[2012-10-10-1], [2012-10-11-1]εǡThe LAEME Corpus ɽˤĤƼꤢɾȤƤϡСƤȻȤߤɽ»ʤƤΤΡѤǤѸ쥳ѥȤƤηŪԤޤ줿絬ϤΥѥǤꡤʬդʧäǸ츦˳Ѥ٤ġǤ롥The LAEME Corpus β٤Ϥ뤷¾Υѥˤ䴰ܻؤ٤ȤϹͤ뤬Ū˸椹ݤɬŪˤĤޤȤ³θɾʤȥեǤ롥
˸ؤϡβξ֤ѻȤ˲ݤƤ롥ȤˤϡߤȤˤϸʤ³ĤޤȤMilroy (45) λŦ˸ظ2Ĥθ³ (limitations of historical inquiry)
[P]ast states of language are attested in writing, rather than in speech . . . [W]ritten language tends to be message-oriented and is deprived of the social and situational contexts in which speech events occur.
[H]istorical data have been accidentally preserved and are therefore not equally representative of all aspects of the language of past states . . . . Some styles and varieties may therefore be over-represented in the data, while others are under-represented . . . . For some periods of time there may be a great deal of surviving information: for other periods there may be very little or none at all.
ۤ³ǤϤ뤬Ϥ뤤ϹˤǤŤϤϡˡǤʤƤ롥ΤʤǤ⡤Smith Ϥο (1) դäդδط뤳ȡ(2) ̻ˤȳ̻ˤбܤ뤳ȡ(3) ߤθβؤαѤβǽõ뤳ȡνŦƤ롥
Ȥ櫓 (3) ˤĤƤϡǯҲؤˤѲ®˿ʤߡθβؤαѤˤʤ褦ˤʤäƤLabov ʸɸ "On the Use of the Present to Explain the Past" ˡľ٣ʪäƤ롥
ȴϢˡǤ uniformitarian_principle ưθ§ˤ̤˲Ф˱ѸʸDenison et al. ԽΤȤˡǯǤ줿ȤդäƤ
Milroy, James. Linguistic Variation and Change: On the Historical Sociolinguistics of English. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.
Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.
Labov, William. "On the Use of the Present to Explain the Past." Readings in Historical Phonology: Chapters in the Theory of Sound Change. Ed. Philip Baldi and Ronald N. Werth. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1978. 275--312.
Denison, David, Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero, Chris McCully, and Emma Moore, eds. Analysing Older English. Cambridge: CUP, 2012.
[2010-11-04-1]εǡؤˡȤƤΡ#556. The Uniformitarian PrincipleפҲ𤷤ưθ§뤳θϡϡϼؤʬˤ̿Ūȯۤä18ޤǤϼؤʳŪŪʤΤǤꡤ˴ŤƥΥιɽŷϰۤܤȤϼ (catastrophism) ˻ۤƤФơåȥɿ James Hutton (1726--97) 1795ǯ Theory of the Earth ˤơϼݤϡߤϼݤʹԤƤΤƱˡ§ΤȤǿʹԤȤͤȯɽϼݤϸߤμݤտѻˤäΤ뤳ȤǤ롤ߤΤ뤳ȤϲΤ뤳ȤؤθǤ롤ȼĥϼѤϡޤǤŷϰ֤ʳŪϼؤ𤲤ΤȤʤäϵ鷺6ǯۤɤȸƤ˴ŤϼѤžȤϡŷʸؤˤ Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo ʤɤζӤӤʳػ˾γ̿ȸäƤ褤
Ʊåȥɿͤ Sir Charles Lyell (1797--1875) ϡPrinciples of Geology (1830--33) ˤơHutton ưڤ˹Lyell ϡϼݤĹʻ֤ηвǴ˹Ԥ뤳ȡƤβϰͤǤ뤳ȤŻ뤷ᡤưϤФ⡤ư⡤ʤɤȸƤФ뤳ȤˤʤäιͤϡCharles Darwin (1809--82) οʲˤפʼͿʳ̤ˤƶͿơˡȤơŪˤѤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
˸ؤˤưˤĤơCampbell and Mixco (213) ˤǤ褦
uniformitarianism, Uniformitarian Principle A fundamental principle of biological, geological and linguistic sciences, which holds for linguistics that things about language that are possible today were not impossible in the past and that things that are impossible today were not possible in the past. This means that whatever is known to occur in languages today would also have been possible in earlier human languages and anything not possible in contemporary languages was equally impossible in the past, in the earlier history of any language. The Uniformitarian Principle came to linguistics from Charles Lyell's formulation of it in geology. It is valuable for reconstruction via the comparative method, where, according to the principle, nothing in reconstruction can be assumed to have been a property of some proto-language if it is not possible in known languages. (213)
Campbell, Lyle and Mauricio J. Mixco, eds. A Glossary of Historical Linguistics. Salt Lake City: U of Utah P, 2007.
ε#1184. ͭ̾첽 ([2012-07-24-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Coates onymisation ˤĤơפȤ2⤹롥
(1) Coates ˤä onymisation ϰ̣Ǥȡϡ[2012-05-09-1]ε#1108. 쵭̵ͭפǸڤ̵ﲽפˤۤʤʤǿ줿褦ˡ쵭̵ﲽͭﲽ̻Ū̵¤ΥȤȤθȡͭ̾Ȱ̾δ֤αޤ̵¤˷֤ΤʤΤ⤷ʤεϡ#1056. ѲϿʹ֤ˤѶŪʺѤǤ ([2012-03-18-1]) #1069. ե顼ɡɡ --- üԸĿͤοŤѡ ([2012-03-31-1]) εǤߤĹˤθѲѤˤؤȤ롥
(2) ͭ̾ϲŪפ䡤̸ˤϸʤ㳰ŪʲѲ뤳Ȥ¿Ūˤϡεǿ줿褦ˡͭ̾ä phonological space Ū˹ȤƤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ˸ؤˡδϡѲ˴ؤͭ̾㳰ŪʿϡֲѲݤˤϡͭ̾Ȥ뤳ȤդפȤȤʤ롥Coates (33) ϡHogg Ʊݤθڤٻʤ顤"using name material in argumentation about phonology (and morphology) needs caution, because name material can contain chronological and systemic anomalies with respect to its matrix language" ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥㤨СűѸ geat "gate" ϡYeats, Yates ʤɤȯֻκפĤƤ뤬ɸѸǤϸťΥɸ gat ͳ褹Ȥܤ gate äƤHogg 69; [2009-11-19-1]ε#206. Yea, Reagan and Yeats break a great steak.פ⻲ȡˡ
Coates, Richard. "to þære fulan flóde . óf þære fulan flode: On Becoming a Name in Easton and Winchester, Hampshire." Analysing Older English. Ed. David Denison, Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero, Chris McCully, and Emma Moore. Cambridge: CUP, 2012. 28--34.
ԥ롦 ƣ ذ̣١ҡʸ˥ӡ1990ǯ
Hogg, Richard M. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language: Vol. 1 The Beginnings to 1066. Ed. Richard M Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 67--167.
رѸ쥳ѥ19˷Ǻܤʸǡ1960ǯư衤ѥؤȤ櫓ѹȯŸƤаޤȤƤǤϡthe University of Birmingham, Lancaster University, the University of Nottingham 3ؤѥؤȯŸ˲̤Ƥ䤬ĴƤꡤѹˤ륳ѥθŸ˾ޤǤ⤬Τ褯Ѥ졤˻ͤˤʤä
ʸˤȡѹǥѥ椬ˤʤäطʤˤϡ5ä (68--69)
(1) Ԥˡ絬ϤʸץȤ˻äŪ;͵äʤˡ
(2) ʸˡʳθФƴƤھä
(3) ǼҤѥμŪʱѡä˼Իˤ˴ؿ
(4) 1990ǯˤϡthe Bank of English, the British National Corpus, the London-Lund Corpus ޤࡤ¿εɼʥѥ˥Ǥ
(5) ѼԤȤϢˤꡤѥʬϤġ뤬äex. Micro-Concord, WordSmith, AntConc, BNCwebˡ
ˤĤơBirmingham ǤϡJohn Sinclair ζϤʻƳϤΤȤݤ줿³Ƥ롥collocation, meaning unit, semantic preference, semantic prosody, discourse analysis, pattern grammar, expressions of evaluation, modal-like expressions ʤɤɤȤ륳ѥ椬˿ʤƤ롥
