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productivity - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2011-04-28 Thu

#731. -dom ̻̾Ūʬ [suffix][oed][corpus][productivity]

[2009-05-18-1]ε-dom ̾פǤϸѸǻȤ -dom 򤤤Ĥ󤲤̻Ūʴ餳įƤߤBauer (220) ˤȡ-dom ϰ٤λȤߤʤۤɤ˿षƤѸǤϰᤷƤƤȤ

-dom    This suffix forms abstract, uncountable nouns from concrete, countable ones. For a long time it was thought that the suffix was moribund or totally non-productive, but Wentworth (1941) showed that it had never completely died out, and it is still productive in contemporary English, though not very much so. Recent examples include Dollardom, fagdom, gangsterdom, girldom (all OEDS). (220)


-dom ϸ§Ȥ̾δΤղä̾뤬freedom Τ褦˷ƻδΤղä⤢롥
OED ̻ŪʬۤĴ٤Ƥߤ[2011-01-05-1]ǾҲ𤷤OED θ̤äȤʬह CGIפѤȤ -dom 夲ʲΤ褦˻вSodom ʤɤλ¿ϺäƤꡤäȸƵդΤϺ绨Ĥʿ夲Ȥ򤵤줿ͥǡϤΥڡHTML򻲾ȡ

Diachronic Distribution of -dom Words by OED

Ѹ줫ѸˤƤΤ露Ȥ衤19ȯϰŪǤ롥20βФϡ¤ȿǤƤΤ뤤 OED θüλˤΤˤƤ19ʹߤο -dom äϤ٤Ƥٸǡnonce-word ¿Frequency Sorter ˤȡANC (American National Corpus) 10ʾѤƤΤϡfandom, boredom, stardom, fiefdom
ܼ (productivity) Ū˷׻Τ񤷤Ȥ (Baayen and Lieber) -dom 19ȯ2021ˤɤ³ƤΤľŪªܼȤϵҴŪˤɤΤ褦˵ҤΤ˥ѥɤΤ褦˳ѤǤΤ-dom ܤǤ⡤꤬͡夬äƤ롥

Bauer, Laurie. English Word-Formation. Cambridge: CUP, 1983.
Baayen, Harald and Rochelle Lieber. "Productivity and English Derivation: A Corpus-Based Study." Linguistics 29 (1991): 801--43.

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2011-01-18 Tue

#631. blending γ [word_formation][morphology][phonaesthesia][blend][productivity]

ε[2011-01-17-1] blending ֺסblend ֺסportmanteau word ֤ФפȤäѸҲ𤷤ϱѸˤ blending ̻ŪˤĤƳ⤷Ĥġblend 󤲤
Ѹˤϡ餫ϤۤȤɤʤChaucer nifle ( nihil + trifle ) "trifle" ȤƵ󤲤뤳Ȥ뤬MED θ츻ˤ Anglo-French μѸȤѸʹߤϾĺ줬Ϥᡤ2ΰ̣Ȥεǽ˲äơΡ顦޾Фʤɤθ̤äΤФƤ롥foolosopher ( fool + philosopher ), balloonacy ( balloon + lunacy ) ʤɤǤ롥Lewis Carroll (1832--98) Ϻεǵ󤲤 slithy, mimsy Τۤˤ chortle ( chuckle + snort ) galumph ( gallop + triumphant ) ʤɤ߽ФƤꡤޤ portmanteau word ߤοƤȤ롥
ΰ̣ȯΤ20äƤǤ롥ʸʳؤʤɼҲΤ¦̤Ǿ̤ȯŪäȼäơäμפʤ¿ξͤ "densification" Ĭή ( see [2011-01-12-1] ) ˹פ륹ޡȤʸ1ĤäΤǤ롥
嵭ηаޤǡѸˤϤ¿κ줬¸ߤ롥ˤȤޤʤι⤵ȳѤιĤिˡ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

blend1st element2nd element
avionicsaviationelectronics
brunchbreakfastlunch
docudramadocumentarydrama
EbonicsEbonyphonics
edutainmenteducationentertainment
electretelectricitymagnet
electrocuteelectroexecute
EurovisionEuro-television
flushflashblush
FranglaisFrançaisAnglais
infomercialinformationcommercial
ligerliontiger
motelmotorhotel
OxbridgeOxfordCambridge
ParalympicsparallelOlympics
podcastpodbroadcast
simulcastsimultaneousbroadcast
SinglishSingaporeEnglish
smogsmokefog
telethontelephonemarathon


¿κϰθ¾θθȤ߹碌빽ˤʤäƤ뤬docudrama podcast Τ褦˰θϽ󤵤줺˸촴ΤѤƤΤ⤢뤷electrocute electro- Eurovision Euro- Τ褦 combining form ( see [2010-10-31-1] ) Ȥ夷ƤǤѤƤΤ⤢롥
ǿȤƤϡ2010ǯήԸ ( see [2011-01-10-1] ) ȤƥΥߥ͡Ȥ줿줫顤ᥭѤؤήл˰ä¿פ̣ spillion ( spill + million ) Sarah Palin ˤ¤ refudiate ( refute + repudiate ) hacktivism ( hacking + activism ) ʤɤ롥ѸǺǤΤ1ĤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
ʤ[2010-01-10-1]εǵ󤲤 phonaesthesia γ⹭̣Ǥ blending ΰȹͤ뤫⤷ʤ

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2010-12-11 Sat

#593. ˤߤäŤ -wise [suffix][word_formation][productivity]

"in the manner or direction of ---" ۤɤ֤ΰ̣ɽ魯Ѹ -wise ϸűѸͳθŤܼǤ롥űѸ wīse "way, fashion, custom, habit, manner" ̣̾ȤΩƤѸǤñȤѤ뤳ȤϤۤȤɤʤ㤨 clockwise, counterclockwise, crosswise, lengthwise, likewise, otherwise, sidewise, slantwise ʤɤθκǽǤȤޤƤ롥
ȤƤ -wise ϡѸˤ̤ä⤫ä櫓ǤϤʤष嵭ξθΤʤ˲Ū˻¸Ф¸ߴǤʤäȤ1930--40ǯ夫 -wise ϥӤΤ褦褷ι⤤ܼؤƤȯäǤ "as regards, concerning, in terms of" ۤɤΰ̣ǡɤ̾ˤǤղä롥ǯܸǤ?ŪˡʤϡˡפȤ񤫤餤Ĥʸ򽦤äƤߤ

Things aren't too good businesswise.
Security-wise they've made a lot of improvements.
Career-wise, this illness couldn't have come at a worse time.
It was a much better day weather-wise.
We were housed student-wise in dormitory rooms.
What shall we do foodwise - do you fancy going out to eat?
Moneywise, of course, I'm much better off than I used to be.
What do we need to take with us clothes-wise?
It was a poor show, talent-wise.


ˡάˤβˤ American Heritage Dictionary of the English Dictionary ΥǤ롥
֥󥷥 (113) ˤС -wise ϡֱѸüԤνİռοءפ˴ؤȤ

פε뤳ȤǤȤǡĹָȤߤʤƤޥ -wise ϡ1940ǯ̯ʱ̿и뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Budgetwise, drugwise, healthwise, personalitywise, securitywise Ǥ롥ƸΤθݤˤĤƤϺޤǤʤ⤵ƤʤäϸαѸä͡νİռ˺ǤŤܼ¸ߤƤ뤳ȤȡؤˤϤȯƤ뤳ȤΤǤ롥


=å֥󥷥 ס رѸ츻ء١ʸ˥ӡҡ1999ǯ ( Blanchot, Jean-Jacques. L'Étymologie Anglaise. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1995. )

Referrer (Inside): [2011-10-23-1]

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2010-11-09 Tue

#561. Ƭ post- (2) [prefix][productivity]

ε[2010-11-08-1]Ǽ夲Ƭ post- ˤĤơιޤäˤĤƤ­Marchand (183-84) ˤȡpost- ȯ19ʹߤȤ

3.43. 2 The only type that has really become productive in English word-formation is the type postmeridianus (which in Classical Latin is still weak, but grows in subsequent periods). Though we have coinages from the 17th century on, as postmeridian 1626, post-diluvian 1680 (after antediluvian 1646), post-connubial 1780, the vast majority date from the 19th century, as post-baptismal, -biblical, -classical, -graduate, -natal, -nuptial, -pagan, -prandial, -resurrectional, -Roman / -cretacean, -diluvial, -glacial, -tertiary / -Adamic, -Cartesian, -Darwinian, -Elizabethan, -Homeric, -Kantian, and other derivatives from proper names.

3.43.3 Developing at about the same time as the corresponding types pre- and ante-war years (second half of the 19th century), formed after the prototype anti-court party, we have the type post-war years with combination such as post-Pliocene period 1847, post-Easter time, post-election period, post-Reformation period, post-Restoration period, etc. The idea is always that of 'time following --'.



ƬŪطɽ뵡¿ˤȤʬǤȤ櫓Ƥ뤳Ȥ褯ʬ롥ޤ19ñȤȯ櫓ǤϤʤе pre- ante- ȤȤϤƤȤ褯ʬ롥
ŪѤ post- 뤤ܸ֥ݥȡפθ촶ȤơΤɽƤ˶ڤ꤬Ĥθ˿夬³Ȥޤߤ롥夫鼡λؤΰܤѤꡤ뤤ϾʤȤ͡ܤѤռȤ post- ɽȤȡѲɤ߼륭ɤȤƤ⤷Ƭ⤷ʤpost- ɽμפ֤Ȥ19˸˸ƤȤ˰쵤ȯȤΤʬ褦ʵ롥

Marchand, Hans. The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation: A Synchronic-Diachronic Approach. 2nd. ed. München: Beck, 1969.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-11-21-1]

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2010-11-08 Mon

#560. Ƭ post- [prefix][productivity]

ΩѴåŸ˹ԤäƤVincent Van Gogh ( 1853--90 ) ϲȤȤƤʤȤƤǹ⤤͵ؤ뤬Ȥ櫓ܿͤˤϼȤ19ݼ ( Impressionism ) λơPaul Cézanne, Georges Seurat, Paul Gauguin ȤȤ˸ݼ ( Post-Impressionism ) δȤʤäθؤȤǤ롥
ơָɡפϱѸ Post-Impressionist Ȥߤ줿ŬڤǤϤʤȤƤǤ夷ƤޤäƤ뤬Τˤϡְɰʹߡפ٤ä
Ƭ post- "after, behind" ̣ƥ post ͳ褷ưղä줿᤯ưʬ졤ƻ졤̾ˤղä褦ˤʤä ȿ before ɽ魯ƬȤƤ pre-, ante- ˡߤǤϤƬ˹⤯դΤޤޤ˹뤳ȤǤ롥OED post- (prefix) Υȥ꡼ˤ¿ι줬㼨ƤꡤäȿȤ700Ķ롥19Ⱦ20ΤΤݤƤꡤƬȯŪäѸˤƤθݤǤ뤳Ȥ롥
ǯǤ OALD8 ˸ФȤƵ󤲤Ƥ13ι򼨤

post-coital, post-industrial, post-mortem, post-natal, post-natal depression, post-operative, post-paid, post-partum, post-partum depression, post-production, post-sync, post-traumatic stress disorder, post-war


֥ݥȡפܸǤ⤹ǤƬȤƻ̱Ƥ롥֥ݥȾס֥ݥȹ¤ס֥ݥȡǡ󥹡ס֥ݥס֥ݥȻɴáסʡҤˤʤɡ
20ȾθܼήԤˤĤƤ[2010-06-21-1]򻲾ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2016-11-21-1] [2010-11-09-1]

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2009-09-09 Wed

#135. 졦̱²̾Τ -i [suffix][lexicology][analogy][productivity]

ѸθǤϡ̱²̾δΤ餽ο͡ɽ̾ƻȤȤ̤˹ԤƤAmerican, English, Japanese ʤɡ¾塤ϰο¸ߤȤäƤ褤ˤ͡ꡤ̱²̾Ȥˤɤ줬դϷޤäƤ뤬̤Τʥ롼ϤʤΤβ֤ˤäͽۤդ⾯ʤʤ롼ȤƤޤȤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ
̱²̾ΰĤ -i 롥ŪǶΤΤǡ䥢ιϰ̾ΤղäΤħǤ롥OED ǤϼΤ褦ͿƤ롥

a termination used in the names of certain Near-Eastern and Eastern peoples, as Iraqi, Israeli, Pakistani.


¾󤲤ȡʲΤ褦ʤΤ롥

Adeni, Afghanistani, Bahraini, Bangladeshi, Bengali, Bhutani, Bihari, Iraqi, Israeli, Kashmiri, Kuwaiti, Pakistani, Punjabi, Yemeni, Zanzibari


Ȥ夳ΰ񤷤⤽ OED Ǥϸ츻ͿƤʤ¾μˤ -i ϥӥʤɥηƻȤꡤΤȤȤ˼ѸȤƱѸäƤȤ٤Ƥ㤬Τ褦 -i դǼѤ줿櫓ǤϤʤ㤨 Kashmiri ʤɤ OED ǤϡKashmir ȤΤФƱѸ줬Ū -i ղäǤȤƤ롥ȤȡѸϡǤ -i ΤĤǼѤ줿줫 -i ƱѸȤڤФŪѤ褦ˤʤäȤˤʤ롥
˱ѸȤŪ˳ư򳫻ϤȹͤƤ褤ΤǤϤʤĤѸǥȤñ ( analogy ) Ưȹͤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ̤θ򤹤С-i ȤƱѸ첽ȤϸڤʤΤǤϤʤ꤬Τϡ-i ޤ㤬ʤѸȤƤɤΤפ뤳ȤǤʤǤ롥
-i 줬Ƥ椯ѻƤ椱Фϲ褵뤫⤷ʤΤ褦ʵϤۤɴԤǤʤ¸ιϰˤϤǤ̾ΤͿƤΤ ( ex. Egyptian, Iranian, Lebanese ) -i 򸫤ˤϡϰ褬ʤФʤʤᤤ衤䥢˹ʤȤƤ⡤ۤ¿ε񤬤ȤϹͤˤ
-i αѸȤƤϡŪˤϤ뤫⤷ʤ줬뵡񤬤ʤȤȤϡ¾塤ʤΤƱȤǤ롥ʤΤǤСѸθùܤȤΩƤɬפϤʤˤܤɬפʤ
ʾͳǡ-i ϱѸ塤񤷤ܤʤΤǤ롥

Bauer, Laurie. English Word-Formation. Cambridge: CUP, 1983. 253--55.

Referrer (Inside): [2009-09-10-1]

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2009-09-07 Mon

#133. ƻĤ -ish γηϩ [suffix][language_change][productivity]

Ѹ -ish ˤķƻȤФȻפ⤫٤뤳ȤǤEnglish, foolish, boyish, selfish, feverish, yellowish, oldish δΤߤƤߤȡ̾줫ƻǤ롥̾ -ish ղäȡν°ɽƻ줬졤ƻղäȡ֤פȤ֤ݤפΰ̣ź롥ޤСsomewhat ΰ̣źơ¾夹٤ƤηƻղäȤäƤǤϤʤ
Τ褦 -ish ι⤤бűѸ -isc ϡ̱²ɽ̾ˤĤƤηƻĤȤǽ˸ꤵƤ㤨СEnglish Angle ֥󥰥͡פ -isc ղäȼ i-mutation Ȥ첻ѲФ Englisc ȤˤΤܤ롥British, Scottish, Welsh, Jewish ʤɤƱͤηǤ롥
̱²̾줫ƻȤñǽä -ish Ȥ餽εǽ礵̱²˸¤餺ͤɽ̾عղä褦ˤʤächildish, foolish, womanish ʤɤǤ롥ηƻϡΤ̾λؼоݤΤ˥եơղŪʰ̣Ƥ̣childish ñˡֻҶΡפǤϤʤֻҶäݤפǤ롥դΰ̣Ѳλϡ̱²ƻ줬Ƥ̱²̾ñʷƻǤФǤʤŪʰ̣礤ʤɴŪ connotation ĤȤˤϢƤ褦˻פ롥
-ish ղäˤäơפΰ̣Ȥѥ夹ȡͤɽ̾Ǥʤ̤̾ˤѤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥bookish feverish ʤɤǤ롥ޤ̾ˤĤơ?̣äפ̣ޤ줿 ( bluish, reddish, etc. ) ˤĤơ?餤פɽɽʤɤϡѸǤ¿Ѥ ( ex. "I get up about sevenish in the morning" )
ޤȡϳϻߤޤʤ̾ʤɤϤΤޤ޷ƻˤʤ뤳Ȥ׸ƤΤ⤷ʤ̾ǤϤʤƻˤղä졤֤ס?ݤס?äפʤɤΰդɽ褦ˤʤäbrightish, coldish, narrowish ˤϡֻղä줿 uppish ʤɤ⤢롥
ˤĤϡΩʸź졤ʸդԳΤ mood ȤƤˡǧ롥ex. "I've finished preparing the food. Ish. I just need to make the sauce."
ʾ塤-ish μϰϤγɤäƤߤϩϥǤϤʤȤ狼롥

