ε#2849. macadamia nut ([2017-02-13-1]) ˰³ʥåĤꡥwalnut ʥߡˤϡʥåĤɽʤȤưƤ롥ѸǤθ츻õȡűѸ walh-hnutu Ȥʣ줷1٤ǧ롥Ⱦʬ nut ΤΤȾʬ walh ϡֳΡפ̣롥Wales Welsh θȤʤäƤ wealh ƱǤȯˤĤƤϡ#1157. Welsh ˤߤ벻Ѳ˭٤ ([2012-06-27-1]) ȡˡ
ߤϡֳΥʥåġפȤ櫓եꥸ walnút walnootϥɥĸ walnutɥĸ walnussťΥɸ valhnot Ʊ줬ޥ˴ѻȤ顤ޥ̱²ˤȤäƤΡֳס餯ϥꥢꥢȤʤɤǰƬˤäΤˤȤäơФּΥʥåġפ hazelnut ʥϥХߤμ¡ˤä
Ѹˤߤ줿 walshnote ȤϡűѸȯãȤϹͤ줺餯Φο̸ѤΤʤθϸťեǤ⥲ޥŪʸʤ noix gauge ʥꥢΥʥåġˤȾΤ줿
nutcracker ʥ߳ˤ nut ȤϥߤǤʥޥߥʥåĤȤȻ뤫⤷ʤˡ顤ߤʥåĤ̵ɸɽȤƹޤƤȤ롥̥쥹ƥ̤ȤΤǡ←Ƥޤ
ε#2677. Beowulf ˤߤֲפɽ魯 ([2016-08-25-1]) ǡűѻʸŪȤƤ kenning ˿줿kenning ζϡ#472. kenning ([2010-08-12-1]) ǵ Beowulf ȾʤȤ⤦1Ĥλ˸ kenning Ĥɲä (Baker 136) åỌ̇̄롥
| kenning | literal sense | meaning |
|---|---|---|
| bāncofa, masc. | "bone-chamber" | body |
| bānfæt, neut. | "bone-container" | body |
| bānhūs, neut. | "bone-house" | body |
| bānloca, neut. | "locked bone-enclosure" | body |
| brēosthord, neut. | "breast-hoard" | feeling, thought, character |
| frumgār, masc. | "first spear" | chieftain |
| hronrād, fem. | "whale-road" | sea |
| merestrǣt, fem. | "sea-street" | the way over the sea |
| nihthelm, masc. | "night-helmet" | cover of night |
| sāwoldrēor, masc. or neut. | "soul-blood" | life-blood |
| sundwudu, masc. | "sea-wood" | ship |
| wordhord, neut. | "word-hoard" | capacity for speech |
űѸʣ (compounding) ˤդʸäϡ#1148. űѸ˭ʸϡ ([2012-06-18-1]) ǤǧѤߤʣϤȤ櫓ʸˤƺ¤˳Ѥ줿º Beowulf ɽűѻˤƤϡֲסͦΡס襤סֳפʤɤѽФ복ǰФơ͡ (synonym) Ѥ줿ϡñĴ뤿Ǥ⤢äε#2676. űѻƬ ([2016-08-24-1]) Ǽ夲Ƭε§˱褦˼ɽɬפäǤ⤢ä
ʲBaker (137) ꡤBeowulf ʵڤӤ¾λˤ˸ֲ緯פɽ魯褦ʣ줬¿ñǤθޤޤƤˡ
bēagġyfa, masc. ring-giver.
bealdor, masc. lord.
brego, masc. lord.
folcāgend, masc. possessor of the people.
folccyning, masc. king of the people.
folctoga, masc. leader of the people.
frēa, masc. lord.
frēadrihten, masc. lord-lord.
frumgār, masc. first spear.
godlgġyfa, masc. gold-giver.
goldwine, masc. gold-friend.
gūðcyning, masc. war-king.
herewīsa, masc. leader of an army.
hildfruma, masc. battle-first.
hlēo, masc. cover, shelter.
lēodfruma, masc. first of a people.
lēodġebyrġea, masc. protector of a people.
mondryhten, masc. lord of men.
rǣswa, masc. counsellor.
siġedryhten, masc. lord of victory.
sincġifa, masc. treasure giver.
sinfrēa, masc. great lord.
þenġel, masc. prince.
þēodcyning, masc. people-king.
þēoden, masc. chief, lord.
wilġeofa, masc. joy-giver.
wine, masc. friend.
winedryhten, masc. friend-lord.
wīsa, masc. guide.
woroldcyning, masc. worldly king.
ˤϻˤʤʣ¿ޤޤƤꡤŪʣ (poetic compound) ȸƤФƤ롥1Ǥ2Ǥ folccyning (people-king) Τ褦⤢СξǤۤƱǾĹ frēadrihten (lord-lord) Τ褦⤢롥ˡȥ˥ߡѤ椫ͷ bēagġyfa (ring-giver) ⤢롥Ǹ˵तŪʣ kenning ȸƤФ졤űѻˤ礭ħȤʤäƤʡ#472. kenning ([2010-08-12-1]) ȡˡ
Baker, Peter S. Introduction to Old English. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
#1276. hereby, hereof, thereto, therewith, etc. ([2012-10-24-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡhere/there/where + ֻפȤʣϡޤä쥸ǡֻ + this/that/it/which פȥѥե졼ۤɤΰ̣ɽ魯ʣ2Ǥ֤ŤѸŪ (synthesis) ȴطƤ롤ȤȤϸȤƤ⡤ʤ̾Ѥ *thisby, *thatwith, *whichfore ʤɤȤʤ餺Ѥ hereby, therewith, wherefore ȤʤΤ
ŪˤСhere, there, where ʤɤȤƤǤϤʤ "this/that/which place" ۤɤž̾ȤƵǽƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥̻ŪˤϤɤΤ褦ΤOED Ĵ٤ȡȤ߹碌ֻˤäƤǯϰۤʤ뤬ᤤΤϸűѸ줫鸽Ƥ롥here, adv. and n. θФʣ˴ؤ츻ŪˡΤ褦ˤä
here- in combination with adverbs and prepositions.
871--89 Charter of Ælfred in Old Eng. Texts 452 þas gewriotu þe herbeufan awreotene stondað.
1646 Youths Behaviour (1663) 32 As hath been said here above.
[These originated, as in the other Germanic languages, in the juxtaposition of here and another adverb qualifying the same verb. Thus, in 805--31 at HEREBEFORE adv. 1 hær beforan = here (in this document), before (i.e. at an earlier place). Compare herein before, herein after at HEREIN adv. 4, in which herein is similarly used. But as many adverbs were identical in form with prepositions, and there was little or no practical difference between 'here, at an earlier place' and 'before or at an earlier place than this', the adverb came to be felt as a preposition governing here (= this place); and, on the analogy of this, new combinations were freely formed of here (there, where) with prepositions which had never been adverbs, as herefor, hereto, hereon, herewith.]
