[2009-11-01-1], [2009-11-02-1], [2011-07-07-1]εǡ̾ưפεäƤε[2011-07-07-1]Ǥϡ̾פʬϥޥߤƬη뤬ưפٻưŤޤǤȤʸϤĤ
ˤϤưŤ褦˻פ롥̾ưȯζ̲Ǥ롥̾ưʤ diatones Υڥ[2009-11-01-1]εȤ¿뤬ֻ϶̤ĤʤΤΡȯΤ˶̤롥ʻž (conversion; see [2009-11-03-1]) դȤѸΤȤǤ뤫顤ȤƱȯζ̤ĤʤȤŪ˺ȤϤʤǤΰ֤ʻζ̤ĤʤС˱ۤȤϤʤȤȤǤϤʤ
[2011-02-11-1]εֶޤο캬ξפǽҤ٤̤ꡤѸˤ϶פȤ drift ˤäȯ캬ȤǤ⤤٤ħ롥캬 conversion Ȥβ¥ʤƤȤϳΤʻζ̤ѶŪˤʤȤظƤΤǤϤʤʣʸФʻžȤ˸ƤΤǤꡤʻζ̤ۣˤ뤳ȤȤ櫓ʤƤ櫓ǤϤʤʻζ̤ݤäޤޡĺǾ¤θǡ㤨С̾줫ưǤ̯ˡС˱ۤȤϤʤơξ˱̯ˡȤơ̾ưȤʬԤ߽Ф줿ΤǤϤʤ̾ǤưǤ캬Ʊưƶ̤ݤ --- ̯ˡȸƤФƲȸƤܤconversion ¥ʤ륲ޥŪ drift Ť˵դ餦ʵǽŪ (functionalist) Ĭή --- Ѹ̾ưθݤΤ褦ª뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
[2009-11-01-1], [2009-11-02-1]εǡ̾ưפε˴ϢơޥȤƤطʤϢϡ[2011-04-15-1]εֱѸζѥѸѼפǤⰷä
Ѹ¿¿ʼȤƥƥեѸˤǶʬۤ̾ưȤʤ뤳θݤˤĤơBolinger ̾ʤӷƻˤưʸǤΰ֤κۤȤƤ롥ʲ˴ϢսѤ롥
. . . stress patterns are apt to congeal in the way position in the sentence may predispose them, which means that nouns and adjectives will tend to be forestressed, verbs to be end-stressed, and ultimately, in many cases, to carry this stress with them regardless of position. (164)
English seems to be more averse to postponing the first of the two major accents than to anticipating the second. While nouns and adjectives are certainly free to occur in terminal positions, their somewhat greater frequency early in the sentence brings them under the influence of this more consistent pull to the left. The pull to the right at the end is weaker, except in emphatic utterances, but since verbs are less free to roam they are more apt to it. (164fn)
Bolinger εʤȯŸȼΤ褦ˤʤŪ12¿ϡǥեȤǤϸƬ1ۤ롥ϡѸʤȤ⥲ޥˤζʤȿǤΤǤ (see [2009-10-26-1]) ä̾ƻ줬ʤȿǤΤϡʸŪᤤʳǸΨ⤤Ǥ롥̾ƻ¾θ٤ʸǤΰ֤¤ξʤǤꡤʸˤƸ뤳ȤʤȤ櫓ǤϤʤ㤨ư٤ʸƬˤƸ뤳Ȥ¿ȤȤǤ롥
ưϾҤʤŪ˽ˤưʸǤΰ֤̾ƻۤɼͳǤϤʤʸˤΨ⤤ѸȥѥǤʸκǸˤ붯ˤȤʤΤǡʸ֤䤹ưθۤ2岽Ψ㤤̾ƻФơ2ݤ䤹ΤϤΤǤ롥 associate, duplicate, estimate ʤɤ -ate ĸ¿ϡ̾ǤϺǽ첻ۣ첻Ȥʤ뤬ưǤ2ݤƤ뤳Ȥա
ʸΤɤΰ֤Ū˸䤹ȤǤ̾졦ƻưκۤ줾ʻˤ2οκۤˤĤʤäƤȤ϶̣ޤǤεȤС̾ưʬۤˤɤĤޤǤȰǤ롥̾ζǸǤޤäưϤޤ2ĤäƤ롥줬1˳ʾ夲줵СưפȤʤ롥Ǥϡγʾ夲ưŤϲäΤBolinger ϤޤǤϽҤ٤Ƥʤ
Bolinger, Dwight L. "Pitch Accent and Sentence Rhythm." Forms of English: Accent, Morpheme, Order. Ed. Isamu Abe and Tetsuya Kanekiyo. Tokyo: Hakuou, 1965. 139--80.