Lancaster ǤϡGeoffrey Leech, Tony McEnery, Andrew Wilson ʤɤˤ륳ѥγȯȸ椬ʤƤThe Brown Family of Corpora κ˴ؤäۤդץ CLAWS BNCweb γȯUCREL (University Centre for Computer Corpus Research in Language) ΩʤɡŪŪ¦̤ǤĹ롥ߤǤϡŪʸΤȤʤ顤ѸʳθؤȴؿĤĤ롥ǡˤ BNC Τ褦ʵץȤ³ԤϴԤǤʤ褦
Nottingham ǤϡRonald Carter, Michael McCarthy äդؤδؿ顤1990ǯƬ CUP ȶƱơCANCODE (the Cambridge and Nottingham Corpus of Discourse in English) Իθ⡤³͡ʥѥƤNottingham ˤ륳ѥħȤƤϡäդȽդˤʸˡκۡmultimodal corpus ԻʤɤεŪʳ춵ؤαѤ롥
1960ǯ˻夲女ѥؤ1970--1980ǯȯŸη̡1990ǯ˼ήʤʬȤƳΩ21ֲפ˻äƤ롥
Anthony, Laurence, Yasunori Nishina, Kaoru Takahashi, and Michael Handford. "Current Trends in Corpus Linguistics: Voices from Britain."رѸ쥳ѥ19桤Ѹ쥳ѥز2012ǯ67--92ǡ
ε[2012-03-13-1]Ǥϡܸ˻μˤơѸ˻μͤȤƣǤϡܸ˻ϿηȤʬषƤ (17) ͱѸˤλˤ⤢ƤϤޤʬȻפΤǡѤ褦
(1) ʸʸ
ʥ˶ʸŪǤƤ٤ʸ
ʥ˽ҡʸŵҡˡʤˤäƤޤޤǤ롥
(2)
ʥ
ʥʪʪʪʤɡ
ʥϿ
ʥˤϡѸˤǤϥ롼ʸǹޤ줿ʸʤɤThe Ruthwell Cross 8ƬThe Dream of the Rood Ҥˤ The Franks Casket (ca. 650--700) ʤɤͭ̾Ǥ롥̤ȤƤɬ¿ʤΩΤΤ¸¿ŤǤ롥Ϣơ#572. ¸ǸŤαʸ ([2010-11-20-1]) ȡ
ʥˤϡαѸ˻ʬ뤬μܤǤɮԼȤˤ븶 (autograph) ¸ƤΤϵǤꡤ츦λȤѤˤϡʸءءʸȽμ³ФʤɡٿդɬפǤ롥Ϣơ#681. ܤǤʤܤȤ٤6Ĥͳ ([2011-03-09-1]) #682. եߥǤʤܤȤ٤5Ĥͳ ([2011-03-10-1]) #730. ʸ textual transmission ([2011-04-27-1]) εȡ
ˤθλѤꤹʥˤ䡤ʪ˻ĤŸФʥˤϡ줾ݼѤˡɤλθȿǤƤΤɬ餫Ǥʤ礬ꡤʥˤȤѤ٤
ʥˤϿϡϿ郎ȯưʹߤλ˸¤뤬ȯȤƤΤۤûȤƤͤ롥
ƣ س⡡ܸˡ١īҽŹ1995ǯ
Ѹ˸ΤλȤСǤϼܡʹߤǤϰܤȤΤŪʥμˤ͡ʤΤꤦ롥Ѹ˸оݤȤʤμʬˤĤ¿복並ϡʹˤΤʤ
ܸˤγƤߤȡƣ (16) ˡܿʵȤμܸ츦оݤȤʤμȤΤƤˤ6Ƥ뤬ܸѸɤؤɽĴȡʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥ܸˤʸ̮ǡܡפȤʤäƤȤϡֱѸҲפɤؤ
(1) Ѹ̤ѸҲ⳰βʸ
(2) ѸҲ⳰ΡѸѻʤεϿ
(3) ¾Ѹɽǽ̤ʸ
(4) ߹ԤʤƤ롤Ƭ줢뤤ʸϸʤɡαѸ
(5) ¾äѸ
(6) ѸƱϤθ
(1) ϡѸ줽ΤΤȤƥޥե٥åȤǽ̤Τǡʬ̤¿濴ŪʻȤʤ롥ˤϡ롼ʸǵ줿Ѹ䡤Ʊޥե٥åȤǤäƤۤʤֻɽ蘆줿Ѹʤɤޤޤ롥ϡʹߤΡܸҲ̾ʤɤɽ蘆줿Ѹ⤳˴ޤޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
(2) ϡѸѻƽΤǤ롥(1) ǤϽ줿Ѹ줽ΤΤоݤȤʤΤФơ(2) ǤϽ줿Ƥ̣ۤʤ롥ʸˡȡؼԡԽԤΤ̣ۤǤθѻԤȯ˴ޤޤ롥ޤѸüԤѻƽΤǤ⡤طʤ˱ѸħȿǤƤ褦ʤΤǤС˴ޤޤ롥
(3) ѸֻˤΤäȤä¾Τϡ¾ˤĤƤλ¤ΤƤˤϡȤξȱˤꡤѸб¤ꤹΤΩġ
(4) αѸΤѼϡαѸλѤȿǤƤΤǤꡤѸˤλȤʤꤦ롥äϸƬθŤѤȤɤƤ뤳Ȥ¿ͭѤǤ롥
(5) ¾˼Ѥ줿ѸɽϡŤαѸΤ꤬ˤʤ뤳Ȥ롥ʹߡѸθ˱ƶͿƤƤꡤ֡äñפŪĴѸ˸ǤɬפǤݡ[2012-02-17-1]ε#1026. 18Ѹ줫եäѸפ⤤
