ѥɽ (representativeness) ѹ (balance) ˤĤƤϡ#1280. ѥɽ ([2012-10-28-1]) ¾εǰäƤŤαѸΥѥˤϡѸ쥳ѥ˴ؤ꤬ΤޤƤϤޤΤΤȤʤ顤˾褻Ƥ˺꤬¿ΩϤ롥
ޤ˱Ѹ쥳ѥȤȤơѥθʤ콸ΥƥȽΤΤΤˤζˤ긽¸ƤΤ˸¤Ȥ롥ʸܡܡʤɤ˵ƸߤޤĤꡤ¸ƤΤ٤ƤǤ롥ޤλ¸ߤ뤳ȤϤ狼äƤƤ⡤Ū˥Ǥ뤫ɤǤ롥Ūˤϡ뤤Żҷ֤ǽǤƤ뤫ɤˤäƤλƥȤ콸Ȥʤꡤ褯ԻԤˤäΰѥʼȤŻҷ֡ˤؤԻ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ω˱Ѹ쥳ѥϡäơ褦䤯˽ФΤǤꡤλŪɽãƤ븫ߤϡǰʤ
ޤ˱ѸȤҤȤ˸äƤ⡤ºݤˤϸѸƱͤ͡ lects registers ʬ졤ζʬ˱ƥѥԻ륱¿Τˡ̣ѥѥȸƤǤ褤 Helsinki Corpus Τ褦̻ѥ䡤òƤ뤬ۤʤޤ Penn Parsed Corpora of Historical English ⤢뤷ȤˤäƤ̻ѥȤƤѤǤ OED ΰʸʤɤ롥̾ϡԻŪ֤˱ơ꾮ϰϤΥƥȤ˹ʤäԻ륳ѥ¿űѸ쥳ѥѸ쥳ѥʤɻˤäƶڤ뤳 (chronolects) ⤢ ꥹѸ䥢ꥫѸʤɤ (dialects) ξ⤢뤷Chaucer Shakespeare ʤκ (idiolects) ξ⤢Ҳ (sociolects) ̤Ȥ⤢뤷Ѱ (registers) ˱ƥѥԻȤȤ⤢롥ѰȤäƤ⡤äξʥˡΡäդդˡʷˤʤɤ˱ơ̶ʬ뤳ȤǤ롥ʬޤ٤ƤޤȡҤΤ褦˸¸ƥȤ̤ͭ¤ǤꡤƤ˾ʤäʬۤФäƤ櫓顤ɽѹդݤĤȤʤΤȺȤʤ롥
(chronolects) μ濴ˤƶǯŪ絬Ϥ˱Ѹ쥳ѥԻѤƤߤȡƻαѸμʸˡϿޤΤ褦ʻͻԻȴϢŤԻ줿ΤĤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ϡƻδѥȤư֤ŤȤäƤ褤⤷ʤ㤨СDictionary of Old English Corpus (DOEC), A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English (LAEME), Middle English Grammar project (MEG) Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϥѥȤϥƥȡǡ١Ȥ٤ EEBO (Early English Books Online) ѲǽȤʤäƤƤ뤷ꥫѸˤĤƤ Corpus of Historical American English (COHA) λߤ⤢롥
˵ɽŪ̾ʤΤΤۤ͡ڤ˱Ѹ쥳ѥԻδ褬³ȸƤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#506. CoRD --- Ѹ˥ѥξ ([2010-09-15-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Helsinki ؤ VARIENG ( Research Unit for Variation, Contacts and Change in English ) ץȤ CoRD ( Corpus Resource Database ) Ȥ줿
ϡŪˤСҤΤ褦ˡ˱Ѹ쥳ѥɽŪ˲褹ΤϺǤϤ뤬Ǹ̥ѥԻϳ趷褷ƤꡤΤʤǿⴶϤ롥ҤȤĤϥեŪ¦̡Ѽ¦ΥѥФ٤˴ؤ⤢褦˻פ롥Żҥѥλ夬褹ˤ⡤˱ѸθԤϡ֤פȤʤΤˤ֥ѥפԻѡʬϤ˹ԤʤäƤΤǤ롥⡤䤿ռƤۤɤǤϤʤäΤΡ٤ϥѥɽѹդȤäͤƤΤǤꡤ˻ʤȤƤ⡤ͭפʸ³θѤƤŻҥѥȤʤäɽѹդ꤬ΩäƼ夲褦ˤʤäΤˤ꼫Τڤǡͤ³ɬפϤΤΡ餫ˤ츽ݤΤΤ˾ơѥ˻Ȥʤʤ餽θ³Ƥ椯ȤפʤΤǤϤʤ
#2555. 塼ˤζ֤̻֡ ([2016-04-25-1]) ǡ֤̻֤ζ̤ˤĤˤȤǡSaussure (116--17) Cours ǡ̻֤ȶ֤ν̤⤤ľˡɸ2ĤθؤθƾΤˤĤƼΤ褦Ƥ롥
Voilà pourquoi nous distinguons deux linguistiques. Comment les désignerons-nous? Les termes qui s'offrent ne sont pas tous également propres à marquer cette distinction. Ainsi histoire et «linguistique historique» ne sont pas utilisables, car ils appellent des idées trop vagues; comme l'histoire politique comprend la description des époques aussi bien que la narration des événements, on pourrait s'imaginer qu'en décrivant des états de la langue succesifs on étudie la langue selon l'axe du temps; pour cela, il faudrait envisager séparément les phénomènes qui font passer la langue d'un état à un autre. Les termes d'évolution et de linguistique évolutive sont plus précis, et nous les emploierons souvent; par opposition on peut parler de la science des états de langue ou linguistique statique.
Mais pour mieux marquer cette opposition et ce croisement de deux ordres de phénomènes relatifs au même objet, nous préfèrons parler de linguistique synchronique et de linguistique diachronique. Est synchronique tout ce qui se rapporte à l'aspect statique de notre science, diachronique tout ce qui a trait aux évolutions. De même synchronie et diachronie désigneront respectivement un état de langue et une phase d'évolution.
Saussure ѸؤΤƤ롥Saussure ˡ (linguistique historique) ǤۣȤΤϡּΰۤʤˤ֤ȵҤ뤳ȤˡפǤС붦ŪηϤ̤ζŪηϤؤȻּ˱äƿʤޤƤ븽ݤˤĤƸ뤳ȤˡפǤ뤫Ԥΰ̣ɽ魯ˤϡˡפǤΤǤȤȤǸԤòѸȤ "linguistic historique" "linguistique évolutive" Ф "linguistic statique"ˤѤ뤳Ȥˡ2ĤμΩѸΩ뤿ˡ"linguistique diachronique" Ф "linguistic synchronique") ѤΤǤ롥
Τ褦ʷаޤ̻֤ȶ֤ѸΩΩƤ櫓ʲ ("linguistique évolutive") ָ ("linguistic statique") ȤƾΤ⡤ĿŪˤϤ֤ľŪǼΤƤ롥
Saussure, Ferdinand de. Cours de linguistique générale. Ed. Tullio de Mauro. Paris: Payot & Rivages, 2005.
