hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 / page 2 (2)

compounding - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2017-02-14 Tue

#2850. walnut [etymology][compounding]

ε#2849. macadamia nut ([2017-02-13-1]) ˰³ʥåĤꡥwalnut ʥߡˤϡʥåĤɽʤȤưƤ롥ѸǤθ츻õȡűѸ walh-hnutu Ȥʣ줷1٤ǧ롥Ⱦʬ nut ΤΤȾʬ walh ϡֳΡפ̣롥Wales Welsh θȤʤäƤ wealh ƱǤȯˤĤƤϡ#1157. Welsh ˤߤ벻Ѳ˭٤ ([2012-06-27-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ߤϡֳΥʥåġפȤ櫓եꥸ walnút walnootϥɥĸ walnutɥĸ walnussťΥɸ valhnot Ʊ줬ޥ˴ѻȤ顤ޥ̱²ˤȤäƤΡֳס餯ϥꥢꥢȤʤɤǰƬˤäΤˤȤäơФּΥʥåġפ hazelnut ʥϥХߤμ¡ˤä
Ѹˤߤ줿 walshnote ȤϡűѸȯãȤϹͤ줺餯Φο̸ѤΤʤθϸťե󥹸Ǥ⥲ޥŪʸʤ noix gauge ʥꥢΥʥåġˤȾΤ줿
nutcracker ʥ߳ˤ nut ȤϥߤǤʥޥߥʥåĤȤȻ뤫⤷ʤˡ顤ߤʥåĤ̵ɸɽȤƹޤƤȤ롥̥쥹ƥ򲼤̤ȤΤǡ←Ƥޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-02-15-1]

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2016-08-26 Fri

#2678. Beowulf kenning ɲ [kenning][oe][compounding][metonymy][metaphor]

ε#2677. Beowulf ˤߤֲפɽ魯 ([2016-08-25-1]) ǡűѻʸŪȤƤ kenning ˿줿kenning ζϡ#472. kenning ([2010-08-12-1]) ǵ󤲤 Beowulf ȾʤȤ⤦1Ĥλ˸ kenning 򤤤Ĥɲä (Baker 136) 򥯥åỌ̇̄롥

kenningliteral sensemeaning
bāncofa, masc."bone-chamber"body
bānfæt, neut."bone-container"body
bānhūs, neut."bone-house"body
bānloca, neut."locked bone-enclosure"body
brēosthord, neut."breast-hoard"feeling, thought, character
frumgār, masc."first spear"chieftain
hronrād, fem."whale-road"sea
merestrǣt, fem."sea-street"the way over the sea
nihthelm, masc."night-helmet"cover of night
sāwoldrēor, masc. or neut."soul-blood"life-blood
sundwudu, masc."sea-wood"ship
wordhord, neut."word-hoard"capacity for speech


kenning ϸͤˤȤäƿǥޥå˶űѸǤϤǤ˴ɽȤ夷ƤΤ⤢롥ͤȼ kenning ͳ˺ФѤ뤳ȤǤȤ¤ǤꡤBeowulf ͤΤŪɽ߽ФƤΤǤ롥
ʤkenning ˤϡ᥿ե (metaphor) ͿΤȡȥ˥ߡ (metonymy) ͿΤ롥㤨Сbāncofa ۤ bān- ʣϥ᥿եǤꡤsundwudu ϥȥ˥ߡǤ롥ޤhronrād Ǥϥ᥿եȥȥ˥ߡξͿƤꡤ̣Ūˤʣ kenning Ȥ (cf. #472. kenning ([2010-08-12-1]))

Baker, Peter S. Introduction to Old English. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-04-01-1] [2017-09-30-1]

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2016-08-25 Thu

#2677. Beowulf ˤߤֲפɽ魯 [synonym][oe][lexicology][compounding][kenning][beowulf][metonymy]

