[2012-05-02-1], [2012-05-03-1]εǼ夲Ƥ Zipf's law ڡʤȤθˤ뤿ˡGeneral Service List (GSL) κ2000;ΥǡѤƷƤߤʥǡեˡ


ǽΥդٽ̤٤ݤ碌դǡٽ100̤ۤɤޤǤθоݤȤʲϤҤƤ椯ΤߤʤΤǾά٤ΥդޤǤʤѤοۤɤDZٸΤۤȤɤʤäƤޤͻҤ褯狼롥
ΥդϡZipf's law ˤˤʤȤٽ̤٤ѤļˤȤäΤǤ롥̿ޤǤϡפϾ岼礭ɤưꤷʤʸ1000줰餤ޤǤϡˤ䤫ϤΤΡ夯θΥճǤϤҤ³롥äơפǤΤܤ˸Ƥ1000줰餤ޤǤ
ˡ§ȸƤ֤ΤϤޤ˳Ƥȹͤ뤫Ū褯ФƤȤȤ館뤫ϡѻԤθҤȤĤǤ롥Zipf's law ˤפϡ֤褽פȲ᤹Τۤλ֤褽פɤ٤ǤΤƤʤޤZipf's law ĥƤΤȰۤʤꡤդ٤Ȥ륳ѥΥˤ¸褦
ε[2012-05-02-1] Zipf's law ˤĤƳ⤷Zipf's law ˤˡ§פ¿ꡤ1Ĥˡ[2012-04-22-1]ε#1091. ;١ѡפǤŦָǤϡ٤⤱вûפȤΤ롥ưŪˡ̻ŪɽȡָǤϡ٤⤯ʤвûʤפȤʤ롥٤⤯ʤäƤ椯ȡ٤ٱϤΤΡβûƤ椯Τ뤳Ȥϡ䤿иŪˤ褯ΤäƤ뤳ȤǤ롥#878. Algeo Bauer ο쥽Ĵӡ([2011-09-22-1]) #879. Algeo ο쥽Ĵ鼨̻Ū([2011-09-23-1]) ǸȤꡤѸο쥽Ȥû (shortening) ˤäƤꡤˤϻ礫ʤ
Zipf's law ˡ§ΤĶŪյ̻Ūյ碌ƹͤȡ٤Ĺˤäơ줬Ϸ椯 (senescent word) ʤΤޤĤĤ (nascent word) ʤΤ̤ǤȤǽ롥Zipf Human Behaviour and the Principle of Least Effort: An Introduction to Human Ecology νɾ路 Chao (399) ꡤϢսѤ褦
A very interesting application of the tool analogy is that of senescent and nascent tools in connection with the Principle of Economical Specialization. Reasoning from tool efficiency yields the result that 'whenever we find a tool (or word) whose magnitude is smaller than that of its neighbors in the frequency range, we may conclude that the tool (or word) of below-average size is an older tool (or word) whose usage is on the decrease (hereinafter we shall call this a senescent tool)', and 'whenever we find a tool (or word) whose magnitude is above average for its frequency, we may conclude not only that it is a newer tool (or word), but that its usage may well be directed toward an increase (hereinafter we shall call this a nascent tool)' (72). The application to words is verified to a fair degree for English of various periods (111). By regarding all behavior as work and words as tools, the analogy becomes a case and the qualifier 'or word' can be omitted.