20μήɸؤǤϡѲʤΤꤵƸ椵ƤȤϤäƤ⡤줬鸽ߤˤѲƤ¤ǧ줿櫓ǤϤʤ19θ츦Ǿܺ٤˼줿̤ꡤϾѲƤΤǤꡤѲƤ롥ˡ塤ѲȤ¦̡̻֡ʤȤˤƤ뤤ϸˤƤȤȤǤ롥
ؼԤΤߤʤ餺̤ο͡ˤȤäƤ⡤줬ѲȤܼŪʻ¤Ϥޤ긫Ƥʤ褦˻פ롥줬ѲȤȤϳΤΤäƤ롥ήԸνиȾüиƤ뤷ˡѲä˸ո˴ؤסˤϥǥ䶵ˤˤƤ롥ŵ˿иߤθȤκҤҤȴ뤷ѸˤܸˤȤܤ뤳ȤΤäƤ롥¿οͤˤȤäơѲϤɤ餫Ȥ㳰ŪʽǤꡤ줬˵äƤȤФϤʤΤǤϤʤ
Τ褦ʴФظˤϡͤθո˴ؤ뵬ϰռζΨΤ褤ߥ˥ΤˤϡϰסѤäƤϤʤոεϼʤФʤʤȤռ롥ä˽դϵŪǤ뤳Ȥ¿ְͤǸ경פȤݤͿ䤹ҲˤƸҤѸΤ褦ʸФƤ⡤¿ο͡ϸŪʸäƤ褦ѸΤʸˡäΤäääȻפߡѤ餺˱ɤ³ȿƤ롥ϸ§ȤѲʤ뤤Ѳʤۤ褤ȤѤ줬ѲƤȤ¤ˤƤ롥
Ѳ˵Ťˤ̤ͳȤƤϡƤθѲޤ˺٤ǤꡤʤǤȤȤ롥θѤΤʤǵäƤѲϡߥ˥˳ʤ٤ζˤƷʰæǤ뤿ᡤۤȤγФʤȤγФ줿ȤƤ⡤פǤʤæǤ뤿ᡤ˰ռήꡤ˺Ƥޤ
¤ˤθѤθѤ٤˰ۤʤäƤΤǤꡤ˸ѲƤȤΤ
ؤǽŪ˸ܼ餫ˤ뤳Ȥ̿ȤʬǤʾ塤ѲΤǤȤ¤ФơĤޤǤܤĤƤ櫓ˤϤʤ餫ηǡѲܼˤؤǤФʤФʤʤѲȤ߹ؤɬˤĤƤϡ#2134. Ѳ̷ǤϤʤ ([2015-03-01-1])#2197. 塼ζ֤̻֤ǧ ([2015-05-03-1])#2295. Ѳϸξ֤ϳؤǤ ([2015-08-09-1]) ʤɤε⻲ͤˤ줿
塼衤ͻȤưۤʤ2Ĥγ٤̤Ƥ (synchrony) ̻ (diachrony) Ǥ롥ܥ֥ǤϤ2ʬˡȤǡ˰͵ꡤ뤤ϲŪ˵ꤷƤͭ̾2ʬˡˤĤơѸ켭ŵʤɤȤơ餿ƳǧƤ
ޤݻΥ塼Ѹ (309--10) ˤϼΤ褦ˤ롥
synchronie/diachronie [̻֡]
ʳؤоݤη (système de valeurs) ȤªȤ֤μΰ̤ˤ (état) ֤ȸƤӡŪ¤ (temps) κѤ̵뤷ƵҤ븦 (linguistique synchronique) ȤϤޤǤˡλǤäơ¤ˤϡηϤϹȰܤѤФ꤫ʣηϤŤʤäƶ¸Ƥ뤳Ȥ˺ƤϤʤʤάФơΰܤѤ뤵ޤޤʳǵҤ줿Ṳ̤̄ӤηΤѲéȤ븦椬̻ (linguistique diachronique) ǤꡤоݤȤͤư (déplacement) ̻֤Ǥ롥
Ʊݻ (73--74) Ǥϡ塼ιͤΤ褦˲⤷Ƥ롥
ָؤˤĤΰۤʤäʳؤ롥֤ޤ϶ؤȡư֤ޤ̻ؤǤסĤζ̤ϡ褽ηϤоݤȤǤɬʤ٤ǤäơȤзкѳؤȷкѻˤƱʳؤΤʤǤϤäʬ줿ʬΤƱˡؤˤƤĤΰ̤٤ǤȤΤ̥塼ͤιͤǤä塼ϤθεҤ (linguistique synchronique)ȤȤѲεҤ̻ (linguistique diachronique) ȸƤǤ롥
Crystal Ѹ켭ŵǤϡpp. 469, 142 ˤ줾츫ФΩƤƤ롥
synchronic (adj.) One of the two main temporal dimensions of LINGUISTIC investigation introduced by Ferdinand de Saussure, the other being DIACHRONIC. In synchronic linguistics, languages are studied at a theoretical point in time: one describes a 'state' of the language, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place. For example, one could carry out a synchronic description of the language of Chaucer, or of the sixteenth century, or of modern-day English. Most synchronic descriptions are of contemporary language states, but their importance as a preliminary to diachronic study has been stressed since Saussure. Linguistic investigations, unless specified to the contrary, are assumed to be synchronic; they display synchronicity.
diachronic (adj.) One of the two main temporal dimensions of LINGUISTIC investigation introduced by Ferdinand de Saussure, the other being SYNCHRONIC. In diachronic linguistics (sometimes called linguistic diachrony), LANGUAGES are studied from the point of view of their historical development --- for example, the changes which have taken place between Old and Modern English could be described in phonological, grammatical and semantic terms ('diachronic PHONOLOGY/SYNTAX/SEMANTICS'). An alternative term is HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS. The earlier study of language in historical terms, known as COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY, does not differ from diachronic linguistics in subject-matter, but in aims and method. More attention is paid in the latter to the use of synchronic description as a preliminary to historical study, and to the implications of historical work for linguistic theory in general.
