#1699. ꥫȯαѸγȻǯɽ ([2013-12-21-1]) εǤϡꥫ֤פο͡ΰܽȱѸγˤꥫ֤ءפοήˤ⡤ꥫѸηǤϽפμǤ롥ꥫ̱ˤϰʬʤѸˤȤˤäƤϡؤʥꥹȤ긵ˤȽ롥#158. ꥫѸλʬ ([2009-10-02-1]) ϾܤܳŪʰ̱ˤϴάɽGramley αѸˤѥ˥ˤä7ϤΤ (pp. 6--7) Ƹ褦ŪϤȤƹʳϰޤޤƤ롥
| FROM | TO |
|---|---|
| Southern England | Eastern New England, the coastal South (from the early 17th century) |
| The Caribbean | Virginia and the plantation South (from the early 17th century) |
| Northern England, Scotland, Ulster | Southeast Pennsylvania, the Piedmont, and the Appalachian South (all from the late 17th century) |
| Germany | Pennsylvania (from the late 17th century) |
| The 13 colonies | Upper Canada, the Maritimes (in the late 18th century) |
| Haiti | Louisiana (in the late 18th century) |
| New England | Northwest Territory (from the early 19th century) |
| Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas, and Georgia | the Ohio Valley and Southern Appalachians (from the 18th century) |
| US (freed slaves) | Liberia (from 1822) |
| Upper Canada | the Prairie and Mountain provinces; British Columbia (19th century) |
| Midwest | the Oregon Territory, California, and the Mountain West (19th century) |
| New England | Hawaii (late 19th century) |
| Far West | Alaska (late 19th century) |
| US (colonial administration) | Philippines (from 1898--1946) |
ε#1699. ꥫȯαѸγȻǯɽ ([2013-12-21-1]) ơϥꥹǤƱ͡Gramley αѸˤѥ˥ꡤ7ϤΤ p. 6 žܤ롥ꥹΤɤϰ褫顤Τɤϰؿ͡ȱѸ줬ư˼ΤǤ롥
| FROM | TO |
|---|---|
| Southwest England | Southeastern Ireland (from 1556 to well into the 17th century) |
| Scotland + England | Ulster (from 1606 to the 1690's) |
| England + Scotland | North America (from 1607) |
| Britain + Ireland | the Caribbean (esp. Barbados) (from 1627) |
| Britain + Ireland | Australia (from 1788) |
| England | South Africa (from 1820) |
| Britain + Australia | New Zealand (from 1820) |
| Britain (exploration, trade, colonial administration) | West Africa: Gambia (1661, 1816); Sierra Leone (1787); Ghana (1824; 1850); Nigeria (1851, 1861); Camero on (1914) |
| East Africa: Uganda (1860's); Malawi (1878); Kenya (1886); Tanzania (1880's) | |
| Southern Africa: South Africa (1795); Botswana (19th century); Namibia (1878); Zambia (1888); Zimbabwe (1890); Swaziland (1894) | |
| South Asia: India (1600); Bangla Desh (1690); Sri Lanka (1796); Pakistan (1857) | |
| Southeast Asia: Malaysia (1786); Singapore (1819); Hong Kong (1841) |
ε#1698. ꥫαѸγȻȤΰŪʥѥ ([2013-12-20-1]) ǡꥫ濴ϤȤѸγȻˤĤˤ夫鸽ˤƤαѸγȻ濴ϤȤп˥ꥹʤ¸ߤפ⤫֤19ʹߤΥꥫȯγȻ⡤ߤαѸʬۤ礭Ƥ롥
ꥫȯαѸγȻ⡤ڤγͻӤǿʹԤꥹӤΥꥫڳħϡܻؤŪʳǤϤʤƤˤȤɤޤŪʳäǤ롥Τˡ#255. ȱѸˡ ([2010-01-07-1])#1589. եԥαѸ ([2013-09-02-1])#1697. Liberia ι ([2013-12-19-1]) εǼ夲 Guam, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Liberia ʤɤΤ褦ˡؤŸ⤢ˤϤΤŪˤŪʳȤߤƤ褤ꥫڳȱѸȻˤˤĤƤϡ#1368. Fennell ǡѸάǯɽ ([2013-01-24-1])#1377. Gelderen ǡѸάǯɽ ([2013-02-02-1])#215. ENS, ESL ϰαѸ첽ǯ ([2009-11-28-1]) ʤɤǿƤ뤬Ȥ櫓ܤǯɽʲ˷ǤGramley αѸˤѥ˥Ρ7Ϥ p. 5 ȴФΤǤ롥
1. The original extent of the US according to the Treaty of Paris at the end of the War of Independence in 1783 extended to the Mississippi River.
2. In 1803 the Louisiana Purchase, the territory ceded to the U.S. by Napoleon for $15 million, doubled the territory of the US, which now reached the Rocky Mountains.
3. First West Florida (1810 and 1813) and then East Florida (1819) were taken from Spain by invasion and the payment of $5 million.
4. Texas, once a Mexican state, then an independent republic run by American settlers since 1836, was annexed by the US in 1845.
5. The Northwest Territory (Oregon, Washington, and British Colombia), claimed by Britain and the U.S. as well as Spain and Russia, was peaceably divided between the former two in 1846.
6. In the Mexican-American War (1846--1848) vast conquered areas in the west (California) and southwest (New Mexico, Arizona) were annexed. The US indemnified Mexico for $10 million. Many speakers of Native American languages and Spanish became US citizens.