Ūûñ A ͤ롥Zipf's law ˤСA Ū٤ι⤤ͽۤ뤬ºݤˤƱ٤٤¾¿θ٤ȲûȤ롥ξ硤餯 A Ϥ٤ޤäƤ senescent word ȹͤƤ褤ȿФˡŪĹñ B ͤ롥Zipf's law ˤСB Ū٤㤤ͽۤ뤬ºݤˤƱ٤٤¾¿θ٤ȲĹȤ롥ξ硤餯 B Ϥ줫٤ޤޤƤ椭ṳ̂Ƥ椯ͽۤ nascent word ȹͤƤ褤ϡZipf's law ˡƬ˽Ҥ٤ŪٱȤݤ碌ˡ§ȤäƤ褤
̾ Zipf's law ŪǶŪŪˡ§ȤȤ館Ƥ뤬ưŪ̻Ūʴ顤οդˡ§ȤƺƲᤷƤߤȤ⤷
Chao, Y. R. "Review of Human Behaviour and the Principle of Least Effort: An Introduction to Human Ecology by George Kingsley Zipf." Language 26 (1950): 394--401.
##1089,1090,1091,1098 εǡ (information theory) ؤͿƤθˤĤơĤƤιȤơǤ褯ΤƤΤ1Ĥˡꥫθؼ George Kingsley Zipf (1902--50) 1949ǯ Human Behaviour and the Principle of Least Effort: An Introduction to Human Ecology ˤ Zipf's law åפˡ§ˤ롥٤ˤĤƤηиŪˡ§Ǥꡤ٤ f Ȥ٤ν̤ r Ȥȡ C ϤۤȤʤȤ
r f = C
ˡ§ϡ졤ƥȤμꡤԡ¾θŪѿˤ餺ΩĤȤ뤬ºݤˤ٤ǹ⤪Ӻθ췲ˤĤƤϸ礭Ȥ狼äƤꡤϹ⤯ʤȤȽ¿ޤr ٽ̡ˤʤ f ١ˤ˰¸Ƥꡤf r ΤϼǤ뤫顤ѤͤȤȤȤ϶ä٤ǤϤʤΥȡȥǤȤȽ롥иŪ¤˾Ȥ餷ˡ§ȤޤǤϤ鷺Ȥⷹ褯ɽ路ƤȤȤϤǤŪ˻Ŧյ礭
Zipf's law ȵڸ̤¿ˤ錄롥㤨Сˡ§ˤС٤ι⤤줫餽λ٤߷פƹԤŪθDZٸʬ뤳Ȥ顤ؽܸä˺ͿΤȤʤ롥ޤˡ§Ŭ礷ʤʬۤäȤС¾üװͿƤǽȤʾθ٤ޤ˹⤹иäϼ岽ƤȿǤ뤷٤㤤Ϥθ줬٤ѤƤˤȯŪʿ¤äʬɤꤵˡ
Zipf's law ϡʹ֤ιưʤȤ礭ʸ§the Principle of Least Effort ʺǾϤθ§ˤΰǤꡤθؤαѤϡ嵭κǤ褯Τ줿٤ٽδطθΤߤʤ餺¾θƤˤڤǤ롥㤨С٤ȸĹȿδطˤ롤ȤΤ⤢롥ѸñǤ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ¡ʲʬĴˤĤƤ ##348,349,355 ȡˤ䡤٤⤯ʤƬʤɤΤ褦û̡ά뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ¤⡤θ롥ۤˤϡϰϤȤ°οδطɽ魯ĴǤ٤㤤Ȥ븶§ʤɡˡ§Ͽ¿ cooperative principle ʶĴθ§ˤˤ̤γΧ֡ʤξˤơɬפȤƤʤΡ˾ͿפȤͿ"effort" ʤɤ꤬ĤäƤꡤޤǾϤʹ֤ιưʤͣθ§ǤȤϹͤ뤳ȤǤʤΰ̤ĤΤȤƽפʳǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
ʤʸǤϡ嵭Τθ§ Zipf's law ȤƸڤ뤳Ȥꡤޤ Zipf's laws ʣǤޤȤ줿ꡤthe Principle of Least Effort 礵줿ꤹ뤳Ȥ⤢ΤդɬפǤ롥Zipf νɾȤƤ Chao ȡŪˡ§ˤĤƤϡCrystal (86--87) ȡ
Chao, Y. R. "Review of Human Behaviour and the Principle of Least Effort: An Introduction to Human Ecology by George Kingsley Zipf." Language 26 (1950): 394--401.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997.
