ǯ٤ʤΤǡȤDZѸˤγʤɤҲ𤹤뵡뤬Ѹˤ֡̾Ȥ Baugh and Cable Ǥʤۤˤϡ#1445. Ѹ˳ν ([2013-04-11-1]) ⻲ȡˡ#2089. Baugh and Cable αѸ˳ܼ ([2015-01-15-1]) 2013ǯ˽Ǥ줿6ǤܼҲ𤷤Ǥϡ6ǤԤ5ǤɤΤ褦ѲΤξǤӤĤˤȡΤ褦ʰƱǧȤ
(1) 12ϤȤơ21˸Ѹ䤽¾ιŪʸ˴ؤϤդä졤͡ʸŪץˤŪʣȤäޤʤƤ롥(2) ѲˤĤơץä졤3ϤθűѸ졤7ϤѸγƾϤǾҲ𤵤Ƥ롥(3) ͥαѸˤĤơѥŪʥץäƤ롥(4) accent register ˴ؤ륻äƤ롥(5) եꥫϹͱѸδ creolists neo-Anglicists ˴ؤǿεäƤ롥(6) ιʤƤ롥
ĤˤȡѸεҤŪʤȡ38ˤƸűѸ濴Ȥλ˵äѲβ⤬ܤƤꡤˡ§ʸμפʲѲĤˤĤʤ褦ʹפʤƤȤѸ7ϤƬʡ111--12ˤǤ⡤ǤˤϤߤʤäѸβѲŪ˲⤵ƤꡤʬǤκǿθ̤ȿǤ줿Τȹͤ롥
21αѸ졤뤤ϱѸ̤褦ʾɲäϡǯФ줿Ѹ˳˶̤ħǤ롥ҲŪʻ˭٤˼ƤΤǶηѥؤθˤĤƤϡäȼƤ褤ΤǤϤʤȻפ줯餤˥ѥѤοŸBaugh and Cable νѤ餺˭٤ǡŤǤ롥
Ѹˤ֤γˤϡᤤʳǤɤᤷޤ
ۤ˱Ѹ˳ܼꡤʲε⻲ȡ
#2007. Gramley αѸ˳ܼ ([2014-10-25-1])
#2038. Fennell αѸ˳ܼ ([2014-11-25-1])
#2050. Knowles αѸ˳ܼ ([2014-12-07-1])
ǦֿҲAlbert C. BAUGH & Thomas CABLE, A History of the English Language, Sixth edition, Upper Saddle River, NJ, Pearson, 2013, 446+xviii p., $174.07ס5桤2013ǯ159ǡ
ɸˤĤƤϡ#466. 츻ؤϵݤʳؤ ([2010-08-06-1]) #727. 츻ؤμΧ ([2011-04-24-1]) Ƥʳؤˤ츻ؤΰ֤ŤȤΤϼ¤ðۤǡƬǤǤƤʤ̻Ūʲ̣Ǥ⤢ꡤʸؤǤ⤢ꡤϤޤ쳰μҲȤɬפǼҲˤʸˤΰˤ°롥θˤҤȤ͡μ礷夲ʤ1ĤμܤȤȤˤʤ롥츻Ĵϡ1ĤγΰȤϡޥȤ᤹뵻ݤǤ롤ȤΤäȤǤ롥
ε#1790. եǤ16ĺޤ츻ֻ֤ ([2014-03-22-1]) ǰѤ֥åΡظ츻ء٤ɤǡΰݤˤ֥å⡤θ츻ؤ˴ؤ뵭Ǹڤ֥ Malkiel ȤȤˡ츻ؤμΧˤĤƹŪ褦忴ƤΤɤɤۤɲʳؤȤϵݤ˶ᤤȤݤƤ롥֥å (34--35) ϡ츻ؼԤΤĤ٤Ƥ롥
츻ؼԤλŻԤλŻõоݤФؼԤȤƤΰϢνޤǼΤʤˤ롥ĤνθФ褤ʸظˤ⡤ޤˤ٤Ǥ뤫깭ϰϤˤ錄طΰˤ벻ʲˤĤƤŪΤμεȸ줬ޤ쳰θ¤Ȥδ֤νط餫ˤ뤳Ȥǽˤ쥢ꥢ realia ʸʪڡҲ١ˡưʪʤɤ˴ؤ¡ޤϤμ쳰λ¤ȤδϢǼ갷賰춵Ѹǡǽɥĸ RealienΡ¡Ѥ줿ͤˤĤƤиҲʸŪҲŪ礬ʤˤƤϤʤʤȤȡǾ¤ϰդȡˤϤʤС츻ؼԤϼʬǧᤵ뤳ȤऺʤǤȤȡ
ˡp. 44 ǤҤ٤Ƥ롥
ε̣Ѥİ뤿ˡŪʻʪʪŻƻ衤ıʤɤʪꡤưʪꡤڡϷθ뤳ȤɬĴ͡¿FEW ԤǤ롤Wեȥ֥륯ϻʪ˴ؤΤμ츻ŪŪǤȹͤ롥
ϡʪؼԤλȤäۤ褤ܤǤ롥ݿͤŷʬΰˤᤤ
֥åΡظ츻ء٤ˤä˿ϸʤä4ϤˤϤĤΥե츻ŵβ꤬դƤǤ롥ʲ˽Ƥ
Diez, Friedrich Christian. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der romanischen Sprachen. Adolph Marcus, 1853.