7. Further Mexican territory (the Gadsden Purchase, 1853) was acquired for $10 million to ease the building of a rail line to California.
8. The US bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million in 1867 (Seward's Folly). The original Inuit peoples are today a distinct minority.
9. The kingdom of Hawaii (formerly known as the Sandwich Islands) became a republic after a coup by Americans living there in 1893. It was annexed in 1898. Today the Hawaiian language is making something of a comeback within a context of a society dominated by StE and Hawaiian Creole English.
10. The Spanish-American War ended with the US taking over numerous territories, some such as Cuba only temporarily, others longer. Today Puerto Rico is a commonwealth, Spanish-language American territory, and Guam in the Pacific, a bilingual territory. The Philippines, for which the U.S. paid Spain $20 million, remained an American colony until 1946. Pilipino is the national language in this very multilingual country, and English is a widely used L2.
19κǽ2/3λΤˡꥫ罰αߤΦء̤ؤڤ礷λˡꥫƤФʴäꤢ19ȾϡHawaii, Guam, other Pacific islands, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, the American Virgin Islands ʤؤʽФκޤǤˤϡˤϿʽФǤפϰ¿ĤƤʤäΤ֤Ǥ롥
嵭 Gramley ˤϡ¾ˤ͡ΰܽȱѸγȻȤδطޤȤɽǡ롥
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
ε#1697. Liberia ι ([2013-12-19-1]) ǡLiberia αѸ줬ꥹѸǤϤʤꥫѸ˴ä֤ƤŪطʤάҤ#376. ˤѸιϿޤǤߤ ([2010-05-08-1]) ǤŪ˥ꥹѸȥꥫѸαƶˤϰϥꥫѸפȤѸŸ˱ѸŸΰŪʥѥˤĤƹͤƤߤ
̱פʤɤˤ͡ΰưϡ줽ΤΤŪ˹롥ϡgeolinguistics geography of language ȸƤФʬŪ˼갷Ǥ롥19ˤϡѸ濴Ϥϥ֥ƥˤꡤѸ줬̱פˤ̥ꥫֳեꥫȥꥢ˥塼ɡʤɤؤŸƤ19˶ŤȡꥫѸγȻΤ⤦Ĥ濴ϤȤĹƤѸϡ饢ꥫ饹ʥϤᡤֳϥ磻եԥ٥ꥢʤɤؤŸʴϢơ#255. ȱѸˡ ([2010-01-07-1]) ȡˡꥫαѸγȻưǤϡϥꥹξƱͤ˽ž (mercantilism) ڤγ (territorial expansion) ä19ޤǤˤϡ˽ʸȤǤ⥢ꥫȯαѸγ˹
䤬ơNew England ȯƥʥäѸ⡤켫Ȥ⤦Ĥ濴ȤʤȤƤƤγŸ뤳ȤϤʤŪʳȻǤȤɤޤäȻβǿ濴Ϥ߽Ф줿ȤǤϡꥹ䥢ꥫ˼ƤѥѤȤʤѸγȻβޤ줿濴ϤȡΤʤȻGramley (159) οޤͤˡΤ褦ɽ路Ƥߤ

αѸγȻΥѥλǷ֤줿ꥹѸή Jamaica αѸ⡤켫ΤȻ濴ȤʤꡤꥫαرƶڤܤWestern Jamaica 鹭ä Belize, Bay Islands, Corn Islands, Blue Fields, Puerto Limón αѸ줬Ǥ롥ޤAustralia ϡNew Zealand, the Solomon Islands, Fiji, Papua New Guinea ؤŸ濴ϤȤʤäSouth Africa Namibia, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Malawi ؤŸ濴ϤȤʤäˤѥǤ롥
Ѹϡ¾θȰۤʤꡤΥѥˤΤǤ롥Gramley (159--60) ϡѸγˤĤƼΤ褦ʬϤƤ롥
What we see, then, is economically and demographically motivated expansion and closely related to it, a geographical spread of English to a unique extent. While the other major European colonial powers, Spain, Portugal, France, and The Netherlands, also acquired colonial empires, they differed because they did not establish settler communities which repeated the process of expansion to the degree that Britain did. In the case of Russia there was "merely" what is most frequently seen as "internal" expansion eastward. And the late-comers to the field, Germany, Italy, and Japan, were able to acquire relatively few and less desirable territories and were knocked out of the game at the latest by losing World War I (Germany) or World War II (Japan, Italy).
