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final_e - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2015-06-10 Wed

#2235. 3ʸ§ [spelling][orthography][final_e][personal_pronoun][three-letter_rule]

Ѹˡˤϡ3ʸ§פȸƤФ롼뤬롥Ķ٤εǽñ3ʸʾ֤ʤФʤʤȤΤѸǤ "the three letter rule" 뤤 "the short word rule" Ȥ롥Jespersen (149) εҤϤ褦

   4.96. Another orthographic rule was the tendency to avoid too short words. Words of one or two letters were not allowed, except a few constantly recurring (chiefly grammatical) words: a . I . am . an . on . at . it . us . is . or . up . if . of . be . he . me . we . ye . do . go . lo . no . so . to . (wo or woe) . by . my.
   To all other words that would regularly have been written with two letters, a third was added, either a consonant, as in ebb, add, egg, Ann, inn, err---the only instances of final bb, dd, gg, nn and rr in the language, if we except the echoisms burr, purr, and whirr---or else an e . . .: see . doe . foe . roe . toe . die . lie . tie . vie . rye, (bye, eye) . cue, due, rue, sue.
   4.97 In some cases double-writing is used to differentiate words: too to (originally the same word) . bee be . butt but . nett net . buss 'kiss' bus 'omnibus' . inn in.
   In the 17th c. a distinction was sometimes made (Milton) between emphatic hee, mee, wee, and unemphatic he, me, we.


2ʸȤʤꤦΤϵǽ줬ۤȤɤǤ뤿ᡤε§ưŤƤװȤơƸȵǽȤäβ̶ʬͿƤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
ΰѤκǸ Milton hee he ̤ƤȤ¤ϡ⤦1ĤưŤβǽ򼨺롥ʤǽΤߤ2ʸ֤줦ȤΤϡǽ줬ƤȯȤƤûȤȤֻȿǤǤϤʤȡȴϢơoff of ȤƤƱζȼͳ褹뤳ȤפФ (cf. #55. through θ츻 ([2009-06-22-1])#858. Verner's Law ȻҲͭ ([2011-09-02-1])#1775. rob A of B ([2014-03-07-1])) Milton John Donne 顤;̾ζȼֻȿǤƤ򸫤Ƥߤ褦 (Carney 132 ѡˡ

                       so besides
Mine own that bide upon me, all from mee
Shall with a fierce reflux on mee redound,
On mee as on thir natural center light . . .
Did I request thee, Maker, from my Clay
To mould me Man, did I sollicite thee
From darkness to promote me, or here place
In this delicious Garden?
                                     (Milton Paradise Lost X, 737ff.)

For every man alone thinkes he hath got
To be a Phoenix, and that then can bee
None of that kinde, of which he is, but hee.
                            (Donne An Anatomie of the World: 216ff.)


Carney (133) ϡ3ʸ§κݤä㳰Ȥ <ox> (cf. <ax> or <axe>)̵ε§ǤϤʤȤǧʤ⡤Ʊ§򼡤Τ褦˸Ƥ롥

Lexical monosyllables are usually spelt with a minimum of three letters by exploiting <e>-marking or vowel digraphs or <C>-doubling where appropriate.


Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

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2015-06-02 Tue

#2227. ʤ <u> ǽñ줬ʤΤ [spelling][final_e][orthography][silent_letter][grapheme][sobokunagimon]

