hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 ڡ / page 3 (4)

frequency - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2014-02-03 Mon

#1743. ICE Frequency Comparer [corpus][web_service][cgi][frequency][new_englishes][variety][ice]

#1730. AmE-BrE 2006 Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-21-1]), #1739. AmE-BrE Diachronic Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-30-1]) ǡthe Brown family of corpora [2010-06-29-1]ε#428. The Brown family of corpora Ѿաפ򻲾ȡˤѤѼ֤뤤̻ŪӥġäBrown family ȤС褦߷פԤޤ줿 ICE (International Corpus of English) ۵[2010-09-26-1]ε#517. ICE 󶡤7ϰѼ拾ѥפ򻲾ȡˡ1990ǯʹߤν񤭸դäդǼ줿100쵬ϤΥѥǡߤӲǽȤʤ褦˺Ƥ롥
ǡ긵ˤ ICE ꡼ΤCanada, Jamaica, India, Singapore, the Philippines, Hong Kong αѸѼ拾ѥ6оݤˡƱ褦ɽꡤǡ١ӤǽȤʤġȤˤĤƤϡ#1730. AmE-BrE 2006 Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-21-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

    
Sort: ICE-Canada frequency ICE-Jamaica frequency ICE-India frequency ICE-Singapore frequency ICE-Philippines frequency ICE-Hong Kong frequency alphabetically nothing (non-regex mode only)


ɤʻȤƻ뤫ϡǥ㤨С"^snow(s|ed|ing)?$", "^Japan(ese)?$", "^bananas?$", "^Asia(n?)s?$" ʤɤǸƤߤȤ⤷⤷ʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-09-25-1] [2015-04-22-1]

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2014-01-30 Thu

#1739. AmE-BrE Diachronic Frequency Comparer [corpus][ame_bre][web_service][cgi][frequency][representativeness]

#1730. AmE-BrE 2006 Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-21-1]) ǡ2006ǯν񤭸եƥȤԻƳѼ拾ѥҲ𤷡˴ŤӥġΥġʤ鵤ŤΤƱˡԻ졤ϤƱ100٤ the Brown family of corpora ʡ#428. The Brown family of corpora Ѿա ([2010-06-29-1])ˤϢȤСľ50ǯ֤ۤɤ̻ŪʱƴӤưפ˲ǽȤʤ롥
ǡεǾҲ𤷤 Professor Paul Baker - Linguistics and English Language at Lancaster University ˤ AmE06 BrE06 ˲äơ񤭸եꥫѸɽ Brown (1961), Frown (1992)񤭸եꥹѸɽ LOB (1961), FLOB (1991) ɽФ碌ƥǡ١ѤλϡAmE-BrE 2006 Frequency Comparer ȤۤƱʤΤǡμ ([2014-01-21-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿ϤɽǤϡθиƥȤοٽ̤ϾʤƤꡤ100٤ɽˤȤɤƤΤǡAmE06 BE06 ˤĤԤξɬפʾˤϡAmE-BrE 2006 Frequency Comparer ɤ

    
Sort: by Brown freq by LOB freq by Frown freq by FLOB freq by AmE06 freq by BE06 freq alphabetically nothing (non-regex mode only)

㤨С^movies?$ ϤƤߤȡŪ˥ꥫѸŪȤƤθʬۤ50ǯۤɤδ֤ˡꥹѸˤ⿻ƩƤƤͻҤ狼롥
ƺ̻ŪѲĴΤǤСñǤϤʤĤĵϤʡ#607. Google Books Ngram Viewer ([2010-12-25-1]) ΤۤؤΥġϡthe Brown family of corpora ١ˤƤ뤬椨ˡ(1) ѹդӲǽǤꡤ(2) פ狼äƤʺƸǽݤƤˤȤ뤳ȤϻŦƤ˾ޤΤϡǤ٤ʥѥȡ緿ǷŤߤˤ륳ѥȤϢȤ뤳Ȥ

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2014-01-21 Tue

#1730. AmE-BrE 2006 Frequency Comparer [corpus][ame_bre][web_service][cgi][frequency][spelling]

Professor Paul Baker - Linguistics and English Language at Lancaster University Ȥڡ򶵤ƤäBaker ԻѸ졦Ƹ쥳ѥ BE06 AmE06 ξȡФñꥹȤ롥ΥѥΤϡ桼ID᤹С󥫥ؤ CQP (Corpus Query Processor) system ꥢǤ롥
BE06 AmE06 ϡ2006ǯ˽Ǥ줿ꥹѼȥꥫѼν񤭸նѹեѥǤ롥Ի乽ϡ#428. The Brown family of corpora Ѿա ([2010-06-29-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 The Brown family ˽सƤꡤ500ƥȡ2000η100ۤɤεϤ
ơΥڡɤǤ BE06 Wordlist in WordSmith 5 format AmE06 Wordlist in WordSmith 5 format ʸФǤϤʤ˸ˤɽФ줾ǡ١ơѼθ٤ӤƤ AmE-BrE Frequency 2006 Comparer ʤġƤߤ

    
Sort: by AmE freq by BrE freq alphabetically nothing (non-regex mode only)


ϤΤϸ§ȤPerl5ɽޡ֡ԤʤɤǶڤäɽΡñꥹȤդ롥1ĤθΤߤϤˤ ^ $ Ƕ ^loves$ Τ褦ˤ뤫뤤 "nothing (non-regex mode only)" Υ饸ܥå򥪥ˤ롥
ϷϡǥեȤǤϥꥫѸ쥳ѥˤ٤ι⤤ǥȤ褦ˤʤäƤ ("by AmE freq") ꥹѸ쥳ѥٽ ("by BrE freq")Υե٥åȽ ("alphabetically") ǽñꥹȤϤˡϤΤޤޤνǽϤȤˤϡ"nothing (non-regex mode only)" 򥪥ˤ롥
100쵬ϤΡʺȤʤäƤϡ˾ΥѥʤΤǡˤäƤϽʬ٤ʤȤ⤢뤬ؤ˱ƺåȤˤϷ̤ WORD, AME_2006, BRE_2006 3ڤФơǸιԤ˥ѥȤ "total\t1000000\t1000000" äǡLog-Likelihood Tester, Ver. 1 СƺŪ˸ꤹ뤳ȤǤ롥
Ȥơ#244. ֻαƺΥꥹȡ ([2009-12-27-1]) ΤȤ櫓褯ΤƤƱֻΥڥȴФꥹȤ󤲤褦ʲ򥳥ԡơΥƥȥܥåߡ"nothing (non-regex mode only)" 򤷤Ƽ¹ԤȡͤȤƱѺ´Ǥ롥

acknowledgment, acknowledgement, aging, ageing, aluminum, aluminium, analyze, analyse, apologize, apologise, armor, armour, behavior, behaviour, center, centre, civilization, civilisation, color, colour, defense, defence, disk, disc, endeavor, endeavour, favor, favour, favorite, favourite, fiber, fibre, flavor, flavour, fulfill, fulfil, gray, grey, harbor, harbour, honor, honour, humor, humour, inquiry, enquiry, judgment, judgement, labor, labour, license, licence, liter, litre, marvelous, marvellous, mold, mould, mom, mum, neighbor, neighbour, neighborhood, neighbourhood, odor, odour, organize, organise, pajamas, pyjamas, parlor, parlour, program, programme, realize, realise, recognize, recognise, skeptic, sceptic, specter, spectre, sulfur, sulphur, theater, theatre, traveler, traveller, tumor, tumour