Meyer-Lübke, Wilheml, ed. Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. C. Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1911. (= REW)
Wartburg, Walther von. Französisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Mohr, 1950. (= FEW)
Baldinger, Kurt, Jean-Denis Gendron, Georges Straka, and Martina Fietz-Beck. Dictionnaire étymologique de l'ancien francais. Max Niemeyer: Presses de l'Université Laval, 1971--. (= DEAF)
Bloch, Oscar and W. von Wartburg. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française. Presses universitaires de France, 1932.
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Picoche, Jacqueline. Nouveau dictionnaire étymologique du français. Hachette-Tchou, 1971.
Trésor de la langue française. Ed. Centre national de la recherche scientifique. Institut nationale de la langue Française. Nancy Gallimard, 1986. (= TLF)
롦֥å ⳤ ϯ ظ츻ء١ҡʸ˥ӡ1997ǯ
#1445. Ѹ˳ν ([2013-04-11-1]) ƱͤμݤǡʱѸ˼ҲؤγŪʻͿΥꥹȤ
ǯʱѸ˼ҲؤȯŸϰϤˤʤäƤƤ뤬ʲǤϡʱѸ˼Ҳؤ˴ؤ복ŪʿȥեΤꥹȤǤʡäˤΤΡˡΤۤˤ⡤ƿδ˷ǺܤƤ뻲ʸꥹȤ䡤饤Ǥ O'Grady et al. θΥѥ˥֤ƤPDFλʸꥹȡޤܥ֥ǤҲؤ¿äƤΤǡȤ櫓 sociolinguistics γƵȤ줿
ʲƱƤΰѤPDFɤ
γܸˡ
ؼҲ硡ǡ١ҡ2009ǯ
סؤȤФʸ١ȽŹҴȿӡ1973ǯ
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ҡˡؼҲؤؤξԡ١ߥͥ˼1996ǯ
ּҲءסرѸ6ѸؤδϢʬ١ʼë , ͳͺ, ˡ罤۽Ź, 1989ǯ365--495ǡ
ë ҡˡؤϤƳؤּҲء١ߥͥ˼2011ǯ
륤ˡ ˡؼҲء١ҡ2002ǯ
γʱѸˡ
Fasold, Ralph. The Sociolinguistics of Language. Oxford: Blackwell, 1990.
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Romain, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.