̱²̾좪̾좪̾좪̾졦ƻηѸ좪ƻ좪ֻʤɷƻŪʰ̣¾ʻ좪ˡ


̣ȵǽˤơȯŸηϩ̮ʤʤ꤬뤳Ȥ褯ʬ̤˵ǽ礷Ƥ椯Ѳ򰷤ˤϡѲΤʳȼʳ̮ǤΤ򤳤Τ褦Ʊꤹ뤳ȤȤʤ롥

Bradley, Henry. The Making of English. New York: Dover, 2006. 95. New York: Macmillan, 1904.

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2009-08-04 Tue

#99. ŪƬ neo- [japanese_english][affix][etymology][compound][productivity][greek]

شۤο޴ NEO꡼116켰޴դϸƤ˰ʤص٤δǤϥʥȷҤθʬ򡤡Ļ٤δǤϥեκμΰ֤ۤʤ뤳ȤΤꡤȤʤ餵줿ҶκįƤ޴դϾشۤäظä˺줿˸ƲʤߡNEO꡼פ켰ФäΤ١Ƥʤ˽¤Ƥ롥
ΡNEOʥͥˡפȤƬܸˤ夷ƤѤ롥عϻǤǤ֥ͥפθФ롥

(ꥷǡֿװդ neos )ֿפΰդɽƬ졥֡ޥƥ


֥ͥפѤʣȤƤϡˤϼΤ褦ʸ줬ȥ꡼Ƥ롥֥ͥץå˥ néo-impressionnisme, ֥ͥ饷 neo-classicism, ֥ͥ˥ꥺ neo-colonialism, ֥ͥ neo-con(servatism), ֥ͥХ륵 Neosalvarsan ʥɥĸ, ֥ͥ Neodym ʥɥĸ, ֥ͥ˥ neo-Darwinism, ֥ͥ Neo-Dada, ֥ͥƥˡ neoteny, ֥ͥȥߥ neo-Thomism, ֥ͥʥ neo-Nazism, ֥ͥԥʡ Neopilina ʥƥ, ֥ͥե neo-fascism, ֥֥ͥåǥ Neo-Buddhism, ֥ͥץ Neoprene, ֥ͥޡƥꥺ neo-mercantilism, ֥ͥޥ neomycin, ֥ͥޥ륭 neo-Lamarckism, ֥ͥ쥢ꥹ neorealismo ʥꥢ, ֥ͥ neologism, ֥ͥ neon, ֥ͥ󡾥 neon sign, ֥ͥ󡾥ƥȥ neon tetra, ֥ͥ󡾥ס neon lamp褯Τʤ줬¿
Ѹ줬ѸǤϤʤȤ顤neo- ȤƬϥ衼åѽ˹äƤ뤳Ȥ¬롥ơܸǤ־شۤο޴ NEO꡼פΤ褦˻ȤФƤꡤƬȤƤϥХ벽ƤΤ⤷ʤѸǤ OED θˤ neo ǻϤޤñ326ĥҥåȤ
neo- εϡꥷ néos "new" Ǥ롥Ūˤϰĸ *newo- "new, young" ˤΤܤꡤѸ new ƱǤ롥neo- αѸǤƬȤƤˤ19ȾܳŪ˻ȤФޤ礵³Ƥ롥
бƥ novus "new" ǡƱѸ˼Ѥ줿⡤ʲ̤ꤤĤ롥

innovate, innovation, nova, novel, novelty, novice, renovate, renovation

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