ȤƤ what ϡ̾̾Ȥ What happened? What do you like? Τ褦Ѥ롥θŪˤϸűѸε̾ hwā ʡгʷ hwæt ̤ꡤгʷˤĤƤŪˡꤨȤ顤ѸǤ⤽ΰ仺ȤŪ what ˡŪ˻¸Ƥ (cf. #51. 5W1Hפʤ̡6Hס ([2009-06-18-1])) ̤ʸˡˤϡ̾綠Τ褦ʴβͿƤʤOED ˤи20˼Τ褦ʵҤ롥
20.
a. In what way? in what respect? how? Obs. or arch.
b. To what extent or degree? how much?
Chiefly with such verbs as avail, care, matter, signify, or with the and comparative, as the better
ˡ what ϡ֤ʤǡס֤ɤ١פȤŪʰ̣ɽ魯Ȥ狼롥OED Ѹ줫ĤȡΤ褦ʤΤ롥
1816 Scott Antiquary I. xv. 315 It just cam open o' free will in my hand---What could I help it?
1842 Tennyson Morte d'Arthur in Poems (new ed.) II. 15 For what are men better than sheep or goats..If, knowing God, they lift not hands of prayer?
1593 Shakespeare Venus & Adonis sig. C, What were thy lips the worse for one poore kis?
1697 Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 119 Now what avails his well-deserving Toil.
1865 J. Ruskin Sesame & Lilies i. 74 What do we, as a nation, care about books?
űѸ줫ѸˤƤϡwhy ֤ʤפˡ¸ߤOED θ19ˤϡѤȤʤ "19. For what cause or reason? for what end or purpose? why? Obs." Ȥ롥3ĵƤ
c1385 Chaucer Legend Good Women Ariadne. 2218 What shulde I more telle hire compleynynge?
1667 Milton Paradise Lost ii. 329 What sit we then projecting Peace and Warr?
a1677 I. Barrow Serm. Several Occasions (1678) 20 What should I mention Beauty, that fading toy?
ѸǤ "What does it profit him?", "What does it avail to do so?" ʤɤŪгʤκפĤƤ뤬Ǥ profit avail ϡŪˤ¾ưȺƲᤵ˻äƤ
Ѹ go home ˤ home ϡʸˡǤȤƤ뤬Ūˤϡ#783. home ̾Ūгʤ ([2011-06-19-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡֲȡפɽ魯̾гʤǤ롥űѸǤϰưɽ魯гʤˡꡤгʤñȤŪǽ̤ȤǤűѸ hām Ѳ̾гʤȼʤƱäˡ̾줬ΤޤŪѤƤ뤫Τ褦ª졤ĤȤƺƲᤵ˻ä
be home stay home Ȥɽˤ home ˤĤƤϤɤŪȤƺƲᤵ줿Τϡưɽ魯гʤȤƤ hām Ǥ롥ֺ𤷤ơȤˡפΤȤŪʰ̣Ѥ褦ˤʤäΤϡhome Ȥª褦ˤʤäΡ̣ŪؤγĥȤȤǡ֤ޡפ I'm home. ϡֺäƤ (= I've come home.) ۤɤ̣ŪȤưŪʰưδޤߤűѸгˡȤϢ³ʤʤĴ櫓ǤϤʤΤˤĤ OED home, adv. ̣ͿƤƤΤǡҲ𤷤褦
OED ʸʤɤ礹ȡŪȤƤ home ȯãˤϡ2Ĥηϩͤ롥1Ĥϡ衤ưŪǤ뤫 go come ʤɤΰưưȶΤֹ̤Ԥפ˶ᤤưŪʰ̣Ѥ줿 be ȶ뤳Ȥ϶ѸǤ⤢äI'll be home. Now I'm home to bed. be ȶƤ뤬be ˤ home ˤưŪʰ̣ѤƤ롥Τ褦ʹʸȤʤꡤhome ưȶ褦ˤʤꡤŪʰ̣ȯŸǽ롥뤤ϡФаưưä˽ưθǾά줿ˡI'm (gone) home. Τ褦ʴλˤưưξάüȯΤȤ븫⤢롥
⤦1ĤηϩϡűѸʰˤΰ̳ʷͳ褹ȤΤűѸޤǤ˰̳ʤͿʤ˵ۼƤθͿʷˤѲ̾Ȥͽۤ hāme ¤ǡŤ̳ʷȿǤȻפ hām (ex. æt hām) ʸڤ롥Ūε hām(e) ˵뤳ȤǤΤǤϤʤºݡOld High German, Middle Low German, Old Icelandic ʤɤƱϸǤϡгʤͿʡʰ̳ʡˤˡȷ֤ζ̤ʸڤƤꡤűѸʿǧ뤳ȤԲǽǤϤʤ⤷ʤ
2Υ롼ȤϡŪʰ̣ȯθȡ줬褦˻פ롥Ūˡν OED Ǥ16ȤʤäƤꡤMED hōm (adv.) 㤫ŪˡϳǧʤʹߤȯǤʤСűѸʰˤΰ̳ʤͳ褹Ȥ2Υ롼Ȥꤷˤʤ롥ͭϤʤΤϡ1Υ롼Ȥ
ʤ֤ޡפȤƤ I'm home. СưȤȤѤŪ home ϡꥫѸǤλѤ¿ꥹѸǤ at home Ѥ뤳Ȥ¿褦
Mitchell and Robinson (83--86) ꡥƳ³롥Non-prepositional conjunctions Prepositional conjunctions ʬ롥ޤԤ顥
[ Non-prepositional conjunctions ]
| ǣr | "before" |
| būtan | "but, except that, unless" |
| gif | "if" |
| hwonne | "when" |
| nefne, nemne | "unless" |
| nū | "now that" |
| oð | "until" |
| sam . . . sam | "whether . . . or" |
| siþþan | "after, since" |
| swā þæt | "so that" |
| swelce | "such as" |
| þā | "when" |
| þā hwīle þe | "as long as, while" |
| þanon | "whence" |
| þǣr | "where" |
| þæs | "after" |
| þæt | "that, so that" |
| þēah | "although" |
| þenden | "while'' |
| þider | "whither" |
| þonne | "whenever, when, then" |
| þȳlǣs (þe) | "lest" |
| æfter + dat., inst. | Adv. and conj. "after". |
| ǣr + dat., inst. | Adv. and conj. "before". |
| betweox + dat., inst. | Conj. "while". |
| for + dat., inst. | Adv. "therefore" and Conj. "because, for". For alone as a conj. is late. |
| mid + dat., inst. | Conj. "while, when". |
| oþ + acc. | Conj. "up to, until, as far as" defining the temporal or local limit. It appears as oþþe, oþþæt, and oð ðone fyrst ðe "up to the time at which". |
| tō + dat., inst. | Conj. "to this end, that" introducing clauses of purpose with subj. and of result with ind. |
| tō + gen. | Conj. "to the extent that, so that". |
| wiþ + dat., inst. | Conj. lit. "against this, that". It can be translated "so that", "provided that", or "on condition that". |
Ѳ뤤ʸˡѲ®٤ˤĤƤ speed_of_change γƵǼ夲ƤۤȤɤѲ®˴ؤҲŪװŦˤȤɤޤꡤŪˤäƤʤä#621. ʸˡѲοʹԤα߳ꤵ®١ ([2011-01-08-1]) ǡ̤Ѳ®٤ˤĤơ餤Ǥ롥
ʸˡǤϡҶθ콬˴ؤᥫ˥ Primary Linguistic Data (PLD) ȤФϤδ顤ŪʸˡѲƤεͼԤ Lightfoot Ǥ롥Lightfoot 2006ǯʸĹǯˤ錄Ƥ롥
Changes often take place in clusters: apparently unrelated superficial changes occur simultaneously or in rapid sequence. Such clusters manifest a single theoretical choice which has been taken differently. If so, the singularity of the change can be explained by the appropriately defined theoretical choice. So the principles of UG and the definition of the cues constitute the laws which guide change in grammars, defining the available terrain. Any change is explained if we show, first, that the linguistic environment has changed and, second, that the new phenomenon . . . must be the way that it is because of some principle of the theory and the new PLD. (42)
Ѥ1ʸˡѲˤƤϡϢѲ«ȤʤäƱˤ뤤ϵ®롤Ȥ롥̤ΰѤ⼨
[I]f grammars are abstract, then they change only occasionally and sometimes with dramatic consequences for a wide range of constructions and expressions; grammar change tends to be "bumpy," manifested by clusters of phenomena changing at the same time . . . . (27)
ʸΤʤǡLightfoot ϡcan, may, must ʤɤˡư첽 (auxiliary_verb) Ϳ¿θˤû֤16ޤǤ˴λȡdo-periphrasis ([2010-08-26-1]) 18ȡ2Ĥΰ츫ȴϢʤѸˤˤʸˡѲV-to-I operation ȤξüˤäƴϢŤ뤳Ȥ롥ޤѸˤˤפǤʤοȸȯãδطˤĤơsplit genitive, group genitive, of ˤ뱪Ū°ʡ-'s ˤȤꡤѤ뤳ȤǰϢʸˡѲϢŤǤȼĥ롥
«Ȥʤäơסֵ®ˡפȤΤLightfoot θѲˤƺǤפʼĥ1ĤǤ롥Ǥ餯Ū˷ӤĤƤΤóȻ (lexical_diffusion) ȹͤƤ롥óȻˤƤϡϢܤ«ȤʤäơʤȤȻʳˤƤϡֵ®ˡʹԤȤƤ롥Lightfoot θѲȸóȻϡѤޤǰۤʤ뤷оݤ㤦ΤϳΤ"clusters" "bumpy" Ȥ̤ΥɤϸѲħɽ路Ƥ褦˻פƤʤʤ
Lightfoot, David W. "Cuing a New Grammar." Chapter 2 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 24--44.
űѸޤʸˡǤϡ͡ʳ (case) ŪʸƾΤͿƤ롥ĸ˺Ʒ8ʤǤС줾 (nominative) г (accusative) ° (genitive) Ϳ (dative) (instrumental) å (ablative) ̳ (locative) Ƴ (vocative) ȸƤФ롥줾αñϤƥͳƥȤƤߤС褽γʤɽŪʰ̣ˡȿǤ줿Ƥ̾ȤʤäƤ롥
genitive ϡ狼ˤƥ genitus ߽Ф줿פͳ褷ŵŪˡޤ졤פɽ魯°ʤˡ褯ȿǤƤ롥षܸ꤬Τ⤷ʤ
accusative ˤʤ줬гʡʤ뤤ϤεǽˤбΤaccuse ϡʤ롤פΰդǡƱΥƥ accūsāre ͳ褹롥гʤľܤȤϻפʤ
accusative θ츻Ĵ٤ƤߤȡȽ롥ʤ̾Τϸ奮ꥷʸˡѸͳ褷Ǥ aitiātikḕ (ptōsis) "(the case) of that which is caused or affected" ȸƤФƤaitíā "cause" θäΤǤ롥Ȥ aitiā ̤ "accusation, charge" θ碌äƤᡤԤѸƥذܤؤݤξƱƤޤ"accusation" θȤƤޤäϥƥ causātivus դ꤬ȤƤդ路äΤǤꡤǷѾСѸǤгʤ causative (case) ȤʤäƤȤ (Robins 44)
θǤԤϡޤɽŪʶܿͤǡޤǺǤŪʳؼԤäȤɾ Varro (116--27 B.C.) ǤȤ롥ƥʸˡ Varro ϡ4 Donatus 6 Priscian ˤƶϤΤäƥʸˡαƤǡˤȤäƤ¸ߤޤΩʤꥷʸˡ郎λˤäơŪʻŻ㤨СޤǤΤ˶̤ƤʤäʬӤϡVarro ˵ (Robins 63)
Robins, R. H. A Short History of Linguistics. 4th ed. Longman: London and New York, 1997.
ε#974. 3;̾μʷ˺Ѥ۲([2011-12-27-1]) ǡҲ㤨Ȥ۲Ѥˤä homonymic clash ǽˤĤ3;̾μʤ˸¤äƤεäǤϡгʤϤɤäȤȡϰۤʤäƤ
3;ʣ̾ th- μƤΥߥʤˤۤʤäƤȤϡѸ˾塤褯ΤƤ롥ʣʷ they μƤϽѸгʷ their them ʤɤϸѸ Chaucer ǤŪǤϤʤäơμƤλֺϡ̾٤κȴطƤ롥ʤϼгʤ٤ƻ٤⤯̤ɬ礭homonymic clash ٤¿ʬʤΤۤ줿Ȥ櫓
ʤȼгʤ٤κˤϡ3;ʣ th- ˤĤƤʤΤ̤Ʊ3;ʣʳ֤̾ˤĤƤŬѤǤűѸο;̾ηϤǤϡ夲ʤǤϤʤгʤˤƤ homonymy ߤ줿㤨СLate West-Saxon ɸŪʥѥ ([2009-09-29-1]) ˽Сhis ñ°ʤñ°ʡhim ñͿʤñͿʤʣͿʡhīe ϽñгʤʣгʤǤꡤͤεϳΤˤäѸʹߤδߤСȤƤϤξͤ줿Ȥˤʤ뤬гʤǤκμƤΥߥϡʤ٤٤ä褦Ǥ롥Ȥơñ°ʤ his its ִ줿Τϡ[2009-11-11-1]ε#198. its εפǸȤꡤѸˤʤäƤ
гʤǤϡѸгʤͿʤͻ (syncretism) ȤѲʹԤƤꡤñ˼ʤȯã٤뤳ȤϤǤʤгʤϡʤˤߤ褦ʰ۲ѤˤäƤǤϤʤʤͻˤäƤΥѥȤäƤ٤ȤϤϤʤ٤оͤƤ䤹кμƤʤäȤФä٤뷹϶Ȥκݤ˹ͤͳϡϤ٤κȤȰʳˤϹͤĤʤ
Ѹ̾ˤŪŪʤȤˡ롥ŪʤŪгʤؤΤǡˡŪг (adverbial accusative) ȤƤФ롥̾ʶˤʶˤȤѤŪŪʤλˤȤޤʤŵŪȰʲΤ褦ʤΤֻŪŪʤˤƤ̾ʶˡˡ
- It's fine today.
- Come this way.
- They walked ten miles.
- We are united to each other heart and soul.
- What the hell is all this?
ѸΤ褦Ū˻ȤƤ go home ⵯɤ̾ home ŪʤˤʤűѸ hām Ѳ̾ǤꡤñʤñгʤƱΤ˷־϶̤ĤʤAnd hiȝ cyrdon ealle ham "And they all returned home" ʤɤˤơ餫гʤȤѤƤ롥
Τ褦 home ȤƲᤵ졤ˤϡֲȤءʵˡפȤΰֲ̣ȤˡʤˡפȤ֤ΰ̣ؤȳ礷ƤäˡܵϤءǼޤ٤ءפ֤ͤäءޤȤˡפΰ̣drive a nail home The spear struck home to the lion's heart. ʤɤɽ߽Ф줿 bring sth home to sb come home to sb ˤڤˡפδްդ⤳αĹˤ롥
- It suddenly came home to him that he was never going to see Julie again.
- The sight of his pale face brought home to me how ill he really was.
˵ܤ came home to him ʬϤȡǤ home Ȥơ¾Ǥ to him ֻȤƤ줾 came ȤƲ뤫⤷ʤΰ̣ home Ūʰ̣ˡθȡष to him home Ȥ̾ͿʤȤơʤˤȤäơˤΡΡ˳˿פۤɤΰդǤäƤ椭home ɽ魯ŪгʤȤ came ˤäƤ椯Ȳ᤹ۤɽ魯̣䤹
Ѹ 5W1H ȤɽŪʵ̾ΤȤΤƤ롥who, what, why, when, where, how ϻĤؤȤƤ¾ˤ whose, whom, which, whencewhither 뤷Ť whether ⵿ä
wh- ֵפɽǤǤ뤳ȤϤ狼뤬θ³ʬϤ줾첿̣Τޤhow h- ǻϤޤäƤΤϤɤ櫓
ޤǽꡥΤ what, whose, whom, why ˴ؤƤϡ¤ who ζˤʤűѸ hwā ζɽȡ
| ˡ | ||
|---|---|---|
| hwā | hwæt | |
| г | hwone | hwæt |
| ° | hwæs | hwæs |
| Ϳ | hwǣm | hwǣm |
| --- | hwȳ |
ѸκƵ̾ηįƤȡȻפȤ롥
| ?????? | ???? | |
|---|---|---|
| 1人称 | myself | ourselves |
| 2人称 | yourself | yourselves |
| 3人称 | himself | themselves |
| herself | ||
| itself |
űѸǤϡֻΤȤ̾ϳѲ롥ɤγʤ뤫ֻˤäƷޤäƤꡤͿʤȤʤ뤳Ȥ¿ˤгʤ°ʤֻ᤹⤢롥ѸȤϰۤʤ̣ǻȤֻ¿ΤǡᤵʤȸűѸǤΰ̣ʲˤޤȤ (Mitchell 110)
ʣγʤƤΤϤ⤢ȤȤäդƤ٤ŪҤȤȤ
| PREPOSITION | CASE | MEANING |
|---|---|---|
| æfter | dat. (acc.) | after, along, according to |
| ǣr | dat. (acc.) | before |
| æt | dat. | at, from, by |
| æt | acc. | as far as, until |
| be | dat. (acc.) | by, along, alongside, about |
| beforan | dat. acc. | before, in front of |
| betweox | dat. acc. | among, between |
| binnan | * dat./acc. | within, into |
| bufan | * dat./acc. | above, upon |
| būtan | dat. acc. | except, outside, without |
| ēac | dat. | besides, in addition to |
| for | dat. acc. | before (of place), in front of, because of |
| fram | dat. | from, by (of agent) |
| ġeond | acc. (dat.) | throughout |
| in | * dat./acc. | in, into |
| innan | * dat./acc. (occasinally gen.) | in, within |
| mid | dat. acc. | among, with, by means of |
| of | dat. | from, of |
| ofer | * dat./acc. | above, over, on |
| on | * dat./acc. | in, into, on |
| on-ġēan | dat. acc. | against, towards |
| oþ | acc. (dat.) | up to, until |
| tō | gen. | at, for, to such an extent, so |
| tō | dat. | towards, to, at, near |
| tō | acc. | towards |
| tō-ġēanes | dat. | against, towards |
| þurh | acc. (dat. gen.) | through, throughout, by means of |
| under | * dat./acc. | under, beneath |
| wiþ | acc. gen. dat. | towards, opposite, against, along, in exchange for |
| ymb(e) | acc. (dat.) | after, about or concerning |
ε[2009-05-23-1]ǡűѸ̾ޤˤʤλ⤷εǤϡκǸ˿줿ͤΥݥȡֶޥספˤĤƳ⤹롥
̾줬°ƤΤƱ褦ˡ̾ζޥפ°Ƥ롥̾줬ɤζޥפ°뤫ϡ̾δܷǤȽǤĤʤȤ¿Ĥޤꡤ§ȤưĤҤȤijФƤɬפ롥ϡξƱǤ롥ȻढäޥפϤäढΤʲοޤ϶ޥפγάޤǤʼºݤˤϤ˺٤ʬ줹ˡ

Ȥˡ礭ѲפȼѲפʬ롥Ѳ϶ѲŪ㤷פǡѲ϶ѲŪʤפǤ롥ѲϤ˺ʬ롥
űѸνʸˡǤϡʣʥפΤ٤ƤФΤϺʤᡤ줾ɽŪʶѲפΰĤȡδ֤Ǥ̤ۤܶζѲѲסͤĤǽ˳Ф뤳ȤפǤ롥ֹä(1)?(4)λͤĤǤ롥
(1) Ѳ (a-stem) : stān "stone" ɽ롤űѸ̾ǺǤ٤ι⤤ޥסűѸ̾Τ36%롥ɽ
(2) Ѳ (ō-stem) : lār "teaching" ɽ롤̾ǺǤ٤ι⤤ޥסűѸ̾Τ25%롥ɽ
(3) Ѳ (a-stem) : scip "ship" ɽ롤̾ǺǤ٤ι⤤ޥסűѸ̾Τ25%롥ɽ
(4) Ѳ (n-stem) : nama "name" ɽޥסǤۤƱޤޤȤƸűѸ̾Τ10%ۤɤ롥ɽ
δ4ĤζޥפФСűѸ̾ΤۤȤɤС뤳Ȥ狼¾ζޥפϡ4פΥޥʡꥨªƤФ褤ʰʾΥѡơνŵ: Quirk, Randolph. and C. L. Wrenn. An Old English Grammar. 2nd ed. London: Methuen, 1957. 20.
űѸ̾ζޤˤĤƲ⤹롥Ѹ١űѸ϶ޤʣǤ롥̾Ĥ夲Ƥ⡤ޤ뤿ˤϡ̾ͿƤסñʣΡֿפζ̡ʸ¾θȤʸˡطֳʡפ٤ʬäƤʤФʤʤ̾ޤƤ٤˲⤹ΤԲǽʤΤǡϡʤγפΤߤ
1. ( gender )
ϡűѸˤ ( masculine ) ( feminine ) ( neuter ) λ̤줿ɤ̾줬ɤͿ뤫ϤۤȤɥȤۤɤפȤ̾ΤȤꡤɽ̾̾졤ɽ̾Ͻ̾졤Τɽ̾̾ȤϤ롥wīf ( > PDE "wife" ) ֽפ̾wīfmann ( > PDE "woman" ) ֽפ̾¿̾줬̾ǤʤɡĶ¿θʬϤޤäʤ櫓ǤϤʤ§Ȥƥ˷ޤäƤƤΤ
2. ( number )
ϡѸˤĤäƤΤ䤹ѸǤϡ褽-s뤫ʤʣñ̤뤬sheep -- sheep (see [2009-05-11-1]), ox -- oxen, child -- children, man -- men ʤԵ§ʥڥ¸ߤ롥Ե§ʤΤޤᡤ¿̾ʣζޤϸűѸ̤롥
3. ( case )
ʤϡѸǤϼʡͭʡŪʤλʤ̤Ƥ롥;̾ǤС줾 I -- my -- me ΤȤǤ롥űѸǤϡ ( nominative )г ( accusative )° ( genitive )Ϳ ( dative ) λͳʤ̤줿ѸνͭʤϸűѸ°ʤˡѸŪʤϸűѸгʤͿʤˤ줾б롥űѸγʤˤϡѸбʤβ̤ǽ¿εǽꡤդפ롥
ʤϡѸƱͤˡ̾줬Ư֤ʤǤ롧?ס?ϡ
гʤϡ̾줬ѸǤưľŪƯ֤ʤǤ롧?
ưǤʤֻθ֤ˤƤгʤ֤롥
°ʤϡ̾줬ѸǤͭΰ̣ɽ֤ʤǤ롧?Ρ
ֻθ֤ˤƤгʤ֤롥
Ϳʤϡ̾줬ѸǤưδŪƯˡ뤤¿ֻθ֤ˤơ֤ʤǤ롥?ˡ
űѸ̾θϡʾλʬäƽƳꤹ롥ºݤˤϤ⤦ĽפʥݥȤ롥ϡֶޥספȸƤ֤٤ΤǤ롥̾˺ǽ餫ͿƤΤƱͤˡ̾ˤϤɤΡֶޥספǶޤ뤫ǽ餫ޤäƤ롥̾ʤ餳ζɽФФ褯̾ʤ餢ζɽФФ褤ȤñäǤϤʤ̾Ǥ⡤ΥפζޡΥפζޤȴफζޥפ롥äơ̾Ȥʤˤϡġ̾줬ɤζޥפ°뤫ΤäƤɬפ롥ơޥפξƱͤˡ§ȤưȯǸʬˡϤʤȹͤƤ褤λͤܤΥݥȤǤֶޥספˤĤƤϡ˲Ʋ⤹롥
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow