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diglossia - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-30 01:44

2013-05-27 Mon

#1491. diglossia borrowing δط [diglossia][borrowing][loan_word][register][synonym]

#1489. Ferguson diglossia ʸ󥰥ɤ triglossia ([2013-05-25-1]) ǼѡʸˤˤĤˤȤˡѸˤ illumination ? light purchase ? buy ˤߤóؤϡdiglossia ˤҲŪʾ岼ط (borrowing) Ȥʤ̤ơηϤˤ register ξ岼طⲽΤǤȻŦ
diglossia borrowing δطõ뤳ȤϼҲؤؤõȤȤˤĤʤꡤ礭ʸơޤȤʤꤦ뤬ˤĤ Hudson (56--57) Ūʸ򼨤Ƥ롥Hudson ϡѸǤ get Τˤ[2009-10-13-1]ε#169. get give Ϥʤ /g/ äƤΤפǼ褦˸ťΥɸ쵯Ȥ٤ˤȥƥͳ褹 obtain 夲󥰥ɤα diglossia μҲŪʾ岼طѤȤ̤ơѸ register ξ岼طƤ줿ȤƤª diglossia äˤӡobtain ƥͳǤȤüԤεޤꡤĤƤ diglossia ¸ߤ岼طκפŪ̮򼺤ʤ顤register ξ岼طȤƸηϤΤʤ夷Hudson (57) οޤ򻲹ͤˤʤ顤Τ褦ˤޤȤƤߤ

Diglossia and Borrowing

1ʳǤϡobtain get λȤʬϡdiglossia ȤΤ˶̤2֤ˤȤʬˤۤʤʤ2ʳǤϡƥ줫Ѹ obtain Ѥ졤obtain get λȤʬϱѸǤ register ˤȤʬȤʤ롥ʳǤϡobtain ΥƥȤηӤĤ⤤ޤƤ롥3ʳǤϡdiglossia ä졤obtain ΥƥȤηӤĤ˺Ƥ롥obtain get λȤʬϡ register κȤƱѸä夷ΤǤ롥

Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1996.

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2013-05-26 Sun

#1490. diglossia ɸѼδطȤϰۤʤ [diglossia]

4֤ˤ錄äƼ夲Ƥ diglossia ϡ¤˳᤹СɸѼȤΤ¿θ춦ƱΤˤƤϤޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ɸѼ郎̤ˤ졤ǤʤƼ̤ˤ졤ξѼ郎ҲŪʾ˱ơ¿쾯ʤΤ˻Ȥʬ뤫
ޤdzᤷƤޤȡ춦ƱΤΥݥۤ褦Ȥ diglossia 󼨤 Ferguson ΰտޤޤǵ߼ʤȤˤʤ롥Ferguson (329) ϡ춦ƱΤˤ2Ѽ郎ʲ˵󤲤褦 domain ȤΤ˻ȤʬƤȤŵŪ diglossia ¸ߤƤȤߤʤΤǤ롥

 HL
Sermon in church or mosquex 
Instructions to servants, waiters, workmen, clerks x
Personal letterx 
Speech in parliament, political speechx 
University lecturex 
Conversation with family, friends, colleagues x
News broadcastx 
Radio "soap opera" x
Newspaper editorial, news story, caption on picturex 
Caption on political cartoon x
Poetryx 
Folk literature x


diglossia μҲǤϡŬڤ domain ŬڤѼȤʤȡüԤѤ򤫤뤤ϾˤäƤϴˤ餵뤳Ȥ餢롥
ǡߤΥꥹܤʤɤˤƤϤɤΤɸѼѼλȤʬˤϤ뤷Ŭڤ domain ŬڤѼȤʤѤ򤫤̤⤢ξѼκŪ礭üԤŪüԤȤFerguson ε󤲤ŵŪ diglossia ҲȤϰۤʤäƤ롥Ferguson ȤΤȤФڤС̤Ǥ롥

. . . diglossia differs from the more widespread standard-with-dialects in that no segment of the speech community in diglossia regularly uses H as a medium of ordinary conversation, and any attempt to do so is felt to be either pedantic and artificial (Arabic, Greek) or else in some sense disloyal to the community (Swiss German, Creole). In the more usual standard-with-dialects situation the standard is often similar to the variety of a certain region or social group (e.g. Tehran Persian, Calcutta Bengali) which is used in ordinary conversation more or less naturally by members of the group and as a superposed variety by others. (336--37)


Ferguson diglossia Ǥϡä˾ѼѤ뤳ȤϤʤѤͤϤʤߤΥꥹܤǤϡäɸѼѤ뤳ȤϤ뤷ѤͤϤ롥ΰ㤤Ǥ롥

Ferguson, C. A. "Diglossia." Word 15 (1959): 325--40.

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2013-05-25 Sat

#1489. Ferguson diglossia ʸ󥰥ɤ triglossia [diglossia][latin][french][me][loan_word][borrowing][lexicology]

3֤ε ([2013-05-22-1], [2013-05-23-1], [2013-05-24-1]) ǡFerguson 󾧤 diglossia 夲Ƥdiglossia ȤҲŪɾˤĤ¿褬깭ƤεΤȤơ󥰥ɤΥʥߥåʸͤǡνפʴͿƤ줿ΤǤϤʤ
εǿ줿̤ꡤFerguson ȤϤβŪʸ diglossia Ʊ2ѼʻѾȶۤʤ2ˤĤƤϰʤȡʲΤ褦Ƥ롥

. . . no attempt is made in this paper to examine the analogous situation where two distinct (related or unrelated) languages are used side by side throughout a speech community, each with a clearly defined role. (325, fn. 2)


2ʤ뤤Ϥʾθˤδ֤ˤ "the analogous situation" ϳΤ˸졤Ferguson ¿ƤϤޤ롥ǰƬ֤ƤΤϡ󥰥ɤˤѸ졤ե󥹸졤ƥ triglossia Ǥ롥ʲǤϡFerguson diglossia ʸ˰͵򤷤󥰥ɤ triglossia 򤷤褦Ȥݤ˹θ٤2ĤŦ1Ĥϡ#1486. diglossia ФȽ ([2013-05-23-1]) Ǥ⿨줿 diglossia Ťưꡤ⤦1ĤϡѼ (H) Ѽ (L) ήѸǤ롥
Ferguson ϡ§Ȥ diglossia ŪʡꤷȤȤ館

It might be supposed that diglossia is highly unstable, tending to change into a more stable language situation. This is not so. Diglossia typically persists at least several centuries, and evidence in some cases seems to show that it can last well over a thousand years. (332)


ŪǧȽΤȤȤʤäΤFerguson diglossia ɤΤ褦ɤΤ褦˲Τ줦뤫ȤưŪ¦̵̤뤷Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤȤϻŦƤɬפ롥

Diglossia is likely to come into being when the following three conditions hold in a given speech community: (1) There is a sizable body of literature in a language closely related to (or even identical with) the natural language of the community, and this literature embodies, whether as source (e.g. divine revelation) or reinforcement, some of the fundamental values of the community. (2) Literacy in the community is limited to a small elite. (3) A suitable period of time, on the order of several centuries, passes from the establishment of (1) and (2). (338)


Diglossia seems to be accepted and not regarded as a "problem" by the community in which it is in force, until certain trends appear in the community. These include trends toward (a) more widespread literacy (whether for economic, ideological or other reasons), (b) broader communication among different regional and social segments of the community (e.g. for economic, administrative, military, or ideological reasons), (c) desire for a full-fledged standard "national" language as an attribute of autonomy or of sovereignty. (338)


. . . we must remind ourselves that the situation may remain stable for long periods of time. But if the trends mentioned above do appear and become strong, change may take place. (339)


1ΰѤ3ϡ󥰥ɤˤơ˥ƥե󥹸줬Ѹ̤ѼȤ夷Ȥ triglossia ˤĤƤȲ򤹤뤳ȤǤ롥2ΰѤ3ϡѸˤơʥƥ̤Ȥơ˱Ѹȥե󥹸 diglossia ˲ΤƤ椯Ⱦ˸ڤƤɤ롥
ˡѸˤѸȤδϢǤϡFerguson ʸ鼨ŪʰѤ2ĵ󤲤褦

. . . a striking feature of diglossia is the existence of many paired items, one H one L, referring to fairly common concepts frequently used in both H and L, where the range of meaning of the two items is roughly the same, and the use of one or the other immediately stamps the utterance or written sequence as H or L. (334)


. . . the formal-informal dimension in languages like English is a continuum in which the boundary between the two items in different pairs may not come at the same point, e.g. illumination, purchase, and children are not fully parallel in their formal-informal range of use. (334)


2ĤΰѤ碌ɤȡѡʸˤ˴ؤ붽̣꤬롥diglossia ˤСѼʥե󥹸ˤȲѼʱѸˤϡҲŪˤĬܤΤ褦Τ˶̤롥ϡ§ȤơĬܤϢ³ܤȤưȤǤȤȤǤ롥Ȥdiglossia ȤҲŪüѤȤʤͳƱѸäΤʤⲽȡillumination ? light purchase ? buy ʤɤ register ˤ岼طϳΤ˻ۤ줳뤬ĬܤιϸġΩڥˤäưۤʤ롥ʩΩڥʤäΤ򲣤¤٤Ȥregister ξ岼طɽ魯ĬܤϡҲŪ diglossia ĬܤۤΤ˰ܤʤ櫓ǤϤʤΤȤϡdiglossia monoglossia ؤȲΤƤ椯Ȥdiglossia ¸ߤҲŪʾ岼طmonoglossia θäˤäѤŪⲽ¸ȤȤ̣ΤǤϤʤ

Ferguson, C. A. "Diglossia." Word 15 (1959): 325--40.

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2013-05-24 Fri

#1488. -glossia Υʥߥ [diglossia][elf]

2֤ε#1486. diglossia ˤä Chaucer ([2013-05-22-1]) ȡ#1487. diglossia ФȽ ([2013-05-23-1]) ǡdiglossia ˸ڤä˺εǤ̻ŪʻȽҲ𤷤̻ŪʻϡѸΥ󥰥ɤˤ diglossia Ȥθ diglossia βáˤ϶ѸʹߤοʼҲŪȯŸȤʥߥ򤹤ǤԲķǤ롥ҤƤϡҲˤ󥬡ե󥫤ȤƤαѸ (ELF) ɾݤˤ⡤diglossia Υʥߥå¿˻ͤˤʤ롥
Crystal (128) μ1ϡҲؤŪʤΤȤƤ줿 diglossia 򡤱ѸˤưŪȤߤΤʤ˻ʱɾ롥

The linguistic situation of Anglo-Norman England is, from a sociolinguistic point of view, very familiar. It is a situation of triglossia --- in which three languages have carved out for themselves different social functions, with one being a 'low-level' language, and the others being used for different 'high-level' purposes. A modern example is Tunisia, where French, Classical Arabic, and Colloquial Arabic evolved different social roles --- French as the language of (former) colonial administration, Classical Arabic primarily for religious expression, and Colloquial Arabic for everyday purposes. Eventually England would become a diglossic community, as French died out, leaving a 'two-language' situation, with Latin maintained as the medium of education and the Church . . . and English as the everyday language. And later still, the country would become monoglossic --- or monolingual, as it is usually expressed. But monolingualism is an unusual state, and in the twenty-first century there are clear signs of the reappearance of diglossia in English as it spreads around the world . . . .


Υޥ󡦥󥯥Ȱʹߡ21˻Ѹˤ-glossia ȤάҤС(1) Ѹ줬ѼǤ triglossia(2) Ѹ줬ѼǤ diglossia(3) monoglossia(4) Ѹ줬ѼǤ diglossia ؤƤȤˤʤ롥
ְסֻ³פˤ꤬ȤϤΤΡdiglossia ˤΤ褦ɽޤ뤳ȤˤϡΤ˰´Ĥ롥

Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.