ޤǤϡäֻ˴ؤƺΥѥˤӤϡ#708. Frequency Sorter CGI ([2011-04-05-1]) ѤꡤBNC Frequency Extractor ([2012-12-08-1]) ȡ#1322. ANC Frequency Extractor ([2012-12-09-1]) Ȥ߹碌ꡤthe Brown Family corpora ʻѤʤɡѼ拾ѥθӤˤн褷ƤΥġˤ¿ʴĶǤ

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2013-08-24 Sat

#1580. 佼ˡθ³Ȳǽ [suppletion][analogy][arbitrariness][frequency][taboo][preterite-present_verb]

佼ˡ (suppletion) Ϲؿ⤿Ǥ롥go -- went -- gone, be -- is -- am -- are -- was -- were -- been, good -- better -- best, bad -- worse -- worst, first -- second -- third ʤɡʤƱηϤΤʤ˰ۤʤ촴ΤԻ׵ĤǤ롥ˤԵ§ζˤߤΤ褦˻פ뤫顤Ȥ櫓ؽԤܤˤȤޤ䤹
θؤˤƤϡ佼ˡؤδؿɬ⤯ʤ佼ˡ򷡤겼Ƹ椹뤳Ȥˤϸ³ȴƤ뤫ͳȤƤϡ(1) ñȯǤ뤳ȡ(2) ŪԵ§ʬԲǽǤ뤳ȡ(3) Ūʰ (paradigmatic pressure) ΩƤꡤŪ (analogy) Ϳʤȡʤɤ󤲤롥Ĥޤꡤġ佼ϡʸˡΤʤηŪ˰ȤǤùܤȤƸ̤ϿƤˤʤΤ򤵤Ƥ롥̤ˤ줬ʤη֤äƤΤŪ (arbitrary) ǤΤƱͤˡ佼ʤη֤ʤΤŪǤꡤ꿼겼ǤϤʤȤȤ佼ˡħ򲿤֤ȤС찮ζˤƹ٤θˤʤȤȤ餤Ǥ롥
Hogg ϡ츫̷⤹褦˻פ "Regular Suppletion" Ȥ̾Ǥơ佼ˡθ³Ǥˤꡤǽ򳫤Ȥ佼ˡϡθ˽פʰ̣ĤȤHogg ϡѸˤ佼ˡˤꡤ4Ƥ롥
1ܤϡ"the replacement of one suppletion by another" 㤬ߤ뤳ȤǤ롥Ǥ˸űѸǤ yfel -- wyrsa -- wyrsta 佼ˡӤԤʤƤѸǤϸθ촴ؤꡤѸ bad -- worse -- worst ؤȻäߤǤϡԤ evil -- more evil -- most evil ȤʤäƤ롥yfel ϶ˤưŪʸְפ򼺤ŪʸžƤäȤˤꡤworse -- worst б븶ϰ̤򼺤夫Ūʸ bad ʤäȤȤˤʤ롥Hogg ϡűѸ *bæd ϥ֡äʸڤƤʤǤꡤºݤˤ14--18ʸڤ badder -- baddest ȤȤˡ§ŪѲ򼨤ƤϤȿ¬Ƥ (72) ޤDzǤϤ뤬evil bad ˤĤơӵѲϰʲΤ褦ŪѲФȤƤ (72)

evilworseworse, more evilmore evil
badbadderworse, badderworse


2ܤϡ"the preference for suppletion over regularity" Ǥꡤgo -- went ߤ뤳ȤǤ롥"to go" 佼ȤƸűѸ ēode Ѹ went ֤줿ȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥ˤä went θ߷ wend wended Ȥ§ŪʲȤѸ˾ˤʤäƤ롥went ǽפʤΤϡ§佼ޤȤ佼ˡη򼨤ΤǤϤʤȤȤ䥹åȥǤϡӡ§ gaid gaed ߽Ф줿Ȥ¤⤢롥
3ܤϡ"the addition of regularity without disturbance of the suppletion" Ǥ롥űѸ bēon 3;ʣ߷1 syndon ϡĸ *-es ŪȯŸǤ synd synt Ȥ佼ˡư (preterite-present_verb) θʣ޸ -on äΤǤ롥Ū˷Ū󤻤ĤʤϤθ촴ˡŪˤ޸ղạ̈Ǥ롥ϡǿ줿 (2), (3) ȿ󶡤롥
4ܤϡ"the creation of a new regular inflection on the basis of suppletion" Ǥ롥űѸ bēon 1;θñ1 (e)am ϡAnglia Ǥϸ -m ˤŪ bīom ߽ФƱǤϤ줬ư˵ڤӡŪ1;θñ flēom (I flee) sēom (I see) ߽ФȤˤʤä衤佼ˤäʬϤʤϤ -m ޤDzȤˤʤ롥
Hogg (80--81) ϡʾΤ褦佼ˡθŪŪ餫ˤǡ"[S]uppletion is not merely a linguistic freak which does no more than give a small amount of pleasure to a rather giggling schoolboy. . . . [S]uppletion is a dynamic process." ȽҤ١佼ˡβǽõʤ顤ʸĤƤ롥

Hogg, Richard. "Regular Suppletion." Motives for Language Change. Ed. Raymond Hickey. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 71--81.

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2013-04-06 Sat

#1440. ٥󥭥 [syllable][corpus][lexicon][phonetics][frequency][statistics]

#1424. CELEX2 ([2013-03-21-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ǡ١DzƤߤ褦ȹͤVersion 2 ǿ˲ä줿 (English Frequency, Syllables) Υ֥ǡ١ˤꡤѸǺǤ¿᥿פΥ󥭥󥰤
ϡCELEX2 ΤȤˤʤäƤ륳ѥΤΤ7.26%130äե֥ѥФ줿٤Ǥꡤ٤ǤϤʤȡ٤ˤΤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤäդˤ뤢ñ٤⤱Сʬñ˴ޤޤ벻᥿פ٤⤯ʤȤȤǤ롥㤨Сof "Ov" (= /ɒv/) ɽ벻ϡ4̤٤Ǥ롥ʤ̵ͭϹθ٤Ƥ롥
ʲΥꥹȤ˵󤲤벻ɽϡIPA ǤϤʤ CELEX ͤäɽʤΤǡбɽ󤲤Ƥ

CELEX2 Phonetic Character Set

Ǥϡʲ˥󥭥ɽǥȥå50̤ޤǤǺܤ롥٤ñβ᥿פΤޤ޾̤ȿǤƤơޤꤪ⤷ɽǤϤʤΩĤȤ⤢뤫⤷ʤ

RankSyllableFrequency
1eI72971
2Di:60967
3tu:31446
4Ov30108
5In29906
6&nd28709
7aI23822
8lI19728
9@19566
10rI14356
11ju:12598
12dI12465
13D&t12118
14It11504
15wOz10834
16fO:r*9778
17Iz9517
18tI9161
19fO9042
20Sn,8969
21hi:8928
22r@n8638
23bi:8505
24bI7936
25nI7068
26wID7046
27On7030
28&z6919
29O:l6569
30h&d6240
31E6165
32bl,6021
33sI5836
34@U5824
35t@r*5687
36&t5652
37hIz5564
38bVt5416
39mI5397
40s@5391
41nOt5357
42D@r*5339
43I5283
44tId5259
45DeI5162
46IN5063
47t@5053
48s@U4974
49baI4894
50h&v4769


