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Ȥʤɤ ˡ§ ( Grimm's Law ) 첻 ( Great Vowel Shift ) ʤɤβѲ⤹ȡѤʵ䤬Ф롥ɤϿʤβ䲻ѲΤȤʬΤʤűѸȯ줳ǤꡤѸȯ줳ǤäȳοäƸΤ
ѲˤϲѲȤʤäƤΤ¿βϲβηϤǤ뤫ɤˤäƤ롥äơŲ˸ؤˤȤäƤؤפǤ롥οȤϴñǤϤʤŪʾڵѥΤ褦Ȥ߹碌ƿ餫ˤƤ椯Ȥ detective work Ǥ롥ǤϡŪʾڵˤϤɤΤ褦ʼΤΤΤBrinton and Arnovick (64) 6Ѥ롥
the statements of contemporary grammarians, lexicographers (dictionary makers), and other writers;
puns, word plays, and rhymes in the literature (though these must be used with caution, since the sounds of words entering into these combinations may not correspond exactly, as in slant rhymes and eye rhymes);
the representation of natural sounds in onomatopoeic words (though, again, caution is needed here because these words are at least partially conventinalized);
scribal variations and non-standard spellings that often reflect actual pronunciations;
the development of a sound in closely related languages; for example, we can use French, Spanish, and Italian to extrapolate the nature of a sound in the parent language, Latin;
the structure of the hypothesized phonological system, for we assume that such a system will be like modern sound systems in, for example, tending toward symmetry, pairing voiced and voiceless consonants or back and front vowels.
줾ɽĤȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ
(1) ѻԤˤȯ˴ؤ
(2) ͷӤ䱤Χ
(3)
(4) ɸŪֻ
(5) ϢβѲ
(6) ء˴ŤѲΰŪʷ
(1) ϡ˶Ѹʹߤ˸ؼ ( orthoepist )ʸˡ ( grammarian )ؼ ( lexicographer ) ʤɤˤ쵭ҤͤˤȤΤǰ̤˿٤Ϲ⤤ȹͤ뤬ҴŪ description ǤϤʤѤκä prescription ȿǤƤ⤢ꡤ˼ƲᤷƤ褤ΤȽǤ⤢롥ϢơȤƱѸؤֿͤΤ˱Ѹʳθǽ줿ʤɤ⡤ѸεҴŪʵҤͿƤ뤳Ȥ롥(2) ϡϤѤͷӤʤɤǡľŪˤŪˤꤷȯΥҥȤͿƤ롥ΧϲΤߤʤ餺ΰ֤䲻ⶵƤ롥(3) ϡ̸Ū˵ȤƤ iconicity ⤤ȸưʪĤʤɤŵŪ onomatopoeia ֻ顤դȯꤹȤˡiconicity ⤤ȤϤ֥פ bow-wow֥åפ cock-a-doodle-doo ˰ۤʤΤդɬפǤ롥
(4) ϡɸŪֻΤʤѸ䡤ɸबΩĤĤäΤλŪʸʤɤɸֻޤȤ뤳ȤΤäѸˤơȯָƤǽ롥(5) ϡƱ²ǤβѲˤĤΩƤ狼äƤ뤳ȤСΩĤȤ롥ɤӤ뤳ȤǾڵηƤȤΤϡޤӸ ( comparative linguistics ) μפʺȤǤ롥(6) ϡͽۤ벻Ѳ̸Ūˤη̤ȤηϤ̸Ū˼Ȥäο両ڤΩġ
ƻ detective work η̡űѸѸβȤƤǤʾ塤տ뤳ȤϤǤʤ detectives ФƷɰդɽºŤ٤Ǥ뤳ȤϤޤǤʤ
Ϣơ֤ʤ֤ȯЪΥƤ椯ΤפˤĤơ[2009-06-28-2]εȡ
Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford: OUP, 2006.
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