Ѹˤϡ§Ȥ <u> ʸǽñ줬ʤºݤˤϼѸʤɼŪñǤϤꤦ뤬̾ѤäˤϤߤʤϤʤ
פطʤ1ĤȤơѸˤˤĹ餯 <u> <v> ƱʸȤưƤ¤롥2ĤʸѸʹѤƤñǤΰ֤ˤäƻȤʬäȤϻ¤Ǥ롥#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1]) ǤߤƤ褦ˡʬۤʤʸȤƤȤ館褦ˤʤäΤ϶ѸǤꡤʤɤǤ19äƤޤǤƱʸǤȤưƤۤɤä<u> <v> ϡĹ֤Ȥ첻Ҳɽ路ΤǤ롥
ξˤƤϡ㤨Ѹ <lou> ȤֻߤȤˡ low Τ뤤 love ΤȤʤΤۣȤʤ롥Τ褦ФơѸǤβˡ2ढäȻפ롥1Ĥϡ#1827. magic <e> Ȥ̵ط <-ve> ([2014-04-28-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ<u> ñȤǤϤʤ <ue> ֤뤳Ȥˤä /v/ Ūɽ魯ȤˡǤ롥<e> ȯʹ (diacritical mark; cf. #870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1])) ŪѤȤ䵤ˤꡤlove <loue> ֤뤳Ȥˤʤꡤlow ȶ̤䤹ʤ롥 -<ue> ֻϡ˺ǽʸ <v> ֤졤-<ve> ȤƸߤ˻롥
ˡŪ˻Ҳ /v/ ɽ綠ȤϤȤС⤦1ĤˡŪ첻 /u/ ɽ綠ȤϤǤ롥ϡä˸ˤ첻ȤƤ <u> 򤱡ۣӽ <w> Ѥ뤳ȤäΤǤϤʤ <ou> ˸¤餺 <au>, <eu> ʤɤ첻ϸˤ <ow>, <aw>, <ew> ֤褦ˤʤä<u> <v> ʬƤʤСľ <lov> "love" <lou> "low" ȤФˤʤäƤ⤷ʤʬƤʤäˡ줾ˤĤȼβˡϺ졤̤Ȥ <loue> <low> ȤֻФ뤳ȤˤʤäΤΤ褦ˤơ <u> 뵡񤬸뤳Ȥˤʤä
ҤȤĹͤΤϡˤ <i> ΰŪԻѤȤʿ̾ˤ <i> <y> <ie> Ѥ롥ϡ <u> <w> <ue> ѤΤӤ롥<i> <u> ʸ˶̤ΤϡνΤǤϤ (minim) ǹ뤳ȤԤʸˤޤޤˤϡϢ³Ƹ뤳ȤˤʤȽ̤ˤǡ<y> <w> ȤȽ̤䤹ʤ뤷ǤŪȤʤꡤԹ礬褤cf. #91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ񤯤 ([2009-07-27-1])#870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1])#1094. <o> ֻ /u/ 첻ɽ魯 ([2012-04-25-1])ˡޤ̤첻³Ѥȡ<ay>, <ey>, <oy>, <aw>, <ew>, <ow> ʤɤΤ褦2첻Ǥ뤳ȤӤɸ뤳ȤǤåȤ롥
ʾΤ褦ʾޤäơ̤Ȥ <u> ˸ˤʤäΤȿ¬롥פ㳰1ĤΤǡ̾ (45) 夲Ƥ

ʤɤ̤ȤơѸθϴŪ u ǽ뤳ȤϤޤ󡥸Ǥ w Ȥ (au, ou, eu aw, ow,ew), blue, sue Τ褦ˡe դơu ǽʤ褦ˤޤyou ϱѸٶϤƤ˳ؤñǤ¤ u ǽ֤ñȤȤˤʤޤ


̾ ϡرѸʸ֤ꡦȯΤߡ١ҡ2014ǯ

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2015-02-24 Tue

#2129. ɥĸˤˤ final e [final_e][ilame][orthography][spelling][prescriptive_grammar][german][hypercorrection]

Ѹˤˤ final_e ϡȯˤƤֻˤƤפǤ롥űѸ줫ѸˤʹԤ޸οʿ (levelling of inflection) νɾΤfinal e ξüϸαѸˤ˺Ǥ⹭ϤʱƶڤܤȤäƤ褤ˤꡤűѸ줫̾졤ƻ졤ưʤɤζηϤǷѸ򴬤Ƿ뤳ȤȤʤää˷ƻ -e ˤĤƤϡilame γƵǰäƤ
ѸޤǤˤϡ final e ϲŪ̵ȤʤäƤȹͤ뤬ֻݻ줿褷ꤹ뤳Ȥ¿ŪʵǽĤĤäChaucer νܤǤϡʼ⤤Τۤ final e 褯ݤƤʤɤλ¤ǧƤꡤ final e ΤݼȵռƤȤ롥ѸޤǤ϶޸ȤƸŪǽͭƤ final e Ѹʹߤˤʤ˵ڤǼҲŪʸŪǽô褦ˤʤäƤΤǤ롥˶Ѹˡؤδؿޤꡤֻ final e ¸ε§ˤĤƤε⤫ޤӤʤä
final e μҲ񲽤ȤƤ٤ʾ嵭αѸ˾θݤϡ̣Ȥˡɥĸˤ㤬ߤ롥 (113) ˤСɥĸˤ final e βξüϡ15˳礷16ȾڤȤ (ex. im Lande > im Land) ϡѸۤ٤ޤ17 e ֻξǰտŪ褷ͻҤ륿ǤʪθŪ顤ޤʸˡˤߤ뵬ŪʥȤΤ롥17դޤǤˤϡe ղäŪȤʤäƤ褦
⤷ΤϡƥȤˤ뤬̾ñͿʤ e aus dem winde in ihrem hause ʤɤΤ褦褷ФǤϤʤ;̾ؼ̾Ϳʤ e zu ihme sieder deme Τ褦褷Ƥꡤ-ung, -in, -nis νˤ e ղä Zuredunge, nachbarinne, gefengnisse Τ褦˸뤳Ȥ e 16ʹߤ˰̤ˤ褻17ʸˡǤȤƤΤǤʹġp. 114ˡβ꽤 (hypercorrection) Ȥ롥
Ѹˤ final e ȤʤΤϡˤ뤬Ѹ줫ѸȤäƤ褯Ѹ˸ԤˤȤäƤĹƬˤμǤ³ƤɥĸˤǤγϤ٤ۤĹ³ΤǤϤʤä褦ˡʤɤθŪϤ򴬤ǤȤʤäǡξݤӤ롥޸οʿȤޥν̿Ūʸݤ˵ final e ϡ˻ǤϤ뤬̣ӸؤΥơޤȤʤΤǤϤʤ

