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ꥫѸθħΰĤˡŪƱ롥ꥫιѤ3̤ǡꥹ40ܡܤ26ܤȼ¤˹γˤϾǤ롥ͳʣŪǤꡤˤȡꥹθϤޤ줿͡ʱѸѼκǤ뤳ȡ¿¿ͤʰ̱θȤκǤ뤳ȡɸ餹뷹ŪʸѤʤɤ
ꥹѸʤɤ٤ŪƱŪȤȤǤꡤꥫѸˤ¸ߤ롥ǤؤʥꥫѸʬϡthe New England dialect, the Southern dialect, General American ȻʬˡǤ롥General American ϡ¾ĤǤʤȤ绨ĤǡŪʥΥꥫѸ˺Ǥᤤ
绨ĤʶʬϥꥫؤȯŸȤȤ˽ִƤꥫؤܳŪʸϡߥؤ Hans Kurath λشץ The Linguistic Atlas of the United States and Canada Ȥ1931ǯ˻Ϥ줿1939ǯ New England1973--76ǯ the Upper Midwest1986--92ǯ the Gulf States ϿޤǤ졤Ϣ븦ϸߤ³Ǥ롥
ΰϢθΤʤǡ1949ǯ Kurath Ǥ A Word Geography of the Eastern United States ϸߤǤפϰ̤Ƥ롥Kurath ϸäʬۤ˴ŤƥꥫѸޤ18ξʬ Northern, Midland, Southern 3ĤˤޤȤʲϡCrystal (245) ϿޤȤ˺ Kurath ʬϿޤǤ롥

ꥫζʬˡˤ͡ذƤƤꡤߤǤ䤨ʤ Kurath ζʬˡϴܤȤƲƤꥫѸʬˤĤƤϡBaugh and Cable (376ff) 褯ޤȤޤäƤ롥
Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
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