hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 / page 2 (2)

prestige - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2021-02-03 Wed

#4300. åݥ LAGAR ȯ䤵ޤ [spelling][orthography][prestige]

οԤӤƤΤǤåݥӡ꿷ʤδ̥ӡ֥åݥΩơפȯ䤵ޤݥȤϡ̤ΥǥɽƤ LAGAR Ǥ֥饬פֻ lager -er ĤΤǤǤ -ar ȤʤäƤΤǤ  *
ܺ٤113դīʹǥεФȻפޤåݥӡ뤬ˤΥڥߥ˵ŤȯߤƤɤ⡤˾ƤΤޤФȤ˷᤿ȤݤǤ
ĿͤȤƤϡʥӡ빥Ǥ뤳ȤطޤˡŦʤеŤʤۤɤξʥڥߥȯߤˤȤΤϤäʤȤΩǡåݥӡηǤٻȻפޤ1Ѹ춵ȤƼ˴ƼӤ櫓ˤ⤤ʤȤ񤷤Ωˤ⤢ޤΤǡ򤪻ʾСˡ
Ūʸ̤ȤơŪˤХڥߥϼҲŪѤƤ뤳Ȥ¿ȤΤ¤Ǥåݥӡκǽȯߤη⡤ѼƤ򶲤ƤΤȤǤ礦ۤ1θˤˤäƸ뤳ȤϤޤäʤ櫓ǤǤҲŪʤΤˡ (orthography) ȤΤǤ
ԤȤƤϡʤפ̵Ǥ˸äƤޤޤ⤷ʬåݥӡμĹäɤ뤫ʤʤɤȹͤƤߤޤϤɤΤ褦˹ͤǤ礦
ڥߥͻȤơʲεɤ

#2288. åԥ󥰥ȤǤΥڥ󥰥ߥ̿ŪȤʤꤦ ([2015-08-02-1])
#3671. ȥꥢ50ɥ뻥 responsibility Υڥ󥰥ߥ (1) ([2019-05-16-1])
#3672. ȥꥢ50ɥ뻥 responsibility Υڥ󥰥ߥ (2) ([2019-05-17-1])

ʤߤˡ®դΥӡäưǤߤޤˤϡ֥ڥϴְ㤨ɡ̣ϴְ㤤ʤפȤʸ礬ޤ31ޤǤθڤ줿齪ȤȤǤΤǡޤ礦

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-02-01 Mon

#4298. 衼åѤͭϤʶ̸Ȥʤʤäڥ [spanish][lingua_franca][history][hispanification][prestige][language_planning][sociolinguistics]

ˤơڥüԿ͸äƤ롥üԿǤС10ǯۤɤδ֤˱Ѹɤȴ˷Ѥ2̤ϰ̤ؤ˻äĶǤcf. #3009. üԿˤȥå252017ǯǡˡ ([2017-07-23-1])ˡڥΤϡڥܹȤƽ礭¸Ƥ롥ޤꥫ罰ǤοĥȤܤͤcf. #256. ƹ Hispanification ([2010-01-08-1]
ˤ륹ڥοĥϤΤ褦餫ɨΥ衼åѤˤƤϤɤڥϥ衼åѤǤ1ĤȤϸ뤬ζˤΤʤǥ󥬡ե󥫤ȤƱƶϤ򼨤ȤϤʤäʤȤѸ졤ե󥹸졤ɥĸ٤СαƶϤϾ˾Τäߤ⤽Ǥ롥ʤڥϥ衼åѤͭϤʶ̸ȤʤʤäΤ
䤤˴ؤơ˵Ҥ롥ƥ줫ƥȤƹȸϰ̤˽Φؤĥڥˤ򿶤֤äǡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (27--28)