űѸʣ (compounding) ˤդʸäϡ#1148. űѸ˭ʸϡ ([2012-06-18-1]) ǤǧѤߤʣϤȤ櫓ʸˤƺ¤˳Ѥ줿º Beowulf ɽűѻˤƤϡֲסͦΡס襤סֳפʤɤѽФ복ǰФơ͡ (synonym) Ѥ줿ϡñĴ򤱤뤿Ǥ⤢äε#2676. űѻƬ ([2016-08-24-1]) Ǽ夲Ƭε§˱褦˼ɽɬפäǤ⤢ä
ʲBaker (137) ꡤBeowulf ʵڤӤ¾λˤ˸ֲ緯פɽ魯󤷤褦ʣ줬¿ñǤθޤޤƤˡ

bēagġyfa, masc. ring-giver.
bealdor, masc. lord.
brego, masc. lord.
folcāgend, masc. possessor of the people.
folccyning, masc. king of the people.
folctoga, masc. leader of the people.
frēa, masc. lord.
frēadrihten, masc. lord-lord.
frumgār, masc. first spear.
godlgġyfa, masc. gold-giver.
goldwine, masc. gold-friend.
gūðcyning, masc. war-king.
herewīsa, masc. leader of an army.
hildfruma, masc. battle-first.
hlēo, masc. cover, shelter.
lēodfruma, masc. first of a people.
lēodġebyrġea, masc. protector of a people.
mondryhten, masc. lord of men.
rǣswa, masc. counsellor.
siġedryhten, masc. lord of victory.
sincġifa, masc. treasure giver.
sinfrēa, masc. great lord.
þenġel, masc. prince.
þēodcyning, masc. people-king.
þēoden, masc. chief, lord.
wilġeofa, masc. joy-giver.
wine, masc. friend.
winedryhten, masc. friend-lord.
wīsa, masc. guide.
woroldcyning, masc. worldly king.


ˤϻˤʤʣ¿ޤޤƤꡤŪʣ (poetic compound) ȸƤФƤ롥1Ǥ2Ǥ򽤾 folccyning (people-king) Τ褦⤢СξǤۤƱǾĹ frēadrihten (lord-lord) Τ褦⤢롥ˡȥ˥ߡѤ椫ͷ bēagġyfa (ring-giver) ⤢롥Ǹ˵󤲤तŪʣ kenning ȸƤФ졤űѻˤ礭ħȤʤäƤʡ#472. kenning ([2010-08-12-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ

Baker, Peter S. Introduction to Old English. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

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2016-07-16 Sat

#2637. hereby here, therewith there [etymology][reanalysis][analogy][compounding]

#1276. hereby, hereof, thereto, therewith, etc. ([2012-10-24-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡhere/there/where + ֻפȤʣϡޤä쥸ǡֻ + this/that/it/which פȥѥե졼ۤɤΰ̣ɽ魯ʣ2Ǥ֤ŤѸŪ (synthesis) ȴطƤ롤ȤȤϸȤƤ⡤ʤ̾Ѥ *thisby, *thatwith, *whichfore ʤɤȤʤ餺Ѥ hereby, therewith, wherefore ȤʤΤ
ŪˤСhere, there, where ʤɤȤƤǤϤʤ "this/that/which place" ۤɤž̾ȤƵǽƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥̻ŪˤϤɤΤ褦ΤOED Ĵ٤ȡȤ߹碌ֻˤäƤǯϰۤʤ뤬ᤤΤϸűѸ줫鸽Ƥ롥here, adv. and n. θФʣ˴ؤ츻ŪˡΤ褦ˤä

here- in combination with adverbs and prepositions.

871--89 Charter of Ælfred in Old Eng. Texts 452 þas gewriotu þe herbeufan awreotene stondað.
1646 Youths Behaviour (1663) 32 As hath been said here above.

[These originated, as in the other Germanic languages, in the juxtaposition of here and another adverb qualifying the same verb. Thus, in 805--31 at HEREBEFORE adv. 1 hær beforan = here (in this document), before (i.e. at an earlier place). Compare herein before, herein after at HEREIN adv. 4, in which herein is similarly used. But as many adverbs were identical in form with prepositions, and there was little or no practical difference between 'here, at an earlier place' and 'before or at an earlier place than this', the adverb came to be felt as a preposition governing here (= this place); and, on the analogy of this, new combinations were freely formed of here (there, where) with prepositions which had never been adverbs, as herefor, hereto, hereon, herewith.]


פˡʣȤʤˤϡhere (= in this document) before (at an earlier place) ʤɤΩȤƤޤ֤ƤˤʤäȤhere "this place (in the document)" Ȳᤵ졤before ֻȤƲᤵȡԤϸԤŪǤʬϤ졤"before this place (in the document)" ۤɤ᤿Ǥǧ˻äΤȤĤޤꡤhere ΰ̣Ѳ before ʻžʸ̮Ϣư̤κʬ (reanalysis) ˤۤʤʤθϡä󤳤θΥѥ󤬤Ǥȡ¾졦ֻˤ⼫ͳ˰ܿƤä
͡ʣνǯįƤߤȡűѸ줫ѸФƸѸ˻ޤ³Ū˥ѥѥȸƤꡤä˿郎쵤äȤݤϤʤѸǤϤǤ¿μबѤƤȤ狼롥
ʤOED there, adv. (adj. and n.) ˤСμʣθŤᤫˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ƤˡΧդθոȤưʳǤϡǤˡԸšդΥ졼٥뤬ŽƵפȤ

'the compounds of there meaning that, and of here meaning this, have been for some time passing out of use, and are no longer found in elegant writings, or in any other than formulary pieces' (Todd's Johnson 1818, at Therewithall).

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2013-12-16 Mon

#1694. ʳظäˤƥꥷǤ˱ɤͳ [greek][compounding][scientific_name][lexicology][combining_form][scientific_name][scientific_english]

ʳظ (ISV = International Scientific Vocabulary) ˤϡꥷǤʣ礵Τ¿Ф neo-Hellenic compounds ȸƤФ뤬θäϼȤƶλʪǤʥƥξˤ neo-Latin compounds ȤƤФ졤碌 neo-classical compounds ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ⤢ˡ̾ˤƤ⡤#511. Myrmecophaga tridactyla ([2010-09-20-1]) #512. ̾ ([2010-09-21-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡꥷǤøŪѤƤ뤷#552. combining form ([2010-10-31-1]) ζ븻ȤƤƱ礭ޤeco-, micro-, tele-, -ology ʤɤΥꥷͳ褹ܼϤ⤯ISV ȤϤ߽Фơ̸äηˤڤǤ롥
ISV ˤƥꥷ줬˱ɤطʤˤϡʳؤȯŸΤˤơƥ¤ǥꥷ줬ĹָҤȤߤʤƤ롥衼åѤˤơꥷΰҿɤĶۤƹäƤȤΤϡʳؤȯŸˤȤäƤϹʤȤäѸե󥹸ɥĸ⡤ISV ΤˤꥷѤȤΩ䤹äͥ󥹰ʹߡº֤٤μθϥꥷʵڤӥƥˤˤꡤȶ̤ƹͤ褦ˤʤäȤǡθβʳءʸáˤȯŸȳˤȤäơ郎äΤǤ롥
Potter (86) ϡμθȤƤΥꥷȤͤޥޥ󥹽Τߤʤ餺ϤΥˤƤϤޤäȤϡȤ櫓ʤȤǤäȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

In the ever expanding world of science and invention most of these new words are either taken direct from Greek or compounded of Greek elements. This applies not only to English but also to the other three widely disseminated languages --- French, Spanish and Portuguese. Moreover, and in some ways more important still, this also applies to Russian. The modified Cyrillic 33-letter alphabet of modern Russian is based upon the 22-letter alphabet of Greek which is the same today as it was in the time of Plato and Aristotle. Ties between Kiev, Byzantium and Athens have been close throughout the ages. / It is indeed most fortunate that the scientists of the two leading powers --- the United States and the Soviet Union --- both go to Greek for their technical terms. Scientists now have at their disposal a copious store of neo-Hellenic components. They have come to regard the Greek language as a kind of quarry from which they can mine blocks to be shaped at need to make new words or to adapt forms already in use. (86)


ϡʸηϤޤʸˤ̤ơꥷȤ̩ܿݤäƤ衼åѽʸȥʸȤδ֤ˤŪľܤ¿ʤäơȤ⤹ ISV 2ġʰʾˤηʬƤޤäƤ⤷ʤ⤷ʤäƤ顤ʳؤȯŸ®٤Ϥä٤ʤäƤ衼åѤǶ̤ưҿǧƤꥷ줬ʳظ÷δäȤ줿Ȥǡˤ ISV 1˼ޤäƤΤǤ롥
ܸüԤˤȤäơISV δפ˥ꥷ줬뤫Ȥäơؤ־ä˥åȤ櫓ǤϤʤISV 1ǤޤȤޤäƤ뤳ȤˤäƲʳؤȯŸ¤¥졤βä̱Ȥƺ¤˵ƤȹͤСϤꥮꥷƯ礭ɾǤ

Potter, Simon. Changing English. London: Deutsch, 1969.