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2013-05-23 Thu

#1487. diglossia ФȽ [diglossia]

ε#1486. diglossia ˤä Chaucer ([2013-05-22-1]) ǡdiglossia ˤĤƲ⤷diglossia ϸź˹ѻ졤ʸݤǤϤʤȤ⤢ꡤγǰѸϳس˻ä
Ferguson Ƥ diglossia ϡ˳򾷤褦ˤʤäҤ٤̤ꡤ diglossia 12Ѽδ֤ˤߤ岼طؤΤäFishman (Sociolinguistics 75) ϰۤʤ2δ֤ˤߤ´ط diglossia Ȥߤʤˤꡤ㤨Хѥ饰ˤ Spanish Guaraní Τ褦˷Ūˤ̵طθɤδط⡤diglossia Ƥ˴ޤ줿ޤ󥰥ɤˤ Norman French English δط diglossia ȤƸڤǤ褦ˤʤädiglossia γǰγϡդޤǤǤСޤͭݤäƤ褦˻פ롥
Ȥdiglossia ϡ2Ѽ濫뤤3ѼʻѾؤˤȤɤޤ餺10ʻѤ20ʻѤȤäۤȤ̵̣ʺʬα¿ȤʤäƤä٤Ƥθ춦ƱΤˤϳƼ (dialects) Ѱ (registers) ꡤѼ (varieties) ȤߤʤΤǤСɤζƱΤ¿쾯ʤ diglossic ȤȤˤʤäƤޤFerguson ϸ춦ƱΤ෿Τ diglossia ȤǰƤΤΰտޤ߼줺ˡǰ̵̣ʤޤǤ˳礵Ƥޤäꥹ䥢ꥫΤ褦ʣμҲʻѾȤʤäƤΤǤСdiglossia ȤΤ礲Ǥꡤ"social-dialectia" ۤɤǤ褤ΤǤϤʤ (Hudson 51)
diglossia ˴ؤ⤦1ĤϡFerguson ˤ Fishman ˤ衤diglossia ŪʸȤƤȤ館Ƥʤˤ롥ʤΤ褦ʸΤȤưŪ̻ŪʼιͻȴƤ롥 Ferguson ˤ "a relatively stable language situation" Ȥ뤷Fishman ("Prefatory Note" 3) Ǥϡ"an enduring societal arrangement, extending at least beyond a three generation period" Ȥꡤ³ŪŪʼҲŪȤƤ롥󥰥ɤˤĤƤߤ褦 diglossia ˤ줦ΤǤ롥ɤΤ褦 diglossia ξꡤɤΤ褦˻³ɤΤ褦˲äΤȤ̻Ūʻʤ¤ꡤФе쿢̱ϤˤƾѼƤ衼åѽθȡϤβѼθȤξ岼طŪʤΤǤꡤäʤΤǤȤǥĹ줫ͤʤĤޤꡤdiglossia ְŪפɽ뤳ȤϡǤˤΥǥȤƤΤǤϤʤȤȤˤʤ롥ʤȤ⡤diglossia ä褦ȱưƤҲ׼ԤˤȤäơdiglossia ˡְפֻ³פȤɽޤΤϲʤʤȤ (68) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Τ褦ˡȤǰ᤿Ȥϡ줬줿˾λˤä褦ʰݤ롥եꥫΩˡ¿ιʣʸľ̤ƤǤ¿¾Ǥϵ콡θθŪ¦̤ˤ̻ͥۤǤ롥ŪȤߤͿ뤦ǡϡǰꤷΤȤƾҲ𤵤뷹ˤꡤ줬ߤ褹ʶ߾äơѤʤȤȤ򤢤̣뷹ˤäʼºݡ̱ϻۤæΤۤȤɤˤƵäȤǤäˡΤ褦ʳȥǥȤδطϡʤ뤳ȤǤϤʤ


Fishman, J. Sociolinguistics: A Brief Introduction. Rowley: Newbury House, 1971.
Fishman, J. "Prefatory Note." Languages in Contact and Conflict, XI. Ed. P. H. Nelde. Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1980.
Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1996.
륤᥸󡦥ˡ ˡؼҲء١ҡ2002ǯ

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2013-05-22 Wed

#1486. diglossia ˤä Chaucer [sociolinguistics][bilingualism][me][terminology][chaucer][reestablishment_of_english][diglossia]