Ѹζѥε§ϡ§Ȥ "left-prominent and morphologically governed" Ǥꡤ Germanic Stress Rule (GSR) ȸƤФ롥ϡ[2009-10-26-1], [2009-10-31-1]ǥޥħ1ĤȤָ촴1˶פ[2009-11-13-1]εǸ褦ˡѸʹߡեƥѸ줬̤ˤ⤿餵褦ˤʤꡤѸαΧ "right to left and phonologically governed" §Ȥ Romance Stress Rule (RSR) ääʹߤαѸ챤Χˤϡȿ2Ĥζ§ߤ˴ĤˤǤ롥ơϸߤˤޤ³Ƥ롥
Halle and Keyser βŪʸʹߡѸƳ줿 RSR ѸαΧѳפ⤿餷Ȥ롤嵭Τ褦ʸͭϤȤʤäƤ뤬Minkova ˤСѸǤ RSR θ̤ϲɾƤ뤭餤ȤषGSR Ϥɾ٤ǤȤոΤ褦˹ͤ뺬ϤĤ롥Minkova (169--73) εޤȤ褦
(1) RSR GSR ɬȿΤǤϤʤ㤨С3Ǥϸ̤ɽŪ˰פ㤬롥máidenhòod (by GSR) and víolènt (by RSR) ʤɡ
(2) Ƭ˶֤ʤ൬§ GSR ϡФХޥƬˤŬѤ졤äưѸǤ̤Ǥ롥Ѹ confirm, deduct, displease, enlist, expose ʤɤζ֤ȡʤ̾ƻǤ϶1˰ܹԤ̾ưפˤĤƤϡ[2009-11-01-1], [2009-11-02-1]ȡ
(3) ѸŪᤤ˱ѸäեѸϡƱƤꡤGSR ˤäƶ1˰ܹԤƤ
(4) ѸǤ RSR GSR ζˤեѸ줬ͤ˶֤ɤΤ褦ˤ뤳Ȥ롥ŵŪȤƵΤϡChaucer λ "In dívers art and in divérse figures" (FrT 1486) Ǥ롥ܤĴ٤ȸˤäɤ٤ϰۤʤ뤷Χΰ֡ʲ֤ˤ뤫ݤ) ȶɤʬۤĴȡ¿ɤ줬Χ˵ΤǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ºݤäդǤϡŦƤ빭ϤɤϤʤäȹͤ졤GSR ŬѤˤꤹǤ1˶ƤѸ¿ä
RSR ƳˤѸ챤Χưɤϸۤ˲ŪʤΤǤϤʤäȤRSR ȤϰۤʤŪʶѥ⤿餷ȤϳΤǤ롥ä˸ʳŪѥϡ3ᤫʤѸǿβ˶륱Ǥ롥ʲθϡʤȤѤ줿2˶Ƥcalendar, sinister, memento, placebo. ޤ3äǽü2ˤʤäƤΰ֤Ѥ餺2ޤޤθ⾯ʤʤädivers(e), legend(e), maner(e), honour(e), montayn(e), natur(e), tempest(e), sentenc(e), solemn(e). θϡαѸ챤Χ餹Ȱۼʶѥ˽äƤꡤRSR ѸαΧ˰ξ⤿餷ȤϳΤǤ롥
Minkova ϡѸʳǤΤȤƽ GSR ޤŪǤꡤRSR ˲ŪʱƶϤƤʤȼĥ롥Ѹ챤Χ礭ưɤäȤС̤Υƥ ([2010-08-18-1], [2009-08-19-1]) Ф Renaissance ʹߤΤȤ
. . . in spite of the influx of 10,000 Romance loanwords, words of Germanic origin continued to constitute the bulk of the core vocabulary of Middle English, accounting for seventy-five to ninety-five per cent of the wordstock, depending on register. It was only during the Renaissance that the balance began to shift in favour of non-Germanic patterns, bringing about the co-existence of two typologically different systems of stress in modern English. (172--73)
ưɤ顤ߤˤޤ³κޤ줿Ҥ̾ư⤽Ʊ֤Ǥζ֤κۤ⤽Ǥ롥ʲϸԤˤĤƤ Minkova θڡ
Seen in the larger context of prosodic typology, however, the accentuation of derived Romance words introduced a major new paradigm of stress-shifting in English. For the first time in the history of the language words derived from the same root started to exhibit disparate prosodic contours: móral--morálitèe, párish--paríshonèr, sólemn--solémpnitè, vólume--volúminòus. (173)
Halle, M. and S. J. Keyser. English Stress: Its Form, Its Growth, and Its Role in Verse. New York: Harper and Row, 1971.