פˡʣȤʤˤϡhere (= in this document) before (at an earlier place) ʤɤΩȤƤޤ֤ƤˤʤäȤhere "this place (in the document)" Ȳᤵ졤before ֻȤƲᤵȡԤϸԤŪǤʬϤ졤"before this place (in the document)" ۤɤǤǧ˻äΤȤĤޤꡤhere ΰ̣Ѳ before ʻžʸ̮Ϣư̤κʬ (reanalysis) ˤۤʤʤθϡäθΥѥǤȡ¾졦ֻˤ⼫ͳ˰ܿƤä
͡ʣνǯįƤߤȡűѸ줫ѸФƸѸ˻ޤ³Ū˥ѥѥȸƤꡤä˿郎쵤äȤݤϤʤѸǤϤǤ¿μबѤƤȤ狼롥
ʤOED there, adv. (adj. and n.) ˤСμʣθŤᤫˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ƤˡΧդθոȤưʳǤϡǤˡԸšդΥ졼٥뤬ŽƵפȤ
'the compounds of there meaning that, and of here meaning this, have been for some time passing out of use, and are no longer found in elegant writings, or in any other than formulary pieces' (Todd's Johnson 1818, at Therewithall).[ | ѥڡ ]
ʳظ (ISV = International Scientific Vocabulary) ˤϡꥷǤʣ礵Τ¿Ф neo-Hellenic compounds ȸƤФ뤬θäϼȤƶλʪǤʥƥξˤ neo-Latin compounds ȤƤФ졤碌 neo-classical compounds ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ⤢ˡ̾ˤƤ⡤#511. Myrmecophaga tridactyla ([2010-09-20-1]) #512. ̾ ([2010-09-21-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡꥷǤøŪѤƤ뤷#552. combining form ([2010-10-31-1]) ζ븻ȤƤƱ礭ޤeco-, micro-, tele-, -ology ʤɤΥꥷͳ褹ܼϤ⤯ISV ȤϤ߽Фơ̸äηˤڤǤ롥
ISV ˤƥꥷ줬˱ɤطʤˤϡʳؤȯŸΤˤơƥ¤ǥꥷ줬ĹָҤȤߤʤƤ롥衼åѤˤơꥷΰҿɤĶۤƹäƤȤΤϡʳؤȯŸˤȤäƤϹʤȤäѸեɥĸ⡤ISV ΤˤꥷѤȤΩ䤹äͥʹߡº֤٤μθϥꥷʵڤӥƥˤˤꡤȶ̤ƹͤ褦ˤʤäȤǡθβʳءʸáˤȯŸȳˤȤäơ郎äΤǤ롥
Potter (86) ϡμθȤƤΥꥷȤͤޥޥΤߤʤ餺ϤΥˤƤϤޤäȤϡȤ櫓ʤȤǤäȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
In the ever expanding world of science and invention most of these new words are either taken direct from Greek or compounded of Greek elements. This applies not only to English but also to the other three widely disseminated languages --- French, Spanish and Portuguese. Moreover, and in some ways more important still, this also applies to Russian. The modified Cyrillic 33-letter alphabet of modern Russian is based upon the 22-letter alphabet of Greek which is the same today as it was in the time of Plato and Aristotle. Ties between Kiev, Byzantium and Athens have been close throughout the ages. / It is indeed most fortunate that the scientists of the two leading powers --- the United States and the Soviet Union --- both go to Greek for their technical terms. Scientists now have at their disposal a copious store of neo-Hellenic components. They have come to regard the Greek language as a kind of quarry from which they can mine blocks to be shaped at need to make new words or to adapt forms already in use. (86)
ϡʸηϤޤʸˤ̤ơꥷȤ̩ܿݤäƤ衼åѽʸȥʸȤδ֤ˤŪľܤ¿ʤäơȤ⤹ ISV 2ġʰʾˤηʬƤޤäƤ⤷ʤ⤷ʤäƤ顤ʳؤȯŸ®٤Ϥä٤ʤäƤ衼åѤǶ̤ưҿǧƤꥷ줬ʳظ÷δäȤ줿Ȥǡˤ ISV 1˼ޤäƤΤǤ롥
ܸüԤˤȤäơISV δפ˥ꥷ줬뤫Ȥäơؤ־ä˥åȤ櫓ǤϤʤISV 1ǤޤȤޤäƤ뤳ȤˤäƲʳؤȯŸ¤¥졤βä̱Ȥƺ¤˵ƤȹͤСϤꥮꥷƯ礭ɾǤ
Potter, Simon. Changing English. London: Deutsch, 1969.