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2013-07-01 Mon

#1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ [word_formation][japanese][timeline][lexicology][loan_word][borrowing][compounding][affix][buddhism]

ʲˡѸܸθûˡˤоȤǤ褦ɽ줾λˤäħվ񤭤ˤΤǤ롥#1524. Ѹˤλʬ ([2013-06-29-1]) ȡ#1525. ܸˤλʬ ([2013-06-30-1]) Ǥ줾θλʬ򼨤ξԤ줤˽Ťʤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡɽǤϤ褽ζʬDz¤ӤˤѸ¦Ǥŵ򻲾Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤ¿ܥ֥Ǥ͡ʷǿƤΤǡɸ䥫ƥ꡼ѤƴϢ뵭ˤɤĤȤǤϤǤ롥Ȥ櫓ѸθˤĤƤϡ#883. Algeo ο쥽ʬ (1) ([2011-09-27-1]) 濴ȤƵǺ٤äƤΤǡ׻ȡܸ¦ϡإ꡼ܸ2ûˡ (p. 7) θûǯɽ˵ä

Old English* Germanic vocabulary¸ʤޤȤȤСˤʬ᤿
* monosyllabic bases2줬ܡ
* derivation and compoundingȤθήǴ줬Ѥ줿㡧㡡㡡ʤʤʩȤȤ줿ȤФˤϡ´̡ספΤ褦ʸ奤ɸ᥵󥹥åȸˤޤޤƤ롥
* Christianity-related vocabulary from Latin (some via Celtic)줬ڤ㡧ʤʤˡ©ʤˡǰڡʤˤˡܡʤȤߡˤ
* few Celtic wordsʸȴʸɸȤʸξΩ롥㡧ߥˡҸߤˡӢҥˡʷɸˡӢʷɸ
Middle English* Old Norse loanwords including basic wordsʣˤäơƻ줬¤줿
* a great influx of French words줬̲
* an influx of Latin technical wordsŸ졦θ졦˼ʤɡ꺹ˤĤƤǧ¸ߤ
Modern English* a great influx of Latin loanwordsαΤײɤळȤФ㡧ʤɤˡػҡʤˡġʤդȤˡƬʤޤ¤夦
* Greek loanwords directlyꥹȶ붵դ衤ޤ̾طʤɤˤꡤݥȥ줬Ѥ줿㡧ѥ󡡥륿ܥ󡡥åѡҹ籩
* loanwords from various languages줬̲˿Ʃ
* Shakespeare's vocabularyؤʬ˱Ƹäΰ꺹ޤä
* scientific vocabularyؤȤδطǥ줬Ѥ줿㡧륳롡᥹åס
Present-Day English* shorteningȤơ¤줬޷ä롥㡧ůءҡŴƻ̱
* many Japanese loanwordsƸɮƬȤơե󥹸졤ɥĸ졤ꥢʤɤγ줬ä롥
* compounding revivedĹʣάά줬¿Ѥ롥
* loanwords decreased 


ξȤ˼ѤȤʤǸä˭ˤƤȤ狼ʸˤȸμѤˤϾ̩ܤʴطˤ뤬Ѹܸθû˰ʾˤΤȤǡ¤˼ΤϤޤʤ෿ŪˤŪˤΥ줿ξ줬ûˤˤ¿ζäƤ뤳ȤõƤ

ȡƣ Ⱦ 졤ƣ 㲡إ꡼ܸ2ûˡ١ȽŹ2009ǯ

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2012-10-24 Wed

#1276. hereby, hereof, thereto, therewith, etc. [compounding][synthesis_to_analysis][adverb][register][corpus][bnc][hc]