ΡʱѸ˼ҲؤλͿ
ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ켭ŵ١ҡ2002ǯ
ϲ ͭӾ ɧ ˮɧԡˡ罤۱Ѹػŵ١罤۽Ź1983ǯ
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 2nd ed. 2003.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 2nd ed. 2003.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
ǯ٤νˡѸ˳仲ͿʤɱѸˡѸؤؽ椹ΤäƤȤƤޤȤƤǯʬνʪܸǤѸǤ¿٥礫ޤǤΤǡꤹΤΤʲϸǤΰθꥹȤǤ롥
ǤиǤϤ뤬ǽפȤơפȤơդΤۤˡƿδ䥦֥Ȥ˷ǺܤƤ뻲ʸɽȡѤPDFäΤǡɤ
αѸ˳ܸˡ
ջҡ إ١åѸˡ١ҤĤ˼2007ǯ
켣 رѸˡ١ҡ2000ǯ
߷ ͧ¿̱²ιꥹ---4ĤڤѹˤΤ١ҡ2008ǯ
߷ ⡡رѸˡ١ҡӡ2008ǯ.
ס ׯҡؿѸ١罤۽Ź1988ǯ
رѸ١ؽDz2005ǯ.
δ졡رѸˤDzۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡ١ؽ2011ǯ
ϲ ͭ ԡ λҡ ¹̾ ԡرѸˡ١罤۽Ź1995ǯ
졡رѸˡ١罤ۡ1983ǯ
αѸ˳ʱѸˡ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Bradley, Henry. The Making of English. London: Macmillan, 1955.
Bragg, Melvyn. The Adventure of English. New York: Arcade, 2003.
Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.
Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.
Gelderen, Elly van. A History of the English Language. Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 2006.
Jespersen, Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. 10th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1982.
Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.
McCrum, Robert, William Cran, and Robert MacNeil. The Story of English. 3rd rev. ed. London: Penguin, 2003.
Smith, Jeremy J. Essentials of Early English. London: Routledge, 1999.
Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.
Svartvik, Jan and Geoffrey Leech. English: One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
αѸˡѸؤλͿ
ͺ° ̭ԡˡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ
ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
סԡˡرѸˡ˱ѸءʸʸϿ١ҡ1997ǯ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
С¾ˡرѸˡ١ϯ, ƣɧԡرѸϡ١8--11ˡ罤۽Ź1972--85ǯ
ãڸ ԡˡرѸؿ̾ŵ١ҡ1995ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸˡ˱Ѹ --- ʸʸϿ١ҡ1997ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ켭ŵ١ҡ2002ǯ
߷ ˧ͺ ()رѸǯɽ?ѸˡѸػˡʸػˡ̻?١ҡ1993ǯ
ϲ ͭӾ ɧ ˮɧԡˡ罤۱Ѹػŵ١罤۽Ź1983ǯ
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan, eds. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vols. 1--7. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. 1992--2001.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 2nd ed. 2003.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 2nd ed. 2003.
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. Version 3.1. 2004. (Also available online as Oxford English Dictionary Online at http://www.oed.com/ .)
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
αѸ˴ϢΥ֥ȡ
ջҡֱѸشطʴʸʤɡˡסhttp://homepage3.nifty.com/iyeiri/students/English.htm ʤȴ줿ʸΥꥹȡ
δ졡hellog?Ѹ˥֥סhttp://c-faculty.chuo-u.ac.jp/~rhotta ܼȤԤɬäˡֻʸꥹȡ (http://c-faculty.chuo-u.ac.jp/~rhotta/course/2009a/hellog/references.html) ȡ
ߡA Gateway to Studying HEL: Textbooksܸԡˡסhttp://www013.upp.so-net.ne.jp/HEL/textbooks.html ʽ¤Ѹˤʸꥹȡ
ѸˤˤơѸ줫ѸˤƿʹԤ Standard English γΩϡ礭Ǥ롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤standardisation 䡤Ȥ櫓 chancery_standard εǡϢ夲Ƥ
Wright (1--2) ˤȡ̤θˤϡMorsbach (1888), Doelle (1913), Heuser (1914), Reaney (1925, 1926), Mackenzie (1928), Ekwall (1956), Samuels (1963), Fisher (1977) ȤήȯŸƤ
Morsbach, Lorenz. Über den Ursprung der neuenglischen Schriftsprache. Heilbronn: Henninger, 1888.
Doelle, Ernst. Zur Sprache Londons vor Chaucer. Niemeyer: 1913.
Heuser, Wilhelm. AltLondon mit besonderer Berücksichtingung des Dialekts. Osnabrück: 1914.