ڥϤۤˤФƤΤ顤Ȥˤơ衼åѤζ̸Ȥ̾򤢤Ƥ褵ʤΤǤϤʤȤºݤˤϤޤϤʤäȤΤ⡤ڥϡˤ̤ơ衼åѤĶ̱Ūʥߥ˥ȤƻȤ줿ȤޤäʤǤ롥ȤСڥƱ餤üԿĸ˥ݡɸ䥦饤ʸ줬ꡤ󻰡黰ޡΤҤȤӤȤäƤ뤬ڥϤθ٤ƤϰŪʤҤäƤʤڥ󲦹񤬤ĤĤȹ񳰤βʻ礷ǡڥȤ뷯礿ڥ⹭ڤۤ뤳ȤȤʤäȤϤǤ롥ɤ⡤ɤϤǤ⥹ڥͥۤϰ̤ʤäݥȥǤ⡤٥ꥢȾγǤ⤽ǤäȤСȬΥڥΥ͡ǥȡ˥ߥΤʥݥ꤬Ǥä⤷ˤνڥΤΤϤ뤫ʤΦ˸碌뤳ȤʤäʤСƽȾФޤǤˡڥäкѡҲ񡤽Τ¾˸ΤȤϰۼʸ򥹥ڥ˺ꤢƤʤäʤСڥϥ衼åѤζ̸ΤҤȤĤˤʤäƤʤ餪ϤʤäϤȤϤޤ䥢ꥫ罰ǤϡϥץȥꥳϤϥᥭϤˤޤǡƥΤޤޤʥꥫŪѼϰ̤ޤޤ礷Ƥ򸫤ȡڥ̤«Ƥ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤư礹ҤȤΤʤˤϡڥ줬ꥫΦˤޤꤵˤҤڤˡȤƥ衼åѤˤɤäƤΤԤˤƤҤȤˤ衤ޤΤȤڥϡ衼åΦӤĤΥǥȤƤ­Ǥ롥


εҤϡΡ֤ʤפ䤤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤˤνפ礤ˤƤˤʤϡȤ櫓Ѹե󥹸ˤӤƤв褹ˤʤӤӤҿ (prestige) ײ (language_planning) ȤӤ⤪⤷

ɡˡë 𡦺 ľҡˡض̸ --- 衼åѽᤰء١ҡ2018ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-01-11 Mon

#4277. ɸȤͥ줿ΤȤǤϤʤҲŪʼΤȤǤ [standardisation][sociolinguistics][prestige]

ɸಽ (standardisation) ɸɤߤ뤫ȤϡҲؤνפʥȥԥåǤ롥ѸǤСɸѸ (Standard English) ȤϲȤˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ͡ʷǰäƤ##1228,1237,1245,1247,1275,1396,3207,3232,3499,3780,4093εå򻲾ȡˡ
ɸˤϰҿ (prestige) տ路ƤΤ̤Ǥ롥ʿɸ¾ѼְΤסְΤפȤäƤҲŪˤޤޤΤ褦դƤȤ̣ǡְΤפΤǤäơŪ¾ѼͥƤȤޤߤäơְΤפ櫓ǤϤʤԤΰ̣ˤơְΤפΤǤȺФƤޤȤ¿ˤդ٤Ǥ롥
ǤϡҲŪˡְΤפȤϤɤȤ¤ϰΤⲿȤʤΤǤ롥1ĤμȤƼҲ濴˿ƤꡤΥӥ뤿ˡͭ̾ܤ䤹ȤȤˤʤǤϡ̹դ̥ޥʡʤɤμह롥νȤ Horobin (72--73) ΤΤǤ롥

. . . many people today insist that Standard English is inherently superior. Such a view implies a misunderstanding of a standard language, which is simply an agreed norm that is selected in order to facilitate communication. We might compare Standard English with other modern standards, such as systems of currency, weights and measures, or voltage. No one system is inherently better than another; the benefit is derived from the general adoption of an established set of norms.
   Another useful analogy is with the rules of the road. There is no reason why driving on the left (as in England) should be preferred over driving on the right-hand side (as on the continent and in the USA). The key reason to choose one over another is to ensure that everyone is driving on the same side of the road.


ɸϡƱդƤҲŪʼǤꡤ餳ҲŪʤΤǤ롥Ȥä¾Ѽ٤ܼŪͥ줿ѼǤ櫓ǤϤʤҲŪʼ᤬ѤСɸȤʤѼѤ뤳Ȥ롥äƤޤС٤ʪǤ롥դ򤷤ä겡Ƥ

Horobin, Simon. How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford: OUP, 2016.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-05-26-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2020-11-20 Fri

#4225. room Ĺ첻û첻 [vowel][sound_change][eme][map][rp][prestige]

Ϣ <oo> ֻбȯꤢƤ (cf. #4223. ʤƱ <oo> ֻʤΤ book food Ǥ첻ۤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-18-1])#4224. blood, flood Ǥʤ soot ⡩ ([2020-11-19-1])) ϡïǤΤäƤ <oo> ޤñ room 夲ѲȤʣΰü򼨤
room ȤܸǤ֥롼פ /ruːm/ Ĺ첻ĤΤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ¤û첻򼨤 /rʊm/ 褷ƵǤϤʤLPD Preference polls ˤȡû첻ȯϡꥹѸǤ19%ۤɡꥫѸǤ7%ۤɳǧ롥



ʣ bedroom ˤĤƤСꥹѸǤ37%ޤǤû첻ȯȤۤˤ broom ˤĤƤ⡤ϤꥤꥹѸ8%û첻򼨤ޤgroom ˤû첻ȯ롥
room, bedroom, broom ˤĤƤϡ#1353. 첻Ĺû ([2013-01-09-1]) Ǥ夲ŪʲѲ /uː/ /ʊ/ ϡ#547. <oo> ֻб3ȯ ([2010-10-26-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤŵŪˤ16--17ʽѸˤΤȤƤ롥ˤäƤϡƱѲ٤줿Ȥ褦䤯3ˤɤ夭ĤĤȤ⤤롥
ϤñǤϤʤUpton and Widdowson (39) ˤ room Υ󥰥ɽȯ˴ؤˤСʬۤˤܤȽƤ櫓ǤϤʤ

At this period [= as late as the seventeenth or even the eighteenth century] such words as BOOK, HOOD and SOOT, which had in the later Middle and early Modern English periods been pronounced with [uː], came to be pronounced with [u], and although ROOM was not properly part of this change it seems to have become connected with it for some speakers. Why the short sound in ROOM should have acquired the geographical distribution for the non-standard dialects which the map shows is quite unclear.
   Although there is no firm evidence to support the claim, it is likely that the [u]- innovation in ROOM acquired some considerable popularity for a while in Received Pronunciation. Today it ranks as a quite acceptable minor variant in that accent, but not long ago its status was even higher. Daniel Jones (Outline of English Phonetics, para. 318) writes that 'In broom (for sweeping), groom, room, and soot both uː and u are heard, the u-forms brum, grum, rum, sut being perhaps more usual in Received English.'
   Today one would not expect an RP speaker to use [uː] in SOOT. Conversely, although [u] is shown as an RP variant in pronouncing dictionaries of British English for use in several words with -oo- spellings, it is now somewhat unusual for such a speaker to be heard using it in BROOM, ROOM and (especially) GROOM. In a survey of a somewhat less-than-representative sample of British English speakers, Wells (Pronunciation Dictionary) discovered an eighty-two percent preference for [uː] in ROOM and a ninety-two percent preference for its use in BROOM.


RP ˤƤϡ嵭ñû첻Ǥȯषҿ (prestige) äƤǽȤäߤˤû첻ǤȯϡƤȤϤsoot ФޤǥޥʡȯȤ٤֤ŤФҲŪɾϡľ̤ɤƤȤˤ϶̣
ɴǯȤϤƤû첻ȤǤ롥¾ǡοδ֤Ĺû첻ѰۤμҲŪʰ֤ŤɤƤȤ롥2ĤŪʸ̮ѤĤġ room 2Ĥȯʻ¸Ƥ롤λ¤פǤ롥
­ȤơUpton and Widdowson ꡤroom 2Ĥȯʬۤ򼨤Ƥ



Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
Upton, Clive and J. D. A. Widdowson. An Atlas of English Dialects. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2020-03-12 Thu

#3972. űѸȸťΥɸܿη̤ koineisation [contact][old_norse][koine][prestige][sociolinguistics][simplification][semantic_borrowing][ilame][koineisation]

űѸȸťΥɸܿˤĤơܥ֥ǤϤطʤħ򤿤ӤӵƤ1ĤƶȤơθܿ koineisation ǤϤʤȤ롥koine koineisation ϤȤơϢܿɽ魯Ѹ졦ǰγˤϰƤꡤϲä koineisation ȸƤ֤ȤȤϤʤФʤʤʲδϢ뵭򻲹ͤޤǤ˵󤲤ƤΤΡϤΤ䤳ˤĤƤϿꤷʤǤ