ɸΤ褦 here there 1ǤȤֻ2ǤȤʣ¿롥ϡhere this ȡthere it that ɤؤơֻθ˲󤷤Ọ̇̄ŪɸθϤ줾 by this, of this, to that, with that ۤɤ̣롥Ǥ˷ĥä뤬űѸ줫ѸˤƤϤ褯Ѥ졤μ٤ϤषƤۤɤǤ롥17ʹߤϵ޷˸äƤ椭Τ褦ʸ¤줿Ѱ (register) ؤɤޤ줿ͳȤƤϡѸι¤ȤŵŪǤʤȤĤޤ礫ʬϤؤαѸμήȿȤŦƤ (Rissanen 127) ʸˡȤơޤǸꤵ줿֤ǼѤ줿ϡtherefore ΤߤȤäƤ褤
ѸdzǧѰФϡǤѸˤ˨꤬롥here-, there- ʣϡѸǤϤޤ̤˻ȤƤ뤬ǤߤˡΧʸǤλѤݤäƤ롥ʲϡRissanen (127) Helsinki Corpus ˤĴ̤Ǥʿ١åο1٤ɽ魯ˡ


StatutesOther texts
ME4 (1420--1500)68 (60)621 (31)
EModE1 (1500--70)77 (65)503 (28)
EModE2 (1570--1640)84 (71)461 (26)
EModE3 (1640--1710)126 (96)191 (12)


ѸΤ̤ˤʣ٤Ƥ뤬ˡΧʸˤƤ token ٤ʤơRissanen, p. 128 ˤ type ٤äƤ뤳Ȥդ줿λǤ⡤ˡΧʸˤѤ³˻롥
ʬۤˤĤƤϡȼ BNCweb Ĵ٤Ƥߤtherefore hereabout, hereabouts, hereafter, hereby, herein, hereinafter, hereof, hereto, heretofore, hereupon, herewith, thereabout, thereabouts, thereafter, thereby, therefrom, therein, thereinafter, thereof, thereon, thereto, theretofore, thereunder, thereupon, therewith 25ˤĤơWritten Corpus ˹ʤäǡCQP syntax ˤ "(hereabout|hereabouts|hereafter|hereby|herein|hereinafter|hereof|hereto|heretofore|hereupon|herewith|thereabout|thereabouts|thereafter|thereby|therefrom|therein|thereinafter|thereof|thereon|thereto|theretofore|thereunder|thereupon|therewith)" %cפȸи٤ 68.93 wpm ǡФ3140ƥ1522ƥȤǤ롥
ˡˡΧطʸǤ¿ޤǤꤵ른ȤơW:ac:polit_law_eduפ˹ʤꡤƱǷ̤򸫤ȡ231.33 wpm ǡ186ƥ153ƥȤ˽и롥ʤW:adminפ˹ʤȡѥϤäȾʤ뤬٤439.85 wpm ȤʤꡤѽХǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ˤ衤μΥ here-, there- ʣ줬ʤˤѤƤ뤳ȤϳΤ줿

Rissanen, Matti. "Standardisation and the Language of Early Statutes." The Development of Standard English, 1300--1800. Ed. Laura Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 2000. 117--30.

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2012-06-18 Mon

#1148. űѸ˭ʸ [oe][lexicology][derivation][compound][compounding][word_formation][productivity][kenning]

űѸθ (word formation) (derivation) ʣ (compounding) ˤꡤ˭Ǥ뤳ȤϡűѸʸˡѸˤγ̤Ƥ褯ΤƤ롥Baugh and Cable (64--65) ǤϡŪȤơűѸ mōd "mood, heart, mind, spirit; boldness, courage, pride, haughtiness" Ȥ1Ĥθ캬顤100ʾθ줬Ȥ¤Ҳ𤵤Ƥ롥100ĤȤޤǤϤʤǵ󤲤Ƥ򡤰̣ȤȤ󤷤Ƥߤ褦

mōdig "spirited, bold, high-minded, arrogant, stiff-necked"
mōdiglic "magnanimous"
mōdiglīce "boldly; proudly"
mōdignes "magnanimity; pride"
mōdigian "to bear oneself proudly or exultantly; to be indignant, to rage"
gemōdod "disposed; minded"
mōdfull "haughty"
mōdlēas "spiritless"

mōdsefa "mind, thought, understanding"
mōdgeþanc "mind, thought, understanding"
mōdgeþoht "mind, thought, understanding"
mōdgehygd "mind, thought, understanding"
mōdgemynd "mind, thought, understanding"
mōdhord "mind, thought, understanding"

mōdcræft "intelligence"
mōdcræftig "intelligent"

glædmōdnes "kindness"
mōdlufu "affection"
unmōd "despondency"
mōdcaru "sorrow"
mōdlēast "want of courage"
mādmōd "folly"
ofermōd "pride"
ofermōdigung "pride"
ofermōdig "proud"
hēahmōd "proud; noble"
mōdhete "hate"

micelmōd "magnanimous"
swīþmōd "great of soul"
stīþmōd "resolute; obstinate"
gūþmōd "warlike"
torhtmōd "glorious"
mōdlēof "beloved"

Hall θűѸ켭2ǡˤ mōdig դΤȡۤˤϢΤ뤳Ȥ狼롥

MOD in Hall's Dictionary

Τ˸űѸθ "resourcefulness" ˤ϶äʣ˴ؤƤϡαĹ kenning ȤʸŪΤ뤳ȤŦƤ
"resourcefulness" űѸζŪɽ魯ΤɤȤˤĤƤϽθפ롥[2011-05-28-1]ε#761. űѸ derivation ϻǤפǹͻ褦ˡ "resourcefulness" ϡűѸ̻Ūʣη̤ߡѤ졤˭ʸåͥåȥȤƸűѸ˶Ū˸ƤȤȤǤϤʤsynchronic productivity diachronic productivity ȤʬƹͤɬפΤǤϤʤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Hall, John Richard Clark, ed. A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan, 1916.

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2010-08-12 Thu

#472. kenning [kenning][oe][compound][compounding][old_norse]

űѸλˤ kenning ֥˥󥰡פȸƤФ뱣Ūնɽ롥¿2ĤǤʤʣ ( compound ) ǡȴ˭ȯۤ˴ŤǤȤ߹碌ˤŪɽФhwælweg "whale's way" ַߤƻפɽŪˡֳפؤ夲褦ξ硤ʣμƻפȻؼоݡֳפȤϴŪϢۤƯʤַߡפȡֳפȤϴŪ˷ӤĤƤ롥θַߡפ𤷤ƼƻפȻؼоݡֳפȤƴŪ˷ӤĤȤ̣ǡŪ뤤նŪɽȸΤǤ롥Τ褦˰̣Ū˸̩ kenning ȡkenning ȸƤ٤ɽϸűѻǤ⤫ʤ¤Ƥ롥̣DZŪնɽȤȤ館ΤǤСʤμबǧƤ롥
Ȥơ kenning λؼоݤƤߤƤ餤ʬ򥯥å롥

kenningliteral sensemeaning
beaduleoma"battle-light"sword
famigheals flota"foamy-necked floater"ship
feorhhus"soul-house"body
goldgiefa"gold-giver"prince, lord
hēafodgimm"head-gem"eye
merehengest"sea-horse"ship
sǣwudu"sea-wood"ship
swanrād"swan-road"sea
sweordplega"swordplay"fighting
wælstōwe"place of slaughter"battlefield
woruldcandel"world-candle"sun


űѸʳǤϸťΥɸο Edda ʤɤѤƤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥ťΥɸǤ kenning μϸűѸӤƤϤ뤫˭٤Ǥꡤºݤ "kenning" ȤѸϸťΥɸΡΤ餻뤳ȡܥפ̣ͳ褹롥θťΥɸˤ kenning 㤬ʤȤ顤ޥ kenning ϸűѸäƤȤΤŬڤ
̤ˡkenning ϸ奲ޥħǤȿƤ롥Τ˥ޥʣ ( composition ) ˤä¤줹ΤդǤꡤkenning Τ褦ɽȯפϤäȹͤ뤫⤷ʤkenning ϼºݤˤϸ奲ޥͭΤΤǤϤʤŪˤϥӥƥ̤ꤦĤ餷ޤkenning оݤȤʤ복ǰϸ¤ƤꡤűѻˤƤϤ٤㤤Ȥ顤Ϥ̾٤Τۤ⤤űѻɽˡȤäƤ褤

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