Reaney, Percy H. "On Certain Phonological Features of the Dialect of London in the Twelfth Century". Englische Studien 59 (1925): 321--45.
Reaney, Percy H. "The Dialect of London in the Thirteenth Century". Englische Studien 61 (1926): 9--23.
Mackenzie, Barbara Alida. The Early London Dialect. Oxford: Clarendon, 1928.
Ekwall, Bror Eilert. Studies on the Population of Medieval London. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1956.
Samuels, Michael Louis. "Some Applications of Middle English Dialectology." English Studies 44 (1963): 81--94. Revised in Middle English Dialectology: Essays on Some Principles and Problems. Ed. Margaret Laing. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1989.
Fisher, John Hurt. "Chancery and the Emergence of Standard Written English in the Fifteenth Century." Speculum 52 (1977): 870--99.
äˡEkwall ƶ Samuels ɸ Type 4 ȤƵChancery Standard ȤŪʸ˸ѸѼ郎ɸಽδפǤȤήȤʤäƤ ([2010-02-27-1]ε#306. Samuels ѸȯãȤɸ4ספȡˡ
ǶǤϡѸ˸οŸȼҲؤؤδؿˤꡤSamuels ꤹ褦ŪɸѸȯŸȳΩȤǥǤϤʤʣʸݤȤŪˤȤ館ƤƤ롥ΤˡSamuels ¾ξνǤϡɸಽȯŸξܺ٤פ⤫٤뤳ȤϤǤʤ褦˻פ롥㤨СWright (2) Ƥ褦ˡʲ꤬ޤƤʤ
(1) ɤ٤δ֤ˤ錄äơɤΤ褦ʼΥƥȤˤơ֤äɸಽʤΤ
(2) Central Midland East Midland ɥؤΰ̱ˤܿ⤬Ƥ뤬ϡҲŪʴ顤ɤΤ褦ɾ뤫
(3) Chancery Standard ϡѼȤϡֻηϤˤʤΤǤϤʤȤС¾Τɤοʿ줿Ѽ (levelled varieties) ɸѸؤϤȤʤäΤ
(4) ɸѸθáäɸդѤäϤɤΤ褦줿Τ֤ȤơϰŪʸäɸŪʸäϤɤΤ褦줿Τ
Wright ԤʸǤϡʾΤ褦꤬Ƥ롥绨ĤʷȤƤϡʲ̤Ǥ롥
Some of the papers presented here report data which displays not the familiar S-curve of change, but a more unwieldy W-curve (that is, changes which begin, progress, then recede, then progress again . . . ). Standardisation is shown not to be a linear, unidirectional or 'natural' development, but a set of processes which occur in a set of social spaces, developing at different rates in different registers in different idiolects. (6)
Wright, Laura. The Development of Standard English, 1300--1800. Introduction. Ed. Laura Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 2000.
Chaucer ʤѸʸإƥȤϤȤơѸˤǰѤ뤳Ȥ¿פʺʤάˤƤǤ롥ǡرѸ츻ŵ (xvii--xx) ꡤѸʡChaucerShakespeareν̾άȴФϢ MED HyperBibliography ⻲ȡ
MEʤΩǯȺ̾MED ˤά
| ?lateOE | Lambeth Homilies |
| a1121--60 | Peterb. Chron. = Peterborough Chronicle |
| c1175 | Body & Soul |
| ?c1175 | Poema Morale |
| ?a1200 | Ancrene Riwle |
| ?a1200 | Layamon Brut |
| ?c1200 | St. Juliana |
| ?c1200 | St. Katherine |
| ?c1200 | St. Margaret |
| ?c1200 | Hali Meidenhad |
| ?c1200 | Sawles Warde |
| ?c1200 | Ormulum |
| c1200 | Vices & Virtues |
| ?c1225 | Horn |
| c1250 | Owl & Nightingale |
| c1250 | Floris |
| c1250 | Genesis & Exodus |
| c1275 | Kentish Sermons |
| ?a1300 | Kyng Alisaunder |
| ?a1300 | Richard Coer de Lyon |
| c1300 | Havelok |
| c1300 | Gloucester Chronicle |
| c1300 | South English Legendary |
| c1303 | Mannyng Handlyng Synne |
| a1325 | Cursor Mundi |
| c1330 | Orfeo |
| a1333 | Shoreham Poems |
| a1338 | Mannyng Chronicle |
| 1340 | Ayenbite |
| c1340 | Rolle Psalter |
| c1350 | Prose Psalter |
| c1353 | Wynnere & Wastoure |
| a1375 | William of Palerne |
| 1375 | Barbour The Bruce |
| a1376 | Piers Plowman A |
| a1378 | Piers Plowman B |
| ?c1380 | Cleanness |
| ?c1380 | Patience |
| ?c1380 | Pearl |
| c1384 | Wycl. Bible (1) = Wycliffite Bible |
| c1386 | St. Erkenwald |