ʲˡѸܸθûˡˤоȤǤ褦ɽ줾λˤäħվˤΤǤ롥#1524. Ѹˤλʬ ([2013-06-29-1]) ȡ#1525. ܸˤλʬ ([2013-06-30-1]) Ǥ줾θλʬξԤ줤˽Ťʤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡɽǤϤ褽ζʬDz¤ӤˤѸ¦ǤŵȤ櫓ǤϤʤ¿ܥ֥Ǥ͡ʷǿƤΤǡɸ䥫ƥѤƴϢ뵭ˤɤĤȤǤϤǤ롥Ȥ櫓ѸθˤĤƤϡ#883. Algeo ο쥽ʬ (1) ([2011-09-27-1]) 濴ȤƵǺ٤äƤΤǡȡܸ¦ϡإܸ2ûˡ (p. 7) θûǯɽ˵ä
| Old English | * Germanic vocabulary | ¸ʤޤȤȤСˤʬ | |
| * monosyllabic bases | 2줬ܡ | ||
| * derivation and compounding | ȤθήǴ줬Ѥ줿㡧㡡㡡ʤʤʩȤȤ줿ȤФˤϡ´̡ספΤ褦ʸ奤ɸåȸˤޤޤƤ롥 | ||
| * Christianity-related vocabulary from Latin (some via Celtic) | 줬ڤ㡧ʤʤˡ©ʤˡǰڡʤˤˡܡʤȤߡˤ | ||
| * few Celtic words | ʸȴʸɸȤʸξΩ롥㡧ߥˡҸߤˡӢҥˡʷɸˡӢʷɸ | ||
| Middle English | * Old Norse loanwords including basic words | ʣˤäơƻ줬¤줿 | |
| * a great influx of French words | 줬̲ | ||
| * an influx of Latin technical words | Ÿ졦θ졦˼ʤɡ꺹ˤĤƤǧ¸ߤ | ||
| Modern English | * a great influx of Latin loanwords | αΤײɤळȤФ㡧ʤɤˡػҡʤˡġʤդȤˡƬʤޤ¤夦 | |
| * Greek loanwords directly | ꥹȶ붵դ衤ޤ̾طʤɤˤꡤݥȥ줬Ѥ줿㡧ѥ륿ܥåѡҹ籩 | ||
| * loanwords from various languages | 줬̲˿Ʃ | ||
| * Shakespeare's vocabulary | ؤʬ˱Ƹäΰ꺹ޤä | ||
| * scientific vocabulary | ؤȤδطǥ줬Ѥ줿㡧륳롡åס | ||
| Present-Day English | * shortening | Ȥơ¤줬ä롥㡧ůءҡŴƻ̱ | |
| * many Japanese loanwords | ƸɮƬȤơե졤ɥĸ졤ꥢʤɤγ줬ä롥 | ||
| * compounding revived | Ĺʣάά줬¿Ѥ롥 | ||
| * loanwords decreased |
ɸΤ褦 here there 1ǤȤֻ2ǤȤʣ¿롥ϡhere this ȡthere it that ɤؤơֻθ˲Ọ̇̄ŪɸθϤ줾 by this, of this, to that, with that ۤɤ̣롥Ǥ˷ĥä뤬űѸ줫ѸˤƤϤ褯Ѥ졤μ٤ϤषƤۤɤǤ롥17ʹߤϵ˸äƤ椭Τ褦ʸ¤줿Ѱ (register) ؤɤޤ줿ͳȤƤϡѸι¤ȤŵŪǤʤȤĤޤ礫ʬϤؤαѸμήȿȤŦƤ (Rissanen 127) ʸˡȤơޤǸꤵ줿֤ǼѤ줿ϡtherefore ΤߤȤäƤ褤
ѸdzǧѰФϡǤѸˤ˨꤬롥here-, there- ʣϡѸǤϤޤ̤˻ȤƤ뤬ǤߤˡΧʸǤλѤݤäƤ롥ʲϡRissanen (127) Helsinki Corpus ˤĴ̤Ǥʿ١åο1٤ɽ魯ˡ
| Statutes | Other texts | |
|---|---|---|
| ME4 (1420--1500) | 68 (60) | 621 (31) |
| EModE1 (1500--70) | 77 (65) | 503 (28) |
| EModE2 (1570--1640) | 84 (71) | 461 (26) |
| EModE3 (1640--1710) | 126 (96) | 191 (12) |
űѸθ (word formation) (derivation) ʣ (compounding) ˤꡤ˭Ǥ뤳ȤϡűѸʸˡѸˤγ̤Ƥ褯ΤƤ롥Baugh and Cable (64--65) ǤϡŪȤơűѸ mōd "mood, heart, mind, spirit; boldness, courage, pride, haughtiness" Ȥ1Ĥθ캬顤100ʾθ줬Ȥ¤Ҳ𤵤Ƥ롥100ĤȤޤǤϤʤǵƤ̣ȤȤƤߤ褦
mōdig "spirited, bold, high-minded, arrogant, stiff-necked"
