522ʶˤ23ڡˤˡʡ縩來Ԥǡ來ʿΡ祵ߥå2015פ롥ܡȥꥢޤᡤʿνä륵ߥåȤǡʿϰ߳뤳ȤȤ롥ۥȹǤܤϡߥåȳŤ˹碌콵515˶ߤǥ˥塼ɼΤΥ˥ (Niue /niˈuːeɪ/; ̱̾ȷƻ Niuean /n(j)uːˈ(w)eɪən/) Ⱦǧ뤳ȤꤷܤǧȤϤ195Ȥʤ롥˥塼ɡɤʤɤäƹȾǧƤ뤬ϢˤϲƤʤ
˥ϡ˥塼ɤ2400km˰֤Ѥ259ʿkmʼ縩ǷȤۤƱˡ1,500ͤǤ롥Ԥ AlofiʲˡϿޤȹ

άˤCaptain James Cook 1774ǯ˾Φ̱μŨդˤʤ "Savage Island" ̿̾1830ǯ붵Ĥ礷1852ǯ̱ꥹȶ1900ǯ˱ѹ⥢ʬΰȤƥ˥ʻ礷1901ǯˤϡ˥塼ɤåΰȤƱʻ礷1904ǯˤʬΥƼΤȤʤä1974ǯ˥˥塼ɤȼͳϢȤ༫ܤΩŪˤϤΤȤ˻¾ΩäƤ褤̱ϥ˥塼ɻ̱Ǥꡤɱҡϥ˥塼ɤǤդǰ¸Ƥ˥塼ɤؤΰܽԤ¿
ѤƤˤĤƤСEthnologue Niue ιˤС˥ (Niuean) ȱѸ줬ѸȤʤäƤ롥̱ΤۤȤɤ˥äѸѤ롥˥ϡȥͥ²ݥͥɤ°ܤȥ䥵⥢롥
ѸˤδˤǤ뤳Ȥ1Ĥ롥˥깭Ū˹ȾǧΤϺΤȤˤʤΤ⤷ʤ˾ǧ뤳Ȥǡ˥ϡֱѸѸȤƤĺǾιפΥȥʥåȤˤʤ롥#1747. ѸѸȤƤĺǾι ([2014-02-07-1]) Ǽ夲ʥϡѤǤϥ˥⤺äȾΰ̣ǤϤޤֺǾפˤĤƤХʥ1ͤΤФ˥ɴͤȤϤǤ뤫ֺǾפȸƤ֤ȤǤ롥ѸȤʬۤ˴Ϣפ¾ξɬפƤ
Ϣơľܥ˥ꤳޤޤƤʤ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1])#1591. Crystal ˤѸüԤο ([2013-09-04-1])#1676. The Commonwealth of Nations ([2013-11-28-1])#1700. ꥹȯαѸγȻǯɽ ([2013-12-22-1]) ʤɤȤ줿ѸγȻȤδϢǤϡ#1919. ѸγȻ˴ؤ4Ĥ crossings ([2014-07-29-1]) ȡ
˥˴ؤ볰ȤƤϡʲΤΤ롥
̳ʤˤ˥åǡ
CIA: The World Factbook ˤ Niue Υǡ
Wikipedia ˤ Niue ε
Mesthrie and Rakesh (12--17) ˡ"INTEGRATING NEW ENGLISHES INTO THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE COMPLEX" ꤹϤꡤWorld Englishes 뤤 New Englishes ȤŪʻαѸˤΤȤ館Ƥꡤ
ѸγȻϡͭ˰鸽ߤޤǡ4Ĥ crossings ˤʹԤƤȤ1 crossing ϡ5ȾФޥ̱²֥ƥϤäƤΰܽάؤʳ顤ݥȥ˥뤢뤤ϥݥȥ۵褦ʣαѸѼ¿֡ܿǤ¸ߤƤʣαѸѼȤƤϡ²²塼²ʤɤδ֤̱²Ѽζ̤ܽ餫餢äܽϰѼҲѼȯãߤ줿¿֤ӸܿȤƤϡظȤƤΥȸαƶظȤƤΥƥȤܿ˵ظȤƤθťΥɸȤκʤɤŦ롥ȥˤäƤϡ1000ǯ˱Ѹ˾ƽդɸबȯŸ³ΥޥˤषοϡѸɸѼ "the first decline" ȸƤ٤ (13)
2 crossing ϡѸ1164ǯ Henry II ɤݤΡѸγȻؤΤȤѸ줬ɤذܿ줫̤ȤƤ夹뤳ȤϤʤäषɤο̱ԤϥɤƱƤ椭Ѹ⼺줿ܤϡ#1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1]) Ȥ줿