ԡ֥ɥĤȽĴ1649ǯˤ˵줿ȤСס˸ʸˡԶɽȯù԰١١ʶ ҡ ԡ̾ ҡԡˡˡҤĤ˼2014ǯ105--32ǡ

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2014-10-20 Mon

#2002. Richard Hodges ֻפʤֻ [spelling_reform][spelling][orthography][alphabet][emode][final_e][silent_letter][mulcaster][diacritical_mark]

#1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1]) #1940. 16ֻԤη ([2014-08-19-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ16ˤֻ͡װƤФơֻθ경ϳ趷褷Mulcaster ɽȤϩǽŪ˼褦ˤʤȡ1617ˤơֻפǮƤä͡ϡ褷ƤۤӤξʤʤŪֻηϤȾζϤǼ뤳Ȥӡष򤤤˸Ψ褯餷ƤȤºŪؤȴؿܤƤäΤǤ롥Τ褦ʶԤΤʤˡEdmund Coote (fl. 1597; see Edmund Coote's English School-maister (1596)) Richard Hodges (fl. 1643--49) Ȥ֤줬ä
Hodges ˤĤƤϡ#1856. ưľˡ߷ -eth 17Ⱦˤ -s ȯƤ ([2014-05-27-1]) Ǥ⿨줿褦ˡֻˤؤδͿΤۤˤ⡤ȯ˴ؤ뵮Ťʻ󶡤ƤƤȤӤ롥㤨 Hodges ΥꥹȤˤϡcox, cocks, cocketh; clause, claweth, claws; Mr Knox, he knocketh, many knocks ʤɤȤꡤ-eth -s ƱͤȯƤȤ (Horobin 129) ޤ͡ȯʹ (diacritical mark) ֻղäȤˤꡤHodges ϻ¾ȯɽ򼨤Ƥ줿ΤǤ롥㤨Сgäte, grëat Τ褦첻˥饦ȵդȤˤĹ첻ɽ魯䡤garde, knôwn Τ褦ۻǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤Ƴ (The English Primrose (1644)) Τ褦ˡHodges Τ줿ؼԤȤäƤ褯Shakespeare λȯ1λ󶡤Ƥ줿
Hodges ϡʤȯΤ餷뤳ȤǤϤʤäϡޤֻˤäηϤȤƤɬŪȤϤʤŪֻҶ˸Ū˶餹뤿ˡζϤȤơҤΤ褦ȯղäƤΤǤ롥̣ΤϡƤȤϡ1ɽֻ׼ William Bullokar (fl. 1586) ƤΤȤۤƱݤäȤǤ롥Bullokar 쥢ե٥åȤ˿εղä뤳ȤˤꡤɽܻؤΤäHodges ƤΤۤʰפǰӤƤꡤŪֻפǤϤʤֻˤäǡʤߤäϤǤֻפֻؤȰܤѤäƤꡤ˼褿٤ֻ§ ("Spelling Regularizers") νиͽʳؤȿʤǤΤǤ롥
λΰܤѤˤĤơ (96) ϡBullokar ƱפäŪΤˤʤƤȤˡĤޤ17դֻ꤬Ρ֥ӿפ˻ϤˤʤäƤˡĬѲǧᤶ򤨤ʤפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥Hodges ȯӿˤʤ館ΤǤ롥ӤʸΰǤϤʤŪθޤǤ롥äơȤƤϤۤƱΤǤäȤƤ⡤ʸΰԲķǤȤ Bullokar Ƥϡ褷ƥӤȤϸƤ٤ʤӿȤˤꡤBullokar η Hodges ν餫ŪǤ褦ʵƤ롥

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-10-07-1] [2015-12-17-1]

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2014-10-13 Mon

#1995. Mulcaster θåꥹ "generall table" ˤ츻Ūֻ [mulcaster][lexicography][lexicology][cawdrey][emode][dictionary][spelling_reform][etymological_respelling][final_e]

ε#1994. John Hart ˤ츻ŪֻؤȽ ([2014-10-12-1]) #1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1])#1940. 16ֻԤη ([2014-08-19-1])#1943. Holofernes --- 츻Ūֻ黿ԡ ([2014-08-22-1]) Richard Mulcaster ̾󤲤#441. Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]) ۤ mulcaster γƵǤˤƤνѸν׿ʪϡԻˤδ⡤ɮͤ롥
Ѹ˾ǽαѱѼϡ#603. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (1) ([2010-12-21-1])#604. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (2) ([2010-12-22-1])#726. ǤȤ뤫⤷ʤŪ Cawdrey μ ([2011-04-23-1])#1609. Cawdrey μǡ١ ([2013-09-22-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡRobert Cawdrey (1537/38--1604) A Table Alphabeticall (1604) ȸƤ롥ä Mulcaster The First Part of the Elementarie (1582) ˤ8000θåꥹ "generall table" ǤƤȤõƤɬפ롥Mulcaster ϡŪʸϤѸ켭ԻɬʤлȤƤȤƤ "generall table" ˽ФCawdrey Mulcaster ˻ɷΤȻפ졤¿θä򼫤μ˺ϿƤ롥Mulcaster αѱѼνǤ᤹ڼ¤ʻפϡΰ˼Ƥ롥

It were a thing verie praiseworthie in my opinion, and no lesse profitable then praise worthie, if som one well learned and as laborious a man, wold gather all the words which we vse in our English tung, whether naturall or incorporate, out of all professions, as well learned as not, into one dictionarie, and besides the right writing, which is incident to the Alphabete, wold open vnto vs therein, both their naturall force, and their proper vse . . . .


ΰѤκǸˤ褦ˡԻ˾פʤ "generall table" ϡåꥹȤǤʾˡֻλȤʤ뤳ȤܻؤƤֻץ֡Τʤˤä Mulcaster βɤɽƤɤʤ final e ΤĤε§󼨤Ƥꡤθ̤ŪñֻˤäƼȤΤǤ롥

For the words, which concern the substance thereof: I haue gathered togither so manie of them both enfranchised and naturall, as maie easilie direct our generall writing, either bycause theie be the verie most of those words which we commonlie vse, or bycause all other, whether not here expressed or not yet inuented, will conform themselues, to the presidencie of these.


#1387. 츻ŪֻκѤ17 ([2013-02-12-1]) ǡMulcaster <doubt> Τ褦ʸ츻ŪֻˤŪäȽҤ٤ "generall table" 򻲾ȤƳǧƤߤ褦EEBO (Early English Books Online) Υǥ The first part of the elementarie ˤꡤĤŵŪʸ츻Ūֻɽ魯򻲾ȤȤauance., auantage., auentur., autentik., autor., autoritie., colerak., delite, det, dout, imprenable, indite, perfit, receit, rime, soueranitie, verdit, vitail ʤ¿θˤơ;ʬʡʸƤʤΤ Mulcaster ϸ츻ŪֻƤʤ褦˸롥¾θ򻲾Ȥȡ;ʬʡʸƤ aduise., language, psalm, realm, salmon, saluation, scholer, school, soldyer, throne ʤɤǧ롥
ˤäưۤʤȤΤϤ̣ɤ Mulcaster 餷񤤤Ȥ⤤뤬Mulcaster ΰȤ⡤γƸֻ٤˰¸Ǥǽ롥ĤޤꡤǤ˸츻Ūֻ夷ƤФ줬Τޤ޺ѤȤʤäȤȤ⤷ʤޤ夷ƤʤкѤʤäȤȤ⤷ʤMulcaster Τɾ뤿ˤϡƸˤ츻Ūֻλ䡤γȻλĴɬפ
"generall table" Υץ British Library Mulcaster's Elementarie ǤΤǡ׻ȡ  *

Referrer (Inside): [2020-06-26-1] [2018-06-16-1]

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2014-08-18 Mon

#1939. 16ˡᤰ [punctuation][alphabet][standardisation][spelling][orthography][emode][spelling_reform][mulcaster][spelling_pronunciation_gap][final_e][hart]

16ˤˡ (orthography) ꡤMulcaster Ȥ "right writing" ꤬줿cf. #1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])ˡѸֻϡˤƱͤˤǤ˺𤷤ƤޤƤβѲˤȯֻЪΥꡤޤޤɽŪǤʤʤäĿͥ٥ǤϤֻηϤռƤĿͤĶ٥ǤϤޤ경ƤʤäĤϥƥˡäδ줿ãˤϡ⤦1ۤɤλ֤ߤɬפäʲȤ Baugh and Cable (208--14) εҤ˰͵򤷡16ˡᤰ⤹롥
Ŀͥ٥ǤϰӤֻηϤܻؤ줿ȽҤ٤ΤʤˤϻŪˤȤɤޤΤ⤢СǤƸˤΤ⤢äŪȤƤϡŵؼԤǤä John Cheke (1514--57) ϡĹ첻첻2Ĥ֤뽬 (ex. taak, haat, maad, mijn, thijn) <e> 뽬 (ex. giv, belev) <y> <i> Ѥ뽬 (ex. mighti, dai) ޤRichard Stanyhurst Virgil (1582) ˺ݤơĹΤɽ魯ֻηϤФ㤨 thee, too, mee, neere, coonning, woorde, yeet ʤɤ֤ä
Ūˤ줿Τϡ1558ǯ˽Ǥ줿ƿ̾ An A. B. C. for Children Ǥ롥Ǥ첻Ĺ򼨤 <e> (ex. made, ride, hope) ʤɤƤ뤬ۤοǤΤߤԽʬʰäŪʻߤȤƺǽ˵󤲤Τϡŵؼ Thomas Smith (1513--77) ˤ1568ǯ Dialogue concerning the Correct and Emended Writing of the English Language Smith ϥե٥åȤ34ʸ䤷Ĺ첻դʤɤϥƥǽ񤫤줿ᡤڤ뤳ȤϤʤä
ǯ1569ǯ³1570ǯJohn Hart (c. 1501--74) An Orthographie A Method or Comfortable Beginning for All Unlearned, Whereby They May Bee Taught to Read English ǤHart ϡ<ch>, <sh>, <th> ʤɤŻ ((digraph)) Фüʸ򤢤ƤʤɤSmith λߤƱ͡޿ŪˤˡޤȤ˼뤳ȤϤʤä
1580ǯWilliam Bullokar (fl. 1586) Booke at large, for the Amendment of Orthographie for English Speech ˽ФSmith Hart οʸƳԤ˽äȤȿ̶դȤΥե٥åȤΤߤֻפܻؤ˥ȵ桤ݥȥեʤɤˤߤʤʸղäᡤ̤Ȥ Smith Hart Ʊʾɤߤˤ٤ˡǤäƤޤä
Smith, Hart, Bullokar ϩϡ17ˤ³1634ǯCharles Butler (c. 1560--1647) The English Grammar, or The Institution of Letters, Syllables, and Woords in the English Tung Ǥ <e> ˵դΥݥȥեѤꡤ<th> <t> դˤʸȤäꤷʾ塤Smith Butler ޤǤε޿ŪɽֻפϤ⼺Ԥ˽ä
嵭ε޿ɤФơݼɡɡ뤤Ť󤸡ֻ경δ򸫤ĤФȤ븽¨ɤȤǤƤ֤٤ϩͼԤϡRichard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) ǤʤαѸ˾ν׿ʪˤĤƤϡ#441. Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]) mulcaster γƵǰäƤˡֻФϡֻȯΤˤɽ路ʤפäܼŪʲˡϤʤΤ顤δŪֻˤƤ⤦褤ΤˤǽŪʵϤϿ͡뤳ȤȤ٤Ǥ롥 The First Part of the Elementarie (1582) ˤơĤƤФƤ롥<fetch> <scratch> <t> ¸ٻ<glasse> <confesse> θ <e> ¸ٻ <e> ˤĤƤϡ#1344. final -e ˡ ([2012-12-31-1]) Ǥߤ褦ʵ§Ƥ
#1387. 츻ŪֻκѤ17 ([2013-02-12-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡMulcaster Ƥɬɸಽ줿ֻȿǤƤ餺ȾʾȿǤƤˡʬŪɾܸꤹ뤫⤷ʤǤֻפϩ޿ɤ鲺ɤإեȤӤǧƤ褤βϩ English Schoole-Master (1596) Edmund Coote (fl. 1597) The English Grammar (1640) Ben Jonson (c. 1573--1637) ˰Ѥ졤Edward Phillips ˤ The New World of English Words (1658) ˽Ф17ȾФޤǤˤϡֻθ경ܴۤλ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
˴ؤƤ (40--64) ܤؤͭѤǤ롥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ

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2014-04-28 Mon

#1827. magic <e> Ȥ̵ط <-ve> [final_e][orthography][pronunciation][phonetics][silent_letter][spelling][grapheme][spelling_reform][webster][v]