| ?a1387 | Piers Plowman C |
| a1387 | Trevisa Polychronicon |
| ?c1390 | Gawain = Sir Gawain and the Green Knight |
| a1393 | Gower Confessio Amantis |
| c1395 | Wycl. Bible (2) = Wycliffite Bible |
| ?c1395 | Pierce the Ploughman's Creed |
| a1396 | Hilton Scale of Perfection |
| a1398 | Trevisa Bartholomew |
| ?a1400 | Destruction of Troy |
| ?a1400 | Morte Arthure |
| c1400 | Mandeville |
| ?a1425 | Polychronicon (Harley) |
| ?a1425 | Chauliac (1) = Guy de Chauliac's Grande Chirurgie |
| ?c1425 | Chauliac (2) = Guy de Chauliac's Grande Chirurgie |
| ?a1438 | MKempe = Book of Margery Kempe |
| 1440 | Promp. Parv. = Promptorium Parvulorum |
| ?a1450 | Gesta Romanorum |
| a1470 | Malory |
| ABC | An ABC |
| Adam | Chaucers Wordes Unto Adam, His Owne Scriveyn |
| Anel. | Anelida and Arcite |
| Astr. | A Treatise on the Astrolabe |
| Bal. Ch. | A Balade of Complaint |
| BD | The Book of the Duchess |
| Bo. | Boece |
| Buk. | Lenvoy de Chaucer a Bukton |
| Comp. A. | Complaynt D'Amours |
| Comp. L. | Complaint to His Lady |
| CT. | The Canterbury Tales |
| CT. Cl. | The Clerk's Prologue and Tale |
| CT. Co. | The Cook's Prologue and Tale |
| CT. CY. | The Canon's Yeoman's Prologue and Tale |
| CT. Fkl. | The Franklin's Prologue and Tale |
| CT. Fri. | The Friar's Prologue and Tale |
| CT. Kn. | The Knight's Tale |
| CT. Mch. | The Merchant's Prologue, Tale, and Epilogue |
| CT. Mk. | The Monk's Tale |
| CT. Mcp. | The Manciple's Prologue and Tale |
| CT. Mel. | The Tale of Melibee |
| CT. Mil. | The Miller's Prologue and Tale |
| CT. ML. | The Man of Law's Introduction, Prologue, Tale, and Epilogue |
| CT. Mk. | The Monk's Prologue and Tale |
| CT. NP. | The Nun's Priest's Prologue, Tale, and Epilogue |
| CT. Pard. | The Pardoner's Introduction, Prologue, and Tale |
| CT. Pars. | The Parson's Prologue and Tale |
| CT. Ph. | The Physician's Tale |
| CT. Pri. | The Prioress's Prologue and Tale |
| CT. Prol. | General Prologue |
| CT. Rt. | Chaucer's Retraction |
| CT. Rv. | The Reeve's Prologue and Tale |
| CT. Sh. | The Shipman's Tale |
| CT. SN. | The Second Nun's Prologue and Tale |
| CT. Spurious Pard. Sh. Link | The Spurious Pardoner-Shipman Link |
| CT. Sq. | The Squire's Introduction and Tale |
| CT. Sum. | The Summoner's Prologue and Tale |
| CT. Th. | The Prologue and Tale of Sir Thopas |
| CT. WB. | The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale |
| Form. A. | The Former Age |
| Fort. | Fortune |
| Gent. | Gentilesse |
| HF | The House of Fame |
| LGW | The Legend of Good Women |
| LGW Prol. | Prologue |
| L. St. | Lak of Stedfastnesse |
| Mars | The Complaint of Mars |
| Merc. B. | Merciles Beaute |
| PF | The Parliament of Fowls |
| Pity | The Complaint unto Pity |
| Prov. | Proverbs |
| Purse | The Complaint of Chaucer to His Purse |
| Rosem. | To Rosemounde |
| RRose | The Romaunt of the Rose |
| Scog. | Lenvoy de Chaucer a Scogan |
| TC | Troilus and Criseyde |
| Truth | Truth |
| Ven. | The Complaint of Venus |
| W. Unc. | Against Women Unconstant |
| AWW | All's Well That Ends Well |
| AYL | As You Like It |
| Ado | Much Ado About Nothing |
| Ant | Antony and Cleopatra |
| Cor | Coriolanus |
| Cym | Cymbeline |
| Err | The Comedy of Errors |
| 1H4 | 1 Henry IV |
| 2H4 | 2 Henry IV |
| H5 | Henry V |
| 1H6 | 1 Henry VI |
| 2H6 | 2 Henry VI |
| 3H6 | 3 Henry VI |
| H8 | Henry VIII |
| Ham | Hamlet |
| JC | Julius Caesar |
| Jn | King John |
| LC | Lover's Complaint |
| LLL | Love's Labour's Lost |
| Lr | King Lear |
| Luc | The Rape of Lucrece |
| MM | Measure for Measure |
| MND | A Midsummer-Night's Dream |
| MV | The Merchant of Venice |
| MWW | The Merry Wives of Windsor |
| Mac | Macbeth |
| Oth | Othello |
| Per | Pericles |
| Phoe | The Phoenix and Turtle |
| R2 | Richard II |
| R3 | Richard III |
| RJ | Romeo and Juliet |
| Shr | The Taming of the Shrew |
| Son | Sonnets |
| TC | Troilus and Cressida |
| TGV | The Two Gentlemen of Verona |
| TNK | The Two Noble Kinsmen (with Fletcher) |
| TN | Twelfth Night |
| Tem | Tempest |
| Tim | Timon of Athens |
| Tit | Titus Andronicus |
| VA | Venus and Adonis |
| WT | The Winter's Tale |
| Acts | The Acts of the Apostles |
| Amos | Amos |
| 1 Chron. | The First Book of the Chronicles |
| 2 Chron. | The Second Book of the Chronicles |
| Col. | The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Colossians |
| 1 Cor. | The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians |
| 2 Cor. | The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians |
| Dan. | The Book of Daniel |
| Deut. | The Fifth Book of Moses, called Deuteronomy |
| Eccles. | Ecclesiastes, or the Preacher |
| Ephes. | The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Ephesians |
| Esth. | The Book of Esther |
| Exod. | The Second Book of Moses, called Exodus |
| Ezek. | The Book of the Prophet Ezekiel |
| Ezra | Ezra |
| Gal. | The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Galatians |
| Gen. | The First Book of Moses, called Genesis |
| Hab. | Habakkuk |
| Hag. | Haggai |
| Heb. | The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Hebrews |
| Hos. | Hosea |
| Isa. | The Book of the Prophet Isaiah |
| James | The General Epistle of James |
| Jer. | The Book of the Prophet Jeremiah |
| Job | The Book of Job |
| Joel | Joel |
| John | The Gospel according to St. John |
| 1 John | The First Epistle General of John |
| 2 John | The Second Epistle of John |
| 3 John | The Third Epistle of John |
| Jonah | Jonah |
| Josh. | The Book of Joshua |
| Jude | The General Epistle of Jude |
| Judges | The Book of Judges |
| 1 Kings | The First Book of the Kings |
| 2 Kings | The Second Book of the Kings |
| Lam. | The Lamentations of Jeremiah |
| Lev. | The Third Book of Moses, called Leviticus |
| Luke | The Gospel according to St. Luke |
| Mal. | Malachi |
| Mark | The Gospel according to St. Mark |
| Matt. | The Gospel according to St. Matthew |
| Mic. | Micah |
| Nah. | Nahum |
| Neh. | The Book of Nehemiah |
| Num. | The Fourth Book of Moses, called Numbers |
| Obad. | Obadiah |
| 1 Pet. | The First Epistle General of Peter |
| 2 Pet. | The Second Epistle General of Peter |
| Philem. | The Epistle of Paul to Philemon |
| Philip. | The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Philippians |
| Prov. | The Proverbs |
| Ps. | The Book of Psalms |
| Rev. | The Revelation of St. John the Divine |
| Rom. | The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Romans |
| Ruth | The Book of Ruth |
| 1 Sam. | The First Book of Samuel |
| 2 Sam. | The Second Book of Samuel |
| Song of Sol. | The Song of Solomon |
| 1 Thess. | The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians |
| 2 Thess. | The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians |
| 1 Tim. | The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Timothy |
| 2 Tim. | The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Timothy |
| Titus | The Epistle of Paul to Titus |
| Zech. | Zechariah |
| Zeph. | Zephaniah |
| ???? (Apocrypha) | |
| Baruch | Baruch |
| Bel and Dragon | The History of the Destruction of Bel and the Dragon |
| Ecclus. | The Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach, or Ecclesiasticus |
| 1 Esd. | I. Esdras |
| 2 Esd. | II. Esdras |
| Judith | Judith |
| 1 Macc. | The First Book of the Maccabees |
| 2 Macc. | The Second Book of the Maccabees |
| Pr. of Man | The Prayer of the Manasses |
| Rest of Esther | The Rest of the Chapters of the Book of Esther |
| Song of Three Children | The Song of the Three Holy Children |
| Susanna | The History of Susanna |
| Tobit | Tobit |
| Wisd. of Sol. | The Wisdom of Solomon |
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Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968. xxxvi--xxxviii.
Clark, Cecily, ed. The Peterborough Chronicle 1070-1154. London: OUP, 1958. lxvi--lxvii.
Dieth, E. "Hips: A Geographical Contribution to the 'She' Puzzle." ES 36 (1955): 209--17.
Flom, G. T. "The Origin of the Pronoun 'She'." JEGP 7 (1908): 115--25.
Lindkvist, H. "On the Origin and History of the English Pronoun she." Anglia 45 (1921): 1--50.
Luick, K. Historische Grammatik der englischen Sprache. Stuttgart: Tauchnitz, 1964. Section 705.
Ruud, M. B. "A Conjecture concerning the Origin of Modern English She." MLN 25 (1920): 222--25.
Ruud, M. B. "'She' Once More." RES 2 (1926): 201--04.
Samuels, M. L. "The Role of Functional Selection in the History of English." Transactions of the Philological Society. 1965. 21--23.
Sarrazin, G. "Der Ursprung von NE. 'She'." Englische Studien 20 (1895--96): 330--31.
Smith, A. H. "Some Place-Names and the Etymology of 'She'." RES 2 (1925): 437--40.
Stevick, R. D. "The Morphemic Evolution of Middle English She." ES 65 (1964): 381--88.
Vachek, J. "Notes on the Phonological Development of the NE Pronoun she." Sborník Praci Filosfické Faculty Brnenské University 3 (1954): 67--80.
Vachek, J. "On Peripheral Phonemes of Modern English." Brno Studies in English 4 (1964): 21--29.
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(2) ƻηϤοʿϡ¾θˤʿʤ¿θѲˤƱ褦ˡ֤ƤäȿʹԤޤοʿβ֤SȤƵҤǽꡤlexical diffusion ˤȤäƼŪǤ (lexical_diffusion) ǡˤϡʿޤꡤಽǶޤβη ( subsystem ) Ω³ʳѻ졤ñSȤƿʹԤ櫓ǤϤʤȤ롥˿ʹԤѲǤϡ˲ƤΤ
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Burrow, J. A. and Thorlac Turville-Petre, eds. A Book of Middle English. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005. (esp. pp. 27--29.)
Burnley, David. "Inflection in Chaucer's Adjectives." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 83 (1982): 169--77.
Burnley, David. The Language of Chaucer. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1983. (esp. pp. 13--15.)
Horobin, Simon. Chaucer's Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. (esp. pp. 105--07.)
Laing, Margaret and Roger Lass. "Tagging." Chapter 4 of "A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English: Introduction." Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme1/pdf/Introchap4.pdf . (esp. pp. 19--22.)
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 23--154. (esp. pp. 23--154.)
Minkova, Donka. The History of Final Vowels in English: The Sound of Muting. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1991. (esp. pp. 171--91.)
Minkova, Donka. "Adjectival Inflexion Relics and Speech Rhythm in Late Middle and Early Modern English." Papers from the 5th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, Cambridge, 6--9 April 1987. Ed. Sylvia Adamson, Vivien Law, Nigel Vincent, and Susan Wright. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1990. 313--36.
Mossé, Fernand. A Handbook of Middle English. Trans. James A. Walker. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1952. (esp. pp. 64--65.)
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960. (esp. pp. 233, 275--77.)
Pearsall, Derek. "The Weak Declension of the Adjective and Its Importance in Chaucerian Metre." Chaucer in Perspective: Middle English Essays in Honour of Norman Blake. Ed. Geoffrey Lester. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic P, 1999. 178--93.
Samuels, M. L. "Chaucerian Final -E." Notes and Queries 217 (1972): 445--48.
Topliff, Delores E. "Analysis of Singular Weak Adjective Inflexion in Chaucer's Works." Journal of English Linguistics 4 (1970): 78--89.
סرѸ II١Ѹ9罤۽Ź1972ǯ(esp. pp. 144--47.)
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Barnhart, Robert K. and Sol Steimetz, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. Bronxville, NY: The H. W. Wilson, 1988.
Brown, Leslie, ed. The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1993.
Burchfield, Robert William, ed. A Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary. 4 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1972--86.
Ekwall, Bror Oscar Eilert. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names. 4th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1960. 1st ed. 1936.
Gove, Philip Babcock (editor-in-chief). Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language. Unabridged. A Merriam-Webster. Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam, 1976. 1st ed. 1961.
Hoad, Terence Frederick, ed. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Oxford: Clarendon, 1986.
Holthausen, Ferdinand. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der englischen Sprache. 3rd ed. Göttingen: Vanderhoeck & Ruprecht, 1949. 1st ed. Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz, 1917.
Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Dealing with the Origin of Words and Their Sense Development, Thus Illustrating the History of Civilization and Culture. 2 vols. Amsterdam/London/New York: Elsevier, 1966--67. Unabridged, one-volume ed. 1971.
Murray, James Augustus Henry, Henry Bradley, William Alexander Craigie, and Charles Talbut Onions, eds. The Oxford English Dictionary Being A Corrected Re-issue with an Introduction, Supplement, and Bibliography of A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by the Philological Society. 13 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1933.
Onions, Charles Talbut, ed. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Prepared by William Little, Henry Watson Fowler and Jessie Coulson. Rev. ed. C. T. Onions. 3rd ed. Completely reset with Etymologies revised by George Washington, Salisbury Friedrichsen, and with Revised Addenda. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1973. 1st ed. 1933.
Onions, Charles Talbut, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. With the assistance of G. W. S. Friedrichsen and R. W. Burchfield. Oxford: Clarendon, 1966.
Partridge, Eric Honeywood. Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. 4th ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966. 1st ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: Macmillan, 1958.
Simpson, John Andrew and Edmund S. C. Weiner (prepared). The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 20 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1989.
Skeat, Walter William, ed. An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. 1st ed. 1879--82. 2nd ed. 1883.
Skeat, Walter William, ed. A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. New ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. 1st ed. 1882.
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Watkins, Calvert Ward, ed. The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. Rev. ed. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1985.
Weekly, Ernest. An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. With a New Biographical Memoir of the Author by Montague Weekley. 2 vols. New York: Dover, 1967. 1st ed. London: John Murray, 1921.
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