󥭥ɽ򸫤ϡֶڤ Syllable Frequency Rank Table by CELEX2 򻲾ȡ֥饦DZϡɤΤȤƤ11492ΰۤʤ벻᥿פϿƤꡤ٤1ʾΤΤ7934פ롥#1023. ܸμȿ ([2012-02-14-1]) κǸǡѸβ᥿פܸ٤ƶäۤ¿¿ͤǤ뤳Ȥ˿줿οߤǼǤϢơsyllable γƵ򻲾ȡ
ʤCELEX2 Υޥ˥奢ˤϰʲâ񤭤ƤΤǡƷǤƤ

Please note that the English corpus used by CELEX for deriving these frequencies contains only 7.3% spoken material. This means there is a rather tenuous relationship between the full frequency figures, which are based on written forms, and the syllable frequencies, which merely refer to phonemic conversions of these graphemic transcriptions. Of course it could be argued that frequencies of syllables, as lexical sub-units, are less liable to get skewed from differences in medium than full words, but it has to be taken into account that NO FIRM EVIDENCE ABOUT SPOKEN FREQUENCIES can be derived from these data.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-28-1] [2019-07-03-1]

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2013-03-21 Thu

#1424. CELEX2 [corpus][dictionary][statistics][frequency][lexicology]

ñ٤˴ϢBetty Phillips ʤɡˤǡCELEX Ȥåǡ١ѤƤΤ򸫤뤳Ȥ롥߼꤫äƤ븦ǡ祳ѥ˴ŤǤפɬפˤʤäΤǡ͹ߤ350ɥ뤹뤳ιʥǡ١ꤷƤߤǤ2ǤǤꡤCELEX2 ȤƹǤ롥ʤʤͽۤƤʤäꤷ CD-ROM ˤϡLDC99T42 Ȥǡ١ޤޤƤˤ tagged Brown Corpus, Wall Street Journal, Switchboard tagged ʤ Treebank ϤΥѥäƤ롥
ơCELEX2 ˤϡѸä˴ؤʣΥǡ١ǼƤ롥줾Υǡ١ˤϡˡᡤ֡γƴ顤Ф (lemma) 뤤ϸ (wordform) ȤˡѥǤξ󤬳ǼƤ롥Ūˤϡ11Υǡ١ѲǽǤ롥

ect (English Corpus Types)
efl (English Frequency, Lemmas)
efs (English Frequency, Syllables)
efw (English Frequency, Wordforms)
eml (English Morphology, Lemmas)
emw (English Morphology, Wordforms)
eol (English Orthography, Lemmas)
eow (English Orthography, Wordforms)
epl (English Phonology, Lemmas)
epw (English Phonology, Wordforms)
esl (English Syntax, Lemmas)

Ф줢뤤ϸȤ token ٤μФ˶ǡ١ȤǧǹºݤˤϡޤޤƤμ϶äۤ˭٤ǡ11Υǡ١٤Ƥ碌եɿϤΤ250ʾ˵ڤ֡Կ efl 52,447ԡefw 160,595ԤȤ礵Ѥ SQLite DB 򤳤館顤̤ˤ90MBĶƤޤä
CELEX2 ΥϡˤĤƤ Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (1974) ڤ Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (1978) ǤꡤپˤĤƤ 1790줫ʤ COBUILD/Birmingham corpus Ǥ롥Υѥιϡ1660 (92.74%) 񤭸եѥ130 (7.26%) äեѥǡԤ284ƥȤΤ44ƥ (15.49%) ꥫѸǤ롥ΥꥫѸϤۤȤɤꥹѸֻľƤ뤳Ȥդ
CELEX2 ˤ "lemma" ϡʲ5˰¸롥

(1) orthography of the wordforms: peek vs peak
(2) syntactic class: meet (adj.) vs meet (adv.)
(3) inflectional paradigm: water (v.) vs water (n.)
(4) morphological structure: rubber (someone or something that rubs) vs rubber (the elastic substance)
(5) pronunciation of the wordforms: recount [ˈriː-kaʊnt] vs recount [rɪ-ˈkaʊnt]

äơ̾ۤʤ lexeme Ȥư bank (ڼˤ bank ʶԡˤʤɤϡCELEX2 ǤƱ lemma ȤưƤΤդɬפǤ롥
Τ褦 CELEX2 ˶Ϥʸ٥ǡ١¾ˤٸ˻񤹤ǡ١ġ¸ߤ롥ܥ֥ǿ줿ΤȤƤϡfrequency statistics lexicology γƵ䡤ä˰ʲεͤˤʤ

#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ ([2010-03-01-1])
#607. Google Books Ngram Viewer ([2010-12-25-1])
#708. Frequency Sorter CGI ([2011-04-05-1])
#1159. MRC Psycholinguistic Database Search ([2012-06-29-1])

Baayen R. H., R. Piepenbrock and L. Gulikers. CELEX2. CD-ROM. Philadelphia: Linguistic Data Consortium, 1996.

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2013-01-09 Wed

#1353. 첻Ĺû [pronunciation][phonetics][spelling][vowel][phoneme][frequency][variation]

[2012-02-13-1]ε#1022. ѸγƲǤ١פdzǧǤ褦ˡ/ʊ/ ϱѸû첻ǤΤʤǺǤ٤㤤ΤǤ롥ֻȤƤϡŵŪ <oo> <u> ɽ蘆벻ǤԤ /uː/Ԥ /ʌ/ ȤƼ¸뤳Ȥ¿ΤǡºݤˤϤۤɸʤŪˤϤɤΤ餤Τ
#1191. Pronunciation Search ([2012-07-31-1]) ǡ/ʊ/ + Ҳפǽñ򽦤äƤߤ "^[^AEIOU]*(?<!Y )UH[012]? [^AEIOUHWY]+$" Ƥߤȼ159줬󤬤ä

bloor, book, book's, booked, books, books', boor, boord, boors, bourque, brook, brook's, brooke, brooke's, brookes, brooks, brooks's, bruehl, bull, bull's, bulls, bulls', cook, cook's, cooke, cooked, cooks, could, crook, crooke, crooks, duerr, duerst, flook, fluhr, fooks, foor, foot, foote, foote's, foots, fuhr, fuld, full, full's, fulp, fults, fultz, gloor, good, good's, goode, goods, gook, hood, hoods, hoofed, hoofs, hook, hook's, hooke, hooked, hooks, hooves, joong, jure, kook, kooks, koors, kuehl, kuhrt, look, looked, looks, loong, luehrs, luhr, luhrs, lure, lured, lures, mook, moor, moore, moore's, moored, moores, moors, muhr, nook, nooks, poor, poor's, poore, poors, pull, pulled, pulls, puls, pultz, put, puts, rook, rooke, rooks, routes, ruehl, ruhr, schnooks, schnoor, schoof, schook, schultz, schulz, schulze, schuur, shook, should, shultz, shure, snook, snooks, soot, soots, spoor, spoor's, stood, stroock, stuhr, suire, sure, took, tooke, tookes, tour, tour's, toured, tours, ture, uhr, wolf, wolf's, wolfe, wolfe's, wolff, wolves, wood, wood's, woods, wool, woolf, wools, woong, would, wuertz, wulf, wulff, zook, zuehlke


ǡбĹ첻 /uː/ 첻 /ʌ/ ñϡƱͤξ︡ "^[^AEIOU]*(?<!Y )UW[012]? [^AEIOUHWY]+$" "^[^AEIOU]*(?<!Y )AH[012]? [^AEIOUHWY]+$" ˤС줾596졤966줬ҥåȤꤵ줿ĶˤĴǤϤ뤬Ū /ʊ/ ñ줬ʤȤ狼롥
171Τ<oo> = /ʊ/ δط򼨤Τ95줢롥ֻȯδططʤˤϡ#547. <oo> ֻб3ȯ ([2010-10-26-1]) ӡ#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1]) ǽҤ٤̤ꡤĹ첻û첻ȤѲä
βѲϲΤΤǤϤ뤬;ȤϸǤ⾯θˤƻȯŪ˸롥㤨Сȯɤ򼨤ΰ ([2010-08-28-1]) dzǧǤ¤ꡤroom, bedroom, broom ȯϡĹ첻û첻δ֤ɤ򼨤LPD Preference polls ˤСɤʬۤϰʲ̤ꡥ


BrE /ruːm/BrE /rʊm/AmE /ruːm/AmE /rʊm/
room81%19937
bedroom6337--
broom928--


Ϣơ#1094. <o> ֻ /u/ 첻ɽ魯 ([2012-04-25-1]) ⻲ȡĹ첻 /uː/ ˤĤƤϡ#841. yod-dropping ([2011-08-16-1]) Ϳ롥

Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.

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2013-01-02 Wed

#1346. ղõϤɤΤ餤褯Ȥ뤫 [interrogative][tag_question][ame_bre][corpus][frequency][statistics]

ѸβäǤϡղõ䤬褯Ȥ롥ŪˤɤΤ餤褯ȤΤ⤽Ū˵ʸϤɤΤ餤٤ΤΤʤǡղõϤɤ줯餤γΤΤ褦ʵ顤ޤ٤ Biber et al. LGSWE Ǥ롥
ǽˤĤƤϡp. 211 ˲ͿƤ롥οˤƤĴCONV(ERSATION) Ǥ401ĵ䤬ޤޤƤȤåѥǤϡž̾塤䤬ȿǤƤǽ⤯ºݤˤϿͰʾ٤ǵʸƤϤǤ롥ƥȥפǤС礭򳫤 FICT(ION) ³NEWS ACAD(EMIC) Ǥϵʸ٤ϸ¤ʤ㤤
ˡƥ֥ѥˤơʸΤˤղõϤɤΤ餤p. 212 ˷ǺܤƤ׷̤ʲΤ褦ˤޤȤ᤿Ĥ­100%ȤʤɽǤ롥

(* = 5%; ~ = less than 2.5%)CONVFICTNEWSACAD
independent clausewh-question******************************
yes/no-question************************
alternative question~~~~
declarative question***~~
fragmentswh-question******
other********
tagpositive*~~~
negative*****~~


CONV ˤղõΨ⤤ȤΤ褦ͽ¬줿Ʊ֥ѥεɽΤΤʤ25%ȤȤȯäΤʤǤ⡤ is it? isn't it? ΥפΤۤä¿ޤFICT CONV ˤ褽ऺʬۤ򼨤Τϡեβʬι׸NEWS ACAD ղõΨ㤤ΤϡɽäȤηӤĤ򶯤ΤǤ롥ޤ2ĤΥ֥ѥǤϡΩǤεʸä wh-question Ū¿Τդ
ղõΨ˴ؿäΤϡ¤ϡSchmitt and Marsden (192) ˼Τ褦ʵҤ򸫤Ĥä

Tag questions (i.e., regular questioning expressions tagged onto a sentence) exist in both American and British English, with British speakers perhaps using them more than Americans: "That's not very nice, is it?" Peremptory and aggressive tags tend to be used more in British English than in American English: "Well, I don't know, do I?" (192)


ǰʤ顤Biber et al. Ǥղõ٤αƺΤ뤳ȤϤǤʤӡƤΥѥĴ٤ɬפ

Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.

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2012-12-12 Wed

#1325. ä¿ͳ [corpus][negative][frequency]

Cheshire (115) ɤǤơѸ˴ؤ뵭ҤȤơäˤ¿ȤȤڤľŪˤϳΤˤΤ褦˻פ뤬ҴŪ΢դϤΤȡLGSWE äƤߤȡϢ뵭Ҥ pp. 159--60 ˸Ĥä
ˤ͡ʼब뤬4ĤλѰΤ줾ˤĤơѥѤ "Distribution of not/n't v. other negative forms" Ĵ̤Ƥ100򡤥դɽǼ

Distribution of <em>not</em>/<em>n't</em> v. Other Negative Forms

not/n'tother negative forms
CONV195002500
FICT95004000
NEWS45002000
ACAD35001500


äѽФͳȤơLGSWE ϰʲ󤲤Ƥ롥

(1) äǤ¾Υ쥸ư줬¿ưȺǤ⶯ӤĤΤǡä꤬¿Τͽۤ롥
(2) äǤ¾Υ쥸᤬û¿ʬ¿ʤ뤳Ȥͽۤ롥
(3) äǤɽȿ¿ȿ⤽˴ޤޤ롥
(4) ¿ղõʤɡäȤФŵŪ깽ʸȤΤ롥
(5) not ȶư줬ꡤϤȤ櫓äˤ٤⤤㤨Сforget, know, mind, remember, think, want, worry ʤɤοưʤɡ
(6) äˤ꤬ꡤոΰפ԰פ˴ؤɽ¿ʤ롥äǤϡnot Τߤʤ餺 no ¾꼭ѽФ롥

CONV μ FICT ¿Τϡ餯եˤʬ׸Ƥ뤫ޤ(1) ˤĤƤϡäˤΤȤư줬¿ȤͿƤ

Cheshire, Jenny. "Double Negatives are Illogical." Language Myths. Ed. Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill. London: Penguin, 1998. 113--22.
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.

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2012-12-09 Sun

#1322. ANC Frequency Extractor [cgi][web_service][frequency][corpus][anc]

ε#1321. BNC Frequency Extractor ([2012-12-08-1]) ˰³ANC (American National Corpus) ˴ŤɽANC Second Release Frequency Data Υڡ˸ƤΤǡ"ANC Frequency Extractor"

    


ͤϡ"BNC Frequency Extractor" Ⱦۤʤ롥ǡ١ SQLite ǡselect ʸΤͭȤΤƱ͡ơ֥ "anc" ʥѥΡˡ"written" ʽ񤭸եѥˡ"spoken" äեѥ) "token" (Ȥ٤Ψˤ4ࡥեɤϡ"anc", "written", "spoken" γƥơ֥ˤĤƤϡ"word", "lemma", "pos", "freq" 4ġ"token" Υơ֥ˤĤƤϡ"word", "freq", "ratio" 3ĤǤ롥POS-tag ˤĤƤϡPenn Treebank Tagset 򻲾ȡ
ʲˡ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥ

# 񤭸եƥȤǡƺȤ "diarrhoea" vs. "diarrhea" ֻ٤ǧ
select * from written where word like "diarrh%"

# 񤭸եƥȤǡƺȤ "judgement" vs. "judgment" ֻ٤ǧʤ¾[2009-12-27-1]ε#244. ֻαƺΥꥹȡפֻǤ椯Ȥ⤷
select * from written where word like "judg%ment%"

# -ly ǽʤõflat adverb ⤷ʤõ
select * from anc where lemma not like "%ly" and pos like "RB%"

# -s ǽõadverbial genitive ̾Ĥ⤷ʤõ
select * from anc where pos like "RB%" and word like "%s"

# ñ̾ʣ̾ token Ӥ written subcorpus spoken subcorpus ǡ[2011-06-07-1]ε#771. ̾ñʣ١פ򻲾ȡ
select pos, sum(freq) from written where pos in ("NN", "NNS") group by pos
select pos, sum(freq) from spoken where pos in ("NN", "NNS") group by pos
select pos, sum(freq) from anc where pos in ("NN", "NNS") group by pos


ANC ͭȴ褵줿 OANC (Open American National Corpus) ̵ANC ڤ OANC ˤĤƤϡ#708. Frequency Sorter CGI ([2011-04-05-1]) #509. Dracula ˸ whilst (2) ([2010-09-18-1]) 򻲾ȡ
"BNC Frequency Extractor" "ANC Frequency Extractor" Ȥ߹碌ƻȤСäαƺˤĤ٤δñĴǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2014-01-21-1]

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2012-12-08 Sat

#1321. BNC Frequency Extractor [cgi][web_service][frequency][corpus][bnc]

Adam Kilgarriff Ƥ BNC database and word frequency lists 顤Ф첽Ƥʤɽ (unlemmatised lists) ɤǤ褦˥ǡ١򤳤館

    


ͤǡ١ˤ SQLite ѤƤꡤSQLбselect ʸΤͭơ֥ "bnc" ʥѥΡˡ"written" ʽ񤭸եѥˡ"demog" 'demographic' spoken material) "cg" ('context-governed' spoken material) "variances" ʷ׻줿ʬ¾ͤޤˤ5ࡥvariances 4ơ֥ˤĤƤϡեɤ "freq" ١, "word" ʸ, "pos" ʻ졨BNC CLAWS POS-tags ΰ򻲾ȡ, "files" ʤθƤƥȿˤ4ġvariances Υơ֥ˤĤƤϡ嵭4եɤ˲äơ"mean" = freq / files) "variance" ʬˡ"variance_to_mean" (= variance / mean) 3ĤꤵƤ롥variances η׻ȤʤäƤ륵֥ѥϡ5000ʾޤ񤭸եƥȤȤȤǡΤȤƤ1BNCΤ1ˤǤ롥Ūˤϡ"select * from bnc limit 10" "select * from variances limit 10" ʤɤȤСǡγǼΤΤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ʲˡŵŪʸ󤲤Ƥ

# 񤭸եƥȤǡƺȤ "diarrhoea" vs. "diarrhea" ֻ٤ǧ
select * from written where word like "diarrh%"

# s ǻϤޤʬι⤤
select * from variances where word like "s%" order by variance desc limit 100

# 첻Ѱۤʣ򼨤ñ١cf. #708. Frequency Sorter CGI([2011-04-05-1]) Ǥ lemma ä
select * from bnc where word in ("foot", "goose", "louse", "man", "mouse", "tooth", "woman") and pos = "nn1" order by freq desc

# 첻Ѱۤʣ
select * from bnc where word in ("feet", "geese", "lice", "men", "mice", "teeth", "women") and pos = "nn2"

# POSǤޤȤ٤ι⤤ˡä 'demog'
select pos, sum(freq) from demog group by pos order by sum(freq) desc

# Ǥ⹭¿Ȥ̾
select * from variances where pos like "n%" order by variance desc limit 100

# Ǥ⹭¿Ȥƻ
select * from variances where pos like "aj%" order by variance desc limit 100


ʤФ첽Ƥɽ (lemmatised list) ˤĤƤϡ٤ˤ800ʾ帽롤6318̤ޤǤθФΤߤ˸ꤵƤꡤθġϡ#708. Frequency Sorter CGI ([2011-04-05-1]) ȤƼƤ롥Ϣơ#956. COCA N-Gram Search ([2011-12-09-1]) ⻲ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2014-01-21-1] [2012-12-09-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2012-11-04 Sun

#1287. ưζܹԤ [frequency][analogy][verb][conjugation][lexical_diffusion][statistics]

ε#1286. ֲѲΰۤʤ2ưŤ ([2012-11-03-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Hooper ʸǤϡĴ1ĤȤưζܹԡʶѲưμѲˤ夲ƤHooper εñǤ롥ܹԤˤʿ (analogical leveling) ŵǤꡤ٤㤤ư줫˰ܹԤ뤲ƤΤȤ
Hooper ĴоݤȤưϸűѸζѲI, II, IIIͳ褹ưΤߤǤꡤθѸˤپˤĤƤ Kučera and Francis ɽȤƤ롥ٷ׻ lemma ñ̤ǤֻΤߤȤФǤꡤdrive, ride ʤɤθʲɽ * դƤΡˤˤĤʻζ̤θƤʤӺʤΤޤǯʾˤ錄ѲˤƤȤˡѸˤ٤Τߤ򻲾ȤƤ褤ΤȤ[2012-09-21-1]ε#1243. ٤θ̻ŪΤˡסˤˤĤƤڴŪǤ (99) ΤȤơ᤹Τ˻ͤޤǤˤȤâ񤭤ɬפʲ Hooper (100) ɽ򸫤䤹ѤΤǤ褦

Frequency of Leveled vs. Unleveled Old English Strong Verbs by Hooper

ΤˤΤ褦˸ȡܹԤФưΤȤ٤Ūˤä㤤Ȥ狼롥Ϣơkeep, *leave, *sleep *creep, *leap, weep ˤĤơ3줬ŪʲݻƤΤФơ3ˤϼŪ creeped, leaped, weeped ΰ۷ǧȤԤ٤Ϥ줾 531, 792, 132 ФƸԤϤ줾 37, 42, 31 Ȥ (Hooper 100) ͤޤǤˤȤϤäƤ⡤ȤƤ餫Τ褦˻פ롥
ưζܹԤϱѸˤˤƴŪǤꡤܥ֥Ǥ#178. ưε§Ѳά ([2009-10-22-1]) #527. Ե§Ѳưε§®٤ٻɸ2ȿ㤹? ([2010-10-06-1]) #528. ˵§ư wed !? ([2010-10-07-1]) ʤɤǿƤƳȤ狼äƤʤȤ¿ξܺ٤ʸ椬ؤ롥

Hooper, Joan. "Word Frequency in Lexical Diffusion and the Source of Morphophonological Change." Current Progress in Historical Linguistics. Ed. William M. Christie Jr. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1976. 95--105.

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2012-11-03 Sat

#1286. ֲѲΰۤʤ븻 [phonetics][frequency][causation][neogrammarian][analogy][verb][conjugation][lexical_diffusion]

Ѳȸ٤ȤδطˤĤƤϡPhillips θҲ𤷤ʤ顤#1239. Frequency Actuation Hypothesis ([2012-09-17-1]) #1242. -ate ưζܹԡ ([2012-09-20-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ#1265. ٤ȲѲνδط˵ŤƤ Schuchardt ([2012-10-13-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ˲ŪѲϹٸ줫ϤޤȤȤ᤯19ŦƤդ (analogy) δؤֲŪѲٸ줫ϤޤȤȤ⡤ۤƱ Herman Paul ˤäƻŦƤHooper 95)
Hooper ϡ1984ǯʸǡ٤Ȥ顤벻Ѳȹͤ븽Ѹˤ schwa-deletion memory ʤɤ2첻ˤˤʿȹͤưμѲĴ2Ω "phonetic change tends to affect frequent words first, while analogical leveling tends to affect infrequent words first" (101) ٻPhillips Ϥñ2ΩˤäƤǤʤΤ뤳Ȥ򼨤Ƥ뤬ΩνȯȤ뤳ȤϺǤ
Τ褦٤ȲѲδطˤäƤ褦˸ Hooper ¤ΤȤüԤϸپ˥ǤʤϤȹͤƤ (102)

I do not think the relative frequency of words is a part of native speaker competence, so I would not propose to make the rule sensitive to word frequency.