ε#1826. ޻첻ĹûľܼȤǤʤ ([2014-04-27-1]) ǸڤѸˡˤĤƤ褯Τ줿§1Ĥˡ#1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1]) 롥take, mete, side, rose, cube ʤ¿ <-VCe> ıñˤơ첻 V Ĺ첻뤤첻ɤޤ뤳ȤŪ˼ <e> ƤΤǤ롥ġ㳰ϤȤƤ⡤褽§ȾΤƺ٤ʤ
<-ve> ǽñ˴ؤơdove, glove, shove, ƻ -ive ĸ췲ʤɡ㳰¿ˤʤ롥⡤above, give, have, live (v.), love ʤɹٸ¿θǤϡ <ve> Ԥ첻û첻Ȥɤޤ롥gave, eve, drive, grove ʤɵ§ŪʤΤ¿ȤǧĤĤ⡤ΩԵ§ϤɤΤ褦
¤ϡ<-ve> ˤ magic <e> ε§ƤϤޤʤ¿Τϡ <e> ⤽ magic <e> ǤϤʤǤ롥 <e> ϡmagic <e> Ȥ̵ط̤ŪаޤˤȯŸƤΤطʤˤϡѸˤˤ /v/ βDz٤ä¡ڤ <v> ʸǤȤƤΩ٤ä¤ʤβǤʸǤȯŸξܺ٤ˤĤƤϡ#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1])#1222. ե󥹸줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1])#1230. over offer ϺǾФǤϤʤ ([2012-09-08-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿ˡꤷƤС<v> ñȤǸˤ뤳ȤǤ<e> ΥݡȤ <-ve> ȤƤˤ뤳ȤǤʤäơ <e> ϥݡȤ <e> ˤԤ첻̤ɸ뵡ǽôäƤ櫓ǤϤʤʲˡ2ŪͿ桤pp. 166--70 ⻲ȡˡ

(1) űѸǤϡ[v] ϤޤΩǤǤϤʤ /f/ ΰ۲ˤʤäŵŪˤ ofer (over) ʤ첻˶ޤ줿Ķ [v] 줿ľ첻ϼ岽뷹äȤ⤢ꡤѸˤƤ <e> ֤뤳Ȥ¿ʤäΤ褦ˤơ[v] β <ve> ֻ̩ܤ˴ϢŤ褦ˤʤä<e> ΤΤ̵ǤꡤޤǴǤ롥

(2) ҤΤ褦ˡѸȽѸ̤ơ<u> <v> ʸȤƤʬƤǤϤʤä첻ȤƤ <u>ҲȤƤ <v> ȤʬôΤˤǤƤʤäǤ⡤ؤϤä褦Ǥ롥㤨С̤ʬξǤСlove low ϤȤ <lou> Ȥֻ˹줷ƤޤǡȤꤢˡȤơҲ [v] 򼨤Τˡ̵ <e> ź <-ue> Ȥ3Ĥ첻³ȤϾʤᡤ<loue> ֤С֤ <u> ϻҲɽ魯ϤȤˤʤ롥Ǥ <e> ΤΤ̵Ǥꡤľ <u> ҲǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤ôäƤˤʤ䤬ơҲȤƤ <v> ̲ȡΰ֤ <u> Τޤ <v> ؤž줿<v> ҲȤƳΩΤǤ <e> ΥݡȤȤƤפȤʤ뤬 <e> ˤ긽ߤޤǻĤäƤ롥

ơ [v] <-ve> Ȥ֤뽬Ω<-v> ñΤǽϡAsimov, eruv, guv, lav, Slav ʤɡ¯졦ά졤ʤɤμѸ˸ꤵ졤ŪʱѸˡˤƤ⤤Ƥ롥
Noah Webster 䡤Cut Speling μ羧 Christopher Upward ʤɤϡgive <giv> Ȥ֤뤳ȤƤ϶ŪˤϹŪǡ嵭Τ褦Ūطʤܤ뤳ȤפǤ롥

סرѸ쥢ե٥åȯãˡʸȲ١ʸҡ1970ǯ

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2012-12-31 Mon

#1344. final -e [final_e][mulcaster][spelling][graphemics][alphabet][orthography][pronunciation][phonetics][silent_letter][ilame]

Ѹˤˤǽפ1ĤȤơfinal -e 󤲤롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1]) #1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1]) ʤɤǰäƤĿŪʴؿ椨ˤҤܤˡֺǽספȸƤǤʤǤϤʤ礫ʬϤء (synthesis_to_analysis) ȤѸˤĬήҤƤϰˤĬήθȤ final -e Τİյ礭final -e ϡȯǤ⤢ֻǤ⤢롥final -e ϡűѸ졦ѸǤ⤢ꡤѸ졦ѸǤ⤢롥ϡǯκǸȤƤդ路Ȼפ final -e ˤ򳵴ѤƤߤ褦ѤȤäƤϰǤϺѤޤʤȤCaon ʸ˽äơ̵󤹤롥
űѸޤǤϡ˸͡첻ϸߤ˲ֻ̤ƤȤűѸˤʤȡʤδĶǤ -a, -o, -u -e ؤͻ礷Ƥ椯첻ʻˤοʿ (levelling) ȸƤФ븽ݤǤ롥ŪˤΤ˶̤Ƥ첻ϡޤ schwa /ə/ ؤۣ沽˾ü (e.g., sune > sunə > sun) -e ϡֻϤä٤ޤݤ줿
final -e æϼΤ褦ʾ˺줿 (Caon 297)