ܥ֥Ǥ١夲Ƥ André Martinet (1908--99) ϡθؤ˱Ѥȼʿ¤ؼԤǤ롥[2012-04-20-1], [2012-04-21-1]εǡ; (redundancy) ˿ƤMartinet ;ȴϢƳΨ (probability) (information) (frequency) (cost) ȤäǰƳδطΤʤ˸ѲθõȤʲϡѸƳΰǤĤǡˡ
Ce qu'il convient de retenir de tout ceci pour comprendre la dynamique linguistique se ramène aux constatations suivantes : il existe un rapport constant et inverse entre la fréquence d'une unité et l'information qu'elle apporte, c'est-à-dire, en un certain sens, son efficacité ; il tend à s'établir un rapport constant et inverse entre la fréquence d'une unité et son coût, c'est-à-dire que représente d'énergie consommée chaque utilisation de cette unité. Un corollaire de ces deux constatations est que toute modification de la fréquence d'une unité entraîne une variation de son efficacité et laisse prévoir une modification de sa forme. Cette dernière pourra ne se produire qu'à longe échéance, car les condition réelles du fonctionnement des langues tendent à freiner les évolutions. (189--90)
ϳؤ뤿ˡΤΤˤĤ٤ȤϡγǧǤ롥ñ̤٤Ȥ줬ľʤʤ̣ǤϤθ̡ˤΤˤϰˤȿδط롨ϡñ̤٤Ȥѡʤʤñ̤Ѥ뤳ȤǾ륨ͥ륮ˤΤΰˤȿδطȤʤ뷹롥2ĤγǧεȤơñ̤٤ѤФθ̤Ѳ뤷η֤Ѳͽۤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥θԤѲϤޤĹ֤ΤǤ롥ȤΤϡѤθ¤ξȯã뷹뤫
Martinet ϡѤβսǡ;⤤ȤȤͽ¬ǽ⤤ȤȤǤꡤϸǤνиΨ뤤٤Ȥ̩ܤ˴ϢȤȤƤ롥̤ˡǤ٤⤱;⤯ͤ㤤 "plus une unité (mot, monème, phonème) est fréquente, moins elle est informative" (188) ơѤȤǤळȤˤäơƶ줿üԤˤȤäơ٤⤱й⤤ۤɡ1ȯɬפȤ륨ͥ륮̤ϾʤۤԹ礬褤¿Υͥ륮פȯ٤֤ⷫΤԷкѤդˡ٤㤤ɽϡȤȯ礭ʥͥ륮ɬפȤƤ⤢ޤ꺤ʤˤ衤ȯ뵡
Τ褦ˡѡפȯˤ륨ͥ륮̤Ȳ᤹硤̩ˤϸġβȯɤΤ餤Ѥפ뤫Τɬפ뤬η¬ˤ٤ƤñȯƱ٤ѤפȲꤹСɽפѤϤβĹ˰¸ϤǤ롥Ѥñ˲ĹƱͤȤСδطǤ롧ָǤϡ٤⤱вûסѲƤϤСָǤϡ٤⤯ʤвûʤפȤʤ
٤ѤȿδطϡиŪˤ褯Ǥ롥褯ȤȯˤƤɽˤƤû̡ά뷹롥ˤäƤϡû̡άεˤηȤơ̵˵Ȥ餢롥ʸˡŪʴɽṳ̂Ǹ경褯졤ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) Ȥưˤۤʤʤޤ[2012-01-14-1]εǼ夲#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ספ⡤٤ѤδطȤȤ館ʤȤǤ
ΰѤκǸˤ̤ꡤ٤ѤδطѲ褦Ȥݤˤϡֺθɬפ롥٤ƤƤ餽θṳ̂ޤǤˤϡ٤λ֤ɬפޤ٤ѤشطϡޤǴˤ䤫ʤΤǤ뤳ȤˤդƤɬפ롥ΰԤɸ꤬ "Laxité du rapport entre fréquence et coût" ٤Ѥδطδˤ䤫ˤǤ뤳ȤդäƤ
Martinet, André. Éléments de linguistique générale. 5th ed. Armand Colin: Paris, 2008.