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
ε#1612. ƻϩɸѸɽء ([2013-09-25-1]) ˤƻϩɸαѸɽλܺˤĤơײ (language_planning) Ȥ³ˤȡΤ褦ϡָĶפ뤤ϡϰθ쵭沽פȤɤΤȤǵ롥Ĺ (62--65) ָĶפꤵ줿1ΤۤȤɤѤ롥
Į̤⤷ꡤ夤ꡤۥƥǥƥӤΥͥĤꤹȡ乭𡤥ƥȡʤɤѤƤ̤ơ˴ؤľǤ롥ƱˡҲŪտĴơ¸ߤѼ褯ΤˤĤơ¿ǥо줷ƤʤȤ˵Ť
Τʤǡ줬ʸη¸ߤꡤ¸ߤƤʤȤָĶפȸƤ֡ʤ顤˥塼衼ǤŹδĤ˱Ѹ졤ꥢ졤ӥȤä줬뤳Ȥ顤ϻ뤳ȤǤ뤷δĶˤѼ̤ơߤѲ뤳ȤǤ롥뤤ϤޤꥹˤؤιִԤδʰ強ǯˤŤˤĤơ塻ǯιθĶˤοĥȱѸθबǧ줿
˥塼衼ޤ¾μԤθ¿ξդ졤ΤΤʤˤȸ뤬¸Τʤθײ⤽Τ褦ʾ˲ΤüԤ˥ե٥åȤʤΤˡθ˥ե٥åȤͿƤⲿˤΩʤ̤̾Τץ졼ȤƻϩɸξΥʥСץ졼ȡݥ饸ƥȤϡ쿶ŪDzΤˤϳʹξǤ롥ȤСǯδֳ֤Фơ塻ǯ˥ӥХ̥ڥХιĮͤХ륻ʤζ˹ߤΩäιԼԤϡӥХˤϥХɽꡤХ륻ʤˤϥ롼˥ɽ뤳Ȥ˶äɽϸĶ˷ײŪʲԤʤ졤ޤӽƤ줬δĶ뤤ԲȤȤƤ롥ƱͤˡɽĶȤ餹ȡ強ǯȬǯδ֤ˡ른γ̤ϡѤäƤޤä˽Ҥ٤٤Ƥεǽˤơӥ줬ե˼ääΤ褦ʡϰθ쵭沽פϡ줬ޤ줿η̤Ǥ졤ײŪʼη̤Ǥ졤ҲŪɤߤȤƻƤ롥˸ˤϡǼƤΤ⤢Сʤʤܤˤ뤳ȤΤʤΤ⤢ꡤθμҲŪʽ٤䤽ξȤ̵طǤϤʤΤ
äơײϴĶƯơθν䤽ξħŪʰҿ˱ƶڤܤΤƤˡߤ¿ۤʤäƤȤϤ¸ΤʤγưΤΤʤγưˡѤۤ롥ȤСѥΥޥֿͤӥDzǼȤäʸȡϥӥ¾˥եǤʤĤޤˤͤФʤʤȤϤˤȤδ֤ˤϡʤǤʸɽˤ̤ǥƥƥɽˤĤƱͤΰջ֤ǧ롥Υǥƥƥ륢ץϤ줾ۤʤäƤ롤ϼʹư顤¾ˡβˤäơǥƥƥƤΤǤ롥
ĤξǤ⡤ϰθ쵭沽ȤǽƱǤ롥˥塼衼ѥ̤˸륢ӥ졤졤إ֥饤ηǼϡʳΥåäƤ롥ޤŪ٥ǤϡθɤळȤΤǤԤåɤǤȤǡŪ˼Ԥʤꤹ롥ƱˡŪ٥ǤϡηǼ̤μΥåȤʤäƤ롥ӥɤʤƤ⡤ʸηϤ̤뤳ȤǤ뤷¸ߤϾħŪڸ̤Ƥ롥ȤС쥹ȥΥɥξˤֹŹפȤˤǼĤΤȤƤ롥ޤɤͤˡ֤ϹŹפƤƱˡɤʤͤˤϡ֤פƤ롥˶Źߤ˲ǷǤƤСΤ褦ʷǼ¸Ƥ뤳Ȥ顤֤̤ͤפȤȤ䡤֤ڳפȤȤ狼롥Τ褦ʳɲ⡤ʸĶν狼롥ȤʬؤβꤹС¿οͤӤȤϤФ餯Τ˷Ǽ줬ɤʤ⤷ʤϽ̱μΨˤ롥Ǥ⡤ʸɽȤγФ졤ʸ¸ߤˤħ롥
μݤƻϩɸαѸɽȤʸ̮ƤϤȡΤ褦˵ǤŪγʹŪǤƻϩɸѸ첽Ȥ̤ܺơܤϷײŪܤθĶѲ褦ȤƤꡤѸοĥ岡ƤȤȤˤʤ롥λ̱ܺ˼ȲꤹȡƻϩɸαѸɽϡŪ٥ȶŪ٥2ĤΥå뤳Ȥˤʤ㤨С"Kanda Sta. West" ϡŪ٥ǤϡѸɽԤˤ줬ֿıפǤ뤳Ȥ롥Ū٥ǤϡѸɽԤˤ⤷ʤԤˤ⡤ܤƻϩɸ˱ѸɽѤ뤳ȤǤȤåܤϱѸν䤽ξħŪʰҿŪǧƤȤå롥
ƻϩɸαѸɽεϡΡϰθ쵭沽פȤʤ٤ǤϤʤ
ָĶפȤɤȴϢơ#278. ˥塼ɤˤޥγ ([2010-01-30-1]) #601. ¿ʪ¿ ([2010-12-19-1]) ǿ줿 "ecology of language" "ecolinguistics" Ȥʬؤ꤬ϰθ쵭沽פϡ#1543. ء ([2013-07-18-1]) ǰ٤1Ĥ
륤ˡ ԡˡظȤϲ١ҡ2000ǯ
űѸ West-Saxon y ɽ蘆첻ѸǤˤ i, u, e ʤɤȤƸ뤳ȤˤĤƤϡ#562. busy ֻȯ ([2010-11-10-1])#563. Chaucer merry ([2010-11-11-1])#570. bury 첻ʬۡ ([2010-11-18-1])#1434. left hemlock Kentish ([2013-03-31-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲
14ȾդɸबȯãƤȤˡɤɸŪʷ֤ȤƺǽŪ줿ˤꡤѸ busy, bury, merry ʤɤ˸褦ʡֻȯμδط뤷Ƥޤä#562. busy ֻȯ ([2010-11-10-1]) Ǥϡָġθɸɤͳ褹뤫ϥȤ褦ʤפȽҤ٤ɸಽ˺ݤơѸ kin sin ˤĤʤñʤɡ¿ͳ褹 i ȿǤ뤳ȤˤʤäȤϻ¤Ǥ롥Ȥ i ¿äȤ¤ˤĤƤϡ餫ǽ⤷ʤ
ˤĤơ¼ (33--35) G. Kristensson ("Sociolects in 14th-Century London." Nonstandard Varieties of Language: Papers from the Stockholm Symposium 11--13 April 1991. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1994. 103--10) ε˵ʤ顤14Υɥή Norfolk пȤο͡ôäƤҲŪŦƤ롥14ƬΥɥؤΰ̱ꥹȤΤʤǡNorfolk пȼԤȥåפκ¤ƤNorfolk ήϾʤȤ1360ǯޤǤ³Ƥꡤ Norfolk ̱ϼȤƹ侦Ȥ˴ؤ뿦Ȥ˽ƤᡤɥˤƼҲŪͥʽĤƤȹͤ롥ơμҲŪϰ̤ȤȤˡ餬ζäƤϤ i ϰ̤徺ǽŪ˥ɥˤưҿȯȤƼ줿ΤǤϤʤȤ
ɥˤΡեпȤο͡ϿξĤޤ̤DZƶͿ뾦ͤγȤ狼롥ϼǥɥȤϰæƤOE /y(:)/ Ф /i(:)/stret ˤ褦 OE /æ:/ Ф /ɛ:/ ޤ /e:/fen ˤ褦 OE /e/ Ф /e/milk ˤ褦 OE /eo/ Ф /i/flax, wax Τ褦ʸǤ /a/old, cold Τ褦ʸǤ /ɔ:/fen, fair Τ褦ʸǤ /f-/ Ǥ롥ɥѸˤ뤳Ѽ14Ⱦơ14ȾǤϽפʼҲȤΩĤ褦ˤʤäȸäƤʤǤαѸϡ͵ʡʾͤγ°ãˤäƻѤ졤餯ʼι⤤Ȥʤꡤեȥƥ줬Ѹϰ̤äܤΡ˴ģǻȤ줿ŪʸȤʤäܹⴱ¿ϥΡեΰ̱ܽĤ˽°Ƥ褦˻פ롥¼pp. 33--35
Ǥϡʤ Norfolk ΰ̱λۤɤޤǤäΤ1Ĥˤϡϰ褬ɤǺǤ̩٤ι⤤ϰǤäȤ롥פʤȤϡNorfolk ͤ¿ɤ礭٤⤿餹ӻȤ˽ƤȤǤ롥ˡNorfolk ϸűѸŪˤꥹǥʥϤο¿Ƥꡤ̱¾ϰ (villein) ⼫ͳϰ̤ͭƤˡȳưȯãȾͳֶ¥줿Ȥ⤢ä
ʾΤ褦ʿʬۡкѳưŪ郎ؤäơNorfolk ɥˤ뤳ȤȤʤäȤȤ¤ȤСϤޤˡ#1543. ء ([2013-07-18-1]) εν˼֥ˡΰŪħפοޤˤȤǰϤäɤΤۤȤɤε˴ͿƤʤʤ졤ΰ衤̱кѡҲ顤Ի֡Իԡ١ˡ
¼ Ƿإ硼αѸ١ҡ2011ǯ
ȽδطοˤĤƤϡ¿פʤźʹֽĤϤФиȽȤҤȤޤȤˤ餷Ƥ⤿餹ŪƶǤ뤳ȤϡѸˤܸˤ1ȤäƤ⡤#296. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ ([2010-02-17-1]) ǽҤ٤ǡ餫Ǥ롥ѸˤĤƤϡäȤܤˤĤ䤹٥ˤơ#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1]) #1439. ͳ褹ɽ ([2013-04-05-1]) Ǽ̤ꡤꥹȶαƶǻǤ롥
ηϤʬۤؤȻܤƤ⡤δͿ礭֤ƤΤޤ֤ƤˤʤäƤϾʤʤε#1545. "lexical cleansing" ([2013-07-20-1]) κǸǿ줿褦ˡSerbo-Croatian ȤϢ³Τʤ줬 Serbian Croatian 2ʬΤϡԤΥꥷȸԤΥȥåȤνŪΩŪΩؤƤ줿̤ȤǤʤˡ¾ƱǤʤ顤ඵ̤ˤ Bosnian 3ܤΡָפȤǧΤĤĤˡȥѥǤϡߤǽ Hindustani ҥȥඵΩ˴ŤHindi Urdu Ȥۤʤ2ؤʬƤ롥ץǤϡꥷüԽĤȥȥ륳üԽĤ줾쥮ꥷ̤ȥඵ̤бƤ롥
ŪΥʬۤƤˤ⤫餺Ʊ뤬椨ˤȷӤĤ줬ݤ줿ꡤ餿˺Ѥ줿ꤹ륱⤢롥㤨СɤǺüˤޤ¸ߤ륤ඵ̤νĤ衤²ϤΥߡʤɤδĶˤƤˤ⤫餺ȯŪȿŪ˰Ǥ Urdu ؤȸؤ㤬ʥ֥ȥpp. 75--76ˡ2000ǯΤΥƤ̱饨ȤȤˡȤƤϻȤʤäƤإ֥饤ɤ餻礭ʸưϤϥ䶵εῴϤä
γȤȤˤôȤʤ礹ȤȤϡ衼åѤˤ륭ꥹȶȥƥ졤ˤ륢ӥ졤쥢ˤʩʤɡ¿㤬롥̾줬ŪʵῴϤˤ̿졤ݻ褦⤢롥ʬʹߤΥݡɤǥȥåݡɸѤ³Ȥϡݡɸ¸ߴݤĤȤ˹եɥˤ륪ΥեФϰ̸⡤ԤγưˤäƲǽȤʤä
嵭Τ褦˴ϢοǡȽȤɬŪʴطǤϤʤȤĴƤɬפ롥̱ܽ¿ҲˤäƤϡνݤäƤΤΡθϼܽͥʸؾ괹Ƥ륱ʤʤ㤨СƹΥ䶵̤䥤ඵ̤פ⤫٤Ф褤
ȽϴϢϿδϢɬŪǤϤʤξԤɤΤ褦˰¸ɤΤ褦ΩƤΤȤϡ#1543. ء ([2013-07-18-1]) μȤ٤1Ĥ *
֥ȥ ͵ ظء١ҡʸ˥ӡ1988ǯ
֥ȥΡظء٤ɤߡؤδͻȤʥץ˵Ť줿ˤŪ¦̤ϡĴѲŤ (linguistic area; see [2012-12-01-1]) θʤɤȤϤƤޤΤΤȤߤʤ졤ɽŪʴؿʧƤʤäȤ뤫⤷ʤΤȤϡ#1053. Ⱦȵڸ̡ ([2012-03-15-1]) εǤ줿
ءءؤʤɤȸƤϤϤ礦ɸμҲؤҲؤȤʬӤ롥Trudgill (56) Ѹ콸 geolinguistics ƤߤȡƤꡤθƾΤˤ2Ĥ¦̤̤Ƥ롥
(1) A relatively recent label used by some linguists to refer to work in sociolinguistics which represents a synthesis of Labovian secular linguistics and spatial dialectology. The quantitative study of the geographical diffusion of words or pronunciations from one area to another is an example of work in this field. (2) A term used by human geographers to describe modern quantitative research on geographical aspects of language maintenance and language shift, and other aspects of the spatial relationships to be found between languages and dialects. An example of such work is the study of geographical patterning in the use of English and Welsh in Wales. Given the model of the distinction between sociolinguistics and the sociology of language, it might be better to refer to this sort of work as the geography of language.
ŪѲŤθǤϡܤŪʬۤ餫ˤȤȤǤ뤫顤ϡءפȸƤ֤٤ (1) ΰ֥ȥˤƤΤϡָءפȸƤ֤٤ (2) ΰǤ롥Ԥϡ̱²佡ȤкѤʤɤǤϤʤȤݤ˾ƤؤǤ롤Ȥ롥
ؤǰ¿ˤ錄뤬ɽ1Ĥˡ#1540. Ѹˤء ([2013-07-15-1]) ǶŪˤˡŬѤ褦 (language shift) 롥ޤƤ椯¸ܻؤꡤλ⡤üԿοܤȤäؤνפʴؿνŪʬۤȤϡҤθȤǰͿ롥ʸŪʬۤƱͤǤ롥
֥ȥǤΩƤ褦ȤƤؤɤΤ褦ʤسԤĤΤʤΤľܥ֥ȥ˸äƤ餪
ɡؼԤϡҲ˳ŪкѳŪʼοʸݤȸȤΤζŪشطγΩ˽ϤƤΤǤ롥Ǥ⡤ĶʪŪĶȤشطϤΤΤǤ롥줬ĶľƯΤǤʤʾ塤ˤĤƤֳؤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ٤Ƥθϡ̱ȼʬۤƤꡤ̱ϸδĶǤ⤢롥äƤޤ̤θʹֽĤֳؤ¸ߤΤǤ롥ƤʸŪħ졽ĤδޤϤĤδĶǡ¾ʸŪҲŪкŪüƱͤΡ뤤ϰۤʤäǡɤΤ褦˳礷ɤΤ褦˰ݻɤΤ褦Ǥ餫ˤˤϡؼԤϤޤ˻ʽʬǤ롥(29--30)
ºݤˤϥ֥ȥϡؤ礭ʸؤؤȷӤĤ褦ȤƤ롥
ݤʸݤ2Ĥΰ̩ʬ뤳ȤˤäƤΤߡͼŪΤ褦ʳǰѤ뤳ȤǽȤʤꡤͼϰϤʸŪʽΤϰϤȤӤ뤳ȤǤ롥ʸŪΤǤ⡤ŪŪŪ°Ȥäۤʤ뼡ΤϡĹΤǧƤ饨ˡ̱²ŪƱΡˤ修ļҲĤȤȤä褦ʡ줾ζ̤б붦ƱΤ乽¤ˤĤƤǧƤΤǤ롥ʸνħؤ顤Ϥޤʸ켫ΤؤؤȶŤȤǤ롥ʤҲθŪŪŪʰ仺ӤĤƻְͤռȤθŪʽηϤߤ褦ʸνΤ˴ؤؤءǤ롥ʸؤϤ椨ˡ礭ʤ뤤ϼҲΤοʹֽĤˤ뤳ȤŪȤ롥νĤϡ˱²ˡȡʸΰñ̤ʤɤƱ뤵ΤǤ롥ؼԤϤνĤֳؤưȯŪ߰¸ˤεǽŪʳ¸٤ޤϻ١ʸμƤȤäŪޤϽŪʸݤˤ뿻ƩϤʤɤ¦̤鸦椹롥кѳư̤ͥǧƤǤϡʸؤϼҲǷкѿͤȿФ¦¸ߤƤΤʬȤ̿ӤӤƤΤǤ롥(32--33)
פˡ֥ȥλϡҲˤȤɴѤΤȤǸŪ¦̤˾ƤȤȤǤ롥ʲϡɴѤȾδطΤǤʥ֥ȥp. 47֥ˡΰŪħסˡμҲؤҲؤΤθޤȤƤǤ롥

ʤΰʸѤƤˡȤǰѸˤĤƤϡ#1539. ethnie ([2013-07-14-1]) ȡ
Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
֥ȥ ͵ ظء١ҡʸ˥ӡ1988ǯ
ε#1539. ethnie ([2013-07-14-1]) ǡ֥ˡפȤؤγǰѸƳ (language shift) 갷ǤȤ櫓פǤ롥Ŀͤ䤽νĤǤ줬Ǥ뤫˾Ƥ륨ˡȤ顤¾Ǥ̱²ȤʬषȤ߹碌䤽ѲưŪˤȤ館ȡؤͭ˵Ҥ뤳Ȥǽˤʤ롥
֥ȥ (54) ϡ饤ʿ͡͡饤ʸ졤δ֤ƤؤˤȤäƿߤƤ뤬ǤϱԤȤѸ˥ɿ͡եʥΥޥ˿͡Ѹ졤եδ֤Ƥؤ褦