Ѹ줫ѸˤơѸ˾2ܤνդɸಽưɤˤȯɸѼϡʹߡߤ˻ޤǡѸˤøŪϰ̤Ƥ20äƤΥꥫѼȯŸˤꡤޤ20Ⱦߤ褦ˤʤäɸѼ狼æ뷹ѼĹˤꡤøŪϰ̤Ū˲äƤƤ롥ϰ̤㲼ϡɤδߤСѸɸѼ "a second decline" (16) ȸƤ٤"a second decline" ˤƤϡ"the first decline" ΤȤΤ褦ɸѼ綠ΤΤ䤨櫓ǤϤʤȤդϤޤ¸ߤ³ƤꡤꥫѼ䤽¾ѼȤδ֤Ūϰ̤㲼ƤȤˤʤ
ǡѸʹߤϡˤϤο̱ϻۤŸƤѸγȻˤĤƤϡ#1700. ꥹȯαѸγȻǯɽ ([2013-12-22-1]) ϤȤơܥ֥Ǥ¿夲ƤѸϤΥꥹʤȥꥫˤηǤ뿢̱ϼΤȤǡΥ뤳ȤˤʤäΥˤϡȤƤαѸѼ郎üԤȤȤ˰ܿ줿 ("colonies of settlement") ⤢СкŪŪȤ뿢̱ϻۤˤƱѸ줬2Ȥƽ줿 ("colonies of exploitation") ⤢äԤ the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, St. Helena, the Falklands ʤɤΤ ENL ϰ衤Ԥϥեꥫ䥢Τ ESL ϰбʡ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1]) ӡ#409. ̱ϲͼǤߤ World Englishes ʬ ([2010-06-10-1]) ȡˡƤο̱ϻۤäƤʤݸΤȤƤϰ̤и Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iraq ʤɤǤϡESL EFL ŪʱѸѼ郎ߤ롥ޤ20ʹߤϱƤο̱ϻۤˤľŪˤϷиƤʤȤ⡤ܡϤϤǡEFL 뤤 ELF ȤƤαѸѼ郎ؤФƤ롥ǤϡѸüԤοưɬȼʤѸ4 crossing äƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ĤޤꡤѸ˾ơѸȤ줬üԤ̤ΰưȼ鷺˳ȻƤΤ
Ѹ˾4Ĥ crossings ˤϤ줾˰㤤ߤ뤬Ȥ櫓ݥȥ4 crossing ռǡ crossings ֤ȡѸ˵ҤΤοƶΤǤϤʤλ¤ϡꥹˤ˴ѤȤ̤Ȥ롥
Mesthrie, Rajend and Rakesh M. Bhatt. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: CUP, 2008.
ɸιɤʬϡʥ붦¹ (Republic of Nauru) Ǥ롥ʿΡƻΤ⤫21ʿȥλ̤ǡ1ͤۤɤǤ롥

Ethnologue Nauru ˤȡȥͥ²° Nauruan 䡤Chinese Pidgin English ¾ΰ̱ʤɤäƤ뤬Ѹ줬¾θѸȤäƤ褤
ʥΤߤʤ餺ʿΤٹ¿ϡѸȤƱѸѤƤꡤαѸѤŪʬˤ ESL (English as a Second Language) Ǥ롥#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1])#1475. Ѹȸ˴ؤϿޤΥȡ ([2013-05-11-1])#1676. The Commonwealth of Nations ([2013-11-28-1])#1591. Crystal ˤѸüԤο ([2013-09-04-1]) 齦ФСNauru ¿쾯ʤ褦ʸˤȤ the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), Fiji, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Palau, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu ̾롥ϰζˤϰǤ͡ǤϤ뤬衼åѤιҳΤˤȯסˤѤȺ衤ܷˤΡƤΰǤФƤΩʤɤˤäħŤ礬¿
ʥ붦¹ϡμϤ鷺19kmΡ3ܤ˾ʹǤ롥ΤȤܿϡ1798ǯ˥ꥹϥ椬ʥˬ줿Ȥ˻Ϥޤ롥1830ǯʹߡߴϤȤƵǽϤᡤ1888ǯˤϥɥĤݸΤȤʤä1907ǯϥꥹβ Pacific Phosphate Company ɥĤιؤȤθĤξ塤θȤʤ (phosphate rock) κηϤ롥1˥ȥꥢΤ1920ǯʹߤϥꥹȥꥢ˥塼3ΰǤΤȤʤ롥1942ǯܷˤΤФơ3ΰǤä1968ǯˤΩ
ʥǺǤ٤ι⤤Фߤ4/5ʤäƤФκη9ʾ夬ꡤϳǤ롥ФˤפˤʿνΤʤǤϹ⤤ݻƤοȰ̳ȤʤäƤ롥ǰȤƤϥȥꥢȥ˥塼ɤȴƤ롥ŪˤСʥϡФˤäƥꥹܤɤξԤȤʤäѸαƶ֤뤳ȤˤäơѸȤȴؤäƤȤ롥
ʤʥ˰֤빭ٹХ¹ (Republic of Kiribati) ФλϤäꥹΩ1979ǯˤϤǤ˷ԤƤѤȾʬ륯ꥹޥϡ1777ǯΥꥹޥ֤ James Cook ˬ줿Ȥͳ褹뤬1956--58ǯˤƥꥹ91962ǯ˥ꥫ24γ˼¸ԤäϤȤΤ롥ХǤѸ줬¾θѸǤꡤʥӤˤäƤȤ롥
ʥ¤ǡĥХ (Tuvalu) ѸѸȤƤĺǾι1ĤǤΤǡ⻲ȡ
ʾ塤н (22, 36--37) ȤƼɮ
н ˡإ˥ܤȤΤĤʤǸ륢ߡ̤衡7˥١Ź2003ǯ
[2013-09-02-1]ε˰³Philippine English ˤȸˤĤơ (162--63) ˤȡŪʸ줬ڥ줫ѸؤȥեȤΤϡ1910--20ǯΤȤȤ
ƹϡȬȬǯΥեԥΰ衤٤ƤζѸǹԤʤäƤ줬ǯۤɤδ֤ˡ˸ƤΤǤ롥ξǤαϡޤǥڥǹԤʤƤĤ˰ǯѸˤǽα⤬ǹԤʤ줿եԥˡпȤͤεİѸǤäƤΤΤǯˤʤȡޥ˥ԵIJ֤٤ƤεİѸɤ߽פȤͳǡIJѸ˱ѸѤȽǤѸ줬Ȥ褦ˤʤꡤ٤ƤδģǯޤǤˤϱѸκѻڤؤȤ
ڥۤȥꥫۤñ㲽ħŤȤСԤϥꥹȶڡԤ϶ڤȤäƤ褤ơꥫʸϸ˸դΤǤ롥ߤǤ⡤եԥζǤϡֱѸפƤ롥Ρ1986--92߿ˤϡϤθ줬ʤˤƤȤ礭ʴؿʧäƤ˸礭ʿŸä櫓ǤϤʤڤˤȡեԥι̱ε°ռҲ̷κϡֱѸפˤ롥
ߥեԥǤϡեԥȱѸΡ춵פعԤʤƤ롥եԥѸȤơ졤ҲΰʤɤƤ롥ѸǶƤΤϡѸ졤ʤʤɤǤ롥ΤΩعǤϱѸˤ붵ˤĤƤʤ̤³Ф鸽ϹܤɽƤ纮𤷤Ƥ롥ֱѸ줬פȤֱѸǶ뤫黻ʬʤפȤäͳǡйݤΩäƤȤҶĶϡײƤϤʤäơѸϥϰǤŤôˤʤꡤ¾ϰǤϻŤôˤʤäƤΤ¾ȤեԥϡֱѸפΩäƤ롥IJǤϱѸƤԤʤ졤ΤαѸǤ롥ģʸ⤹٤ƱѸǤ졤ΤȤˤϤȤǽ줿ʪۤΤǤ롥ģǤѸ줬Ȥ졤ҾҲȯɽ⤹٤ƱѸǤ롥ڤǤäƤϤζ顦ʸݡľʤǤ顤ȤƤ֥եԥѡפܵǼȤǤȤϤʤάեԥŪҲŪθϡեԥͤŻ뤷Ū˹⤤ϰ̤ȻפޤꡤѸѤθϩΤƤʤȤȤ꤬롥Ȥˡˤ뾮عκϡʤȮȤƤ٤ȤγϤåäƤ롥եԥͤ褯Ȥ "tao" ʽ̱ʿ͡ˤȤϤ٤θǤ뤳Ȥ˺٤ǤϤʤ(286--88)
ˡ (294) ϡŪ˸ȡѸ춵ϥեԥͤռĤꥫʸƴ줵֤פȤƤեԥܤȤƤαѸμϡեԥ̱θؤǤפȸФۤɡ̱ռޤˤƤפȼ긷
ꥫѸϤä20ΥեԥƤȤϴְ㤤ʤꥫζˤꡤ1930ǯˤϼΨƤ뤷η̤ȤƸߤǤ⥢Ǥⶵ餬褯ʤǤ롥ѸѸȤΤʤ4ܤ¿οʤƤ뤳Ȥ顤αѸ礭Ƥ⤤롥ڤ䤫˸Ѹ¦̤¦ˤϡ¦̤Τ뤳Ȥ˺ƤϤʤʤ
7ܤˡ12ǯ˥եԥ˽Ф뵡äǥեԥͤȡ뵡äѸݤζϾع٥ǸľϤƤ뤳ȡȤϤѸμҲŪʸҤϤޤäꤨƤ餺̱줿륿ơޤѸҶ˶褦ȤƤ̤Ǥ뤳Ȥʤɤʹں桤ȱѸ줬ߤ˼ͳ˾ "Taglish" code-mixing ⡤̤˼ˤ
եԥ ESL 1ĤˤʤѸ줬ˤ¾ˤ͡ʥѥꤦ̤αѸˤϡΥѥ11ĤҤƤ椯ɬפΤ
סʪեԥˡ١ҡӡ1997ǯ.
εǰä#1590. ѸνѼ ([2013-09-03-1]) αѸѼܤȡ줳Ӥ English varieties ߡȯŸƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ѸѼοФǤʤѸѼüԤο⤪Ӥ#397. üԿˤȥå25 ([2010-05-29-1]) ενǿ줿褦ˡüԿüԤ碌ȡѸ1Ȥʤ롥ѸüԿβߡ̤ˤĤƤϡʲεǰäƤ
#319. ѸüԿζɤեǥ ([2010-03-12-1])
#427. ѸüԤˢ֤ǥ ([2010-06-28-1])
#933. ѸαѸüԿá ([2011-11-16-1])
#173. ENL, ESL, EFL üԿ ([2009-10-17-1])
#375. ENLESL οΨ ([2010-05-07-1])
#759. 21ιϢͽ¬ ([2011-05-26-1])
#414. language shift θ줿Ѹüԥǥ ([2010-06-15-1])
ߤˤѸüԿΤİ뤳ȤCrystal (61, 65--67) ǽҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡμοפˤ͡ʸŪŪݤ뤫Crystal (62--65) ϡΤʤ2001ǯߤαѸפǯǤ褯礤˽ФѸüԤοפǤ롥
| Territory | L1 | L2 | Population (2001) |
|---|---|---|---|
| American Samoa | 2,000 | 65,000 | 67,000 |
| Antigua & Barbuda* | 66,000 | 2,000 | 68,000 |
| Aruba | 9,000 | 35,000 | 70,000 |
| Australia | 14,987,000 | 3,500,000 | 18,972,000 |
| Bahamas* | 260,000 | 28,000 | 298,000 |
| Bangladesh | 3,500,000 | 131,270,000 | |
| Barbados* | 262,000 | 13,000 | 275,000 |
| Belize* | 190,000 | 56,000 | 256,000 |
| Bermuda | 63,000 | 63,000 | |
| Botswana | 630,000 | 1,586,000 | |
| British Virgin Islands* | 20,000 | 20,800 | |
| Brunei | 10,000 | 134,000 | 344,000 |
| Cameroon* | 7,700,000 | 15,900,000 | |
| Canada | 20,000,000 | 7,000,000 | 31,600,000 |
| Cayman Islands* | 36,000 | 36,000 | |
| Cook Islands | 1,000 | 3,000 | 21,000 |
| Dominica* | 3,000 | 60,000 | 70,000 |
| Fiji | 6,000 | 170,000 | 850,000 |
| Gambia* | 40,000 | 1,411,000 | |
| Ghana* | 1,400,000 | 19,894,000 | |
| Gibraltar | 28,000 | 2,000 | 31,000 |
| Grenada* | 100,000 | 100,000 | |
| Guam | 58,000 | 100,000 | 160,000 |
| Guyana* | 650,000 | 30,000 | 700,000 |
| Hong Kong | 150,000 | 2,200,000 | 7,210,000 |
| India | 350,000 | 200,000,000 | 1,029,991,000 |
| Ireland | 3,750,000 | 100,000 | 3,850,000 |
| Jamaica* | 2,600,000 | 50,000 | 2,665,000 |
| Kenya | 2,700,000 | 30,766,000 | |
| Kiribati | 23,000 | 94,000 | |
| Lesotho | 500,000 | 2,177,000 | |
| Liberia* | 600,000 | 2,500,000 | 3,226,000 |
| Malawi | 540,000 | 10,548,000 | |
| Malaysia | 380,000 | 7,000,000 | 22,230,000 |
| Malta | 13,000 | 95,000 | 395,000 |
| Marshall Islands | 60,000 | 70,000 | |
| Mauritius | 2,000 | 200,000 | 1,190,000 |
| Micronesia | 4,000 | 60,000 | 135,000 |
| Montserrat* | 4,000 | 4,000 | |
| Namibia | 14,000 | 300,000 | 1,800,000 |
| Nauru | 900 | 10,700 | 12,000 |
| Nepal | 7,000,000 | 25,300,000 | |
| New Zealand | 3,700,000 | 150,000 | 3,864,000 |
| Nigeria* | 60,000,000 | 126,636,000 | |
| Northern Marianas* | 5,000 | 65,000 | 75,000 |
| Pakistan | 17,000,000 | 145,000,000 | |
| Palau | 500 | 18,000 | 19,000 |
| Papua New Guinea* | 150,000 | 3,000,000 | 5,000,000 |
| Philippine$ | 20,000 | 40,000,000 | 83,000,000 |
| Puerto Rico | 100,000 | 1,840,000 | 3,937,000 |
| Rwanda | 20,000 | 7,313,000 | |
| St Kitts & Nevis* | 43,000 | 43,000 | |
| St Lucia* | 31,000 | 40,000 | 158,000 |
| St Vincent & Grenadines* | 114,000 | 116,000 | |
| Samoa | 1,000 | 93,000 | 180,000 |
| Seychelles | 3,000 | 30,000 | 80,000 |
| Sierra Leone* | 500,000 | 4,400,000 | 5,427,000 |
| Singapore | 350,000 | 2,000,000 | 4,300,000 |
| Solomon Islands* | 10,000 | 165,000 | 480,000 |
| South Africa | 3,700,000 | 11,000,000 | 43,586,000 |
| Sri Lanka | 10,000 | 1,900,000 | 19,400,000 |
| Suriname* | 260,000 | 150,000 | 434,000 |
| Swaziland | 50,000 | 1,104,000 | |
| Tanzania | 4,000,000 | 36,232,000 | |
| Tonga | 30,000 | 104,000 | |
| Trinidad & Tobago* | 1,145,000 | 1,170,000 | |
| Tuvalu | 800 | 11,000 | |
| Uganda | 2,500,000 | 23,986,000 | |
| United Kingdom | 58,190,000 | 1,500,000 | 59,648,000 |
| UK Islands (Channel, Man) | 227,000 | 228,000 | |
| United States | 215,424,000 | 25,600,000 | 278,059,000 |
| US Virgin Islands* | 98,000 | 15,000 | 122,000 |
| Vanuatu* | 60,000 | 120,000 | 193,000 |
| Zambia | 110,000 | 1,800,000 | 9,770,000 |
| Zimbabwe | 250,000 | 5,300,000 | 11,365,000 |
| Other dependencies | 20,000 | 15,000 | 35,000 |
| Total | 329,140,800 | 430,614,500 | 2,236,730,800 |
ε#1589. եԥαѸ ([2013-09-02-1]) ȴϢơˤѸѼˤĤưŪ夲롥νϰϡפ俢̱ϻޤ4ˤ錄ѸȤܿˤ̤ơȼαѸѼȯãƤ Asian English(es) ȸƤФ ESL 뤤 EFL ȤƤαѸѼϡϰ褪ӻѡٲƤ뤫ݤˤδʬव (Jenkins 45)
| South Asian varieties | South-East Asian and Pacific varieties | East Asian varieties |
|---|---|---|
| Bangladesh | Brunei | China |
| Bhutan | Cambodia | Hong Kong |
| India | Fiji | Japan |
| Maldives | Indonesia | Korea |
| Nepal | Laos | Taiwan |
| Pakistan | Malaysia | |
| Sri Lanka | Myanmar | |
| Philippines | ||
| Singapore | ||
| Thailand | ||
| Vietnam |
| Institutionalised varieties (Outer Circle) | Non-institutionalised varieties (Expanding Circle) |
|---|---|
| Bangladesh | Cambodia |
| Bhutan | China |
| Brunei | Indonesia |
| Fiji | Japan |
| Hong Kong | Korea |
| India | Laos |
| Malaysia | Maldives |
| Nepal | Myanmar |
| Pakistan | Taiwan |
| Philippines | Thailand |
| Singapore | Vietnam |
| Sri Lanka |
եԥ (The Philippines) ϡ¿ι⤤Ǥ롥ܤ4/5ۤɤѤ8,800ͤǤꡤEthnologue Philippines ιˤС181θ줬ԤʤƤȤʥեԥθ𤹤̤γˤ80٤Ȥ⤵졤ˤ礭ۤʤˡ#401. ¿κǤ⤤ϰ ([2010-06-02-1]) Ǽ夲¿ؿ (diversity index) ΥǤС0.855ͤ25̤Ǥ롥ΤۤȤɤȥͥ²°ǤꡤVSOθʤɡŪˤŪƤ롥üԿκǤ¿Τ Cebuano 1,200͡ˤѸȤƤϥ륽濴1,000ͤؤ Tagalog Ȥˤ Filipino ȤƤۤѸ줬⤦1ĤθѸȤƹؤФ졤ԤƤܤ1972ǯ Filipino ȱѸ2춵ˤǤФƤˡCrystal (64) פˤС̱ȾѸäȤ졤ˤƺǤѸüԤ¿ȤʥեԥθϿޤȡˡ *
եԥϡ16Ⱦ³300ǯΥڥˤۤθ塤1898ǯ (the Spanish-American War) Фơꥫλ۲äʡ#255. ȱѸˡ[2010-01-07-1]ȡˡ1942--45ǯܤˤλФ1946ǯΩΩ⥢ꥫȤδط̩ǤꡤꥫѸαƶǻŪ˥ꥹѸο̤ŪǤˤäơۿǤʡ#376. ˤѸιϿޤǤߤ[2010-05-08-1]ȡˡ
嵭Τ褦ʷаޤ Philippine English ("Taglish" ȤƤФˤϡSingapore English ¤οѸѼΤʤǤΩä¸ߤȤʤäƤ롥Jenkins (47) ˤȡѸѼΤʤǤȤ櫓椬ʤǤꡤ㤨 Tay, M. ("Southeast Asia and Hongkong." English around the World. Ed. J. Cheshire. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.) World Englishes 2004ǯ Bautista et al. ˤեԥѸýʤɤƤ롥եԥѸ1960ǯȾ鵭ϿƤꡤäȯʸˡȯãƤƤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥ޤ庹 formality ˤ뺹ʤɡեԥѸǤѼ¿ͲƤƤ褦
Ѹ줬ȤѤƤ¾ϰαѸˤĤƤϡ#273. αѸ ([2010-01-25-1])#404. Suriname ˤȸ ([2010-06-05-1])#412. 롼αѸ ([2010-06-13-1])#514. Nigeria ˤѸΰ֤Ť ([2010-09-23-1])#1536. ǤʤعǤλѤػߤƤ Bislama ([2013-07-11-1]) ʤɤεȡ
Сʡɡƥޥ塼ޥꥢݥ ԡ ˼ ؿʸա١νӡ2005ǯ
Crystal, David. English As a Global Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
Jenkins, Jennifer. World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2009.
Indian English Nigerian English ʤɡESLϰǹԤʤƤѸѼ "New Englishes" ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ뤬ȯŸŪ˸ȰʲβФƤ롥ϰˤäƲФ®٤ϰۤʤ뤬褽̤Ƥ뤳Ȥ顤"New Englishes" Υ饤եȸƤǤ褤Mazzon (78--79) 롥
(1) indigenisation: Ѹ줬ŪӤǤϤʤŪӤΤ˼ʳ
(2) expansion: Ѽ郎¿ΡӤѤ褦ˤʤʳ
(3) a change from an exonormative model to an endonormative one: [2009-12-05-1]ε#222. ѸüԤƱߥǥ (2)פ Kachru ѸǤȤ "norm-dependent" "norm-developing" ؤȡüԤ٤ѲߤʳѼͭθˡϤϤɸѸ줫ΰæȤϤߤʤʤʤ롥ϰ˱٤äõ§ȯãʸؤʤɤ⸽褦ˤʤ롥"Indian" English ʤɤηƻ줫Ūʴߤä˵Ūʰ̣롥
(4) institutionalisation: عǥܡμͤʤɤˤäƹѤ졤Ѥ侩ʳѼ郎פʼҲŪǽ롥üԤƱѼؤΰ夬ʳǤ⤢롥
μˡ⤦1ĤʳꤷƤ褤⤷ʤɤ "New Englishes" ãƤ餺ã뤳ȤΤʤʳ⤷ʤ restriction ȤʳǤ롥ѼαѸλѤ¤졤ϸθϰ̤褷ơѸμҲŪǽ֤ȤʳǤ롥饤եν
ʳˤơŪѤɸѸؤ٤Ѳ(4) ˻ޤǡҿΤѼȤƤɸѸΩϡä˶ξʤɤǤѤʤ(4) ؿʤˤĤơϰɽȤȯãѼ郎ΰҿ᤹ܶ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥᤹ܶˤĤơɸѼȿѼФ륢ӥХȤ٤ҲΤʤƤΤǤ롥ǤϡꥹѸʤɤɸѼ郎ͥξħª졤ɤѸλѤ䤢ɤΤؤΥѥݡȤǧ롥¾ǡѼˤϹȼŪʰ夬졤ɤȤˤĤտ路ƤѼȤƤΥʧ뤿ˡäƻѤ뵡롥ΥӥХȤʿؼԤ缺Ĵ (schizophrenia) ˤʤ館 schizoglossia (Mazzon 83) ȸƤESLϰΤɤäˤνŤפ鷺ˤϤʤˤѸǤϤ롥
Mazzon, Gabriella. "The Development of Extraterritorial Englishes." The Development of Standard English, 1300--1800. Ed. Laura Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 2000. 73--92.
ESL ( English as a Second Language ) ϰϡ[2009-10-21-1]ε褦¿ꡤ[2009-06-23-1]Ǽ褦˺Ƥ椯Ȥޤ졤Ѹصڤܤƶ礭ȹͤ롥ESL ϰϼ˱ƿ̱ϲˤäƤꡤ椨ˤȤ٤ܤˤȤäƤޤߤΤʤϰ褬¿ܤˤȤäŪؿζȤǤ Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore ʤɤ롥ä India ESL ˤϷ礫ȤΤǤʤʳ ESL ϰˤˤĤƤϡܤǤϰ̤ˤޤΤƤʤESL ϰΤŪʱƶϤͤС ESL ϰˤĤ̵ΤǤ뤳Ȥϵʤ伫Ȥ褯Τʤϰ褬¿ESL ˸ڤȤ India ǤϿʤΤǡ줫龯Ĵ٤ƤȻפäƤ롥ǡŵŪ ESL 1 Nigeria ( Federal Republic of Nigeria ) ˾ƤƤߤ

Nigeria եꥫΥ˥Ѥ̤륢եꥫǺǤ¿Ǥ롥¿Ǥʤեꥫ¿ιƱ̱ͤ²¿⤤[2010-06-02-1]εǸ¿ؿ ( diversity index ) ꤢNigeria ¿ؿ 0.869 23̤Ǥ롥1˻ѤƤοǤм¤521Papua New Guinea, Indonesia ˼3̤ؤ롥ŪƱι⤤ܤߤ䤹Ǥ롥Nigeria ǻѤƤξܺ٤ˤĤƤ Ethnologue report for Nigeria ȡ
פʸȤƤϡ Hausa, Fula Yoruba Igbo 롥Τ Hausa Afro-Aisatic ²ʳ Niger-Congo ²°롥Ūä˽פʸ Hausa ǡ lingua franca 1ĤȤʤäƤ뤬üԤ2üԤ碌Ƥ14000Ķˤ1/4ϤʤEnglish, Nigerian Pidgin English ⤽줾1000͡3000ͤۤɤüԤͭlingua franca ȤƹǤ褯Ѥ롥ˤñȤǿ1/4ۤɤΥ¸ߤʤ䶵ξǸѤϱѸǤ롥üԿǤ1000ͤۤɤˤ⤫餺ΤʤDZѸ줬⤤ϰ̤ݤƤΤϤʤ
1ĤŪʰ仺Ǥ롥եꥫ˥ѱߤؤΥ衼åѿͤˬˤϡ[2010-06-13-1]ǾҲ𤷤롼αѸ˵̤Ǥ롥15˥ݥȥ뾦θ״Ϥ Nigeria ϰˤۤ졤16ˤϥꥹͤȤܿˤƱϰ͡ʱѸѼ郎ä褦ˤʤäꥹͤˤ뿢̱Ϥ Lagos ʵԡˤΩ줿Τ1861ǯΤȤǤ롥¾¿ο̱ϤƱͤˡΥꥹɸ।ꥹѸ줬ʤɤθʸȤʤꡤ1960ǯΩ⸽ߤˤޤǤξ仺ȤƼѤƤ롥
2ܤˡѸ줬̱²ŪŪ˺ǤΩʸȤߤʤƤȤȤ롥India ξƱͤˡ¿̱²¿ Nigeria ǤϸѸ1Ĥθꤹ뤳Ȥ̱²ΩθȤʤ롥Nigeria ˤϰŪ¿ɤʤȤ⡤ѸƤ롥⤷ Hausa Ѥ Hausa Ϥķ뤷йꤽήλؤȯŸǽ⤤ºݤˡHausa Igbo ή1967ǯοǯˤ錄ʥӥեˤǤ150εԤФΤ褦ʹǤϡüԤˤȤäơʿͭפˤʤҲФϡ٤ƤθˤȤäơʿפǤۤʿŪǤ롥ǡŪͭˤͤˤȤäơ2Ȥ̣ǡʸǤ볰θ줿Ѹ֤ȤȤŪʲˤʤ롥
3ܤˡ嵭Τ褦ʹŪͳDZѸѤʤΥݥƥ¦̤СѸѤ뤳ȤˤäȤĤʤ뵡뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ѸѸ˷ǤȤȤƤ⳰ͭѸĿͤȤƤ⥭ꥢͭ
¿ ESL ϰθʣǤ롥Τ褦ϰθĴ٤ȡο͡Ѹäؤꤹͳ麹̤ȤȤƤ狼롥[2010-01-19-1]εƻȤ줿
[2009-10-17-1]ǡѸüԿ ENL, ESL, EFL λʬǸϡƶʬüԿǤϤʤƶʬθϰοܤƤߤ
ʲϰ̾ꥹȤϡ ENL ʤϰ (1) ESL ʤϰ (2) EFL ʤϰ (3) ȤʬषΤǤ롥(1) ˤĤƤϡ¾饤ХΤʤϰ (1a)פʥ饤Х줬Ĥ뤤İʾ¸ߤϰ (2a) ȤƤ롥ޤ(3) ˤĤƤϡѸΤʤdzȤƽƤΤΡҲˤѸλȤޤäƤƤꡤ¾ ESL ϰȤߤʤƤ褤ϰ (3a) Ȥơʳ̾ EFL ϰ (3b) ȤƤ롥1998ǯǤ McArthur ΥꥹȤ˵äƤ뤿ᡤɬǿξǤϤʤȤǤäƤꥹȤŻҲƤкѤǽȻפäƤηǺܡ
(1a) The ENL territories without major competition (30 territories)
Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Ascension (Island), Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), the Cayman Islands, Dominica, England (UK), the Falkland Islands, Grenada, Guyana, Hawaii, Liberia, Jamaica, the Irish Republic, the Isle of Man, Montserrat, New Zealand, Northern Ireland (UK), Saint Christopher and Nevis, Saint Helena, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Scotland (UK), the Turks and Caicos Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, Tristan da Cunha, the United States, the Virgin Islands (US), the Virgin Islands (British)
(1b) The ENL territories with one or more other major languages (6 territories)
Belize (also Spanish), Canada (also French), the Channel Islands (also French), Gibraltar (also Spanish), South Africa (also Afrikaans, Xhosa, Zulu, and other major local languages), Wales (UK: also Welsh)
(2) The ESL territories (57 territories)
Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belau, Bhutan, Botswana, Brunei, Cameroon, the Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Egypt, the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), Fiji, Gambia, Ghana, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Lebanon, Lesotho, Malaysia, Malawi, the Maldives, Malta, the Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Nigeria, the Northern Marianas, Oman, Panama, Puerto Rico, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, the Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Surinam, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, American Samoa, Western Samoa, Zambia, Zimbabwe
(3a) The EFL territories with English a virtual second language (17 territories)
Argentina, Belgium, Burma/Myanmar, Denmark, Ethiopia, the Faeroe Islands, Honduras, Kuwait, the Netherlands, the Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Norway, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates
(3b) The EFL territories with English learned as the global lingua franca (the rest of the world) (122 territories)
Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Armenia, Aruba, Austria, Azerbaijan, the Azores, the Balearic Islands, Belarus, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, the Canary Islands, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, the Comoros Islands, Congo, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Djibouti, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Finland, France, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, Georgia, Germany, Goa, Greece, Greenland, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Italy, the Ivory Coast, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Korea (North), Korea (South), Laos, Latvia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Macedonia, Madagascar, Madeira, Mali, Martinique, Mauritania, Mexico, Moldavia, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, New Caledonia, Niger, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Pondicherry, Portugal, Réunion, Romania, Russia, Saint Pierre et Miquelon, San Marino, Sao Tomé and Principé, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, the Vatican City, Venezuela, Vietnam, the Wallis and Futuna Islands, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire
ʾ塤232ϰ补
McArthur, Tom. The English Languages. Cambridge: CUP, 1998. 53--54.
ʲι̾ꥹȤ鲿Ϣۤ
Argentina
Belgium
Costa Rica
Denmark
Ethiopia
Honduras
Lebanon
Myanmar
Nepal
Netherlands
Nicaragua
Norway
Panama
Somalia
Sudan
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
United Arab Emirates
ϹǤαѸΰ֤Ť EFL ( English as a Foreign Language ) ESL ( English as a Second Language ) ϰ̤ؤѲĤĤΥꥹȤǤ ( Graddol 11 )Ǥϡ翦Ȥäΰ濴ˡ⥳ߥ˥Τ˱Ѹ줬Ѥ뵡ƤȤ
̲ͤαѸ줬ʤȤϤ褯ΤƤ뤬䤬ǥޡˬ줿ȤˡŪʽäShakespeare Hamlet Ȥʤä Kronborg Castle δѸĥ˻äȤΤȡ10̾ʾ夤üԤΤ䤬ͣγͤǤꡤĤϳǥޡͤäǥĥϻ˥ĥɤ鼫ȯ줿֤줫δѸϱѸǤޤסüԤΰͤ餤ȤܤԤ㡼ǡֱѸ϶פȾ̤ᤫƤθĥϤ˱ѸǿʹԤѸ줬ǤƤڵ
Ѹ줬 ESL ϰ̤ĤĤǥޡΤ褦ʹƤƤ뤳ȤϡѸ̤ͤǽפʰ̣Ĥ
Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm
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