ε#1021. ѸܸβǤμȿ ([2012-02-12-1]) ǡǰǤǤϡѸβǤΤʤǤäȤ¿Ȥ벻ǤϲơäȤȤʤΤϲ
פȤä椬롥Fry, D. B. "The Frequency of Occurrence of Speech Sounds in Southern English." Archives Néerlandaises de Phonétique Expérimentale 20 (1947) ǽФ줿פ Crystal (239, 242) ˷ǺܤƤΤǡ˺ƷǤ롥ĹäˤٲǤǿΤǤ롥
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | total | ||||
| /iː/ | /ɪ/ | /e/ | /æ/ | /ʌ/ | /ɑː/ | /ɒ/ | /ɔː/ | /ʊ/ | /uː/ | /ɜː/ | /ə/ | /eɪ/ | /aɪ/ | /ɔɪ/ | /əʊ/ | /aʊ, ɑʊ/ | /ɪə/ | /eə/ | /ʊə/ | |||||
| 1.65 | 8.33 | 2.97 | 1.45 | 1.75 | 0.79 | 1.37 | 1.24 | 0.86 | 1.13 | 0.52 | 10.74 | 1.71 | 1.83 | 0.14 | 1.51 | 0.61 | 0.21 | 0.34 | 0.06 | 39.21 | ||||
| 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | |
| /p/ | /b/ | /t/ | /d/ | /k/ | /g/ | /ʧ/ | /ʤ/ | /f/ | /v/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /s/ | /z/ | /ʃ/ | /ʒ/ | /h/ | /m/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ | /l/ | /r/ | /w/ | /j/ | |
| 1.78 | 1.97 | 6.42 | 5.14 | 3.09 | 1.05 | 0.41 | 0.60 | 1.79 | 2.00 | 0.37 | 3.56 | 4.81 | 2.46 | 0.96 | 0.10 | 1.46 | 3.22 | 7.58 | 1.15 | 3.66 | 3.51 | 2.81 | 0.88 | 60.78 |
ε#974. 3;̾μʷ˺Ѥ۲([2011-12-27-1]) ǡҲ㤨Ȥ۲Ѥˤä homonymic clash ǽˤĤ3;̾μʤ˸¤äƤεäǤϡгʤϤɤäȤȡϰۤʤäƤ
3;ʣ̾ th- μƤΥߥʤˤۤʤäƤȤϡѸ˾塤褯ΤƤ롥ʣʷ they μƤϽѸгʷ their them ʤɤϸѸ Chaucer ǤŪǤϤʤäơμƤλֺϡ̾٤κȴطƤ롥ʤϼгʤ٤ƻ٤⤯̤ɬ礭homonymic clash ٤¿ʬʤΤۤ줿Ȥ櫓
ʤȼгʤ٤κˤϡ3;ʣ th- ˤĤƤʤΤ̤Ʊ3;ʣʳ֤̾ˤĤƤŬѤǤűѸο;̾ηϤǤϡ夲ʤǤϤʤгʤˤƤ homonymy ߤ줿㤨СLate West-Saxon ɸŪʥѥ ([2009-09-29-1]) ˽Сhis ñ°ʤñ°ʡhim ñͿʤñͿʤʣͿʡhīe ϽñгʤʣгʤǤꡤͤεϳΤˤäѸʹߤδߤСȤƤϤξͤ줿Ȥˤʤ뤬гʤǤκμƤΥߥϡʤ٤٤ä褦Ǥ롥Ȥơñ°ʤ his its ִ줿Τϡ[2009-11-11-1]ε#198. its εפǸȤꡤѸˤʤäƤ