- from North to South in all dialects in turn;
- first from written disyllabic forms with short stem vowel and then from those with a long stem vowel. In the latter forms, -e was generally retained to indicate that the previous vowel was long e.g. name;
- first from nouns and verbs and then from adjectives . . . .


final -e λ¸ϼΤ褦ʾ˺줿 (Caon 297)

- the kind of text: the ending occurred more frequently in poetry than in prose, in that it provided the poet with an extra syllable whenever he needed it;
- the presence of the ending in the dialect: if the writer spoke a southern dialect he probably still pronounced --- and therefore wrote --- all his final -e's;
- the author of the text: conservative writers like Chaucer and Gower preserved final -e in their spelling.


15ޤǤˤϡȯȤƤ final -e ϤܾۤäƤȹͤ롥16, 17ˤϡؼԤֻ׼Ԥˡ塤final -e 꼰ޤäǺǤƶϤäȤΤ Richard Mulcaster (1530?--1611; see [2010-07-12-1]) Ǥ롥Mulcaster ϡ The First Part of the Elementarie (1582) ˤơ-ld, -nd, -st, -ss, -ff θ֡ͭ c g θ֡Ĺ촴첻ĸˤ final -e λѤ꼰ʤ16ΰ John Rastell (c. 1475--1536) Mulcaster 첻Ĺɸ final -e εǽȯãƤȤ⤤ˡ18˺ʬϤ졤Ǹ˵󤲤ǽΤߤɸಽ

Caon, Louisella. "Final -e and Spelling Habits in the Fifteenth-Century Versions of the Wife of Bath's Prologue." English Studies (2002): 296--310.

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2012-11-06 Tue

#1289. magic <e> [spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][phonetics][orthography][meosl][gvs][silent_letter][final_e][diacritical_mark]

ѸˤμȤʤɤ (Great Vowel Shift) 򰷤ȡΤ褦ʼ䤬󤻤뤳Ȥ롥name lake ʤɤ <a> 첻ܤˤ /eɪ/ ȤʤäȤʬä <e> ȯʤΤϤʤ
ϡ "magic <e>" ȸƤФˡľ뤹롥"magic <e>" ˤĤƤϡ#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1]) (4) Ǽ夲ǤŵŪˤ <첻ܻҲe> ֻϢ³ˤƺǽ첻Ĺ첻פȯ졤<e> ΤΤ̵ȤʤȤ§Ǥ롥㤨Сtake, mete, side, rose, cube ˤƤ줾1첻ϡ/æ/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ɔ/, /ʌ/ Τ褦ʡû첻פǤϤʤ/eɪ/, /iː/, /aɪ/, /oʊ/, /juː/ Τ褦ʡĹ첻פȯ롥
嵭 "magic <e>" ħϡ첻βĹΰ㤤ɸΤˡλҲۤȤˤ <e> ̵ͭʤ <e> Τ̵ˤȤ츫ԼʼʤѤƤˤ롥̾ȯۤǤС첻ΤΤѲꡤȯʹ (diacritical mark) դꤹΤʥե󥹸ΥɥĸΥ饦ȤʤɤˡʤѸǤϡۻ <e> ˤפȤŪʡ꤯ɤ첻򼨤褦ˤʤäƤΤ
¤ϡֻ§ϡǽ餫餳Τ褦˲꤯ɤä櫓ǤϤʤȤȤϤҤͤʤɤʤäΤǤꡤ<e> ۻǤϤʤȤۣ첻 /ə/ ǤϤä첻ȤƤβݻƤΤǤ롥䤤ŪˤϡʤȤűѸˤޤ̤ʤФʤʤ#1284. û첻ܻҲξˤϻҲŤͤ -ing ղäȤֻ§ ([2012-11-01-1]) ƱͤˡϴñǤϤʤʲάߤ褦
űѸǤϸ˸첻Ϥ줾촰ʲݤäƤꡤб첻ɽƤѸˤơ첻ϼۣ첻 /ə/ ؤȿʿƤäοʿ첻бʸȤƤϡ <e> ѤƤοʿ˰³ʿ첻æȤѲ /ə/ ˾äƤäֻȤƤϸ <e> ݤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
ơ /ə/ ̵ͭϲŪˤϺ٤ʤȤΤ褦˻פ뤬ṽ¤δǤ롥Ȥơ"name" ɽ魯űѸ nama /nama/ "take" ɽ魯ư niman 1 nam /nam/ ͤ褦ξԤΰ㤤ϸ첻̵ͭΤߤǤϤ뤬βȯãͤȡ줬ŷϤۤɤΰ㤤߽Фnama ϸ첻ʿʳޤǤϡ2αޤäƤꡤ촴ɽ魯1 na 첻ǽ볫Ǥ롥Ȥ첻æȡθ1ȤʤꡤҲ m ǽIJȤʤ롥nam Ϥδ椺äIJ1ΤޤޤǤ롥ΤޤޤǤϡξϲŪͻ礷ƤޤΤ褦ºݤˤϤʤʤäȤΤ⡤ӡѸˤ Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening (MEOSL) ȤѲƤǤ롥ˤäƤʹԤζ礬ۤʤäƤŪˤäơβѲˤ곫첻Ĺ
嵭νѸʹߤΰϢβѲˤꡤűѸ nama /nama/ ϼΤ褦ȯã뤲ޤ첻οʿˤ /namə/ ؤѲˡMEOSL ˤ /naːmə/ ءƸ첻æˤ /naːm/ ؤѲߤδϢˤĤƤϽ⤢ˡơ줬θ˳Ϥ첻ܤϤȤʤꡤѸ /nɛːm/ ƸѸ /neɪm/ Ϥ뤳ȤȤʤä
ʾޤȤСѸ <e> 첻űѸˤ¸ߤ餳Ѹ MEOSL ѤƸ촴첻ĹΤǤꡤĹ餳첻ܤؤǤΤǤ롥̤θ򤹤СѸֻǸ <e> ȤȤϡҲޤäȤˤ첻첻ܤФȤڵʤΤǤ롥"magic <e>" ϡβ꤯ɤϤ뤬Ĺˤδ֤ʣƤֻȯδط򶦻ŪˡȤƸˡȤ

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2012-01-01 Sun

#979. Ѹֻ <e> [spelling][graphemics][alphabet][ame_bre][orthography][final_e]

ޤƤǤȤޤ2012ǯʿ23ǯäǯǤǯ hellog ꤤޤ
ǯν󵭻ϡֻ <e> ˤĤơ<e> ȤƤ褯ΤƤΤϡ"magic <e>" ȸƤФΤǤ롥name bite ʤɤθ e ϡ켫ȤȯʤΤΡԤ첻Ĺ첻뤤2첻Ǥ뤳Ȥ򼨤Ƥ롥ʤΤ褦 magic <e> εǽΤɤΤ褦ʲ <e> εǽΤˤĤƤϤ夲 <e> ΤäƤ͡ˤĤƹͤƤߤCrystal (259) (112) 礷10ܤդäվ񤭤򵭤

(1) ΤȤû첻 /ɛ/ 뤤Ĺ첻 /iː/ ɽ魯ȤŪɽǽäƤ (ex. set, me)
(2) ѸΥե٥åȤξEnglish, certain, ballet, serious ʤɤˤƤϡ<e> (1) Ȥ̤첻ɽ路Ƥ롥
(3) ¾첻Ȥ߹蘆äơ͡첻ɽ魯 (ex. great, wear, ear; meet, beer; rein, believe; leopard, people; Europe; bureau)
(4) 嵭 magic <e> Ԥ첻פϡľܤԤ (ex. die, doe) ҲƤ (ex. take, mete, side, rose, cube) 롥
(5) <e> ̵ͭˤäԤҲβꤵ (ex. bathe vs bath, breathe vs breath, teethe vs teeth [2011-03-30-1], [2009-05-15-1]; singe vs sing; vice vs Vic)
(6) ä˶Ūʵǽ򼨤ñˤĤƤȯ򼨺Ȥ礬 (ex. give, have, love, some)
(7) ä˱ơѼ֤Ρֻζ (ex. judg(e)ment, ag(e)ing [2009-12-27-1], ax(e)) 䡤ȯζ (ex. clerk with AmE /ɛr/ or BrE /ɑː/ [2009-10-30-1]) ɽ魯
(8) ޸ǤʤȤ򼨤 (ex. lapse vs laps, please vs pleas)
(9) Ʊְ۵ (homograph) 򤱤 (ex. singeing vs singing, dyeing vs dying)
(10) ¿θ̤ (ex. borne vs born [2011-12-19-1]; blonde vs blond [2010-09-13-1])

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
ס ׯҡؿѸ١罤۽Ź1988ǯ174ǡ

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