumberland Durham ʤɤΥ󥰥Ǥ uvular r ʹ롥

P. ȥåɥ ظȼҲ١ȽŹ1975ǯ

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