гʤǤϡѸгʤͿʤͻ (syncretism) ȤѲʹԤƤꡤñ˼ʤȯã٤뤳ȤϤǤʤгʤϡʤˤߤ褦ʰ۲ѤˤäƤǤϤʤʤͻˤäƤΥѥȤäƤ٤ȤϤϤʤ٤оͤƤ䤹кμƤʤäȤФä٤뷹϶Ȥκݤ˹ͤͳϡϤ٤κȤȰʳˤϹͤĤʤ
(productivity) ˤĤƤϡproductivity γƵˤƤǤϡɤΤ褦뤫ɤΤ褦¬ꤹ뤫ϡˤǤȽҤ٤ˤȤɤޤäϡˤ⤦Ƨ߹ߤ
ޤϡLieber (61) ˤ롤"productive" "unproductive" ˤ褦
Processes of lexeme formation that can be used by native speakers to form new lexemes are called productive. Those that can no longer be used by native speakers, are unproductive; so although we might recognize the -th in warmth as a suffix, we never make use of it in making new words. The suffixes -ity and -ness, on the other hand, can still be used, although perhaps not to the same degree.
ˤꡤλؤƤ복ǰľŪǤ뤬Ū褦ȤȤʤʤ˴ͿװȤƤϡ3ͤ (Lieber 61--64)
(1) transparency: Ọ̇̄ƩݤƤꡤΤܼΤ˶̤ productive Ǥ롥㤨Сcandidness crudity ˤơ줾־ candid + -ness, crude + -ity ΤǤǤʤΰ̣Τܼʡ?Ǥ֡סˤν (compositional) ȤƲǤ롥ǡ-ness -ity ѤƩ٤⤤ȸ롥
-ity -ness ٤Ʃ٤㤤1Ĥˤϡrusticity ˤơֻ rustic + -ity ƩŪʬϤ뤬ȯϴΤκǸλҲ /k/ /s/ ѲƤꡤʬƩ㤯ʤ롥̤Ǥϡtimid ζ1timidity ζϴΤ2ذưƤꡤƩ㤯ʤäƤ롥ˡoddity ϡodd + -ity ưפȤꡤƩŪˡְ۾Ǥ뤳ȡפ̣Τߤʤ餺ѿ͡פ̣롥ԤθˤĤƤϡͽ¬ǽʡƩˤ㤤ȤߤʤȤǤ롥Ǹˡdexterity ǤϡΤȤ *dexter ͽۤȤϼºݤˤ¸ߤʤΤǤ롥ǤϡƩݤƤʤ
oddity ѿ͡ˤǿ줿̣ͽ¬ԡ˲ǽȤɸϡ줬 mental lexicon ϿƤ뤫ɤȤꡤò (lexicalization) ˴Ϣ롥ξ硤ְ۾Ǥ뤳ȡפθǤ oddity ϸòƤʤѿ͡פΰ̣Ǥoddity ϸòƤȤȤˤʤ롥äơƩ⤤ۤɸòˤƩ㤤ۤɸò䤹ȤطΩġ
(2) frequency of base type: ܼղäΤοϰϤ礭礭ۤɡθŪǤȤߤʤȤǤ롥 -esque ?Ρˤ̾ղä뤬ȤƸͭ̾˸ꤵ롥ñδΤˤղäˤȤ⤢뤿ᡤɤ̾ˤղä٤СΤϰϤʬ㤤ȤȤˤʤ롥[2009-11-29-1]ε#216. ̾ƻ -esque ħפȡ
(3) usefulness: ͭQŪˡ٤ƤηƻˤĤб̾줬뤳ȤͭѤǤꡤǤȹͤ롥ξ硤ƻ̾첽 -ness, -ity ͭѤǤꡤŪǤȤȤˤʤ롥ȿФˡɽ魯 -ess ϡѻߤμҲŪĬˤͭƤƤꡤʬ㤯ʤäƤƤȹͤ롥
ϡʤȤ⤳3˴Ťɬפ롥
Ѳ̣Ѳˤä (1) ääʤɤˤä (2) ҲŪʲʹѤѲˤä (3) ƶȤȤͤȡޤ̻ŪѲ˻ƤȤȤ餫
Lieber, Rochelle. Introducing Morphology. Cambridge: CUP, 2010.