ݻ Ϻإ塼뾮ŵ١罤ۡ1985ǯ
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
#2351. ե줫ζưμѡ ([2015-10-04-1]) ȴϢơPrins ʸ "French Influence in English Phrasing" Ҳ𤹤롥Prins ϤʸǡեαƶꤵѸɽ¿뤳Ȥ˭٤ʶʤĥ롥Prins θդΤޤڤȡ". . . besides the numerous isolated words which English has borrowed from French, there are also a great many cases in which complete phrases and turns of speech, proverbs and proverbial sayings were taken over from French and incorporated in the English language" (28) ȤȤǤ롥
ʸȾϡեȱѸʸ齸ʸ̮ĤбɽꥹȤǤ롥ܵǤϡΰƸΤϹPrins ȤƻŦƤ3ˤȤɤ1ܤϡեͳܤѸζ硦ɽ14˥ԡޤƤȤ¤Ǥ롥ε ([2015-10-04-1]) ǻȤ Iglesias-Rábade Ҥ٤Ƥ褦ˡñΤΥեѸΥԡȻŪˤ褽礹Ȥ¤פǤ롥Iglesias-Rábade ϶μѤΥԡ14ȾȤߤƤΤФơPrins 14ȾȤߤƤȤ㤤롥Prins (81) ƤɽƸƤ
Period Items N. B. 1000--1100 1 1100--1200 0 1200--1300 13 (3 of which ins S. E. Leg.. c 1290) 1300--1400 29 (during the first half of the century twice as as many as during the second. Brunne comes in for 8, Cursor Mundi for 5, Chaucer for 4 items) 1400--1500 12 (of which 5 in Caxton) 1500--1600 8 1600--1700 3 1700--1800 1 1800--1900 1
ˡǤɽ˼ζ¿ޤǻĤäƤȤ¤ŦƤ롥ߤޤǤѤ뤤ϸȤʤäƤΤ15ĤˤĤ53Ĥϸǡ"part and parcel of every day speech" (81--82) ǤȤ¸Ψ77.9%ȳΤ˹⤤
3ܤȤơѤ줿ΰ̣ΰܤȡ͡ǤϤ뤬礿Ȥط17ġƻ11ġˡΧ9ĤȤʤ롥ʸػŪˤϥեλʸʸΤѸ˲äͿΤ15ȾȤ뤳Ȥ¿ɽμѤʸŪʴޤߤ뤳ȤͤСβäϼºݤˤϤäᤤϤޤäƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
¿ζϡեζ (loan_translation) ȤƤ롥ĤޤꡤѸ¦ɽˤϡեѸǤϤʤѸδޤޤƤΤ¿Τ褦ʾˤϡ˥ե줫Ρ֤ʤפʤΤ뤤ϱѸǼǺ夲줿ɽʤΤꤹΤޤޤ롥ññΤǤϤʤʣñȤ߹碌ɽμѤ˴ؤ븦ϡʸˡŪʼѤθȤȤˡˡȤȤ롥
Prins, A. A. "French Influence in English Phrasing." Neophilologus 32 (1948): 28--39, 73--83.
ε ([2015-10-27-1]) ˰³Ѹ˸ Anglo-French κɾˤĤƤꡥRothwell ϡѸäѸʸθˤơAnglo-French äȽŻ뤷ʤФʤʤ⤹롥ƻȤƤ MED θ³ˤڤ֤ʤɡѸʸؼԤ˰ռפĥ٤֤ⷫ롥եäΡּѡ (borrowing) ȤǰˤѳפäƤꡤİͤ롥ĤʸϤѤ
The MED reveals on virtually every page the massive and conventional sense and that in literally thousands of cases forms and meanings were adopted (not 'borrowed') into English from Insular, as opposed to Continental, French. The relationship of Anglo-French with Middle English was one of merger, not of borrowing, as a direct result of the bilingualism of the literate classes in mediaeval England. (174)
The linguistic situation in mediaeval England . . . produced . . . a transfer based on the fact that generations of educated Englishmen passed daily from English into French and back again in the course of their work. Very many of the French terms they used had been developing semantically on English soil since 1066, were absorbed quite naturally with all their semantic values into the native English of those who used them and then continued to evolve in their new environment of Middle English. This is a very long way from the traditional idea of 'linguistic borrowing'. (179--80)
[I]n England . . . the social status of French meant that it was used extensively in preference to English for written records of all kinds from the twelfth to the fifteenth century. As a result, given that English was the native language of the majority of those who wrote this form of French, many hundreds of words would have been in daily use in spoken English for generations without necessarily being committed to parchment or paper, the people who used them being bilingual in varying degrees, but using only one of their two vernaculars --- French --- to set down in writing their decisions, judgements, transactions, etc., for posterity. (185)
εǤ bachelor Ρȿפθ apparel Ρְפθ⤦1 Anglo-French DzǤȤơRothwell (184) εƤ rape Ȥ夲褦MED ˤȡֶפΰ̣Ǥ rāpe (n.(2)) ϡѸǤ1425ǯ㤬ФǤ롥ΦΥեǤϤθϸʤΤAnglo-French Ǥ rap ȤƤθˤ13ʸڤ롥
[A]s early as c. 1289 rape is defined in the French of the English lawyers as the forcible abduction of a woman; in c. 1292 the law defines it, again in French, as male violence against a woman's body. Therefore, for well over a century before the first attestation of 'rape' in Middle English, the law of England, expressed in French but executed by English justices, had been using these definitions throughout English society. rape is an Anglo-French term not found on the Continent. Admittedly, the Latin rapum is found even earlier than the French, but it was the widespread use of French in the actual pleading and detailed written accounts --- as distinct from the brief formal Latin record --- of cases in the English course of law from the second half of the thirteenth century onwards that has resulted in so very many English legal terms like rape having a French look about them. . . . As far as rape is concerned, there never was, in fact, a 'semantic vacuum' . . . .
Rothwell (184) ϡۤˤ larceny Ϥ¿ˡΧѸ˻褦ʾƤϤޤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ѸθäθˤĤơޤޤ٤Ȥ¿ĤƤ褦
Rothwell, W. "The Missing Link in English Etymology: Anglo-French." Medium Aevum 60 (1991): 173--96.
Ѹǡȿפ1ĤȤƤ bachelor ˴ؤợδ#1908. ɽ魯ΰ̣ΰ (1) ([2014-07-18-1])#1968. ΰ̣ʬʬϡ ([2014-09-16-1])#1969. ΰ̣ʬʬϤ ([2014-09-17-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ13˥ե줫Ѥ줿θϡּ㤤Ρԡפạ̈žơȿפȯŸȤ롥
OED bachelor, n. θ4aˤȡǤνФ Chaucer Merchant's Tale (c1386) Ǥꡤl. 34 "Bacheleris haue often peyne and wo." ȸ롥MED bachelēr (n.) θ1(b)ˤȡʲ̤ꡤ14ˤޤ̤롥"c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11) 701: Mi leue doȝter .. Ich þe wole marie wel .. To þe nobloste bachiler þat þin herte wile to stonde.
嵭ΰ̣Ѳϡбեñ bachelier ˤʤäȤ졤ߤǤϱʩδ֤ "false friends" (Fr. "faux amis") δطȤʤäƤ롥Τ褦ˡΰ̣ѲŪ˱ѸȼȯãȹͤƤȤRothwell (175) ϡѸȼȯãˡAnglo-French ȤĤʤΥ饯о줵ơԤڤ
Chaucer's use of this common Old French term in the Modern English sense of 'unmarried man' has no parallel in literature on the Continent, but is found in Anglo-French by the first quarter of the thirteenth century in The Song of Dermot and the Earl and again in the Liber Custumarum in the early fourteenth century. It is a pointer to the fact that the development of modern English, at least as far as the lexis and syntax are concerned, cannot be adequately researched without taking into account the whole corpus of Anglo-French.
The Anglo-Norman Dictionary Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡbacheler θ2Ȥ "unmarried man" ꡤ嵭νŵȤȤ˳Τ㤬Ƥ롥ѸȼȯãǤϤʤޤƤΦΥեȯãǤʤ¤ Anglo-French ˤȯãǤꡤ줬Ѹˤܿ줿ˤʤȤʤȤñǤϤ뤬ܤڤ褦ʷǤ롥ְפθıѸ apparel ȡ⤿ʤե appareil false friends Ʊͤ Anglo-French ͳȤȤ
Rothwell ʸǤϡAnglo-French ȤפȤˤꡤѸä˴ؤ¿λ¤餫ˤʤꡤ꤬褹뤳Ȥ⤵롥Ѹ˸Ǥ⡤եȤФޤѥɸŪʥեѼפ⤫١ȤƥեѸʤɤΤäAnglo-French ȤѼɾ뤳Ȥˤäơ̤ȤƤѸ˾¿꤬ǽȡRothwell ⤯Rothwell ΤΥϡ#2349. Ѹ˥եѸ줬ȯΤϤʤ (2) ([2015-10-02-1])#2350. Prioress Anglo-French ϰ̤Ϥۤ㤯ʤä ([2015-10-03-1]) ǻȤʸǤӤƤꡤȯŪǤ롥
Rothwell, W. "The Missing Link in English Etymology: Anglo-French." Medium Aevum 60 (1991): 173--96.
˸ؤ̻ؤʤɸѲΰˤƤ⡤ճʤȤˤλŪ¦̤ϤۤȯŸƤʤѲʶʤּ˷ѵǤϤ뤬ष椨˻֤ȤȤطʲ졤켫Τؤδؿ餿ʤäΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥óȻ (lexical_diffusion) Τ褦ʻּŻ뤹ϳȯ줬йƤǯʸˡ (neogrammarian) θѲˤĹ롥ޤ#1872. Constant Rate Hypothesis ([2014-06-12-1]) ʤɤ⡤ѲּˤƹͻƤ롥Ǥ⡤ѲλŪ¦̤ˤĤƤϡޤʬ˿ʤǤȤϸʤ
νפʸơޤȤƤθѲλŪ¦̤ΰڤָѲΥ塼 (schedule_of_language_change) ȸƤ֤Ȥˤˤϡactuation, implementation, diffusion ˴ؤ (see #1466. Smith ˤѲ3ʳ3 ([2013-05-02-1])) 䡤Ѳν® (speed_of_change)ϩ³֡λ˴ؤꡤäˤ餬ɤΤ褦װˤꤵΤȤ䤤ʤɤޤޤƤ롥
Ѥ De Smet (6) ϡѲγȻˤĤŪ˹ͻ˼ָѲΥ塼פν˴ؿƤ롥
. . . it is important to see that the problem of diachronic diffusion has two sides. On the one hand, we have to explain the phasedness of diffusional change---that is, to explain why diffusional change happens in stages with different environments being affected at different times, and what determines the order in which environments are affected. On the other hand, there is the more intractable question of what drives diffusion---that is, why does diffusion seem to go on and on, and what gives it its unidirectionality?
De Smet λŦ1ϡʤѲγȻʳŪ˿ʹԤʳνƤΤϲʤΤȤΤȤޤȤƤ褤2Ĥϡ⤽ѲγȻưƤΤϲʤΤ˿ʤޤϤϲʤΤȤΤưϤȤäƤ褤 (see #2299. Ȼζư3 ([2015-08-13-1])#2302. ȻŪѲΰ ([2015-08-16-1]))
De Smet ϡʳνȤ̩ܤ˴ϢϩˤƤ롥"diffusion follows a path of least resistance" (6) ȽҤ٤Ƥ뤳Ȥ鼨褦ˡѲηϩװ1ĤȤơŪηϤˤʤ¿ˤǰƬˤƤ뤳ȤϵʤѲΥ塼νˤϡ֤̻֤ΩۤϡꥦΤ褦 "integrated synchrony" ɬפʤΤǤϤʤˤĤƤϡ#2295. Ѳϸξ֤ϳؤǤ ([2015-08-09-1]) ȡĥäε碌ƻȤ줿
De Smet, Hendrik. Spreading Patterns: Diffusional Change in the English System of Complementation. Oxford: OUP, 2013.
#230. äȤФȽȤФΩŪ ([2009-12-13-1]) ǡKoch and Oesterreicher ͭ̾ʡֶᤤȤСפȡֱȤСפΥǥҲ𤷤ϡѰ (register) ˴Ϣơäդդʤɤä (medium) ȡʹˡӥ塼ʤɤäξ (field of discourse) ȤߤˤɤΤ褦ϢưƤ뤫1ĤΥǥǤʻѰˤĤƤϡ#839. register ([2011-08-14-1]) ȡˡ
ޤ˸ˤڵȴϢơ#2001. ˸ˤǡ ([2014-10-19-1]) Ǥ⡤äΤȾʤ뤤ϥˤδطɽ魯ΤȤơJucker ˤޤ
Ϥ⤦1ĻѤ Svartvik and Leech (200) ˤ "A spectrum of usage linking speech with writing" Ƴ褦
'Typical speech'
Face-to face conversation
Telephone conversation
Personal letters
Interviews
Spontaneous speeches
Romantic fiction
Prepared speeches (such as lectures)
Mystery and adventure fiction
Professional letters
News broadcasts
Science fiction
Newspaper editorials
Biographies
Newspaper reporting
Academic writing
Official documents
'Typical writing'
ܥ֥ǤϡѸˤ˴ؤ뵭Ʊ餤Ѳ (language_change) ˴ؤ뵭ƤѲȤѸ䳵ǰȤƤطʤˤƤʤФʤʤȤ롥ϡѲ (linguistic change) üԺ (speaker-innovation) ζ̤Ǥ (Milroy 77) 줬ѲΤϡüԤո뤫Ǥ롥
üԤոȤäơ줬Ѳľ뤹Ȥϸ¤ʤ٤η֤뤳ȤΤʤˤʤ⤷ʤĿŪѰۤˤȤɤޤ뤫⤷ʤ줬ηϤΤʤ夷춦Ʊ˳ȤäƤϤơѲȤ롥ֽǤСüԺϸѲԤ롥ޤüԺߤθѲϤꤨʤȤȤǤ⤢롥ΤȤϹͤƤߤмǤϤ뤬䤿ϡָѲפݤˡФиηϤΧΤȤưüԤƤɤ롥ռŪˤΤ褦ˡΤäƤΤǤϾʤȻפ뤬ոκμΤüԤǤȤ¤ϡǰƬˤƤɬפ롥
ѲμΤüԤȸΤưפˤؤΤϡѲؤΰܹԤ˴ؤᥫ˥ब褯ƤʤǤ⤢롥Υᥫ˥1ĤȤ (invisible_hand) ƤƤ뤬ޤơθȤäƤ褤
褦ѸηǰȤơüԡʽġˤɤܿƤˤ⤫餺ФСָܿ (language contact) ȤȤ롥ܿȤΤΤ꤬櫓ǤϤʤäƾüܿȤǧοǤ롥
ѲüԺζ̤üԺߤθѲˤĤƤϡʲεˤƤΤǡȤ줿
#546. ѲϸĿͤδ˾̤˿ʤޤʤ ([2010-10-25-1])
#835. ǽŪʸѲѤؤȽ ([2011-08-10-1])
#837. Ѳˤ therapy or pathogeny ([2011-08-12-1])
#1168. ܿȤüܿǤ ([2012-07-08-1])
#1549. Why does language change? or Why do speakers change their language? ([2013-07-24-1])
#1979. ѲŪˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2014-09-27-1])
#1992. Milroy ˤ쳰Ūװؤʸ ([2014-10-10-1])
#2005. üԺߤθѲؤηپ ([2014-10-23-1])
Milroy, James. "A Social Model for the Interpretation of Language Change." History of Englishes. Ed. Matti Rissanen et al. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992. 72--91.
ѲȤ̻ŪѲΤȤǤ뤫顤ϸ츦̻Ǹ椵٤ΤǤ롤ȤΤ̤⤷ʤ̻ŪѲȶŪѰۤƱ츽ݤΰۤʤ¦̤ǤȤ䡤⤽⥽塼ߤ֤̻֤ζ̤ǤϤʤȤ뤳ȤͤȡѲ̻Ū椢뤤ŪȤư֤Ť뤳Ȥ⵿路ʤäƤ롥
Ѳϡ֤̻֤ζۤ뤤϶ѶŪۣˤ븦ΰǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥ϡ֤ϳء뤤ϡ֡פȤɽС֤ϳؤȸƤ֤٤ΤǤ롥ιͤϡϤäɽȤϤʤäܥ֥ǤʲεʤɤˤФƤ
#1025. ֤̻֤δط ([2012-02-16-1])
#1260. ֤̻֤ ([2012-10-08-1])
#2125. 르ͥ륲 ([2015-02-20-1])
#2134. Ѳ̷ǤϤʤ ([2015-03-01-1])
#2167. "orderly heterogeneity" diffusion ([2015-04-03-1])
#2197. 塼ζ֤̻֤ǧ ([2015-05-03-1])
־֤ϳءפȤƤθѲΤȤ館ϡʤԤФƤ褷ư̲ƤȤϸʤ־֤ϳءפΰ⤤ľܤɽƤ Keller (125) Ѥ褦
. . . does a theory of change belong to the field of synchronic or diachronic linguistics? If we look again at the definition by Bally and Sechehaye, we observe that the answer can be either 'both . . . and' or 'neither . . . nor'. Now, if a question admits two contradictory propositions as answers, we can be sure that something is amiss with the concepts involved. In this case the conclusion is inevitable that the concepts 'synchrony' and 'diachrony' are not suitable for dealing with problems of language change. They are basically concepts which belong to a theory of the history of language, not to a theory of change. The concepts 'state (of being)' and 'history' are very different from those of 'stasis' and 'dynamics'. 'The past is the repository of that which has irrevocably happened and been created'; whatever belongs to history is static, but the place of dynamics is the present. A theory of change is not a theory of history, but a theory of the dynamics of a 'state'. An explanation of this type seems able to fulfil the claim for an 'integrated synchrony' made by Coseriu in 1980 in his article 'Vom Primat der Geschichte'. Its task would be to define the manner in which 'the functioning of language coincides with language change'.
Keller, Rudi. On Language Change: The Invisible Hand in Language. Trans. Brigitte Nerlich. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.
Ѳ˸¤餺оݤ˴ؤ5W1HμΤʤǺǤʪʤΤ Why Ǥ뤳Ȥؤʤ̤ˡ並ˤơǽŪΤꤿΤ Why Ǥ롥ε#2253. ̣ѲθΤʤ ([2015-06-28-1]) Ǥˤ褦ˡ̣ѲϤȤѲνθõꡤȤΤʾκȼԤˤäơָѲθϸ§Ȥ multiple causation ǤפȤָѲ˸ʤɤʤפʤ͡Ω줬 (cf. #1986. Ѳ multiple causation 뤤 "synergy" ([2014-10-04-1])#2143. ѲˡָפϤʤ ([2015-03-10-1])ˡ
Ѳθɵ˿ŤΩԤ⤤뤳ȤλƤ뤬䤤ǤȤ⡤˸ؤˤˤ Why Ȥ䤤ƤޤȤ۸뤳ȤϤǤʤȻϹͤƤ롥Ūˤϡ#1123. Ѳθ˸ء ([2012-05-24-1]) ǰѤ Smith ٤ٻSmith ϡѲ˴ؤ (ix--x) Ǥ⡤Why 䤦Ȥɬ⤷Ƥ롥
Some levels of language, of course, are easier to discuss in 'why?' terms than others. With regard to the lexicon, for instance, it seems fairly undeniable that the presence of French-derived vocabulary in English relates to the geographical proximity of the two languages and to historical events (the Norman Conquest, for instance), while most scholars---not of course all---hold that inflectional loss during the transition from Old to Middle English relates in some way to contact developments such as the interaction between English and Norse. Sound change, as has been acknowledged by many scholars, is perhaps a trickier phenomenon to discuss in 'why?' terms. However, this book argues that it is nevertheless possible to develop historically plausible and worthwhile accounts of the changes which have taken place in the history of English sounds, bearing in mind all necessary caveats about the status of such explanations. After all, historians of politics, economics, religion, etc., have all felt able to ask 'why?' questions: Why did the Roman Empire collapse? Why did the Reformation happen? Why did the Jacobites fail? Why did the French Revolution or the First World War take place? Why did the Russian Revolution happen when it did? Why did the Industrial Revolution take place when and where it did? All these questions are considered entirely legitimate in historiography, even if no final, unequivocal, answers are forthcoming. If historical linguistics is a branch of history---and it is an argument of this book that it is---then it seems rather perverse not to allow historical linguists to address 'why?' questions as well.
ޤäƱݤǡ伫Ȥ Hotta (2) ǡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ȤΤǡѤƤ
In historical linguistics, the importance of asking not only the "how" but also the "why" of development must be stressed. In my view the question "why" should be a natural step that follows the question of "how," but linguists have long refrained from asking "why" through academic modesty. I believe, however, that it is allowable to speak less ambitiously of conditioning factors, rather than absolute causes, of language change.
餯Ѳ "the cause(s)" 뤳ȤϤǤʤ"conditioning factors" 褦ȤΤդԤɵΤȤؤơ "Why?" ָפȤɽѤƤѤƤĤǤ롥
Smith, Jeremy J. Sound Change and the History of English. Oxford: OUP, 2007.
Hotta, Ryuichi. "The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English." PhD thesis, University of Glasgow. Glasgow, November 2005.
2֤ε#2251. Ullmann ˤ̣Ѳʬ ([2015-06-26-1])#2252. Waldron ˤ̣Ѳʬ ([2015-06-28-1]) ǰѡȤ Waldron ϡStern Ullmann ʤɤμפԸƧޤʤ顤̣ѲθˤĤƤƤ롥ˤĤƤβ餫οƶդäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ뤳ȤʤΤȤˤĤơ˻ͤˤʤŸƤ롥
We have now considered a number of factors which may contribute to change of meaning and it is not difficult to see why so many different schemes of semantic change have been proposed over the last 150 years and why there is so little agreement among scholars as to the correct classification of the phenomena. For behind every change of meaning there lies a chain of causation which can be analysed at a number of different levels --- e.g. material, social, psychological, logical --- and at each level we should get a different answer to the question 'Why did this word change its meaning?' The position of a statistician analysing (let us suppose) the causes of death in a certain community would be somewhat similar, unless he decided beforehand what sort of causes he was going to pay attention to. For at one level of analysis, every death might presumably be regarded as a case of heart stopped beating; at different levels of analysis such categories as drowning, overwork, carbon-monoxide poisoning, typhoid, and smoke-polluted atmosphere might all be acceptable as causes; but there would be no guarantee that each death would fit into one and only one aetiological category, unless the causes were all analysed at more or less the same level. The doctor who has to insert a cause of death on a death certificate uses one of a set of terms which classify the causes on a fairly consistent level of medical diagnosis; and in matters of such complexity no system of classification for causes is serviceable unless consistency of level is observed. This, of course, is a consequence of the indeterminateness of our concept of cause: every event has many different causes.
It is quite futile, therefore, for us to attempt to distinguish which sense-changes are due to linguistic causes and which to non-linguistic causes, or which are due to material causes and which to social causes; while it would perhaps be an exaggeration to contend that any change of meaning could be regarded as the consequence, immediate or remote, of any of the recognized causes, the various causal schemes undoubtedly show a good deal of overlapping.
̣Ѳθθͤλεˤʤ館Ǥ롥ʬϤΥ٥뤬͡ˤꤦʾ塤Ф븶ΤΤ¿¿ͤǤꡤޤФиߤ˽ŤʤäƤ뤳ȤǤ롥ɬŪ multiple causation ꤻʤȤˤʤ롥
ΤȤϡ̣ѲθˤȤɤޤ餺Ѳ̤θˤĤƤ⤤ػˤˤƤ⡤ѲθͳưŤʤõ뤳ȡˤˤĤƤϴࡹε롥ˤĤƤϡܥ֥ cat:language_change causation γƵȤ줿Ǥ⡤Ȥ櫓طΤȤưʲƤ (##442,1123,1173,1282,1549,1582,1584,1986,2123,2143,2151,2161)
#442. Ѳθ ([2010-07-13-1])
#1123. Ѳθ˸ء ([2012-05-24-1])
#1173. Ѳɬȶ ([2012-07-13-1])
#1282. ꥦˤ3ΰۤʤѲθ ([2012-10-30-1])
#1549. Why does language change? or Why do speakers change their language? ([2013-07-24-1])
#1582. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (2) ([2013-08-26-1])
#1584. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (3) ([2013-08-28-1])
#1986. Ѳ multiple causation 뤤 "synergy" ([2014-10-04-1])
#2123. Ѳڤ ([2015-02-18-1])
#2143. ѲˡָפϤʤ ([2015-03-10-1])
#2151. Ѳθ3ء ([2015-03-18-1])
#2161. Ҳ¤Ѳϸ칽¤ľܤȿǤʤ ([2015-03-28-1])
Waldron, R. A. Sense and Sense Development. New York: OUP, 1967.
ε#2219. vane, vat, vixen ([2015-05-25-1]) ǡѸˤƬͭȤѲҲ𤷤ǤϤͭʤäᡤפȤʤäƸȯãɸѸˤ⡤θ̤ȿǤƤʤˡɸѸä vane, vat, vixen ŪˤϰۼʤΤǤ롥
Ǥ̤ǤʤäѲȤΤϡѲ˸¤餺¿¸ߤ롥षΤ褦Ѳ̵ͭŪơʬߤƤȤäۤμεҤȤƤΤäơʤƬͭˤơˤʤäΤȤ䤤ϡ⤽פĤ⤷ʤä䤦ȤƤ⡤̾ϡʤ̵ͭΤȤ˰ռΤǤꡤʤ줬ǵʤäΤȤˤ
Knowles (41--42) ϡԤΤꤽˤʤۤε "speculative" Ȥʤ⡤ͳθȤơťΥɸˤƬͭԺߤƤ롥
Danish may also have influenced the pronunciation of an initial <s> or <f> in words such as fox and sing. In the Danelaw, as in North Germanic, these remain unchanged [s, f], but there is widespread evidence of the pronunciation [z, v] in the area controlled by Wessex (Poussa, 1995). The distribution is confirmed by placename evidence (Fisiak, 1994). Similar forms are found on the European mainland: for example, the <s> of German singen is pronounced [z], and the <v> of Dutch viif ('five') is more like an English [v] than [f]. Some [v]-forms have become part of Standard English: for example, vat (cf. German Faß), and vixen alongside fox, but otherwise the [s, f] forms have become general, and [z, v] survive only in isolated pockets.
ͤ٤ȤưʲΤΤƤ
Poussa, P. "Ellis's 'Land of Wee': A Historico-Structural Revaluation." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 1 (1995: 295--307).
Fisiak,J. "The Place-Name Evidence for the Distribution of Early Modern English Dialect Features: The Voicing of Initial /f/." Studies in Early Modern English. Ed. Dieter Kastovsky. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1994. 97--110.
ѲǵʤäȤ˴ؤťΥɸδͿȤǽȡϡǤɾǤʤƤϡѲˤפʥåޤǤȹͤ롥#2115. ݻȸѲؤ ([2015-02-10-1]) Milroy θѲҲ𤷤ʤѲΤƱͤˤʤѲʤäΤȤϡä٤ѸǤϸƬ˴ؤƸűѸθݻ줿ˤ䤦Ȥʤ˸뤬ʤݻ줿Τ䤦ɬפȤΤ Milroy ŪȯۤʤΤǤꡤKnowles ⤽Τ褦˸ƤȤȤˤʤ롥ӸƤƤʤФʤʤѲФžȯۤ⤷
Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.
塼ˤ붦֤̻֤ζ̤ΩˤĤƤϡ#866. üԤΰռ̻ŪʼϤ뤫 ([2011-09-10-1])#1025. ֤̻֤δط ([2012-02-16-1]) ȡ#1076. 塼뤬֤̻֤ͥ褵3Ĥͳ ([2012-04-07-1])#1040. ̻ŪѲȶŪѰۡ ([2012-03-02-1])#1426. ̻ŪѲȶŪѰ (2) ([2013-03-23-1])#2134. Ѳ̷ǤϤʤ ([2015-03-01-1]) ʤɤεˤƤ#1260. ֤̻֤ ([2012-10-08-1]) εǤߤ褦ˡ䥳֥ϥ塼2ʬˡ˰۵ĤΩƤΩ (42) ˤХ䥳֥ȽƤʤȤ䥳֥ϸоݤȤƤȤ館ƤꡤΩ줫顤ˤ϶Ū¦̤̻Ū¦̤ꡤξԤʬӤĤƤƤ롥塼ϡоݤȤƤǤϤʤǧоݤȤƤȤ館Ǥ2ʬˡƤΤ䥳֥ϡ塼2ʬˡˤʳǧƤʤΤȡ
Ǥϡ塼2ʬˡˤʳǧȤϲϡָΤΰռפǤ롥ˤĤơˤΤ֡γˤΤ̻֤ȤǧǤ롥ĹѤȤʤ뤬Ω (43--45) Υ塼˼褦ʸʸ˵ϲؤƤˡ
塼ˤСΤΰռΤˤİΤռˤȤäƤϡŻߤ֤¸ߤƤʤǤ⾯ѲĤŤƤ뤷ĿͤΰĤƤ⤢٤ϿܤƤ櫓ĿͤϤѲޤäռˡʬϰƱİäƤȿƤΤ褦ˡİΤռӤȤե륿Ĥ줿ǧоݤҶ֡ӤǤꡤƨΤ̻֡ӤȤΤǤ롥äơ֤ƱפȤΤϸŵʪŪʻּΰִ֤ȤƤƱǤϤʤİΤռӤˤȤäƤƱäŪƱȤǤ⤤٤ΤǤ롥бơ塼뤬äƤ̻֤ȤΤŵʪŪŪ֤ǤϤʤΤռƨ褦ʡ쥷ƥѲưθưϡʤΤäơ塼ϺŪ˿ֳǰˤȤŤƶ̻֤֡ζ̤ʤǧоݤۤΤǤäơ䡼֥Τ褦˸ŵʪŪʻֳǰŪʻ֡ˤˤȤŤƤȽ褦ʤȤϡޤäΤޤȤϤǤꡤȽȤΩʤΤǤ롥Τ褦ʴ餹ȡǽˤ x y ʤɸΤ褦ʿޤϡͿΤǤä⤷ʤĤϡ塼뼫ȡΤβŪʻֳǰޤ뤳ȤǤΤ褦ʸμޤƤΤǤäơۤȤɤθؼԤϤ٤ˤȤɤޤäƤ롥ϡΡֲǽ濴פɤޤʤФʤʤ
ƤʤҶ֡ӤȤϡָΤΰռפ䤦ȤˤäƼФʥˤŻ߾֤ΤȤǡŪͤΥƥƤ롥ŪͤΥƥȤΤϡСŪʴطΤȤƤεΥƥࡤɽŪۡʡΩˤΥƥȤȤ̤ΤȤǤϤʤˤơ̻֡ӤȤϡָΤΰռפƨꡤΤ̵ռΤˡ֤ΤʤξǤ롥Ҷ֡ӤΤΡҰռռӥƥͿƤΤˤơ̻֡ӤϼΤΡ̵ռӥƥˤΤͿƤȤȤǤ롥塼ϡξԤθϳؤӤơѹվ֤ˤȤƤζ֤θֳưĤĤȤƤ̻֤θưƤ롥ʾ夫餫ʤ褦ˡ̻֤֡ζ̤ȤΤϡ褯褦ʸ츦ˤˡ̤ʤɤǤϤäƤʤȼΤץ뤿ǧŪ֤ˤۤʤʤĤޤꡤҰռռӥƥȡ̵ռӥƥȤʬΤŪˡϤޤˤΤ褦ʡդؤȤƸΤǤ
֤̻֤ϡȤоݤ2¦̤ǤϤʤФФᤵƤ褦ˡѻݤ2ĤλǤʤǤϤʤ֤̻֤ȤϡҸΤΰռӤˤ뤫ˤ뤫ȤǧʤΤΩĤϡΤ褦˥塼ᤷƤ롥
Ω ظ١˼ҡ1990ǯ
ǶᡤؼԥꥦθѲˮ줿Ѳ椹ԤˤȤäƥꥦΤȤФ϶Ƭ (19) ǡָѲȤפȤ˸ڤƤʰʲ˵ؤƤˡ
ѲȤϡ餫˰ĤκŪ̷Ƥ롥⤽⡤Ȥ٤ȤꤢơϤʤѲΤʤޤѲƤϤʤʤΤ褦ˡˤ䤦ȼΡˤ褽ʤäΤˡȯŸ𤷡˲餷ƤޤΤȸǤ롥ȯŸϸܼȿΤȡޤˤΤȤεǤȤ롥
̷θ塼ζ֤̻֤2ʬˡˤ뤳Ȥ餫Ǥ롥#1025. ֤̻֤δط ([2012-02-16-1]) ȡ#1076. 塼뤬֤̻֤ͥ褵3Ĥͳ ([2012-04-07-1]) ǿ줿Ȥꡤ塼ϸ츦ˤ붦֤ͥ褷̻֤ϼΤŪ⤿ʤ衤¿θؼԤ塼˽ܼŪηϤǤꡤѲȤΤϸˤȤä̷ʳβΤǤʤȿƤƱԻĤäƤ⤭
ꥦ (22--23) ϡŪʸѲ̷˿øй롥ꥦˤ8ʻŦѤ褦
(a) ѲˤĤƸդ餵Ƥ뤳εʤΤϼºݤˤ¸ߤŪˤϡϤäʤΤϤ뤬ʥˤȡֶŪơפȤƱΤȹͤƤޤ꤫ˤʤȡ(b) ѲȤϸγ٤Ȥꤢ뤳ȤϤǤʤޤ٤Ǥʤȡ(c) ˰ĥϳΤľˤȤŤƤϤ뤬ޤǤɤˤȤ褦ʲˤͤƤޤˡǤʤΤоݤΤˤƤ뤳ȡΤ褦ʼĥʤԤɤˤ̤Ƥޤ̷Ϥ٤Ƥ뤳ȡ(d) ϤäС̻֤֡ΧȿоݤΥ٥ˤǤϤʤΥ٥°ΤǤäơ줽ΤΤˤǤϤʤؤˤΤǤ뤳ȡ(e) 塼Χȿ뤿μ꤬ϡ塼뼫ȤΤȤˡȤФθ¤ˤϤޤʤˡޤȿƤ⤽ꤳǤޤäƤˡǤ褦ȯ뤳ȤǽǤȤȡ(f) ϸäƤϤꡤ塼ιͤȤγǰȤϡˤҤ̷ιˤຬŪʸƤ뤳ȡ(g) ηϡפȡפȤδ֤ˤϤʤ̷ʤȿФˡϤηޤ߹ǤȤȡ(h) Υ٥ˤ붦֤̻֤ȤΧȿϡˤˤƤΤߡޤˤˤäƤΤ߹ǤȤȡʾǤ롥
Ѳ뤳ȼΤܼǤꡤѲ뤳ȤˤäƸϸǤ³롥ޤäƱǤ롥#2123. Ѳڤ ([2015-02-18-1]) ⻲ȡ
E. ꥦˡ ɧˡظѲȤ̻֡֡ˡ١ȽŹ2014ǯ
ε#2132. ȴաar ȴաeru դա ([2015-02-27-1]) ǤҲ𤷤ϡ8ϡ֤ȤФѲΤȤ館פǸѲڤȤ4ĤμƤƤ (196--97) 졤֡֡Ҳ4ĤǤ롥
μȤϡʸˡäʤɤʤηϤȤƤߤλϡѲˤϸηϾθȤȡ1ĤθѲ̤θѲƤӤȤȤʤɤĥ롥ѲˤηŪĴ (systemic regulation) μǤ (cf. #1466. Smith ˤѲ3ʳ3 ([2013-05-02-1]))
֤μϡȤФϰ躹ܤǤ롥ʬۤȤäŪʻǤϤʤ뤤ϵؤθήȤäưŪʻޤࡥ֤ܿˤѲ¥ʤ줿Ťꤹ븽ݤܤ롥
֤μϡûñ̤ǤиĿͤΰδ֤ǤθѲ֤θ캹Ĺñ̤Ǥпɴǯǯˤ錄ѲįѲȤϡּŸ븽ݤǤ뤫顤֤μιθɬԲķûñ̤Ĺñ̤ȤĤʤäƤϢ³ΤʤƤȤȤϸѲǤⵤŤˤ֤μȤƤȤΤϡפƶǤ롥
ҲμϡҲؤδ֤θ캹ʸΰռܤǤ롥Ѱ (register) ʸ (style) κΤߤʤ餺ѰۤѲΤΤɤΤ褦ɾ뤫ȤޤࡥȤФήԡ졤ϼʤɤѲȯŤˤɤΤ褦ʱƶڤܤΤʤɤθ٤Ǥ롥
ϸѲ (language change) ߤȤƾ4ĤμͿ4ĤषѰ (language variation) ȯäƤ椯ȹͤۤ狼䤹⤷ʤäȤ⡤Ѱۤ¸ߤѲǤ뤫顤ĤޤȤ4ĤμϸѲˤؤäƤˤʤǤϸѲθ4ĤʬȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ˤ衤褯Ф줿4ĤڤȻפ
ѲΥǥȤƤϡ#1466. Smith ˤѲ3ʳ3 ([2013-05-02-1])#1600. Samuels θѲǥ ([2013-09-13-1])#1928. Smith ˤ٥γإǥưŪǥ ([2014-08-07-1])#1997. Ѳ5Ĥ¦̡ ([2014-10-15-1])#2012. ѲȤ٤̸§7 ([2014-10-30-1]), #2123. Ѳڤ ([2015-02-18-1]) ⻲ȡ
ͺܸ쥦å١ȽŹҴȿӡ1999ǯ
ѲˤĤ͡ƤѲͻǤνڤ椹ǴƤ٤ΥѥƤߤˤȤäѲܼŪǤʤСѲ椳츦γȤ⤤ϤǤ롥
ʲ˸Ѳڤܥ֥ؤΥĥĤġ10ΩƤޥɥޥåˤޤȤPDF뤤ϥΡɤĤǤFLASHɤνϡǤפ3Τߤ˸¤äƱͤλߤȤơ#729. ѲΥޥɥޥåס ([2011-04-26-1]) ⻲ȡ

ѲѰۤΤ˼ҲŪװŻ뤹Ҥ1 James Milroy θѤˤĤƤϡ#1264. ˸ؤθ³ȡιؤƻ ([2012-10-12-1])#1582. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (2) ([2013-08-26-1])#1992. Milroy ˤ쳰Ūװؤʸ ([2014-10-10-1]) 䤽¾εǾҲ𤷤ƤϤȤ櫓ѲװȤ˴ؿꡤҲؤΩ줫餳ˤĤѶŪȯƤ Milroy ˤĹ餯ܤƤƤ롥
Milroy ϡѲͻݤ3Ĥθ§ǤƤ롥
Principle 1 As language use (outside of literary modes and laboratory experiments) cannot take place except in social and situational contexts and, when observed, is always observed in these contexts, our analysis --- if it is to be adequate --- must take account of society, situation and the speaker/listener. (5--6)
Principle 2 A full description of the structure of a variety (whether it is 'standard' English, or a dialect, or a style or register) can only be successfully made if quite substantial decisions, or judgements, of a social kind are taken into account in the description. (6)
Principle 3 In order to account for differential patterns of change at particular times and places, we need first to take account of those factors that tend to maintain language states and resist change. (10)
3§Ū˲᤹ȡ§1ϡϼҲΤʤѤƤѻʤΤ顤Ҳθʤ츦ʤɤȤΤϤꤨʤȤĥ§2ϡġθѼϼҲŪˤǤʤΤ顤٤Ƥθ츦ϲ餫μҲŪȽǤ˴ŤƤǧ٤Ȥĥ§3ϡѲװǤϤʤ֤ݻװѲװõ٤Ȥĥ
ճȤǡȤ櫓§3ܤͤ롥ġθѲθõߤϿ¿Ѳ˰ݻϤʤѲʤΤ뤤ϤʤѲΤ䤦ϾʤۤȤơݻǥեȤǤꡤѲȤˤϤѲ٤Ȥͤ롥Milroy ϡषѲΤۤǥեȤǤꡤݻ٤ݤǤȸФ
Therefore, as a historical linguist, I thought that we might get a better understanding of what linguistic change actually is, and how and why it happens, if we could also come closer to specifying the conditions under which it does not happen --- the conditions under which 'states' and forms of language are maintained and changes resisted. (11--12)
ŪʴϡݻȸѲؤȤռϳΤˤѤ뤳ȤǥեȤǤꡤѤʤȤפΤȤҲŪȯۤžϡİ٤Ȼפ
ϢơѲװˤĤƤϡ#430. Ѳ˳װ ([2010-07-01-1])#2067. Weinreich ˤ촳Ĥηװ ([2014-12-24-1])#2065. ʸμѼ (2) ([2014-12-22-1]) ʤɤǾ夲ΤǡȤ줿
Milroy, James. Linguistic Variation and Change: On the Historical Sociolinguistics of English. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.
֤μѤȤФޤǽ˸ùܤפ⤫֤ʸˡܤμѤΤƤʤ櫓ǤϤʤʸˡѤŪޤǤ뤳Ȥϡ#902. Ѥ䤹ܡ ([2011-10-16-1])#1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1])#2011. Moravcsik ˤѤ ([2014-10-29-1]) ε䡤#2067. Weinreich ˤ촳Ĥηװ ([2014-12-24-1]) ˥ĥä¾ΤĤεǤ夲Ƥ̤źθϤʸˡѤθڤ⤤ȸĤ롥Ѹˤ˸¤äƤ⡤ʸˡѤβǽȤȤǤСȸ졤ƥ졤ťΥɸ졤եʤɤ͡ʸ䤬Ƥ
ʸˡܤμѤϸùܤμѤƱꤷˤͳ1ĤʸˡܤŪùܤΤ褦ʶŪʤΤǤаθ줫¾θذܤäȤȤǧ䤹칽¤ޤ줿ŪʸˡܤξˤϡľܰܤäΤɤǧˤͳ2ܤϡùܤȤϤ¸ߤΤФơʸˡƤ̸ŪˤबŪʤ̵ط2ĤθƱʸˡƤΩȯȤȤ⤢뤿ᡤѤβǽäȤƤ⿵ŤʤȤ
Thomason (93--94) ȡʸˡѤ뤤Ϲ¤Ū (structural interference) ˤϡ5ȤɬפǤ롥
(1) evidence of interference elsewhere in the language's structure
(2) to identify a source language, or at least its relative language(s)
(3) to find shared structural features in the proposed source and receiving language
(4) to show that the shared features were not present in the receiving language before it came into close contact with the source language
(5) to show that the shared features were present in the source language before it came into close contact with the receiving language.
5ĤξڵСA줫BʸˡܤѤ줿ȤϤäƸڤ뤳ȤǤȤȤȤ櫓ŪʲȤƤʸˡѤˤƤˤϡΤ褦ʾڵ·븫ߤϸ¤ʤ˶ᤤȤΤϡڵ·ˡ2ζŪʵҤξȤޤҲŪʾεҤܺ٤ˤʤƤʤФʤʤ
Ǥ⡤嵭5Τ٤ƤˤȤϤ鷺Ȥ⤢٤ʥϤ롥Τ褦ʾˤ⡤ǰΤˡʸˡܤ촳Ĥη̤ȤƤǤϤʤŪΩȯǽθɬפ롥װˤǡʸˡѤΰȤߤʤΤŤˤƲΩʸˡѤ̥ŪǿŤפǤ롥
Thomason, Sarah Grey. Language Contact. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2001.
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow