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grammatical_change - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2013-03-03 Sun

#1406. «ȤʤäƵ®ʸˡѲ [causation][language_change][speed_of_change][generative_grammar][lexical_diffusion][grammatical_change][auxiliary_verb][syntax][genitive][case]

Ѳ뤤ʸˡѲ®٤ˤĤƤ speed_of_change γƵǼ夲ƤۤȤɤѲ®˴ؤҲŪװŦˤȤɤޤꡤŪˤäƤʤä#621. ʸˡѲοʹԤα߳ꤵ®١ ([2011-01-08-1]) ǡ̤Ѳ®٤ˤĤơ餤Ǥ롥
ʸˡǤϡҶθ콬˴ؤᥫ˥ Primary Linguistic Data (PLD) ȤФϤδ顤ŪʸˡѲƤεͼԤ Lightfoot Ǥ롥Lightfoot 2006ǯʸĹǯˤ錄󤷤Ƥ롥

Changes often take place in clusters: apparently unrelated superficial changes occur simultaneously or in rapid sequence. Such clusters manifest a single theoretical choice which has been taken differently. If so, the singularity of the change can be explained by the appropriately defined theoretical choice. So the principles of UG and the definition of the cues constitute the laws which guide change in grammars, defining the available terrain. Any change is explained if we show, first, that the linguistic environment has changed and, second, that the new phenomenon . . . must be the way that it is because of some principle of the theory and the new PLD. (42)


Ѥ1ʸˡѲˤƤϡϢѲ«ȤʤäƱˤ뤤ϵ®롤Ȥ롥̤ΰѤ⼨

[I]f grammars are abstract, then they change only occasionally and sometimes with dramatic consequences for a wide range of constructions and expressions; grammar change tends to be "bumpy," manifested by clusters of phenomena changing at the same time . . . . (27)


ʸΤʤǡLightfoot ϡcan, may, must ʤɤˡư첽 (auxiliary_verb) Ϳ¿θˤû֤16ޤǤ˴λȡdo-periphrasis ([2010-08-26-1]) 18ȡ2Ĥΰ츫ȴϢʤѸˤˤʸˡѲV-to-I operation ȤξüˤäƴϢŤ뤳Ȥ롥ޤѸˤˤפǤʤοȸȯãδطˤĤơsplit genitive, group genitive, of ˤ뱪Ū°ʡ-'s ˤȤꡤѤ뤳ȤǰϢʸˡѲϢŤǤȼĥ롥
«Ȥʤäơסֵ®ˡפȤΤLightfoot θѲˤƺǤפʼĥ1ĤǤ롥Ǥ餯Ū˷ӤĤƤΤóȻ (lexical_diffusion) ȹͤƤ롥óȻˤƤϡϢܤ«Ȥʤäơ׾ʤȤȻʳˤƤϡֵ®ˡ׿ʹԤȤƤ롥Lightfoot θѲȸóȻϡѤޤǰۤʤ뤷оݤ㤦ΤϳΤ"clusters" "bumpy" Ȥ̤ΥɤϸѲħɽ路Ƥ褦˻פƤʤʤ

Lightfoot, David W. "Cuing a New Grammar." Chapter 2 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 24--44.

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2011-01-11 Tue

#624. ѸʸˡѲΰ [language_change][grammatical_change][pde]

[2010-05-31-1]εǡָѸ˵äƤѲפվ񤭤ʸˡѲŪʤäơ⤦ܤ٤ܤɲäʲϡLeech et al. ˤ "A consensus list of grammatical topics worth exploring" Ǥ (18--19) ΥꥹȼΤ Barber (130--44) ˴ŤƤΤǤ롥Ĥιܤˤ hellog δϢؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤ

decline of the inflected form whom (see [2011-01-09-1].)
use of less instead of fewer with countable nouns (e.g. less people)
regularization of irregular morphology (e.g. dreamt dreamed) (for octopuses, see [2009-08-26-1], [2010-09-30-1]; for oxes, see [2010-08-22-1])
a tendency towards analytical comparison of disyllabic adjectives (politer, politest more polite, most polite) (see [2010-06-04-1], [2010-07-27-1])
spread of the s-genitive to non-human nouns (the book's cover)
revival of the 'mandative' subjunctive, probably inspired by formal US usage (we demand that she take part in the meeting) (see [2010-03-18-1], [2010-03-19-1], [2010-04-07-1], [2009-08-17-1] )
elimination of shall as a future marker in the first person (see [2010-03-21-1], [2010-07-22-1])
development of new, auxiliary-like uses of certain lexical verbs (e.g. want to wanna --- cf., e.g., the way you look, you wanna see a doctor soon)
further auxiliation of semi-auxiliaries and modal idioms such as be going to ( gonna) or have got to ( gotta) (see [2009-07-01-1])
extension of the progressive to new constructions (especially modal, present perfect and past perfect passive progressives of the type the road would not be being built / has not been being built / had not been being built)
use of like, same as, and immediately as conjunctions
omission of the definite article in combinations of premodifying descriptive noun phrase and proper name (e.g. renowned Nobel laureate Derek Walcott)
increase in the number and types of multi-word verbs (phrasal verbs, have / take / give a + verb)
placement of frequency adverbs before auxiliary verbs (even if no emphasis is intended --- I never have said so)
do-support for have (Have you any money? and No, I haven't any money Do you have / have you got any money? and No, I don't have any money / I haven't got any money)
spread of 'singular' they (Everybody came in their car) to formal and standard usage. ( see [2010-01-27-1] )

¾û (e.g. isn't) áط that طλѡNew York City Ballet School instructor ̾Ϣʤɤä

Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.
Barber, Charles. Linguistic Change in Present-Day English. Edinburgh and London: Oliver and Boyd, 1964.

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2011-01-09 Sun

#622. ѸʸˡѲŪʸŪ [language_change][grammatical_change][speed_of_change][style][relative_pronoun][interrogative_pronoun][pde_language_change]

[2011-01-07-1],[2011-01-08-1]ǡʸˡѲ֤򤫤ƽ˿ʹԤΤǤ뤳ȤҤ٤顤ŵŪˤϡʸˡѲδѻϾʤȤˤ錄ĹŪʺȤȤȤˤʤ롥Ĺ֤ˤ錄äʸˡѲεܤܤ˽˼äƤ椯®٤פˤϡΤĤλǿܤ٤Ĵ٤뤳Ȥɬפˤʤ롥ˡѥѤŪʸΰյƤ롥Leech et al. (50) ϡ̻ѲθǤ٤ꤳפǤ⤷Ƥ롥

Theorizing about diachronic changes has focused primarily on the processes whereby new forms are initiated and spread, and until recently has paid comparatively little attention to the processes by which the range and frequency of usage contracts, and eventually disappears from the language. . . . one of the message we wish to convey is that frequency evidence is far more important in tracing diachronic change than has generally been acknowledged in the past.


Leech et al. (8) ˰ѤƤʲ Denison ɾƱͤμݤѲˤĤƽҤ٤Τ¿쾯ʤѲˤƤϤޤֻžԡˡ

Since relatively few categorial losses or innovations have occurred in the last two centuries, syntactic change has more often been statistical in nature, with a given construction occurring throughout the period and either becoming more or less common generally or in particular registers. The overall, rather elusive effect can seem more a matter of stylistic than of syntactic change, so it is useful to be able to track frequencies of occurrence from eModE through to the present day. (Denison 93)


ΰʸνפϡˤѲŪ ( statistical ) ǤƱʸŪ ( stylistic ) Ǥ뤳ȤŦƤǤ롥㤨СѸˤ뵿̾졦ط̾ whom οϡʹʸˡѲȤƤ褯夲뤬 ( case ) ˴ؤŪǤʾˡŪʸŪȤȤ館٤⤷ʤŪפȤΤϡĶˤ whom who ζ̤켫Τ϶Ѹ褢ޤѲƤޤξԤ٤ꡤ̻ѥٹ礤ǧ٤Ǥ롥
ʸŪפȤΤϡ񤭸դäդ̡ޤƥȤΥˤä whom ٤礭ۤʤ뤫Ǥ롥ʤȤŪʶ̤ˤʤäƤȤϤwhom / who ˤ formality ȤʸŪǤ礭ؤäƤȤȤϡϤ䤳ѲȤȤ館ǤԽʬǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤Ƥ롥
whom / who ˴ؤʸˡѲˤĤƤ¿Ը椬뤬ȻʸˤĤƤ Leech et al. 1ϡä pp. 1--4, 12--16 ͭѤǤ롥

Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.
Denison, David. "Syntax." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 4. Ed. Suzanne Romaine. Cambridge: CUP, 1998. 92--329.

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2011-01-08 Sat

#621. ʸˡѲοʹԤα߳ꤵ® [language_change][grammatical_change][speed_of_change]

ε[2011-01-07-1] "grammar blindness" ͳ򤤤ͻä (3) ǿ줿Ѳ®٤ˤĤơʸˡʷ֤ˤѲӤƤߤ褦Ѳˤ˻֤ΤΤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥㤨Сͭ̾ʤȤǤ1400?1700ǯˤƽ˿ʹԤ ( see [2009-11-18-1] ) ¿ξ硤ѲξﲼǿʹԤΤǡ̤Ȥȱ߳˿ܤΤǤ롥
ǡ֡ѲϲѲۤȤƤʣǤꡤԵ§⤤ޤʣʸˡƥ꡼ߤ˴ؤ礦ˡ߳ˤϿʤߤˤˡ֡ϲȰۤʤ̣ôäƤ뤿ˡ̣ϢۤȤʣװ򤸤ꡤԵ§Ѳ򼨤ʤ֤ǤСΤۤҤǻ
嵭ޤȤСʸˡѲϲѲ٤ƻ֤ꡤľŪ˿ʹԤ̤Ե§ˤʤ뷹줬ʸˡѲŪ˰ռˤͳ1ĤǤ롥ʾεä˷ѲȲѲοʹԤλκۤˤĤƤϡǤ夲ƤΤǡͤޤǤ˲˰Ѥ롥

Morphological change is likely to diffuse more slowly than phonological change. This is because there are more morphemes than phonemes and there are more morphological environments to work through than phonological ones (Aitchison, "Missing Link" 25).
     Another difference is that morphological change usually shows a higher degree of irregularity than phonological change because slower changes are more likely to get involved in unexpected interferences as they proceed. The irregularity of morphological change is due also to the complexities of morphological categories. To take Early Middle English nouns for example, there are intertwined categories such as case, number, gender, and declension type. The complex interdependence of these categories make it difficult for any morphological change to proceed regularly.
     Furthermore, morphemes are associated with meanings while phonemes are normally not (phonaesthesia aside, of course). It is no wonder, therefore, that morphology is more subject to semantic association and analogy than phonology.
     One final point is that since morphology is more closely related to syntax than phonology, it is more likely to be conditioned by syntactic contexts as well. (Hotta 125)

Hotta, Ryuichi. The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Hituzi Linguistics in English 10. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.
Aitchison, Jean. "The Missing Link: The Role of the Lexicon." Historical Linguistics and Philology. Ed. J. Fisiak. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1990. 11--28.

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2011-01-07 Fri

#620. ʸˡѲϤʤդˤ [language_change][grammatical_change]

ε[2011-01-06-1]ǡʸˡѲѲѲ٤ƵդˤȤ˿줿ѸˤĤơ "grammar blindness" ͳ͡뤳ȤǤ롥Leech et al. (7--8) 鲿Ŧ褦

(1) ѸΤ褦ʬŪʸˤʸˡѲϡ޸ѲΤ褦˶Ūܤ˸ΤǤϤʤѲ乽ʸΰʬϤΤ褦Ūʻ㤬¿"audible/visible" Ǥʤ
(2) ξŪʹʸʬϤϤȤʸˡѲηˤʤȹͤ뤬ȤξŪǤȤȤξζܤۣǤ뤳ȤްդʸˡѲƤ뤫ɤƤʤȤ¿Ȥˤʤ롥
(3) ʸˡѲϡ֤򤫤ƽ˿ʹԤΤǤꡤѻԤΰΤǤ鵤դˤΤǤ롥

Strang (60--62) ϡ͡ʸˡؤΰռ㤵򡤳Τʸˡλ礱Ƥ뤳Ȥ˵Τ褦󤲤Ƥ롥

(4) ʸˡ§ϲ§¿õ§ۤɼǤϤʤ꼰Τ񤷤äơ⤽ѼԤѰۤѲ˵դλȤȤߤۣǤ롥
(5) ͡ʱѸ variation Ū¸ߤʸˡפǧǽפऽΤΤ¿ͲƤƤꡤʸˡλƤ롥
(6) ͡ϵʸˡˤ1Ĥʸˡפ뤳Ȥ򿮤Ƥ뤿ˡʸˡФƻʤꡤΤޤޤʸˡʵʸˡˤȤѲؤΰռ㤯ʤ餶򤨤ʤ
(7) Ѹذ̤οŸˤ⤫餺ʸˡθϤޤޤŪʳαޤäƤꡤŬڤʻ󶡤ˤ­Ǥ롥

Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.
Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.

ʸ嵭2011/01/08(Sat)ʲ Mair ʸ pp. 107--09 "Observing grammatical change in progress" ʤ᤬ꡤBloomfield Bauer ΰѤʸˡѲδѻǽƤ

Mair, Christian. Three Changing Patterns of Verb Complementation in Late Modern English: A Real-Time Study Based on Matching Text Corpora." English Language and Linguistics'' 6 (2002): 105--31.

Referrer (Inside): [2011-01-09-1] [2011-01-08-1]

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2011-01-06 Thu

#619. ΩƤ븽ѸʸˡѲ [language_change][grammatical_change]

Leech et al. 1Ϥ "'grammar blindness' in the recent history of English" (1) ŦƤ롥

Surprising though this may be in view of a vast and growing body of literature on recent and ongoing changes in the language, there is very little we know about grammatical change in written standard English in the twentieth century. (Leech et al. 1)


ǯΥѥȱѸ˸νв񤤤ˤꤳξϾIJƤƤȻפġʸˡѲλ㸦ĶʸˡѲŪĬήȤ褦ʵŪͤϳΤ˾ʤѸˤǤϡä˸űѸ줫ѸˤƤ synthesis analysis ؤʸˡѲʸˡѲλȤƹ椵Ƥ뤬 ( see synthesis_to_analysis ) ѸˤƤʸˡѲϰϼǤ롥ʴϢȤ[2010-04-01-1]򻲾ȡޤѸθѲˤĤƤ[2010-05-31-1]򻲾ȡ
ŵŪѸˤ Strang ϡѸȤŤʳαѸȤΤʸˡѲΰ礭ۤʤäƤ¤ŦͳϸѸʸˡѲʤǤϤʤʸˡѲ˵դȤȤ񤷤ǤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

The most promising direction of search for an explanation would seem to lie in the assumption that there is grammatical change in progress at the moment, as in the past, but that we are considerably less perceptive of it than of other kinds of linguistic change. (Strang 59--60)



ʹʸˡѲѲѲ٤ƵդˤθѲǤ뤳Ȥ͡˻ŦƤ롥ǤϡʤʸˡѲϵդΤ񤷤ΤˤĤƤεǡ

Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.
Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.

Referrer (Inside): [2011-01-07-1]

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2010-01-27 Wed

#275. Ѹλ;ñ̾ [personal_pronoun][gender][grammatical_change][political_correctness][singular_they]

Ѹ˵äƤʸˡѲȤƤ褯夲ΰĤˡͤɽ;ñ̾줬롥ɸѸˤϿͤɽ;ñ̾Ȥ he ˤ she ʽˤĤ뤬ްդ˻ȤȤΤǤ̾¸ߤʤʣǤˤ餺ȤȤΤǤ they ¸ߤ롥ʿ;̾ηϤоˤĤƤϡ[2009-11-09-1], [2009-10-24-1]򻲾ȡ

If anyone is interested in this blog, he can always contact me.


Τ褦ʸȯ硤ŪʱѸǤϤˤ褦 he ȤƤanyone ϽβǽȾʬ櫓ǡ;̾ he ǤŬڤǤȤΩġǡˤ˽ʿã褦ȡhe she Ȥʤ붦̾줬͡ʷƤƤCrystal (46) ʤɤ󤹤ȡ

co (used in some American communes)
E
et
he or she
heesh
hesh
hir
ho
jhe
mon
na (used by some novelists)
ne
per (used by some novelists)
person
po
s/he
tey
they (as a singular pronoun)
thon
xe

ɤȯΤޤƤΩƤ뤬ɤ⤷äꤳʤȤȤǹٻƤΤϤʤ̤θŪƤȤơhe she ȤʤǤ褦˽񤭴٤Ȥ뤳Ȥ¿ʸǤСIf you are interested in this blog, you can always contact me. Those who are interested in this blog can always contact me. ʤɤ
ɤΤ褦˷ߤ뤫Ϥ狼ʤ줫ƤѤΤ񤭴 strategy 򤹤ΤԤǤС(1) ʣ褬Ƥ (variation)(2) 줫Ф (potential for change)(3) ʸˡηϤΤʤ夷 (implementation)(4) ͡Τ˹ޤ (diffusion)ȤѲΰŪʥƥå (Smith 7) ƧळȤˤʤΤ

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997.
Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.

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