Ѹ˸¤餺ˤ٤ι⤤̯ʿ ([2009-09-20-1]) ѸǤϡưβʬ졤̾ʣƻ졦ӵ顦ǾԵ§ʿΤˤϡٸ줬Τ¿̾ʣäʤȡѸ̤ˤǹͤ men, children, feet, teeth ʤɤ˻פ⤫֡geese, mice, oxen, sheep ʤɤϤϤƤۤɹٸȤ[2010-03-01-1]ǾҲ𤷤ٸꥹȤ BNC lemma į¤ꡤgoose ox ʤɤϾ6318äƤʤ oxen ˤĤƤ[2010-08-22-1]ȡ
geese oxen ⤫ĤƤϸȶưʪǤꡤ٤⤫äȻפ롥줬ȶǤʤʤäƤˤԵ§ݻƤΤȹͤ夢뤤ϲˤ٤ˡԵ§ʸݤηŪ뤳ȤϤǤʤ٤ȵ§δط̵뤷ʤȤϳΤǤ롥Ϣ McMahon (73) Ѥ롥
It has been suggested that residual words are often the most frequently occurring, which will be heard and learned earliest by the child and which are furthermore most susceptible to correction if the child does produce a regularised form like **foots. Some objections can be raised; for instance, ox is not a particularly common noun in modern English - although it probably occurred rather frequently in Middle English. Ox might have been expected to regularise as it became less common, but this decrease in frequency probably overlapped with the rise of literacy, which tends to slow down analogical change. In general, the connection of resistance to analogy with frequency seems to hold.
̾ʣθƤȡŤѸäѸˤΥƥȤ˸ưʪ̾ҴȿƤޤ Kyng Alisaunder ɤǤơΤ褦ʸϤ˽Ф路ޥɥ˥Alisaunder Philippe Τ Bulcifal ԤѤȤ뤳Ȥᡤζ˿ʪȤ̤Ǥ롥ε[2011-03-21-1]Ʊ͡Smithers Ǥ B (MS. Laud Misc. 622 of the Bodleian Library, Oxford) L (MS. 150 of the Library of Lincoln's Inn, London) 2СӤʤѤưʪʣֻ̾Ȥˡ
Oxen, sheep, and ek ken, many on he dude slen, And after he bad his goddes feyre He most wyte of his eyre, Of Alisaunder and Philippoun, Who shulde haue þe regioun. (B 759--64) Oxen schep and eke kuyn
Monyon he dude slen
And after he bad his godus faire
He moste y witen of his aire
Of Alisaundre or of Philipoun
Whiche schold haue þe regioun (L 756--61)
⤦1ĤϡAlexander Darius 臘˽Ƥ̡
Hij charged many a selcouþe beeste
Of olifauntz, and ek camayles,
Wiþ armure and ek vitayles,
Longe cartes wiþ pauylounes,
Hors and oxen wiþ venisounes,
Assen and mulen wiþ her stouers; (B 1860--65)
Y chargid mony a selcouþ beste
Olifauns and eke camailes
Wiþ armure and eke vitailes
Long cartes wiþ pauelouns
Hors and oxen wiþ vensounes
Assen and muylyn wiþ heore stoueris (L 1854--59)
ˤ⤦1ġDarius οʷξ̤ꡥ
Ycharged olifauntz and camaile,
Dromedarien, and ek oxen,
Mo þan ȝe connen asken. (B 3402--04)
And charged olifans and camailes
Dromedaries assen and oxen
Mo þan ȝe can askyn (L 3385--87)
Τ褦ưʪ̾줬ȡѸˤϤưʪʾʤȤʪˤơˤ˿ȶǤäǧǤȤȤˡε§ʣιԵ§ʣݻμŪİ뤳ȤǤ롥
McMahon, April M. S. Understanding Language Change. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Smithers, G. V. ed. Kyng Alisaunder. 2 vols. EETS os 227 and 237. 1952--57.
Google ΤѥġƤGoogle Books Ngram Viewer Google Labs εϤȲǽ礭˶ä2004ǯ1500ܤǥ벽Ƥ Google Υ֥åȤȤʤ520ܡ5000ѥѸΤۤե졤ɥĸ졤졤ڥ졤줬ޤޤƤ뤬ѸǤ British English, American English, English, English Fiction, English One Million 饵֥ѥǤ롥ħϡꤷ5ޤǤθ٤51500--2008ǯˤˤ錄äפդɽƤ뤳ȤGoogle θεˤ롥
Ϥ礭ƥѥȤƤɤɾ٤ʬʤҤȤޤϤdzڤ嵭εˤĤΥץ뤬뤬ѸŪʴؿץȤ burnt burned ʬӤäΤǡEnglish, American English, British English 3֥ѥդФƤߤ
ˡǯ٤´ΰäҼڤ̤ AmE on the street, BrE in the street ȤֻѤκۤ Google Books Ngram Viewer dzǧƤߤAmerican English British English Τ줾Υ֥ѥϤ줿դϰʲ̤ꡥ

in on ϶ΰ̣ʡֳϩǡפּȤơפˤʤɤˤ¸뤿ñʷ֤ӤǤԽʬϤĤ롥
[2010-08-16-1], [2010-08-17-1]εǰä gorgeous ˤĤƤĴ٤Ƥߤ19ˤήԤäƤ20ˤܤǤäηƻ줬American English ˤ1980ǯʹߡƤ֤ƤƤ褯狼롥British English ǤĴ
ѥذ̤ˤ뤬ġλѤϥǥǤ롥ʸŪʴϡ[2009-12-28-1]εǾҲ𤷤 American Dialect Society ˤ "Words of the Century" "Words of the Millennium" ΥΥߥ͡ȸƤߤȤ⤷
¾Υ饤ѥˤĤƤ[2010-11-16-1]ȡ
ʲΩ줫ζä٤ʸɤűѸζѲưԵ§Ѳưˤ֤ȤȤ˸ߡ̤˸äƵ§Ƥ椯®٤ϡưٻɸ2ȿ㤹ȤΤǤ롥Ե§ε§٤شط뤳Ȥ¿δϢ餫ˤƤƤ뤬θǶäΤ϶ŪʿƤȤǤ롥
űѸ줫Ф177Ե§ưʸߤˤޤѸȤʤäƤʤΤΤߡˤΤѸǤԵ§ΤޤĤäΤ145ġѸǤԵ§ΤޤޤʤΤ98ĤȤޤ̤˷ƤϤ2500ǯޤǤԵ§ΤޤĤäƤΤ83ĤǤͽ¬Ƥ롥
ʸˤϷ˴ؤƤ뤬٤ߤФȵ來ФƤ롥
Ѹˤư٤ѥǵƤΤϤ褤ȤơűѸѸˤ٤εŬڤԤѸ˴ؤƤ The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English ѤȽҤ٤Ƥ뤬Ѹ٤ήѤƷƤս⤢ääȤ⡤ήѤˤͤ礭ʤȤʸŸƤϤ뤬
ѸˤĤƤɸѼꤷưƤ뤬αѸˤĤƤϤɤѼǤΤ餯ϻ¿ѼޤѥоݤȤƤΤ
űѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤ褽®٤ǵ§äƤȤ̤ʹߤϡּʡѲ˴Ĥä뵬ʸˡΩ䶵ڤȤҲŪʽäͤ碌ǰ®٤ǤȤȤϲ̣Τ
§ǤϤʤԵ§Ǹ˸줿ʤΤˤ⤦ʤȤˤʤ˻ȤδˤƤ뤬ξ¸ƤĹˤĤƤϲ뤳ȤϤΤ
礭ʻθʤΤǡޤ٤ФɾΤɤȤϻפǡ٤ȤȴˤƤΥޥʸ̤Ū˼Ƥߤ뤳ȤˤơˤθθϤ礭ʲͤƤߤʸˤä further studies ƤʤäΤǡˡ
ֵ§®٤ưٻɸ2ȿ㤹פȤ̤ФθϱѸưε§ŬѤñȯθȹͤƤ褤Τ¾ΤĤΡ˾餯¿Ρ˸Ū§ˤŪŬѤǤΤǤФȤƤͭյ餯ۤɤޤϹԤʤȡΤ褦˸ƳФŪʡ§ϡդ˸ȤɤΤ褦ʾƤΤξ̲뤳ȤϤǤΤޤ̣Τ
ŪʸѲοܡפˤϴؿꡤѲ slow-quick-quick-slow ΥѥSȤóȻ ( lexical diffusion ) ȤܤƤ뤬嵭ƱƤ롥¤ˤϡŪʸѲοܤε뤳ȤϵǤ롥ˤĤƤϺ⤸äͤƤ
Lieberman, Erez, Jean-Baptiste Michel, Joe Jackson, Tina Tang, and Martin A. Nowak. "Quantifying the Evolutionary Dynamics of Language." Nature 449 (2007): 713--16.
ѸκѱñϲˤĤƤϥѥءءȯŸˤꡤ͡ɽƤ־Ǥñ˼ΤǡĤɽŪʥꥹȤؤΥǤƤø˳Ѥ
μפɽ
GSL ( General Service List ): 2000ǤꥹȡǤ1953ǯȸŤߤǤȤƤꥹȡ
AWL ( Academic Word List ): ؽѥƥȤ˸ꤷѸꥹȡ2000ǯ˽Ǥ졤GSL˴ޤޤȽʣʤ褦Ф줿570Ǻܡ10Υ֥ꥹȤʬƤ롥AWL ȤȤʤ롤1984ǯ˽Ǥ줿808Υꥹ UWL ( University Word List ) ⻲ȡ
BNC Word Frequency Lists: BNC ( The British National Corpus ) ˤ6318Υꥹȡɽľܥɤ顥
Top 1000 words in UK English: 18ͤԡ29ʡ460ΥѥФꥹѸκ1000ꥹȡ
Brown Corpus List: Brown Corpus ˤ륢ե٥åȽꥹȡ
The Longman Defining Vocabulary: LDOCE 1988ǯǤåꥹȡ2000ʾ塥
¾ΥꥹȤؤΥ
Work/Frequency List: ͡ɽؤΥ2010/09/10(Fri)ߥڤ
Famous Frequency Lists: ͡ɽؤΥ
Basic English and Common Words: MLκѸɽˤĤƤε
Υե٥åȤʸɽ
Letter Frequencies (rankings for various languages): ĤΥɽ롥BNCǤ "etaoinsrhldcumfpgwybvkxjqz" νȤ롥
ʸ嵭2010/03/07(Sun)American National Corpus ˴ŤɽĤWritten Spoken ʬ̤ɽ⤢ꡥ
ʸ嵭2010/04/12(Mon)COLT: The Bergen Corpus Of London Teenage Language ˴Ť1000ΥꥹĤ
ʸ嵭2011/02/14(Mon)Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) ˴Ť Corpus-based word frequency lists, collocates, and n-grams ĤTop 5,000 lemma, Top 500,000 word forms ʤɡ
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