Minkova, Donka. "The Forms of Speech" A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture: c.1350--c.1500. Ed. Peter Brown. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 159--75.
[2009-11-01-1]˰³̾ưפꡥϡ̾ưפΥǥ뤬Ǥ˸űѸ¸ߤƤȤǧ̾ˤƬζղä졤ưˤϼղä줿ȤȤäηŪʬۤΤΤϡɤΤ褦줦
Campbell ˤСƬղä륿ߥ̾ưȤǰۤʤäƤΤǤϤʤȤof-, be- ʤɤƬϡ졦ֻȤƸ촴ΩƵǽƤȹͤ롥˰̣ŪϢζ顤졦ֻ줬ƬȤƸ촴ղä졤礵줿Ȥ礵륿ߥ̾ưȤǤϰۤʤäƤ̾ϰᤫäΤǡޥ1ᥢȤθ§ŬѤ˴֤˹äư٤촴ΤΤ1ᥢȤäȸǤޤäƤޤäˡäȼ夤Ƭղäư줬ǤäΤǤ롥
βѤˤƤ⡤ʤ̾ưᤫäΤȤʤ뵿䤬롥ߥȤڤ⤤˻夲뤳ȤǤȤƤ⡤Ūͤߤ뤳Ȥ
ߥᤤ٤ˤäơѲŬѤ뤫Ȥ뤫ޤȤ¾ȤƤϡ[2009-06-14-1]ȡ
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959. 30--31.
Ѹȳǡ̾ưפȸƤФ븽ݤ롥ѸǤϡ֤Ʊʻΰۤʤ줬¸ߤ롥ä̾ưΥڥξ硤̾ǤϥȤβˡưǤϥȤβ뤳Ȥꡤڥ̾ưפȸƤǤ롥ѸǤϡ̾ưפ̾ΤϤʤΤ褦ŪˤʤäƤޤ
diatonic homograph pairs that exhibit the alternating stress pattern between noun (paroxytonic) and verb (oxytonic)
ȥ꤬ʤ
absent, accent, addict, annex, combat, combine, concert, contract, contrast, convert, discard, discount, discourse, dismount, export, finance, implant, import, intercept, interchange, misprint, object, overturn, permit, protest, reject, research, retract, transplant, transport, etc.
ѸϡѸ˵äξüˤꡤưפʻž ( conversion ) βǽʸȤʤäϸȤƤϴͭθݤǤꡤä˶ѸʹߡΤ˥եѤƤ̾ư֤꤬ƱǤ뤳ȤϤʬȤƤ⡤ξԤΤǥȤΰ֤˶̤Ĥ줿ΤϤɤƤ
ʥϸűѸ졤䤽ˤ롥
ε[2009-10-31-1]Ǹ褦ˡűѸñǤϸ§Ȥ1˥ȤƬˤǤϡƬȤƻȤƤ뤫ȤƻȤƤ뤫ˤäơȤΰ֤ѤäƬȤѤƤˤϤƬ˥ȤȤѤƤˤϸ촴1˥ȤΤǤ롥̣Τϡ̾Ƭˤ϶ưƬˤϼηŪղäƤǤ롥ʲб̾ưΥڥȤΰ֤ܤ٤Ƥߤ褦
| ̾ | ư |
|---|---|
| ˈǣwielm "fountain" | aˈweallan "to well up" |
| ˈæfþunca "source of offence" | ofˈþyncan "to displease" |
| ˈætspyrning "offence" | otˈspurnan "to stumble" |
| ˈandsaca "apostate" | onˈsacan "to deny" |
| ˈbīgenga "inhabitant" | beˈgān "to occupy" |
| ˈorþanc "mind" | aˈþencan "to devise" |
| ˈwiþersaca "adversary" | wiþˈsacan "to refuse" |
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