mōdiglic "magnanimous"
mōdiglīce "boldly; proudly"
mōdignes "magnanimity; pride"
mōdigian "to bear oneself proudly or exultantly; to be indignant, to rage"
gemōdod "disposed; minded"
mōdfull "haughty"
mōdlēas "spiritless"
mōdsefa "mind, thought, understanding"
mōdgeþanc "mind, thought, understanding"
mōdgeþoht "mind, thought, understanding"
mōdgehygd "mind, thought, understanding"
mōdgemynd "mind, thought, understanding"
mōdhord "mind, thought, understanding"
mōdcræft "intelligence"
mōdcræftig "intelligent"
glædmōdnes "kindness"
mōdlufu "affection"
unmōd "despondency"
mōdcaru "sorrow"
mōdlēast "want of courage"
mādmōd "folly"
ofermōd "pride"
ofermōdigung "pride"
ofermōdig "proud"
hēahmōd "proud; noble"
mōdhete "hate"
micelmōd "magnanimous"
swīþmōd "great of soul"
stīþmōd "resolute; obstinate"
gūþmōd "warlike"
torhtmōd "glorious"
mōdlēof "beloved"
Hall θűѸ켭2ǡˤ mōdig դΤȡۤˤϢΤ뤳Ȥ狼롥

Τ˸űѸθ "resourcefulness" ˤ϶äʣ˴ؤƤϡαĹ kenning ȤʸŪΤ뤳ȤŦƤ
"resourcefulness" űѸζŪɽ魯ΤɤȤˤĤƤϽθפ롥[2011-05-28-1]ε#761. űѸ derivation ϻǤפǹͻ褦ˡ "resourcefulness" ϡűѸ̻Ūʣη̤ߡѤ졤˭ʸåͥåȥȤƸűѸ˶Ū˸ƤȤȤǤϤʤsynchronic productivity diachronic productivity ȤʬƹͤɬפΤǤϤʤ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Hall, John Richard Clark, ed. A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan, 1916.
űѸλˤ kenning ֥˥פȸƤФ뱣Ūնɽ롥¿2ĤǤʤʣ ( compound ) ǡȴ˭ȯۤ˴ŤǤȤ߹碌ˤŪɽФhwælweg "whale's way" ַߤƻפɽŪˡֳפؤ夲褦ξ硤ʣμƻפȻؼоݡֳפȤϴŪϢۤƯʤַߡפȡֳפȤϴŪ˷ӤĤƤ롥θַߡפ𤷤ƼƻפȻؼоݡֳפȤƴŪ˷ӤĤȤ̣ǡŪ뤤նŪɽȸΤǤ롥Τ褦˰̣Ū˸̩ kenning ȡkenning ȸƤ٤ɽϸűѻǤ⤫ʤ¤Ƥ롥̣DZŪնɽȤȤ館ΤǤСʤμबǧƤ롥
Ȥơ kenning λؼоݤƤߤƤ餤ʬå롥
| kenning | literal sense | meaning |
|---|---|---|
| beaduleoma | "battle-light" | sword |
| famigheals flota | "foamy-necked floater" | ship |
| feorhhus | "soul-house" | body |
| goldgiefa | "gold-giver" | prince, lord |
| hēafodgimm | "head-gem" | eye |
| merehengest | "sea-horse" | ship |
| sǣwudu | "sea-wood" | ship |
| swanrād | "swan-road" | sea |
| sweordplega | "swordplay" | fighting |
| wælstōwe | "place of slaughter" | battlefield |
| woruldcandel | "world-candle" | sun |
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