Ǥ٤ȲѲοʹԽشط뤳Ȥǧ³ΤǤСξԤϡüԤθǽϤǤϤʤ챿ѤΤʤˤȤȤˤʤΤHooper ϻҶθ򸫤Ĥ褦ȤƤ褦
٤ȲѲν˴ؤΤŪʰյϡʷ֡˲Ѳˤϸΰۤʤʣμब뤳Ȥˤ롥ѲνۤʤȤȤϡ餯ѲΥᥫ˥बۤʤȤȤǤꡤѲθۤʤȤȤǤϤʤȤСѲν狼СѲưŤ狼뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ϤΤ褦ʸΰۤʤѲˡֽ벻ѲפŪʷֲѲפȤ٥ŽդƤϤ٤ʬबɬפHooper (103) ηƤ

. . . if it turned out that vowel shifts and some other phonetic changes affect infrequent forms before frequent forms, then we would have an interesting indication that phonetic changes arise from different sources, and furthermore, if my hypotheses are correct, a way of determining which types of changes are traceable to which source. Thus it appears that lexical diffusion, studied in terms of word frequency, may turn up some interesting evidence concerning the source of morpho-phonological change. (103)


Hooper, Joan. "Word Frequency in Lexical Diffusion and the Source of Morphophonological Change." Current Progress in Historical Linguistics. Ed. William M. Christie Jr. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1976. 95--105.
Phillips, Betty S. "Word Frequency and the Actuation of Sound Change." Language 60 (1984): 320--42.
Phillips, Betty S. "Word Frequency and Lexical Diffusion in English Stress Shifts." Germanic Linguistics. Ed. Richard Hogg and Linda van Bergen. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1998. 223--32.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-06-04-1] [2012-11-04-1]

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2012-10-13 Sat

#1265. ٤ȲѲνδط˵ŤƤ Schuchardt [frequency][lexical_diffusion][history_of_linguistics][analogy][creole][neogrammarian]

٤óȻ (lexical diffusion) οʹԽδطˤĤƤϡ[2012-09-17-1], [2012-09-20-1], [2012-09-21-1]γƵǰäƤ19ǯʸˡ (Neogrammarians) ˤСѲ "phonetically gradual and lexically abrupt" ǤȤȤQäǯθóȻθˤꡤѲˤѲŵŪ˸ "lexically gradual" βǧ褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥֤Ǥ첻Ǥ졤ѲΤʤˤϽȵڤƤ椯ΤȤθϡѲθȤƤ (analogy) Ȥ褯Ѳ֤Ƥ Neogrammarians ⤷ΤȤΤäξ׷Ȥ
˿ʹԤ벻Ѳǧ硤줬ɤΤ褦ʽǿʹԤΤȤȤʤ롥ǡ٤ȤƤƤΤδθϤޤ˽ФǤ롥ȤȤȤǤСƤϰճ᤯ʤƤǯʸˡɤй Hugo Ernst Maria Schuchardt (1842--1927) 1885ǯȤᤤʳǡ٤ȲѲνܤդƤΤʲϡPhillips (321) ˷ǺܤƤ Schuchardt ΰѡʱˤǤ롥

The greater or lesser frequency in the use of individual words that plays such a prominent role in analogical formation is also of great importance for their phonetic transformation, not within rather small differences, but within significant ones. Rarely used words drag behind; very frequently used ones hurry ahead. Exceptions to the sound laws are formed in both groups.


Neogrammarian λˤơ٤ȲѲνܤ Schuchardt ״˶ä򤨤ʤμϡθˤüξǤꡤƥΤȤ˭٤dzΤʴפΤäޥ󥹸ؤʬबȤꤸƤȤȴط롥ϡ¤λˤ Neogrammarian βˡ§ȿ㤬˭٤ˤ뤳ȤϤäǧƤꡤˡ§ˤˤκƷǤϸοʤȤ˴Ƥ²ȤͤˤŪǡ˺ȾȻβꤷƤäκؤδؿϲ̤ƤʤŪʸ椬ɾ褦ˤʤäΤϡ1塤쥪츦θ1960ǯΤȤǤ롥
Schuchardt Τ褦ʸۤäƤȤΤС嵭ΰѤ⼫ǤSchuchardt ȥ쥪ؤȯŸȤδطˤĤƤϡ (188--96) ܤ

Phillips, Betty S. "Word Frequency and the Actuation of Sound Change." Language 60 (1984): 320--42.
Schuchardt, Hugo. Über die Lautgesetze: Gegen die Junggrammatiker. 1885. Trans. in Shuchardt, the Neogrammarians, and the Transformational Theory of Phonological Change. Ed. Theo Vennemann and Terence Wilbur. Frankfurt: Altenäum, 1972. 39--72.
ɧظؤȤϲ١ȽŹҴȿӡ1993ǯ

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2012-09-21 Fri

#1243. ٤θ̻ŪΤ [frequency][corpus][representativeness]

ε#1242. -ate ưζܹԡ ([2012-09-20-1]) #1239. Frequency Actuation Hypothesis ([2012-09-17-1]) Ǽ夲 Phillips θΤ褦ˡ٤θѲθˤ¿ʴؿ󤻤Ƥ뤬ˡѤʵȤơ٤켫Τ̻ŪѤȤ¤ɤΤ褦˹ͤФ褤ΤȤ꤬롥θǤϤʤäΤ뤤ʬͤˤϡ1--2λ礭ǤϤʤľ롥1λǤϤɤ2ǤϤɤȹͤȡɤޤľΤϤʤϤʤPhillips (225--26) ϡˤĤƼΤ褦˳ڴѤƤ롥

The words' frequencies are based on present-day English, but the general pattern of relative frequencies probably holds for the English in our data base (1755--1993) as well. For example, I would be very surprised if the 3-syllable verbs with CELEX frequencies over 100 --- concentrate, demonstrate, illustrate, contemplate, compensate, designate, and alternate --- were not also much more common in 1755 than those with frequencies of 0 --- altercate, auscultate, condensate, defalcate, eructate, exculpate, expuergate, extirpate, fecundate, etc.


2;λˤƤʤ顤٤100ʾθ0θ٤ȤΤ绨Ĥˤ褦˻פ롥ΤˡPhillips ϼºݤʬϤǤ101ʾ塤10--1001--10ȤӤʬѤƤꡤ绨Ĥپ绨ĤʤޤޤѤ뿵ŤϼƤ롥⤷ä10--100դ٥٥θܺ٤Ĵ٤褦ȤΤǤС2δ֤ˤʤ٤ѲƤǽϤ롥Phillips ʤ餺Ȥ⡤٤Ѥ̻Ū˴ؿï⤬ͤϤ
˻פĤñʲƤϡƻɽǤ礭ʥѥѤɽ뤳ȤǤ롥ƤȤƤñºݤ˿ԤΤϰ֤֤⤫롥ֻٸꤷѸǤСѥѰդɽμưǤѸǤֻ variation 椨 lemmatise Ƥʤ¤ϸФñ̤ǤɽҤޤ夬ŤʤФʤۤɡѥ˴ޤޤƥȤ representativeness Ͽˤʤ롥ӤäݤɽǤ⡤ʤϤۤ褤ƤߤȻפäƤ롥뤤ϡˤäƤϤǤˤ
ʤѤˤ CELEX Ȥñǡ١ϡѸθ֤˴ؤŪʸǤ褯ȤƤΤǤ롥ܺ٤ϡCELEX2 򻲾ȡޤ٤̻֤δطˤĤƤϡ[2012-05-03-1]ε#1102. Zipf's law ȸοաפ򻲾ȡ

Phillips, Betty S. "Word Frequency and Lexical Diffusion in English Stress Shifts." Germanic Linguistics. Ed. Richard Hogg and Linda van Bergen. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1998. 223--32.

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2012-09-20 Thu

#1242. -ate ưζܹ [frequency][lexical_diffusion][stress][suffix][-ate]

[2012-09-17-1]ε#1239. Frequency Actuation Hypothesisפǡ -ate ưζưƤƤȤѲ˿줿̾ư (diatone Ʊͤ˸ߤʹζܹԤǤꡤóȻ (lexical_diffusion) ȤƤܤͤ롥
ΰܹԤˤĤƤ Phillips óȻδ鸦椷Ƥ뤬OED "contemplate, v" ˤޤȤޤä⤬ΤǡҲ𤷤褦Danielsson (271--72) Ǥ⡤OED Τβս꤬Ƥ롥

In a few rare cases (Shakes., Hudibras) stressed 'contemplate in 16--7th c.; also by Kenrick 1773, Webster 1828, among writers on pronunciation. Byron, Shelley, and Tennyson have both modes, but the orthoepists generally have con'template down to third quarter of 19th c.; since that time 'contemplate has more and more prevailed, and con'template begins to have a flavour of age. This is the common tendency with all verbs in -ate. Of these, the antepenult stress is historical in all words in which the penult represents a short Latin syllable, as ac'celerate, 'animate, 'fascinate, 'machinate, 'militate, or one prosodically short or long, as in 'celebrate, 'consecrate, 'emigrate; regularly also when the penult has a vowel long in Latin, as 'alienate, 'aspirate, con'catenate, 'denudate, e'laborate, 'indurate, 'personate, 'ruinate (L. aliēno, aspīro, etc.). But where the penult has two or three consonants giving positional length, the stress has historically been on the penult, and its shift to the antepenult is recent or still in progress, as in acervate, adumbrate, alternate, compensate, concentrate, condensate, confiscate, conquassate, constellate, demonstrate, decussate, desiccate, enervate, exacerbate, exculpate, illustrate, inculcate, objurgate, etc., all familiar with penult stress to middle-aged men. The influence of the noun of action in -ation is a factor in the change; thus the analogy of ,conse'cration, 'consecrate, etc., suggests ,demon'stration, 'demonstrate. But there being no remonstration in use, re'monstrate, supported by re'monstrance, keeps the earlier stress.


Ĥޤꡤ3ʾθˤƤϡŪˤ penult ι˱ƶ penult antepenult Ūˤϡpenult ˻ҲˤϡŪˤϤβ˶ȤḽѸˤơб̾ -ation ζѥˤȤŤ䤬Ưᤫζ˰ĺءantepenult ؤȰܹԤƤƤȤΤǤ롥
Danielsson OED ˤ3ʾθˤĤƤθڤʤPhillips 2ˤĤƤĴ̣Ȥˡ2 -ate ưʤ penult IJΤΡˤǤϡȿФζܹԤäƤȤfrustrate, dictate, prostrate, pulsate, stagnate, truncate ʤɤθǤϡŪˤ penult ˶Ѹˤ ultima ˶۷ƤƤʺǽ3ˤĤƤ夷ˡơζܹԤˤĤƤ⡤Phillips ٤ι⤤ΤѲƤƤȤ¤ͤߤ᤿ (226--28)
٤㤤ΤѲƤ Phillips μĥ̾ưȡΩ̤Ǥ롥٤ȸóȻοʹԽȤˡʰФꤸƤ롥

Phillips, Betty S. "Word Frequency and Lexical Diffusion in English Stress Shifts." Germanic Linguistics. Ed. Richard Hogg and Linda van Bergen. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1998. 223--32.
Danielsson, Bror. Studies on the Accentuation of Polysyllabic Latin, Greek, and Romance Loan-Words in English. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1948.

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2012-09-17 Mon

#1239. Frequency Actuation Hypothesis [frequency][phonetics][language_change][lexical_diffusion][stress][diatone][-ate]

óȻ (lexical diffusion) ȤƿʹԤ벻Ѳƻڤ٤ؤƤ餷ȤϡŤ19ŦƤºݤˡPhillips (1984: 321) ˵󤲤Ƥ褦ˡ٤ι⤤줫Ѳ뤲ȤѲϿڤƤǡ٤㤤줫Ѳ뤲ǧƤꡤ٤ȸóȻνδطˤĤƤϡޤ˵䤬¿ˤĤơPhillips ϡꥫѸˤ glide deletion Ѹ unrounding Ѹ̾ưdiatonic stress shift; diatone ε򻲾ȡˤȤ٤㤤˿ʹԤȤ3ĤβѲ夲ơ"Frequency Actuation Hypothesis" 󾧤ϡ"physiologically motivated sound changes affect the most frequent words first; other sound changes affect the least frequent words first" (1984: 336) ȤΤǤԤ surface phonetic form ƯѲԤ underlying phonetic form ƯѲؤˡ
Phillips 1998ǯ -ate ǽưζ֤ΰư˴ؤ븦ˤơŪưŤƤʤѲͽۤ褦٤㤤ˤϿʤޤष٤ι⤤˿ʤǤ뤳Ȥ餫ˤǡ Frequency Actuation Hypothesis 򾧤

[F]or segmental changes, physiologically motivated sound changes affect the most frequent words first; other sound changes affect the least frequent words first. For suprasegmental changes, changes which require analysis (e.g., by part of speech or by morphemic element) affect the least frequent words first, whereas changes which eliminate or ignore grammatical information affect the most frequent words first. (1998: 231)


ĤޤꡤΰưΤ褦ĶʬβѲ˴ؤƤϡüԤˤʬϤ뤫ʤǡ٤ȽδطžȤ櫓Ǥ롥ʤʤΤˤĤơPhillips Bybee (117--19) "lexical strength" ȤͤФƤ롥
ɬ⤳εǼƤʤޤPhillips μĥȤϰۤʤꡤ̾ư夬٤ι⤤˿ʹԤȤ򼨤ǡȼƤ롥٤ѲνˤĤƤθϽ˽ФǤꡤ;Ϥ¿ʬ˻ĤƤ롥

Phillips, Betty S. "Word Frequency and the Actuation of Sound Change." Language 60 (1984): 320--42.
Phillips, Betty S. "Word Frequency and Lexical Diffusion in English Stress Shifts." Germanic Linguistics. Ed. Richard Hogg and Linda van Bergen. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1998. 223--32.
Bybee, Joan L. Morphology: A Study of the Relation between Meaning and Form. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1985.

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2012-09-05 Wed

#1227. Ọ̇̄ [information_theory][frequency][sign][semantics]

#1108. 쵭̵ͭ ([2012-05-09-1]) #1110. Guiraud ˤؤι ([2012-05-11-1]) ǻȤ̣ؼԤ Guiraud ϡ (information_theory) θؤؤαѤˤؿηϤ쵭Τ;١ѤʤɤͻƤ롥
1954ǯʸɤߡ¿μŪƶ줿㤨С˥ե󡤥˥ե١ĹδطˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (128) ǽϥ˥ե˥ե֡סкǤû˥ե󤬺Ǥ٤ι⤤˥ե˳Ƥ롥줫顤˥ե󤬸ˡֶưסˡѹäס
Υ˥եȥ˥եߴطްդΤϡ餫ͳ٤̣֤ѲƤ椯ȡޤݤƤξԤδ֤ζѹդ뤿ˡηϤĴǽȯưѹդ᤽ȤȤȤǤ롥̤θ򤹤СѲϡãθΨ¤ݤ¤ˤƵȤȤˤʤ롥ηϤηϤ1ĤǤʾ塤˴ؤ̸ǤָΨפ˽虜ʤȤˤʤ
ǤϡָΨפ졤ְ̣פϼξݤΤ̤̣ȤȤƤ Guiraud ϡΤ褦ˡǾθ̣Ѥ˳褫ȹͤƤ롥ҴŪ˿ɽ蘆٤ĹȤɸѤơܤ˸ʤ˥եȥ˥եδطõΤǤϤʤ

La relation coût/information (ou forme/fréquence) traduit objectivement ces rapports entre le signe et le concept et permet de poser en termes objectifs le problème de la signification. (128)

ѡʤ뤤Ϸ֡١ˤδطϥ˥եȥ˥եδ֤ΤδطҴŪɽ魯ΤǤꡤ̣ѤҴŪ󼨤뤳ȤǽˤƤ롥


Guiraud, P. "Langage et communication. Le substrat informationnel de la sémantisation." Bulletin de la société de linguistique de Paris 50 (1954): 119--33.

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2012-06-29 Fri

#1159. MRC Psycholinguistic Database Search [cgi][web_service][lexicology][frequency][statistics]

ε[2012-06-28-1]ǾҲ𤷤Ѹåǡ١ MRC Psycholinguistic Database ܥ֥夫ʰ׸ġºݤˤϸġȤϡMRC Psycholinguistic Database ѤȡʤȤǤȤȤ򼨤ǥǤˤϷ̤10ԤΤߤ˸ꤷƤ롥ܳŪʻѤˤϡڡǡ١ȸץɤ뤫־Υ󥿡ե (Online search (answers limited to 5000 entries) or Online search (limited search capabilities)) ɤ

    


ʲˡSQLбǡơ֥̾ "mrc2" ȤƸꡥեɤϰʲ27ܡID, NLET, NPHON, NSYL, K_F_FREQ, K_F_NCATS, K_F_NSAMP, T_L_FREQ, BROWN_FREQ, FAM, CONC, IMAG, MEANC, MEANP, AOA, TQ2, WTYPE, PDWTYPE, ALPHSYL, STATUS, VAR, CAP, IRREG, WORD, PHON, DPHON, STRESSƥѥ᡼ͤξܺ٤ˤĤƤϡǡեλ򻲾ȤΤȡʻ˼ƤƼͤϤ켫Ȥͭѡˡselect ʸΤͭʲˡŵŪʸȤƺܤƤ

# ʸǸäʬ
select NLET, count(NLET) from mrc2 group by NLET;

# ǿǸäʬ
select NPHON, count(NPHON) from mrc2 group by NPHON;

# Ǹäʬ
select NSYL, count(NSYL) from mrc2 group by NSYL;

# -ed ǽƻٽ
select WORD, K_F_FREQ from mrc2 where WTYPE = 'J' and WORD like '%ed' order by K_F_FREQ desc;

# 2̾졤ƻ졤ưѥ󤴤Ȥʬ (#814. ̾ưʤ̷ư ([2011-07-20-1]) ڤӡ#801. ̾ưε (3) ([2011-07-07-1]) 򻲾ȡ
select WTYPE, STRESS, count(*) from mrc2 where NSYL = 2 and WTYPE in ('N', 'J', 'V') group by WTYPE, STRESS;

# <gh> ֻǽꡤ/f/ ȯǽ
select distinct WORD, DPHON from mrc2 where WORD like '%gh' and DPHON like '%f';

# Ե§ʣٽ
select WORD, K_F_FREQ from mrc2 where IRREG = 'Z' and TQ2 != 'Q' order by K_F_FREQ desc;

# ߿Ūʰ̣ĸ
select distinct WORD, FAM from mrc2 where FAM > 600 and CONC > 600;

# ᡼䤹
select distinct WORD, IMAG from mrc2 order by IMAG desc limit 30;

# ̣ͭפʸ
select distinct WORD, MEANC, MEANP from mrc2 order by MEANC + MEANP desc limit 30;

# ̾ưʤʻˤäƶѥΰۤʤ
select WORD, WTYPE, DPHON from mrc2 where VAR = 'O';

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2012-06-28 Thu

#1158. MRC Psycholinguistic Database [web_service][lexicology][frequency][statistics]

ؤʬǤϤ褯Τ줿Ѹθåǡ١Τ褦#1131. 2̾ưŵŪʶѥ ([2012-06-01-1]) ȡ#1132. ñʻ̤γ ([2012-06-02-1]) ǻȤ Amano ʸˤơ¸ߤΤäMRC Psycholinguistic Database ϡ150837줫ʤʸåǡ١Ǥ롥Ƹ˸ŪӿŪ26°ꤵƤꡤʣʾŬ礹ΥꥹȤñ˺ФȤǤΤħŪäؤμ¸ѤåꥹȤʤɤӤä˻Ȥ뤬ѥ᡼Ȥ߹碌Ǥϡưפ˸׳ؤθѤǤ
ѥ᡼ϼ¤¿ˤ錄롥ʸǿλ˻ϤޤꡤΥѥ˴Ť٤ϰϤˤʤߤǽŪʻɸȤơ familiarity, concreteness, imageability, meaningfulness ʤɤꤵƤ롥ʻʤɤ쥫ƥ꡼ϤƬά졤ϥեʤɤη֥ƥ꡼λǤ롥ȯ䶯ѥλˤбƤ롥Ȥ߹碌ˤäơ褽ΤȤǤΤǤϤʤȻפ碌̤Ǥ롥
ǡ١ȸץɤǤ뤬ץ򥳥ѥ뤹ʤݤ¿Τǡ־Υ󥿡եѤΤǤ롥2ĤΥ󥿡եѰդƤꡤ줾쵡ǽϸꤵƤ뤬̾ӤˤϽʬ

Online search (answers limited to 5000 entries): ѥ᡼κ٤꤬ǽϷ̤5000ޤǤ˸¤롥
Online search (limited search capabilities): Ϸ̤ο¤ϤʤŪʥѥ᡼κ٤ֻȯΥѥľܻʤɡˤϤǤʤ

Amano, Shuichi. "Rhythmic Alternation and the Noun-Verb Stress Difference in English Disyllabic Words." ̾Ų¤̾Ų¤ݽûס 15 (2009): 83--90.

Referrer (Inside): [2012-06-30-1] [2012-06-29-1]

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