#1730. AmE-BrE 2006 Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-21-1]), #1739. AmE-BrE Diachronic Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-30-1]) ǡthe Brown family of corpora [2010-06-29-1]ε#428. The Brown family of corpora ѾաפȡˤѤѼ֤뤤̻ŪӥġäBrown family ȤС褦߷פԤޤ줿 ICE (International Corpus of English) ۵[2010-09-26-1]ε#517. ICE 7ϰѼ拾ѥפȡˡ1990ǯʹߤνդäդǼ줿100쵬ϤΥѥǡߤӲǽȤʤ褦˺Ƥ롥
ǡ긵ˤ ICE ΤCanada, Jamaica, India, Singapore, the Philippines, Hong Kong αѸѼ拾ѥ6оݤˡƱ褦ɽꡤǡ١ӤǽȤʤġȤˤĤƤϡ#1730. AmE-BrE 2006 Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-21-1]) Ȥ줿
[2013-09-02-1]ε˰³Philippine English ˤȸˤĤơ (162--63) ˤȡŪʸ줬ڥ줫ѸؤȥեȤΤϡ1910--20ǯΤȤȤ
ƹϡȬȬǯΥեԥΰ衤٤ƤζѸǹԤʤäƤ줬ǯۤɤδ֤ˡ˸ƤΤǤ롥ξǤαϡޤǥڥǹԤʤƤĤ˰ǯѸˤǽα⤬ǹԤʤ줿եԥˡпȤͤεİѸǤäƤΤΤǯˤʤȡޥ˥ԵIJ֤٤ƤεİѸɤ߽פȤͳǡIJѸ˱ѸѤȽǤѸ줬Ȥ褦ˤʤꡤ٤ƤδģǯޤǤˤϱѸκѻڤؤȤ
ڥۤȥꥫۤñ㲽ħŤȤСԤϥꥹȶڡԤ϶ڤȤäƤ褤ơꥫʸϸ˸դΤǤ롥ߤǤ⡤եԥζǤϡֱѸפƤ롥Ρ1986--92߿ˤϡϤθ줬ʤˤƤȤ礭ʴؿʧäƤ˸礭ʿŸä櫓ǤϤʤڤˤȡեԥι̱ε°ռҲ̷κϡֱѸפˤ롥
ߥեԥǤϡեԥȱѸΡ춵פعԤʤƤ롥եԥѸȤơ졤ҲΰʤɤƤ롥ѸǶƤΤϡѸ졤ʤʤɤǤ롥ΤΩعǤϱѸˤ붵ˤĤƤʤ̤³Ф鸽ϹܤɽƤ纮𤷤Ƥ롥ֱѸ줬פȤֱѸǶ뤫黻ʬʤפȤäͳǡйݤΩäƤȤҶĶϡײƤϤʤäơѸϥϰǤŤôˤʤꡤ¾ϰǤϻŤôˤʤäƤΤ¾ȤեԥϡֱѸפΩäƤ롥IJǤϱѸƤԤʤ졤ΤαѸǤ롥ģʸ⤹٤ƱѸǤ졤ΤȤˤϤȤǽ줿ʪۤΤǤ롥ģǤѸ줬Ȥ졤ҾҲȯɽ⤹٤ƱѸǤ롥ڤǤäƤϤζ顦ʸݡľʤǤ顤ȤƤ֥եԥѡפܵǼȤǤȤϤʤάեԥŪҲŪθϡեԥͤŻ뤷Ū˹⤤ϰ̤ȻפޤꡤѸѤθϩΤƤʤȤȤ꤬롥Ȥˡˤ뾮عκϡʤȮȤƤ٤ȤγϤåäƤ롥եԥͤ褯Ȥ "tao" ʽ̱ʿ͡ˤȤϤ٤θǤ뤳Ȥ˺٤ǤϤʤ(286--88)
ˡ (294) ϡŪ˸ȡѸ춵ϥեԥͤռĤꥫʸƴ줵֤פȤƤեԥܤȤƤαѸμϡեԥ̱θؤǤפȸФۤɡ̱ռޤˤƤפȼ긷
ꥫѸϤä20ΥեԥƤȤϴְ㤤ʤꥫζˤꡤ1930ǯˤϼΨƤ뤷η̤ȤƸߤǤ⥢Ǥⶵ餬褯ʤǤ롥ѸѸȤΤʤ4ܤ¿οʤƤ뤳Ȥ顤αѸ礭Ƥ⤤롥ڤ䤫˸Ѹ¦̤¦ˤϡ¦̤Τ뤳Ȥ˺ƤϤʤʤ
7ܤˡ12ǯ˥եԥ˽Ф뵡äǥեԥͤȡ뵡äѸݤζϾع٥ǸľϤƤ뤳ȡȤϤѸμҲŪʸҤϤޤäꤨƤ餺̱줿륿ơޤѸҶ˶褦ȤƤ̤Ǥ뤳Ȥʤɤʹں桤ȱѸ줬ߤ˼ͳ˾ "Taglish" code-mixing ⡤̤˼ˤ
եԥ ESL 1ĤˤʤѸ줬ˤ¾ˤ͡ʥѥꤦ̤αѸˤϡΥѥ11ĤҤƤ椯ɬפΤ
סʪեԥˡ١ҡӡ1997ǯ.
εǰä#1590. ѸνѼ ([2013-09-03-1]) αѸѼܤȡ줳Ӥ English varieties ߡȯŸƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ѸѼοФǤʤѸѼüԤο⤪Ӥ#397. üԿˤȥå25 ([2010-05-29-1]) ενǿ줿褦ˡüԿüԤ碌ȡѸ1Ȥʤ롥ѸüԿβߡ̤ˤĤƤϡʲεǰäƤ
#319. ѸüԿζɤեǥ ([2010-03-12-1])
#427. ѸüԤˢ֤ǥ ([2010-06-28-1])
#933. ѸαѸüԿá ([2011-11-16-1])
#173. ENL, ESL, EFL üԿ ([2009-10-17-1])
#375. ENLESL οΨ ([2010-05-07-1])
#759. 21ιϢͽ¬ ([2011-05-26-1])
#414. language shift θ줿Ѹüԥǥ ([2010-06-15-1])
ߤˤѸüԿΤİ뤳ȤCrystal (61, 65--67) ǽҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡμοפˤ͡ʸŪŪݤ뤫Crystal (62--65) ϡΤʤ2001ǯߤαѸפǯǤ褯礤˽ФѸüԤοפǤ롥
| Territory | L1 | L2 | Population (2001) |
|---|---|---|---|
| American Samoa | 2,000 | 65,000 | 67,000 |
| Antigua & Barbuda* | 66,000 | 2,000 | 68,000 |
| Aruba | 9,000 | 35,000 | 70,000 |
| Australia | 14,987,000 | 3,500,000 | 18,972,000 |
| Bahamas* | 260,000 | 28,000 | 298,000 |
| Bangladesh | 3,500,000 | 131,270,000 | |
| Barbados* | 262,000 | 13,000 | 275,000 |
| Belize* | 190,000 | 56,000 | 256,000 |
| Bermuda | 63,000 | 63,000 | |
| Botswana | 630,000 | 1,586,000 | |
| British Virgin Islands* | 20,000 | 20,800 | |
| Brunei | 10,000 | 134,000 | 344,000 |
| Cameroon* | 7,700,000 | 15,900,000 | |
| Canada | 20,000,000 | 7,000,000 | 31,600,000 |
| Cayman Islands* | 36,000 | 36,000 | |
| Cook Islands | 1,000 | 3,000 | 21,000 |
| Dominica* | 3,000 | 60,000 | 70,000 |
| Fiji | 6,000 | 170,000 | 850,000 |
| Gambia* | 40,000 | 1,411,000 | |
| Ghana* | 1,400,000 | 19,894,000 | |
| Gibraltar | 28,000 | 2,000 | 31,000 |
| Grenada* | 100,000 | 100,000 | |
| Guam | 58,000 | 100,000 | 160,000 |
| Guyana* | 650,000 | 30,000 | 700,000 |
| Hong Kong | 150,000 | 2,200,000 | 7,210,000 |
| India | 350,000 | 200,000,000 | 1,029,991,000 |
| Ireland | 3,750,000 | 100,000 | 3,850,000 |
| Jamaica* | 2,600,000 | 50,000 | 2,665,000 |
| Kenya | 2,700,000 | 30,766,000 | |
| Kiribati | 23,000 | 94,000 | |
| Lesotho | 500,000 | 2,177,000 | |
| Liberia* | 600,000 | 2,500,000 | 3,226,000 |
| Malawi | 540,000 | 10,548,000 | |
| Malaysia | 380,000 | 7,000,000 | 22,230,000 |
| Malta | 13,000 | 95,000 | 395,000 |
| Marshall Islands | 60,000 | 70,000 | |
| Mauritius | 2,000 | 200,000 | 1,190,000 |
| Micronesia | 4,000 | 60,000 | 135,000 |
| Montserrat* | 4,000 | 4,000 | |
| Namibia | 14,000 | 300,000 | 1,800,000 |
| Nauru | 900 | 10,700 | 12,000 |
| Nepal | 7,000,000 | 25,300,000 | |
| New Zealand | 3,700,000 | 150,000 | 3,864,000 |
| Nigeria* | 60,000,000 | 126,636,000 | |
| Northern Marianas* | 5,000 | 65,000 | 75,000 |
| Pakistan | 17,000,000 | 145,000,000 | |
| Palau | 500 | 18,000 | 19,000 |
| Papua New Guinea* | 150,000 | 3,000,000 | 5,000,000 |
| Philippine$ | 20,000 | 40,000,000 | 83,000,000 |
| Puerto Rico | 100,000 | 1,840,000 | 3,937,000 |
| Rwanda | 20,000 | 7,313,000 | |
| St Kitts & Nevis* | 43,000 | 43,000 | |
| St Lucia* | 31,000 | 40,000 | 158,000 |
| St Vincent & Grenadines* | 114,000 | 116,000 | |
| Samoa | 1,000 | 93,000 | 180,000 |
| Seychelles | 3,000 | 30,000 | 80,000 |
| Sierra Leone* | 500,000 | 4,400,000 | 5,427,000 |
| Singapore | 350,000 | 2,000,000 | 4,300,000 |
| Solomon Islands* | 10,000 | 165,000 | 480,000 |
| South Africa | 3,700,000 | 11,000,000 | 43,586,000 |
| Sri Lanka | 10,000 | 1,900,000 | 19,400,000 |
| Suriname* | 260,000 | 150,000 | 434,000 |
| Swaziland | 50,000 | 1,104,000 | |
| Tanzania | 4,000,000 | 36,232,000 | |
| Tonga | 30,000 | 104,000 | |
| Trinidad & Tobago* | 1,145,000 | 1,170,000 | |
| Tuvalu | 800 | 11,000 | |
| Uganda | 2,500,000 | 23,986,000 | |
| United Kingdom | 58,190,000 | 1,500,000 | 59,648,000 |
| UK Islands (Channel, Man) | 227,000 | 228,000 | |
| United States | 215,424,000 | 25,600,000 | 278,059,000 |
| US Virgin Islands* | 98,000 | 15,000 | 122,000 |
| Vanuatu* | 60,000 | 120,000 | 193,000 |
| Zambia | 110,000 | 1,800,000 | 9,770,000 |
| Zimbabwe | 250,000 | 5,300,000 | 11,365,000 |
| Other dependencies | 20,000 | 15,000 | 35,000 |
| Total | 329,140,800 | 430,614,500 | 2,236,730,800 |
ε#1589. եԥαѸ ([2013-09-02-1]) ȴϢơˤѸѼˤĤưŪ夲롥νϰϡפ俢̱ϻޤ4ˤ錄ѸȤܿˤ̤ơȼαѸѼȯãƤ Asian English(es) ȸƤФ ESL 뤤 EFL ȤƤαѸѼϡϰ褪ӻѡٲƤ뤫ݤˤδʬव (Jenkins 45)