(6) ӸŪƱϤȾ줿λ¤䡤Ʒ줿ĸΰ̣֤ѤơĤƤαѸξ֤䤽Ѳβꤹ롥
ܸˤȱѸˤȤǤϡξθŪŪħۤʤ뤿ˡ嵭βվñ֤ǤϺѤޤʤ㤨С(1) (3) DZѸֻȤȤ˸ڤˤäƤϤƱ꼫ΤΤȤʤ롥äˡѸʹߤϥե濴ȤƽαƶƤ뤿ˡѸֻ¾ֻɤޤΤ˶̤Ǥ뤫Ȥ꤬롥ܸˤξ硤ʤȤⲾܸ̾ͭʸηϤǤꡤ¾Ȥζ̤餫ʤΤǡѸˤˤ褦ʤޤ(3) (5) ˤĤƤϡ餫Ϥ˰㤤ʤˤϻפĤʤ
Ѹˤܸˤ椷餫˷äޤƤΤϡ(6) Ǥ롥ѸˤϡӸؤˤ2ˤ錄äѤƤ˭٤μꡤѸ˸ˤ⤪˹Ƥ롥
ϢơѸˤθоݤ˸ꤹεȤƤϡ#437. ˤƸŲꤹ뤫 ([2010-07-08-1]) ȡ#758. ˤƸŲꤹ뤫 (2) ([2011-05-25-1]) ȡ
ƣ س⡡ܸˡ١īҽŹ1995ǯ
ε#1014. ʸȯãȽ°ʸȯã ([2012-02-05-1]) ȡ黲Ȥ#625. ѸʸˡѲ˸뷹 ([2011-01-12-1]) εǤϡҲѲȸʤȤ櫓ʸˡˤѲΰ̴طˤĤƿ줿꤬ԤδؿͶȤϤޤʤҤ٤褦˳Ū˰ˤޤǤ뤳ȤΤ
ҲѲ߽ФȤ褦ʸäκʤɤϡŪˤ̴طȤ館䤹ҲѳפˤäƤ⤿餵Ȳꤵʸˡ٥ѲϡƤ֤ΤǤꡤλ֤ĹĹۤɡŪΤİ̴طξڵȤƤβͤϼޤ롥ޤʸˡѲξ硤ޤ˸ȤϡȤꡤ٤˹ޤäƤ롤ȤؤȤ¿äξΤ褦ʡ̵ͭνиȤ䤹ѲǤϤʤȤ̤̤θѲ®٤ˤĤƤϡ[2011-01-08-1]ε#621. ʸˡѲοʹԤα߳ꤵ®١פ[2011-01-09-1]ε#622. ѸʸˡѲŪʸŪפȡ
Martinet (180--81) ϡҲѲȸѲΰ̴ط˴ؤޤäӽ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡŪʹ¤ؤΩ줫ŪʤΤȤƤˤƤޤǤΰ̴طɵؤ٤ȼĥ롥
. . . il est trés difficile de marquer exactement la causalité des changements linguistiques à partir des réorganisations de la structure sociale et des modifications des besoins communicatifs qui en résultent. Les linguistes, une fois qu'ils ont reconnu l'influence décisive de la structure sociale sur celle de la langue, n'auront de chance d'atteindre à quelque rigueur que s'ils limitent leur examen à une période assez restreinte de l'évolution d'un idiome et se contentent de relever dans la langue même les traces d'influences extérieures et de noter les réactions en chaîne que celles-ci ont pu y déterminer, sans remonter aux chaînons prélinguistiques de la causalité. Certains traits de la langue étudiée deveront être nécessairement considérés comme des données de fait dont on ne saurait justifier l'existence qu'à l'aide d'hypothèses invérifiables. L'objet véritable de la recherche linguistique sera donc, ici, l'étude des conflits qui existent à l'intérieur de la langue dans le cadre des besoins permanents des êtres humains qui communiquent entre eux au moyen du langage.