#661. 12󥰥ɿͤäդȽ񤭸ա ([2011-02-17-1]) ǡѸΥ󥰥ɤˤ diglossia ȤƸڤؤν񤭸դ˥ƥե󥹸줬ؤäդ˱Ѹ줬ѤȤλȤʬΤʸǤ롥3줬ؤäƤΤ triglossia ȸƤ֤ΤΤ⤷ʤ
diglossia ȤǰѸǽƳΤϡҲؼ Ferguson Ǥ롥Ferguson (336) ˤѤ褦

DIGLOSSIA is a relatively stable language situation in which, in addition to the primary dialects of the language (which may include a standard or regional standards), there is a very divergent, highly codified (often grammatically more complex) superposed variety, the vehicle of a large and respected body of written literature, either of an earlier period or in another speech community, which is learned largely by formal education and is used for most written and formal spoken purposes but is not used by any sector of the community for ordinary conversation.


ˤȤꡤFerguson diglossia 12Ѽ狼ʤ岼طȰ֤ŤƤȤơŵӥӥ졤ɸɥĸȥɥĸ졤襮ꥷ̱ꥷ ([2013-04-20-1]ε#1454. ꥷɡʰ²ˡפ򻲾ȡˡե󥹸ȥϥ쥪4󤲤
diglossia γǰ᤿ˡ12Ѽ狼ʤ岼طˤȤɤޤ餺ۤʤ2줫ʤ岼طޤ diglossia γǥ뤬 Fishman ˤäƼȡ碌ƹ褦ˤʤäѸΥ󥰥ɤˤ diglossia ϡγ diglossia ȤȤˤʤ롥
ơŵŪ diglossia ˤƤϡⶵֵ⡤ǥʸؤˤƾѼ (high variety) Ѥ졤ϫƯԤ侤ȤؤλؼФǤβá̱Ūʥ饸ȡ̡衤̱¯ʸؤˤƲѼ (low variety) ѤȤ롥⤷üԤλȤʬ餺դ路ʤǤդ路ʤѼѤȡˤϰ´Τߤʤ餺ˤäƤϴ롥󥰥ɤˤƤδ򤢤˯Chaucer äѼǤѸǡϾѼʬäʸؤ񤤤ΤǤ롥Wardhaugh (86) ϡChaucer diglossia ˤˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

You do not use an H variety in circumstances calling for an L variety, e.g., for addressing a servant; nor do you usually use an L variety when an H is called for, e.g., for writing a 'serious' work of literature. You may indeed do the latter, but it may be a risky endeavor; it is the kind of thing that Chaucer did for the English of his day, and it requires a certain willingness, on the part of both the writer and others, to break away from a diglossic situation by extending the L variety into functions normally associated only with the H. For about three centuries after the Norman Conquest of 1066, English and Norman French coexisted in England in a diglossic situation with Norman French the H variety and English the L. However, gradually the L variety assumed more and more functions associated with the H so that by Chaucer's time it had become possible to use the L variety for a major literary work.


Τˤ Chaucer Ϥ diglossia ˤäȤϡChaucer λޤǤˡdiglossia ˤ줦ޤǤ˱Ѹ줬̱ĤĤä򤹤Τ
ʤdiglossia ˴ؤƤϡ1960--90ǯˤ3000ʸ蘆줿ȤسȤƤϲŪʳǰäȤʥp. 31ˡ

Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.
Ferguson, C. A. "Diglossia." Word 15 (1959): 325--40.
륤᥸󡦥ˡ ԡˡظȤϲ١ҡ2000ǯ

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2013-04-20 Sat

#1454. ꥷɡʰ² [indo-european][family_tree][hellenic][greek][map][indo-european_sub-family][diglossia][koine]

#1447. ɸɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-13-1]) ȡ#1452. ɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-18-1]) ³²θɤҲ𤹤륷꡼3ơ Baugh and Cable (26--27) 򻲾ȤơꥷɡHellenicˤҲ𤹤롥
ꥷɤϡƤΰޤǤϸɥ٥ Hellenic ʲ Greek ȤΤߤǡ٤ʬƤʤȤ顤ŪΩɤǤȤ롥˻νꡤϿͼȸΤĤܤäΥ硤ץ硤쥿硤ꥷڡϡ²ʸ²ʸߤƸĤäƤꡤʣ¿̱²¿ҲäƤ褦
2000ǯ᤮դ꤫顤ΤĤܤءꥷɤθô꤬̤鿯οϲ٤Ȥˤäƽ˿ʤߡʳǰۤʤ⤿餵줿ˡꥷڡ硹αߤʤɤǽ٤ʬ̤ۤȤʤäǸŤʸؾηϡܻ Homer ˤ뵪8ȿꤵ Illiad Odyssey Ǥ롥ꥷˤ5Ĥμ̤롥(1) Ionic ϡפʲǤ Attic ޤۤ䥨硹ʬۤ(2) Aeolic ϡʬۡ(3) Arcadian-Cyprian ϡڥݥͥȥץʬۤ(4) Doric ϡ˥ڥݥͥ Arcadian ֤(5) Northwest ϡʬۤ
ΤȤ櫓פʤΤ Attic Ǥ롥Attic ϥƥͤȤƱɤۡĦʳءůءʸؤθȤ Pericles (495--29 B.C.) Ѥ줿ۤÆschulus, Euripides, Sophocles Ȥäȡ Aristophanes˲ Herodotus, Thucydides, ͺ۲ Demosthenesůؼ Plato, Aristotle ˤäƤѤ줿ΰҿ Attic ϡ4ʹߡꥷξ˷פ koiné ȤδˤᡤAlexander 粦 (336--23 B.C.) ˤƱϾꥢ᥽ݥߥץȤˤƤݶ̸Ȥƺդkoiné ˤĤƤϡ[2013-02-16-1]ε#1391. lingua franca (4)פ򻲾ȡˡθȤơޤΥӥʸؤθȤƤפǤ롥
Υꥷϡ嵭 koiné ΤǤ롥ߡꥷϡȯ㯠(demotic or Romaic) ȸ奮ꥷϤäʸ (Katharevusa) ΤɤѤȤ뤫ҲŪƤ롥
奮ꥷϡѸˤľܡܤ¿μѸ󶡤ƤǤꡤߤǤ neo-classical compounds ʤȤ櫓ʳؤʬˤƬ򶡵뤷³ƤפʸǤ롥greek γƵ򻲾ȡ

Map of Greece

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

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2012-08-12 Sun

#1203. 󥰥ɤˤʩλȤʬμҲ [french][me][norman_conquest][bilingualism][sociolinguistics][diglossia]

Υޥ󡦥󥯥Ȱʸ塤󥰥ɤˤʩ2 (bilingualism) ȤʤäȤϡѸˤˤƼפǤʺϥƥѤˤĤƤϿʤˡѸΤߤñ (monolingualism) äȤˡǡȤƥե󥹸ѤδȤȤϤɤȤ¿ѤȤˤޤߤΤʤԤˤȤäƤϡΤ񤷤⤷ʤѸˤμȤǤդФȡҲ񤬺𤷤ΤǤϤʤȤȿʹ롥θ̱²۸ˤΤ顤Τ褦˻פΤ
伫ȡ2Ѥ˴ؤϤ˳ΤǡΥ󥰥ɤθŪ˻פ⤫٤Τ˺򴶤롥̱²Ȥδؤ⡤Ҳ񳬵δؤˤƸȤ館ȡ󥰥ɤˤʩδط褯Ǥ褦˻פ롥
Υޥ󡦥󥯥ȤλȤľλˤϡԤΥޥ͡ե󥹸 vs Ԥ륤󥰥ɿ͡ѸפȤΩιޤäȤϴְ㤤ʤǤϡ̱²ȸ줬ʬӤĤƤ롥Фξ̱²κήʤˤĤ졤ʩѤ̤뼴̱²пϤȤ顤ҲؤȤؤȰܤäƤ12̤ơ󥰥ɤθϡˡ־ήե󥹸 vs ֲήѸפȤΩιޤؤȰܹԤƤäΤǤ롥ܹԤͻҤʶ٤ˡñ㲽ƿ޼СΤ褦ˤʤ֤ե󥹸Ѥɽ魯ˡ

Social Bilingualism of English and French in ME

ήȤϤ12Ǥ֥Υޥϡήס֥󥰥ɷϡ᲼ήפȤ޼褽ƤϤޤΤϻ¤Ǥ롥ʩλȤʬμ̱²пϤ򼨤ַϡפ顤ؤȤƤΡ־岼פ˰ܤä뤤ϡּҲ񲽡פȹͤȡ򤷤䤹ˤĤơBaugh and Cable (114--15) Ѥ褦

For 200 years after the Norman Conquest, French remained the language of ordinary intercourse among the upper classes in England. At first those who spoke French were those of Norman origin, but soon through intermarriage and association with the ruling class numerous people of English extraction must have found it to their advantage to learn the new language, and before long the distinction between those who spoke French and those who spoke English was not ethnic but largely social. The language of the masses remained English, and it is reasonable to assume that a French soldier settled on a manor with a few hundred English peasants would soon learn the language of the people among whom his lot was cast.


Baugh and Cable ϳ̻ˤɾΤѸˤȤ櫓Υޥ󡦥󥯥ȰʸѸμҲŪ˴ؤơҤϤäƤ롥
Ϣơ[2011-02-17-1]ε#661. 12󥰥ɿͤäդȽ񤭸աפ⻲ȡ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

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2011-02-17 Thu

#661. 12󥰥ɿͤäդȽ񤭸 [anglo-norman][writing][bilingualism][reestablishment_of_english][diglossia]

Υޥˤꥤ󥰥ɤθѸ줬 Old English Norman French ڤؤä󥰥ǸԤ Anglo-French ȤȯãLatin ȤȤ˥󥰥ɤμפʽ񤭸դȤʤäΥޥ2ۤɡѸϽ񤭸դȤƳ̵Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤäۤȤɤűѸäʸμ̤ǤꡤѸ줬ʸȤɽ蘆Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤѸäդǤФ񤭸դȤƤѸ줬ܳŪ˸Ƥˤϡ12ȾԤʤФʤʤäޤǤϡ󥰥ɤ1ν񤭸դȤбѸǤϤʤAnglo-French Latin äΤǤ롥
ΥޥΥ󥰥ɤäդȤСѤ餺Ѹäե󥹿ͤǤ벦²䤽δطԤ夷Ф餯ϥե󥹸ȤݻƤȹͤ뤷󥰥ɿͤǤήܤ뵡Τ͡Ͼʤ餺ե󥹸2ȤƽƤ󥰥ɤ1äդȤбѸ˰㤤ʤä ( see [2010-11-25-1] )
Τ褦ˡΥޥ夷Ф餯δ֤ϡ󥰥ɤˤפäդȽ񤭸դȤϿäƤ12ˤơ󥰥ɿͤν񤭼ʤϱѸäƤʤ顤񤯤Ȥˤ Anglo-French ѤȤڤؤѤȤˤĤƤȤˤʤ롥դ˸С12ޤǤˤϡAnglo-French ν񤭼ǤäƤפäդϱѸä礭Lass and Laing (3) Ѥ롥

By the early Middle English period, four generations after the Conquest, the high prestige languages in the written/spoken diglossia (though distantly cognate) were 'foreign': normally second and third languages, formally taught and learned. By the late 12th century it is virtually certain --- except in the case of scribes from continuingly bilingual families (and we do not have the information that would allow us to identify them) --- that none of the English scribes writing French were native speakers of French (though some may of course have been coordinate bilinguals). It is certain that none were native speakers of Latin, since after the genesis of the Romance vernaculars in the early centuries of this era it is most unlikely that there were any.


Υ󥰥ɤξܤβͶξȤƤߤСʤܸäƤʤ顤񤯤ȤˤϴʸѤʤǤβäɬդǤϤʤ⤷ʤˤȤ褦ʾ
12󥰥ɤˤäդȽ񤭸դ diglossia 2ѼȤʬפ뤤 bilingualism ˤĤƤϡLass and Laing (p.3, fn. 3) ¿λʸ󤲤Ƥ롥

Lass, Roger and Margaret Laing. "Interpreting Middle English." Chapter 2 of "A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English: Introduction.'' Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme1/pdf/Introchap2.pdf .

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