| South Asian varieties | South-East Asian and Pacific varieties | East Asian varieties |
|---|---|---|
| Bangladesh | Brunei | China |
| Bhutan | Cambodia | Hong Kong |
| India | Fiji | Japan |
| Maldives | Indonesia | Korea |
| Nepal | Laos | Taiwan |
| Pakistan | Malaysia | |
| Sri Lanka | Myanmar | |
| Philippines | ||
| Singapore | ||
| Thailand | ||
| Vietnam |
| Institutionalised varieties (Outer Circle) | Non-institutionalised varieties (Expanding Circle) |
|---|---|
| Bangladesh | Cambodia |
| Bhutan | China |
| Brunei | Indonesia |
| Fiji | Japan |
| Hong Kong | Korea |
| India | Laos |
| Malaysia | Maldives |
| Nepal | Myanmar |
| Pakistan | Taiwan |
| Philippines | Thailand |
| Singapore | Vietnam |
| Sri Lanka |
եԥ (The Philippines) ϡ¿ι⤤Ǥ롥ܤ4/5ۤɤѤ8,800ͤǤꡤEthnologue Philippines ιˤС181θ줬ԤʤƤȤʥեԥθ𤹤̤γˤ80٤Ȥ⤵졤ˤ礭ۤʤˡ#401. ¿κǤ⤤ϰ ([2010-06-02-1]) Ǽ夲¿ؿ (diversity index) ΥǤС0.855ͤ25̤Ǥ롥ΤۤȤɤȥͥ²°ǤꡤVSOθʤɡŪˤŪƤ롥üԿκǤ¿Τ Cebuano 1,200͡ˤѸȤƤϥ륽濴1,000ͤؤ Tagalog Ȥˤ Filipino ȤƤۤѸ줬⤦1ĤθѸȤƹؤФ졤ԤƤܤ1972ǯ Filipino ȱѸ2춵ˤǤФƤˡCrystal (64) פˤС̱ȾѸäȤ졤ˤƺǤѸüԤ¿ȤʥեԥθϿޤȡˡ *
եԥϡ16Ⱦ³300ǯΥڥˤۤθ塤1898ǯ (the Spanish-American War) Фơꥫλ۲äʡ#255. ȱѸˡ[2010-01-07-1]ȡˡ1942--45ǯܤˤλФ1946ǯΩΩ⥢ꥫȤδط̩ǤꡤꥫѸαƶǻŪ˥ꥹѸο̤ŪǤˤäơۿǤʡ#376. ˤѸιϿޤǤߤ[2010-05-08-1]ȡˡ
嵭Τ褦ʷаޤ Philippine English ("Taglish" ȤƤФˤϡSingapore English ¤οѸѼΤʤǤΩä¸ߤȤʤäƤ롥Jenkins (47) ˤȡѸѼΤʤǤȤ櫓椬ʤǤꡤ㤨 Tay, M. ("Southeast Asia and Hongkong." English around the World. Ed. J. Cheshire. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.) World Englishes 2004ǯ Bautista et al. ˤեԥѸýʤɤƤ롥եԥѸ1960ǯȾ鵭ϿƤꡤäȯʸˡȯãƤƤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥ޤ庹 formality ˤ뺹ʤɡեԥѸǤѼ¿ͲƤƤ褦
Ѹ줬ȤѤƤ¾ϰαѸˤĤƤϡ#273. αѸ ([2010-01-25-1])#404. Suriname ˤȸ ([2010-06-05-1])#412. 롼αѸ ([2010-06-13-1])#514. Nigeria ˤѸΰ֤Ť ([2010-09-23-1])#1536. ǤʤعǤλѤػߤƤ Bislama ([2013-07-11-1]) ʤɤεȡ
Сʡɡƥޥ塼ޥꥢݥ ԡ ˼ ؿʸա١νӡ2005ǯ
Crystal, David. English As a Global Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
Jenkins, Jennifer. World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2009.
#339. ѸˤѸǻߤޤäƤޤäΤ褦˸ͳ ([2010-04-01-1]) #386. Ѹ˵äƤѲ礭 ([2010-05-18-1]) ˰³ƤꡥˤĤơKnowles ˤϢڤĤ
The fixing of the language can give the superficial impression that the history of English came to an end some time towards the end of the eighteenth century. It is true that there has been little subsequent change in the forms of the standard language, at least in the written standard language. There have been substantial changes in non-standard spoken English. In any case what were actually fixed were the forms of Standard English. The way these forms have been used in different social situations has continued to change. (136)
ä˽դΡ˸ɸѸãȤƤȤ館ŪʼήɱѸˤδϡΤ˶Ѹư衤ŪˤߤƷŪѲϤʤȤ뤫⤷ʤϸɸѸȤ1ѼΤߤ˾ƤФäʤۤɡѼϸˤƤƽפǡǤ٤ι⤤ѼǤ뤳ȤϵʤѸ줬ˤ⡤ߤˤ⡤̤ˤ錄äƤ褷ưǤϤʤ¿Ѽδˤ䤫ϢΤǤ뤳ȤͤСŪʱѸˤޤѼˤǤϤǤ롥Ԥ variationist ʱѸˤδϡˤѸǻߤޤäȸȤϷ褷ƤǤʤϰˤ褽¾μҲˤ衤ɸѸ줬δ֤˷иƤʤ䵬ϤѲФƤѼϤ뤷"New Englishes" ΥԥѸΤ褦ˡѸ˿Ѽ⤢롥
ɸǡֻߤޤäƤޤäΤ褦˸ͳפȽҤ٤ƤΤϡStandard English нŤαѸѤΩƤФΤ褦˸ƤޤȤȤĴ뤿Ǥ롥ƻˤƤߤСɬֱѸˤѸǻߤޤäƤޤäΤ褦˸פʤ⤷ʤΤǤ롥
ºݤˤϡήɤδѸˤįȤϸԤˤʤʤʤȤǤϤ롥ɸѸˤɤꤹݤˤϡñʤ1ѼؤΥХλ¤ФƤɬפϤδαѸˤȤƤϡCrystal Ǥ롥
Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.
Indian English Nigerian English ʤɡESLϰǹԤʤƤѸѼ "New Englishes" ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ뤬ȯŸŪ˸ȰʲβФƤ롥ϰˤäƲФ®٤ϰۤʤ뤬褽̤Ƥ뤳Ȥ顤"New Englishes" Υ饤եȸƤǤ褤Mazzon (78--79) 롥
(1) indigenisation: Ѹ줬ŪӤǤϤʤŪӤΤ˼ʳ
(2) expansion: Ѽ郎¿ΡӤѤ褦ˤʤʳ
(3) a change from an exonormative model to an endonormative one: [2009-12-05-1]ε#222. ѸüԤƱߥǥ (2)פ Kachru ѸǤȤ "norm-dependent" "norm-developing" ؤȡüԤ٤ѲߤʳѼͭθˡϤϤɸѸ줫ΰæȤϤߤʤʤʤ롥ϰ˱٤äõ§ȯãʸؤʤɤ⸽褦ˤʤ롥"Indian" English ʤɤηƻ줫Ūʴߤä˵Ūʰ̣롥
(4) institutionalisation: عǥܡμͤʤɤˤäƹѤ졤Ѥ侩ʳѼ郎פʼҲŪǽ롥üԤƱѼؤΰ夬ʳǤ⤢롥
μˡ⤦1ĤʳꤷƤ褤⤷ʤɤ "New Englishes" ãƤ餺ã뤳ȤΤʤʳ⤷ʤ restriction ȤʳǤ롥ѼαѸλѤ¤졤ϸθϰ̤褷ơѸμҲŪǽ֤ȤʳǤ롥饤եν
ʳˤơŪѤɸѸؤ٤Ѳ(4) ˻ޤǡҿΤѼȤƤɸѸΩϡä˶ξʤɤǤѤʤ(4) ؿʤˤĤơϰɽȤȯãѼ郎ΰҿ᤹ܶ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥᤹ܶˤĤơɸѼȿѼФ륢ӥХȤ٤ҲΤʤƤΤǤ롥ǤϡꥹѸʤɤɸѼ郎ͥξħª졤ɤѸλѤ䤢ɤΤؤΥѥݡȤǧ롥¾ǡѼˤϹȼŪʰ夬졤ɤȤˤĤտ路ƤѼȤƤΥʧ뤿ˡäƻѤ뵡롥ΥӥХȤʿؼԤ缺Ĵ (schizophrenia) ˤʤ館 schizoglossia (Mazzon 83) ȸƤESLϰΤɤäˤνŤפ鷺ˤϤʤˤѸǤϤ롥
Mazzon, Gabriella. "The Development of Extraterritorial Englishes." The Development of Standard English, 1300--1800. Ed. Laura Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 2000. 73--92.
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