ʸ E, F Ϥ줾̱²ɽ魯桤ʸ e, f Ϥ줾θɽ魯Ǥ롥Ȥ߹碌μѲˤꡤؤʳҤ롥 Ee ϡѸΤߤäƤɿͤɽ魯Ѹ¿ν̱°롥̤Υեܤ뵡¿ήʤɤ°륤ɿͤϡե2ȤƽEef ΥХȤʤäƤäŪˤϡʳʤСѸȥեννžե줬1ȤơѸ줬2ȤƽȤʤɿͤˤѸʸȤؿʤǤ⤷ʤºݤˤϤޤǤˤϻʤä
ǤϡΥޥ塤ɤؤäƤեʥΥޥ˿ͤθؤϤɤΤ褦˿ʤޤϡ1ȤƤΥե줷ʤ Ff Ȥʬव롥12ʹߡ˱Ѹ줬ɼҲƤ椯ˤĤ졤ΤʤˤϱѸ2ȤƽΤ⸽褦ˤʤäFfe ʳˡ˱Ѹ첽ʤǤ椯ȡѸ1졤ե2ȤƽΤFef ʳˡǸ˱ѸΥΥˤʤäƤäFe ʳˡ줬Ѹ˼ºݤ˵äեͤαѸʸƤήǤ롥ɤǤϡʾΤ褦ˡѸȥեΤǥɿͤȥեͤˤؤʹԤƤΤǤ롥
ؤȳȻϤϡ1ѼԤ2ѼԤοǷޤ롥֥ȥ (70) ˤСȻؿȤϡ2ȤƤüԿ1ȤƤüԿdzäͤǤ롥ɤǹͤȡ夷Ф餯δ֤ϥե2Ȥƽ륤ɿ͡ʬҡˤäˡΤȤƥեγȻؿ礭ʤäĤޤꡤʤ˥եγȻϤäȤȤǤ롥˱ѸʤˤĤ졤Ѹ2Ȥƽե͡ʬҡˤο褦ˤʤꡤषѸγȻؿΤۤ礭ʤä
οˤ̻Ūʼľܤˤɽ蘆Ƥʤ˱Ѹ줫եؤθؤȤ夤Ĭήʾʤκ鱦ؤ2ܤˡ˥ե줫ѸؤθؤȤĬήʲʤα麸ؤ3ܤˤȤȤǰƬ˲᤹ȡ狼䤹碌ơʲοޤ⻲ȡ

֥ȥ ͵ ظء١ҡʸ˥ӡ1988ǯ
ͼ²̱²ȡʤɤߴطʣǤ롥ʣλۤꡤɤΤ褦ޤäƤΤͻΤҲؤλŻΤˤϤ줾γǰбʹֽĤɽ魯ɽɬפǤ롥ͼ²̱²ȤȤΤ䤹ȤϤʤüԽĤȤ춦ƱΤȸƤ֤ȤϤǤ뤬äüŪɽߤǡˡ (ethnie) ȤѸ줬߽Ф줿֥ȥ (51) ˤСˡȤƾΤϡʲνĤФͿ٤Ǥ롥
Ūñ̤Ǥ뤳ȤħȤȯεŪˤ뽸ġʿͼˤȤϰۤʤΡ˿²طˤӤĤʻ²²ˤǤʤޤʸŪħʣΡ̱²ˤǤŪħʣΡʹ̱ˤǤʤ褦ʽĤФƤǤ롥̩ʰ̣ǥˡϡؼԤ̱²ؼԤθԶ콸 (G.L.M.)ա⤦ۣʤǤϡ̱²콸ġդ⤷ϡԸ춦ƱΡդƱΤǤ롥äƥˡȤϡοŪŪŪ°ɤǤ졤ƱĸġͤνΤȤȤˤʤ롥
λƤж콸 (G.L.M. = "groupe de langue maternelle") 춦ƱΤȤƾΤǤ褤֥ˡפȤɽdzǰץ벽ƤޤгΤǤ롥ˤꡤ衤ֱѸüԽġפƤ "native (or L1) speakers of English" ϡֱѸ쥨ˡפüŪȤǤ롥
̩ǤϥˡϤȤäĤؤ2ȤƤüԽĤޤˤѤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤξˤüԤʤΤüԤʤΤʬΤŬڤʤȤ֥ȥ (52) ϡԤ ethnophone ̱²üԡˡԤ allophone ̱²üԡˤȸƤǤ롥ѸˤС"native (or L1) speakers of English" ϡֱѸ쥨Υե̡ס"L2 speakers of English" ϡֱѸ쥢ե̡פȸƤ֤ȤǤ롥ơξԹ碌 "speakers of English" ϡˤ̣ǤΡֱѸ쥨ˡפȤƸƤ֤ȤǤ롥
ۤʤ륨ˡ֤θưҲŪˤĤưƱĴ٤ȤäؤβФ륢ץޤ줿ǰǤѸǤ롥ѤǤ
֥ȥ ͵ ظء١ҡʸ˥ӡ1988ǯ
ε#1313. ɤΤ餤ŤޤǸ̤뤳ȤǤ뤫 ([2012-11-30-1]) ǡ (linguistic area) ȤͤƳϡˤĤƤ⤦ä
Ū٤礦ɤĹܿ³ȡħߤ˻̤äƤΤǤϤʤ뤳ȤǤ롥¿θħ«ˤʤäƸ춭ۤƱ褷Ū˼դθ줬ޤȤޤäȤȤΤ褦ˤꤵ֤ΤȤȸƤǤ롥"linguistic area" Τۤ"Sprachbund", "diffusion area", "adstratum", "convergence area" ʤɤȤƤФ뤳Ȥ롥ȤǰϡѤ䤹ä⡤Ȥ櫓ʸˡˤƸ˸ڤ뤳Ȥ¿
褯ΤƤȤƤϡεǿ줿ɽ˴ؤ South Asian (or Indian subcontinent) linguistic area ΤۤBalkan linguistic area, Baltic linguistic area, Ethiopian linguistic area, Mesoamerican linguistic area, Northwest coast (of North America) linguistic area ʤɤ롥Ȥ櫓 Balkan linguistic area ͭ̾Ǥ롥Х륫Ⱦˤϡ ²ˤ°뤬Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian, Bulgarian (Slavic) Romanian (Italic)Greek (Hellenic), Albanian (Albanian) ʤɰۤʤɤν줬ҤäƤ롥Ūˤϸߤ˱ȤäƤ褤Τܤ餷ƤȤˤꡤĤζ̤ħĤˤäϥХ륫Ūħ (Balkanisms) ȸƤФƤ롥Х륫ŪħϡȤŪˤ϶ᤤطǤäƤνˤϴѻʤħǤ롥1ĤȤơAlbanian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Romanian ˶̤Ƹ봧θ֤Ƥ¾Υ衼åѽǴθ֤ʤΤŪ˱Υ줿̲ΤߤǤ뤫顤Х륫ꤷʤ¤ꡤħǤʤ
⤦1ͭ̾ʤΤϡեꥫäƤ Sotho, Zulu, Xhosa ʤɤ Bantu 䡤Bushman, Khoikhoi ʤɤ Khoisan ˤޤäƹԤʤƤǤ (click) Ǥ롥θΤʤǤȯǤꡤ줬1ϰν˶̤ѤƤΤ϶ȤϹͤʤ[2012-03-17-1]εǼ夲#1055. uvular r θ춭ۤפ˴ؤǤ롥
ʾ塤Ȥƥȥåɥ (188--93) ͤˤƼɮ
Campbell, Lyle and Mauricio J. Mixco, eds. A Glossary of Historical Linguistics. Salt Lake City: U of Utah P, 2007.
P. ȥåɥ ظȼҲ١ȽŹ1975ǯ
ѲȾ˼ϤäƹԤȤȾ (the wave theory; Wellentheorie) ˤĤơ#999. ѲȾ ([2012-01-21-1]) #1000. Ÿն˻Ĥ ([2012-01-22-1]) #1045. Ĺˤ ([2012-03-07-1]) εǼ夲ƤȾϡӸؤȤƤ the family tree model ФȿȤ줿ΤäѲˤ¾ʸŤƱͤŪ¦̤ȤͤƤߤФäȤʼĥ˳ΩͿȤɾ롥
ȾϡѲŤˤĤƤ͡¦̤˸ƤƤʲˡȾ⤬ѲθͿȵڸ̤ߤˤĤơιͤȤ褦
(1) ָŸն˻Ĥ (archaism in marginal areas) θ§ǤΩơƤߤͿ
(2) ѲŤŪ¦̤ˤĤƤν߽ФΤȤʤä㤨СȾФ the gravity model 䡤 the gravity model й the counterhierarchical modelŪڤܤ border effect ʤɡ (linguistic geography) ȯŸ˹
(3) Ⱦθϡ٥ŤǤʤҲ٥ŤˤѤǤǽ롥㤨С[2010-06-07-1]ε#406. Labov New York City /r/פǾҲ𤷤ĴǡҲкŪʳؤβ˸äơʺǾ̤Ȥơ /r/ Ψ⤫ä¤ϡrhotic ȯؤ˥äȾ˹äƤΤǤϤʤȤٻ롥
(4) óȻ (lexical diffusion) ϡ衤Ū¦̤ϴطʤηϤΤʤ˥褦˿ʤѲȤ줿ŪȾȤ褦˻פ롥Ⱦ¤2ܡ3ܤȳȤФ줾Ѥ4ܡ9ܤ˳礹褦ˡóȻǤ⤢ʳĤ "take-off" ȡ®٤˾夬ꡤäȾ쵤ݤ߹ࡥ
Ⱦ⤬ѲŪͣηǤϤʤȤΤƤ뤬(2) ǽҤ٤褦ˡѲθŪ֤ȤᤷӤ礭Britain ϡʸƬǡߤǤҲؤˤŪ֤μؤδؿ˳ȻŦƤ롥
The geographical dimension of space has been an almost wholly unexplored dimension in sociolinguistics. This is a somewhat surprising state of affairs since modern sociolinguistics can rightfully claim roots in a number of (seemingly) spatially-aware antecedents: the cartographic tradition of early dialectology, early linguistic anthropology, the cultural geography of Vidal de la Blache . . . and so on. Almost without exception, and rather than having been critically explored as a potential social variable, space has been treated as a blank canvas onto which sociolinguistic processes are painted. It has been unexamined, untheorised and its role in shaping and being shaped by language untested.
Ū֤ѲΥХȤƤǤϤʤζȤƤȤ館ƤƤɬפ롥
Britain, Dave. "Geolinguistics and Linguistic Diffusion." Sociolinguistics: International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Ed. U. Ammon et al. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2004.
űѸѸؤѸ˻ޤǡ¿θѲɤ̤Τˤ줫ؤŤƤä;̾ she she ȡˤ they [2011-04-10-1]ȡˤڡ3ñ -s γ硤ʣ -s Hotta θȡˤοĹťΥɸ줫¿θäμѡƱѸ˾Ѳȸ뤫⤷ʤޤοʿʸˡξü⡤ΥꥹɸѸˤĤƤκפǻΤϡѸ˸줿Ρפ椨Ǥ롥
ʤ̤ȤʤΤŤθưϤϲʤΤȤϡǤ롥 (linguistic geography or geolinguistics) ǤϡѲŤȤ the wave theory Ť龧Ƥ롥ˤСɤȤӤ礭Фꤲޤ졤;ȤŤƽ˼ϤءäؤȹäƹԤäǤ롥ºݤˡ嵭νѲϡȾμȤŤƤäȤΤƤʾʤȤ⡤ʣ -s ŤˤĤƤdzǧˡꤲޤ줿ФʤۤɤޤǤ˥ͥ륮äΤǤ롥ҲؤǤϡ̾Τ褦ʥͥ륮ϼҲŪ˱ƶϤΤϰŵŪˤԻˤȯȤ;ȤؤŤƤ椯ΤȹͤƤꡤΥɥļˤؤȤʤǤΤ¤ϵդǤ롥ʤʤΤ
ˤĤƤ (175) ǤڤƤ뤬ǰѤ Thomason and Kaufman (274) ΰҲ𤷤褦
Until about 1225 innovations starting in the South were spreading northward (e.g., /aː/ > /oə/, 'ɣ' > w/y), after 1250 practically all innovations in English were starting in the North and spreading southward (e.g. lengthening of short stressed vowel in open syllable, dropping of final unstressed schwa, degemination, spread of third person singular present tense -es at the expense of -eth). No explanation (except that York, England's second city, is located in Deira) can as yet be offered for why the North should have been so influential on the Midlands and South from 1250 to 1400, since it was much poorer than the rest of England, and was constantly being raided by the Scots, with whom the Northerners (ruefully, one supposes) shared a dialect.
¾ǡThomason and Kaufman (289) ϡSawyer (174--75) Ȥʤ鼡Τ褦ˤҤ٤Ƥ롥
. . . there was a great growth of quite profitable sheep-farming at the hands of Norse-origin or even Norse-speaking entrepreneurs in the eleventh century in the Lincolnshire Wolds (which lie in Lindsey, the major town being Louth) and in the Yorkshire Wolds (which lie in the East Riding of Yorkshire part of Deira, the major town being Bridlington), which lie right across the Humber from each other . . . .
ʤ顤 (175) ˤơɤɤ˼Τ褦ʰոҤ٤ˤȤɤޤä
I cannot offer a strong alternative, but it is possible that as carriers of Norsified English in the North and East passed innovative linguistic features to neighbouring areas through person-to-person communication, the receiving areas willingly picked up the Norsified features as "faddish." For the time being, however, I would like to leave this question open.
ˤĤƺǶ O'Neil (266) ˸Ĥ̤ΰոҲ𤷤Ƥ
Now why the northern Middle English system became that of all England is not at all clear. . . . After the return to English as the language of the English realm there may have been a (mistaken, note) feeling that it was in the north that real English resided, thus leading to it becoming the accepted model toward which the rest of England moved. This is an explanation of sorts, albeit not a very satisfactory one (1).
ѺǸ (1) ϵؤλȤǡεˤϰʲΤ褦ˤ롥
(1) It is, however, difficult to reconcile this explanation --- such as it is --- with the general London antipathy toward the northern dialects of Middle English. (266)
ϿޤǤ롥
Hotta, Ryuichi. The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Hituzi Linguistics in English 10. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.
Thomason, Sarah Grey and Terrence Kaufman. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: U of California P, 1988.
Sawyer, P. H. The Age of the Vikings. 2nd ed. London: Edward Arnold, 1971.
O'Neil, Wayne. "The Evolution of the Germanic Inflectional Systems: A Study in the Causes of Language Change." Orbis 27 (1980): 248--86.
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