Ҳ¤κ䡤륳ߥ˥ɬפƤüȯѲΰ̴طΤ˼ȤϡȤƤؼԤϡäҲ¤칽¤ͿŪʱƶǧȤƤ⡤ȯŸνʬ˸¤줿Ĵꤷơθ˳Ūʱƶκפ줬ǽΤȿϢ˸ڤ뤳Ȥۤΰ̴طϢˤΤܤ餺ˤϡ餫θ̩뤳ȤϤǤʤоݤθħϡǽβˤäƤ¸ߤǤʤͿλ¤ȤƤߤʤʤФʤʤäơ츦οŪϡˤäƸߤ˰ջã͡ѤɬǸ¸ΩθʤΤǤ롥
ƱκǸΰ (208) Ƥ
Les difficultés qu'on éprouve à identifier toutes les circonstances qui ont pu influer sur la genèse d'un changement linguistique ne sauraient détourner les chercheurs d'une analyse explicative. Il convient simplement de toujours donner la priorité à cet aspect de la causalité des phénomènes qui ne fait intervenir que la langue en cause et le cadre permanent, psychique et physiologique, de toute économie linguistique : loi du moindre effort, besoin de communiquer et de s'exprimer, conformation et fonctionnement des organes. En second lieu, interviendront les faits d'interférence d'un usage ou d'un idiome sur un autre. Sans faire jamais fi des données historiques de tous ordres, le diachroniste ne les fera intervenir qu'en dernier lieu, après avoir épuisé toutes les ressources explicatives que lui offrent l'examen de l'évolution propre de la structure et l'étude des effets de l'interférence.
Ѳε˱ƶͿǽΤ뤹٤ƤξƱꤹˤäƺ뤫ȤäơԤϡŪʬϤæƤϤʤʤݤΰ̴طΤ¦̡ʤθȸȿΤοŪŪѤȤߡʺǾϤθ§ջãɽɬﴱι¤ȵǽˤȤˤʤ褦ʰ̴ط¦̤ͥ褹Τñˤäơ褤2ܤˤϡˡˡ¾˴ĤȤ¤ͿƤƤ褤Ū˽Ϳλ¤ä̵뤹櫓ǤϤʤ̻ŪʸԤϡ˲ΤϺǸˤΤ褤¤ȯãΤΤĴ䴳ĸ̤θƤ⤿餷ƤŪʥ٤ƻȤԤȤˤΤ褤
Martinet ƩŰΡ¤μĥƤ롥֤̻֤ޤ礤ˤĤƤϡ[2011-09-10-1]ε#866. üԤΰռ̻ŪʼϤ뤫פۤ diachrony εȡ
Martinet, André. Éléments de linguistique générale. 5th ed. Armand Colin: Paris, 2008.
118οʹΤäΤŸĮˤصפ顤ʿ̾ǡ֤ϲΡפϽ줿ڻմ郎ڤ1112ȾΤΤȤ졤ϲΤʿ̾줿ΤȤƤϺǸŤǤ롥ʿ»夫ϡղ̾Ҳ̾ǵ줿ΤϽڤƤʿ̾ΤΤϤޤȯƤʤäޤǤʿ̾ϤκǸŤϡ긩ʿĮλ廳פڤ12Ⱦڴʤ˵줿Τä
ɮפ٤ǡʿޤڴξ̤˽ƤꡤܤȤڤȤ顤زŷĤ˰ܤ˻ŤĽˤνΤȹͤ롥ϲΤԤصܤؤ졤Ūʬ㤤ϸпȤνޤǤϲΤؤǤȤСΤϲΤڤ٤䤷̤뤳ȤˤʤꡤŤʻȤʤ롥ʤ12ȾФˤԤλҶ϶ܤΰȤƤϲΤǼ꽬ƤȤƤ롥
ڴνڤˤĤơܤϡصʪˤ뵭ֺصפܺǸŤΡ֤ϲΡʿ̾Ͻڴ郎ڤޤ!뤤Google News ˤ뵭ꥹȡ
֤ϤˤۤؤȤ̤狼褿줽ĤͤʤदΤޤդƤߤҤ⤻פ47ʸʤ뤤ϲΤϡ꽬ΤΤۤʤɤǽɽ魯ΤˤĹѤʿΡֿջྶפϤϽԤޤ줿ǽμˡ¤νޤǽμܤȤ⤵ƤʸνФϡ1079ǯʩŵֶǾвפδƬʬǡղ̾Ҳ̾ǽƤ롥Ωǯϡڴ11011溢ȹͤƤ롥
ϲΤΤܸ˾ΰյ礭ϲΤΩǯܸˤǤפȤʤäƤ뤬ܸʸ˾ǤФ꤫ŤƤѲ礤ˤäƤ뤫ϲΤϡΰۤʤ벻ʤ̤ʤˤ벾̾٤Ѥ̣ΤʸϤäΤǡΤȤͷӤ꽬ΤȤƤϡϤ47β̾ˤʤٿβΡסʤ˲ΡˤʤΤäٷ970ǯǡԤʿ½48ʤ֤ĤλפٿβΡפΤۤƤȸڤƤ롥θڤϡ2ĤΤȤ롥1ĤϡʳǤϤϲΤϤޤʤä餷ȡ⤦1Ĥϡ꽬ΤȤƤϡ48Ǥ47Ǥդ路ȴ褦ˤʤäƤȡǤ롥Ԥϡľ˹ͤС̾οǤʤ̾ɽ蘆Ƥο1ĸäƤȤβξüϡ950ǯ [e] [je] ζ̤줿Ȥб顤ϲΤΩƤ⤳ǯʹߤǤ뤳Ȥμ»뤵롥äơʿ鹭ʹ줿ˡաʶ(774--835) κȤϡߤǤ¯ȤऱƤ롥ϲΤθ48äȤ⤢롥
嵭Τ褦ˡɸʸȤȤѤȤȤϡηϤѲ롥Ѹˤ뤤ϥޥˤǤб1Ĥˡ롼ե٥å (the runic alphabet) ʸѲѰۤ롥ˤĤƤϡεǡ
ŲοˤĤƤϡ[2010-07-08-1], [2011-05-25-1]εȡޤ#572. ¸ǸŤαʸפˤĤƤ[2010-11-20-1]ȡ
[2010-07-08-1]ε֤ˤƸŲꤹ뤫פűѸβɤ뵡ɬʤϡʤűѸβۤɤγοäΤȤǤ롥Ͽ郎ʤäʾ塤ΤȯꤹȤȤܼŪ speculative Ǥ롥ʸĤäƤʾ塤б벻ꤷʤȤȤϤʤŲꤹݤΤäȤŪ°ǤʸοפˤĤƹͤƤߤ
θŤʳʸˤϡȯΤΤˤäȤˤʤ뤳ȤϸޤǤʤäʸե٥åȤ䲾̾Τ褦ɽʸǤкǹǤ롥ʤȤ˸ŤѸϥޥե٥åȤˤäƵҤƤꡤ줬ŸβηϤꤹΤˤäȤΩäƤ롥
ʾΤȤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ¤ϤۤɼǤϤʤ㤨С<a> Ȥ줬 /a/ ȤɽȤȤϤɤΤ褦˳ΤΤѸǤϡ<a> ñȤǤ /eɪ/ ɤޤ뤷ñǤ /æ/, /ə/, /ʌ/, /ɑː/ ʤ͡ʲб롥ѸǤϤʸ벻˰абȤȤɬѤǤʸȲδطˤϴʬΡͷӡפΤǤ롥ơˤƤ⤳Τ褦ʡͷӡפʤäȤϸڤʤʸȲδ֤˴طʤȵΤϹԤǤ100%бꤹΤϴ
˽Ҥ٤ͷӡפβǽʬ˹θǤСϤʸϲꤹݤ˺νˤʤ뤳ȤϵʤޤʸˤƤäѤ˲ȿꤷΡͷӡפϤΤĤɲ褷Ƥ椯ȤäȤ̵ʤʸפȤ⤫Ϥʤ¤ꡤ⤽ŲԲǽ
ؤμȤDZѸˤˤŪʸѲˤäơФиѲ⤹ɬפΤγغŪʬ˾ǤŬڤʻʤѲܼʤɤȤΤǤϤʤȻפäƤ뤬õ⼫ʬǤޤȤۤüᤤȹͤBussmann θؼŵ "language change" ιȤޥɥޥåפƤߤΡɤĤǤFlashɤ

äƤϡۤ[2010-07-13-1]εָѲθפʤɤȤ椯椯 language_change γƵޤȤơޥɥޥåפβǤꤿȻפäƤ롥̣ǡΥ֥Τ̤ƸѲ˴ؤͻϿȤƤȤΤǡνο
ѸθѲ˴ؤ륦־λȤƤϡRaymond Hickey's Studying the History of English Language change ¤Ƥ롥
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.
Ȥʤɤ ˡ§ ( Grimm's Law ) 첻 ( Great Vowel Shift ) ʤɤβѲ⤹ȡѤʵ䤬Ф롥ɤϿʤβ䲻ѲΤȤʬΤʤűѸȯ줳ǤꡤѸȯ줳ǤäȳοäƸΤ
ѲˤϲѲȤʤäƤΤ¿βϲβηϤǤ뤫ɤˤäƤ롥äơŲ˸ؤˤȤäƤؤפǤ롥οȤϴñǤϤʤŪʾڵѥΤ褦Ȥ߹碌ƿ餫ˤƤ椯Ȥ detective work Ǥ롥ǤϡŪʾڵˤϤɤΤ褦ʼΤΤΤBrinton and Arnovick (64) 6Ѥ롥
the statements of contemporary grammarians, lexicographers (dictionary makers), and other writers;
puns, word plays, and rhymes in the literature (though these must be used with caution, since the sounds of words entering into these combinations may not correspond exactly, as in slant rhymes and eye rhymes);
the representation of natural sounds in onomatopoeic words (though, again, caution is needed here because these words are at least partially conventinalized);
scribal variations and non-standard spellings that often reflect actual pronunciations;
the development of a sound in closely related languages; for example, we can use French, Spanish, and Italian to extrapolate the nature of a sound in the parent language, Latin;
the structure of the hypothesized phonological system, for we assume that such a system will be like modern sound systems in, for example, tending toward symmetry, pairing voiced and voiceless consonants or back and front vowels.
줾ɽĤȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ
(1) ѻԤˤȯ˴ؤ
(2) ͷӤ䱤Χ
(3)
(4) ɸŪֻ
(5) ϢβѲ
(6) ء˴ŤѲΰŪʷ
(1) ϡ˶Ѹʹߤ˸ؼ ( orthoepist )ʸˡ ( grammarian )ؼ ( lexicographer ) ʤɤˤ쵭ҤͤˤȤΤǰ̤˿٤Ϲ⤤ȹͤ뤬ҴŪ description ǤϤʤѤκä prescription ȿǤƤ⤢ꡤ˼ƲᤷƤ褤ΤȽǤ⤢롥ϢơȤƱѸؤֿͤΤ˱Ѹʳθǽ줿ʤɤ⡤ѸεҴŪʵҤͿƤ뤳Ȥ롥(2) ϡϤѤͷӤʤɤǡľŪˤŪˤꤷȯΥҥȤͿƤ롥ΧϲΤߤʤ餺ΰ֤䲻ⶵƤ롥(3) ϡ̸Ū˵ȤƤ iconicity ⤤ȸưʪĤʤɤŵŪ onomatopoeia ֻ顤դȯꤹȤˡiconicity ⤤ȤϤ֥פ bow-wow֥åפ cock-a-doodle-doo ˰ۤʤΤդɬפǤ롥
(4) ϡɸŪֻΤʤѸ䡤ɸबΩĤĤäΤλŪʸʤɤɸֻޤȤ뤳ȤΤäѸˤơȯָƤǽ롥(5) ϡƱ²ǤβѲˤĤΩƤ狼äƤ뤳ȤСΩĤȤ롥ɤӤ뤳ȤǾڵηƤȤΤϡޤӸ ( comparative linguistics ) μפʺȤǤ롥(6) ϡͽۤ벻Ѳ̸Ūˤη̤ȤηϤ̸Ū˼Ȥäο両ڤΩġ
ƻ detective work η̡űѸѸβȤƤǤʾ塤տ뤳ȤϤǤʤ detectives ФƷɰդɽºŤ٤Ǥ뤳ȤϤޤǤʤ
Ϣơ֤ʤ֤ȯЪΥƤ椯ΤפˤĤơ[2009-06-28-2]εȡ
Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford: OUP, 2006.
Ѹθø椢뤤ϱѸäŪʤȤˡĤ롥ĤϼǤꡤ⤦ĤϡŻҡ˥ѥǤ롥̤ΥƥȤȤ϶Ȥ⤢뤬ǤϤβǽϹͤʤȤˤ롥ŪʴѸθ˴ؿΤϡȤ櫓 OED μŻǡˤˤäˤʤ뤳Ȥ¿The Helsinki Corpus of English Texts (Diachronic Part) ϤȤŻҥѥäȳѤ٤ȼǧƤ롥
ϸȸˤޤĤ뤳ȤòʪʤΤǡŻǤѤС֤ξƤϤޤäˤפȤ̿ˤϤäݤǡŻҥѥ̾øòƤ櫓ǤϤʤ츦̤˶ȤƽǤƤ롥øˤŻҥѥΤۤͭѤǤ륱ϾʤʤBaayen and Lieber (803) ˤȡøˤ륳ѥϰʲ̤ꡥ
(1) ѥǸȡ٤Τ뤳ȤǤ롥Ǥ٤Ϥ狼ʤ
(2) ѥθѤȿǤƤꡤ˷ǺܤʤޤǤǽ⤤ʼϰ̤ݼŪʷ¯俷ޤǤʤȤ¿
(3) դ˼˷ǺܤƤƤ⥳ѥǤϥҥåȤʤ줬¿¸ߤ롥
ޤȤȡø˥ѥѤϡä٤Ĥǽ뤳ȤǤפȤפϡȥѥ줾Ĺû來ޤǡŪ˱ξԤȤʬФ褤ȤȤˤʤ
ȥѥΤäȤȤƤϡoctopus ʣ ([2009-08-26-1]) rhinoceros ʣ ([2009-10-05-1]) εȡ
Baayen, Harald and Rochelle Lieber. "Productivity and English Derivation: A Corpus-Based Study." Linguistics 29 (1991): 801--43.
ĴԤȤɤΨ褯뤳ȤǤ뤫ŰŪ˹ͤ뤳ȤϽפǤ롥 ʬ ( metanalysis ) ˤĤƽ[2009-05-03-1]ǡʰʬϤȽŪˤϤɤΤ褦ĴФ
㤨СפĤ¤ǤϡΤ褦ˡꤽ
(1) ʣαѸ˳ѸؼŵʤɤʬϤˤĤƤβսõƤðǰ˽Ф
(2) ŻҸǽ緿ǡ츻оݤ "metanalysis" Υɸ롥ʬϤˤäñθ츻ˤϡ"metanalysis" ȤɤޤޤƤȤǤ롥礤СμǤҤϥȤ⤢뤬ޤꤿʤ
(3) ФʬϤˤĤƽ줿ؽʸõʸĤСŪˡʤ¿㤬ꥹȲƤΨɤơ¾ˤ뤳ȤϤʤʤȤȤϤʤȻפˡ
(4) hellog ɼԤ˸ġΤäƤƤ餤롥"wisdom of crowds" Ūȯۡ
ơμʤ㤬ޤäȲꤷ褦ϲ٤ǤϸˤʤʤΤǡΰ⤬ɬפǤ롥¿ʬϤơɤʼΰʬϤ¿Τɤλ¿Τܸ¾줫⽸ӤǤʤʤɡϹϤǤ롥̣äͤȥ饤Ƥߤơhellog˥եɥХå
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