#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1])
#3150. ܿϸñˤ뤫ʣˤ뤫 ([2017-12-11-1])
#3178. ȳ̿ԻѼء ([2018-01-08-1])
#3499. "Standard English" "General English" ([2018-11-25-1])
#1391. lingua franca (4) ([2013-02-16-1])
#1690. pidgin ȤδϢ ([2013-12-12-1])
#3207. ɸѸȸɸಽ˴ؤ뤤ĤνѸ ([2018-02-06-1])

Fischer et al. (67--68) koineisation ˤĤƤ Kerswill 򻲾Ȥά˲⤷ƤȤޤȤƤݥȤ4Ĥ롥

(1) 23Τ˴λΤŵǤꡤȤ1Ǥⴰλ뤳Ȥ
(2) (mixing)ʿ (levelling)ñ㲽 (simplification) 3ʤ
(3) ܿ2ѼŵŪ˷³ʤ pidgin creole Ȱۤʤ
(4) 줫Ѽ郎ŪȤȤʤҿ櫓Ǥʤ

űѸȸťΥɸܿǰƬˡ(2) ˵󤲤Ƥ3ĤβˤĤ­Ƥ1βǤ뺮 (mixing) ͡ʥ٥Ǥߤ뤬űѸο;̾ΥѥΤʤ they, their, them ʤɤθťΥɸǤƤʤɤŵǤ롥dream Τ褦˷֤ϱѸỤ̄ϸťΥɸŪȤ̣ (semantic_borrowing) λʤɤ󤲤롥Ѹäδؤ¿θťΥɸñ줬ǤȤΤ⺮Ȥ롥
2βǤʿ (levelling) ϡʣä۷֤μबꡤ1Ĥη֤˼̤ƤѲؤűѸǤϷ se sēo, þæt ʤɳƼη֤˶ޤѸˤ þe ؿʿƤäǵäƤ뤳Ȥϡkoineisation 1ȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥
3βǤñ㲽 (simplification) ϡƻޤζ̤줿ꡤưѲ2饹̤ʤɡʸˡƥ꡼ζ̤ʤʤ褦ʥؤʸˡ (gender) ξü⤳ˤ롥
Τ褦ˤߤƤȡΤ˸űѸȸťΥɸܿˤϡ̣ħĤ롥 koineisation ȸƤ֤٤ɤѸȤȤʤ뤬ŦƤħˤǼǤȤ¿
Ϣơ#3969. ƥ졤ťΥɸ졤ȸ졤ե󥹸줬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶӤ ([2020-03-09-1]) ⻲ȡ

Kerswill, P. "Koineization and Accommodation." The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Ed. J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill, and N. Schilling-Estes. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004. 668--702.
Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2020-03-09 Mon

#3969. ƥ졤ťΥɸ졤ȸ졤ե󥹸줬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶӤ [contact][borrowing][sociolinguistics][latin][old_norse][celtic][french][celtic_hypothesis][prestige]

ε#3968. ܿ2סimitation adaptation ([2020-03-08-1]) Ƴܿ (contact) ʬ뿷ʽѸѤơѸˤˤƸܿμפʻ󶡤Ƥ4ΡʼҲ˸ŪƶӡоȤƤߤȤϤäƤ⡤ΥꥸʥǤϤʤFischer et al. (55) ޤȤƤƤΤƸƤˤʤ4Ȥϥƥ졤ťΥɸ졤ȸ졤ե󥹸Ǥ롥

Parameters (social and linguistic)Latin Contact --- OE/ME period and RenaissanceScandinavian Contact --- OE(/ME) periodCeltic Contact --- OE/ME period and beyond (in Celtic varieties of English)French Contact --- mainly ME period
(1) Type of language agentivity (primary mechanism)Recipient (imitation)Source (adaptation)Source (adaptation)Recipient (imitation)
(2) Type of communicationIndirectDirectDirect(In)direct
(3) Length and intensity of communicationLowHighAverage (?)Average
(4) Percentage of population speaking the contact languageSmallRelatively largeRelatively largeSmall
(5) Socio-economic statusHighEqualLowHigh
(6) Language prestigeHighEqualLowHigh
(7) Bilingual speakers (among the English speakers)Yes (but less direct)NoNoSome
(8) Schooling (providing access to target language)YesNoNo (only in later periods)Some
(9) Existence of standard in source/target languageYes/YesNo/NoNo/No (only in later periods)Yes/No
(10) Influence on the lexicon of the target language (types of loanword)Small (formal)Large in the Danelaw area (informal)Small (except in Celtic varieties of English) (informal)Very large (mostly formal)
(11) Influence on the phonology of the target languageNoYesYes? (clearly in Celtic varieties of English)Some
(12) Linguistic similarity with target languageNoYesNoNo


ƥѥ᡼ͤˤĤƤϡȤɽ ? դƤ뤳Ȥʬ̤ꡤ;Ϥ⤢ȤСFischer et al. ϥ֥ƥδظȤƤΥȸ줬˿ƤѸ˾ʤ̸ŪƶͿȤ֥ȸ첾 ("the Celtic hypothesis") ˾ʤ餺ͿƤ褦Ωˤϰ⤢롥
Τ褦͡ʥѥ᡼4αƶħŤƤߤȡơθ줫αƶ˸ŪǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥ơΤ褦¿¿ͤʱƶۤʤ˼ǤѸȤλƳǧ
Ѹ˱ƶͿƤӡоȤˤĤƤϡʲεɤ

#37. ֥ƥؿ5̱²θȤαѸؤαƶ ([2009-06-04-1])
#111. ѸˤˤťΥɸȸťե󥹸αƶӤ ([2009-08-16-1])
#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1])
#1930. ȱƶθ줿ɥ衼åѸ²δطޡ ([2014-08-09-1])
#2354. ťΥɸαƶŪե󥹸αƶʸŪ ([2015-10-07-1])

Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-09-07 Sat

#3785. ޥ󡦥֥ƥθ (2) [roman_britain][latin][celtic][history][gaulish][contact][language_shift][prestige][sociolinguistics]

ε³ޥ󡦥֥ƥθˤĤơDurkin (58) ϡ޻ΥꥢθӤʤ顤ͻƤ롥

One tantalizing comparison is with Roman Gaul. It is generally thought that under the Empire the linguistic situation was broadly similar in Gaul, with Latin the language of an urbanized elite and Gaulish remaining the language in general use in the population at large. Like Britain, Gaul was subject to Germanic invasions, and northern Gaul eventually took on a new name from its Frankish conquerors. However, France emerged as a Romance-speaking country, with a language that is Latin-derived in grammar and overwhelmingly also in lexis. One possible explanation for the very different outcomes in the two former provinces is that urban life may have remained in much better shape in Gaul than in Britain; Gaul had been Roman for longer than Britain, and urban life was probably much more developed and on a larger scale, and may have proved more resilient when facing economic and political vicissitudes. In Gaul the Franks probably took over at least some functioning urban centres where an existing Latin-speaking elite formed the basis for the future administration of the territory; this, combined with the importance and prestige of Latin as the language of the western Church, probably led ultimately to the emergence of a Romance-speaking nation. In Britain the existing population, whether speaking Latin or Celtic, probably held very little prestige in the eyes of the Anglo-Saxon incomers, and this may have been a key factor in determining that England became a Germanic-speaking territory: the Anglo-Saxons may simply not have had enough incentive to adopt the language(s) of these people.


ĤޤꡤαƶĹ³ʤä֥ƥˤƤϡƥ¸ߴϤۤʤ轻Υȿͤ⡤褷Ƥޥͤ⡤礭ʸŪƶ뤳ȤϤʤäޤƤƥظ (language_shift) 뤳ȤʤäꥢˤƤϡαƶĹ³ƥʤƥޥ󥹸ˤȤθܿ³ˡǽŪ˴ؤΥȸȯΥե󥯸⡤ƥݤ߹ޤ褦ˤƾǤƤȤˤʤäȤ櫓
֥ƥȥꥢϡȷϸδؤξ˥ƥ줬֤äƤȤǤ϶̤ˤͭƤ褦ˤߤ뤬ƥȤܿδ֤̩٤ȤǤϺꡤ줬ơϰˤθˤפʥѥȤͿȤȤκϡʬŪˤϥޤεΥκƥФƤҿκؤԸǤΤ⤷ʤ
ξϰμҲŪʾκϡäƱѸȥե󥹸ˤ륱ȼѸμ̤κˤƶͿƤ롥ˤĤƤϡDurkin ˤ#3753. ʩˤ륱ȼѸӡоȡ ([2019-08-06-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-09-08-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow