ءΧˤٻ (pause) 뤤ϵٻ߸ (pausal phenomena) ȤϡüԤȯäˤ̵֤Ǥ롥ŪʴߤСٻߤȯ©ѤΤɬפʻ֤Ȥ뤷ȯäΤνλ֤ȤŪʴߤȡ첻ȯʤΤ鲿ⵡǽ̤ʤΤ褦˹ͤ줽ϸǤ롥̵Ūʸ̤褦ˡٻߤޤŪʵǽ̤
ƣ (57) ˤСٻߤȤϡäˤȤäơץߥͥϢưƸ̤뤿̵֤ǤꡤʹˤȤäơİ褷Ƥ뤿ɬפʻ֡פ롥ǤϡٻߤäλСʹ˽פ̤Ƥ뤳ȤƤ롥塤̣塤þΥץߥͥΩˤɸΤ夫饵ݡȤ뵡ǽȤ
ٻߤΤĤ⤦1ĤθŪǽϡʸˡŪʶɸ뤳ȤǤ (Crystal 355) üԤϡʸι¤ڤܤǵٻߤ뤳ȤˤꡤʹʬϤˤô餷Ƥ뤳ȤǤ롥Crystal Ϥεǽ juncture pause ȸƤǤ뤬ϺѸǤС#976. syntagma marking ([2011-12-29-1]) εǽ϶Ȥʤ¾αΧŪʼʤˤäƤ¸줦Τ顤ٻߤ⡤ϥǤȤϤμʤƱ˰֤ŤΤ
ޤ̾ȯäǤϰδ֤˵ٻߤƤ櫓ǤϤʤŪˤϤɤθ춭ʾˤäƤϷǶˤˤٻߤ֤ȤǤΤǡ (word) ƱꤹŪǽäƤȤ⤤롥 potential pause ȸƤФ롥γǰϡǵٻߤ֤ȤФˤǤʤȤȤްդΤǤϤʤϸζǵٻߤۤä̤Ǥ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤʤζˤȤȤϸؾκ1ĤȤȤ#910. ʤ (1) ([2011-10-24-1])#911. ʤ (2) ([2011-10-25-1])#912. ʤ (3) ([2011-10-26-1])#921. ʤ (4) ([2011-11-04-1])#922. ʤ (5) ([2011-11-05-1]) εǰäƤٻߤȤָ餷ʤݤ˸ͿƤȤΤ̣
ٻߤĹտŪ֤ȡŪŪʰ̣ӤӻϤᡤ̵ȤƥذܹԤǤϹͻ䰦뤬٤ٻߤΤ⤦1ĤθŪʵǽǤ롥
ʤ̣Ǥεٻߤϡʸ̵̤Τ (silent pause) Ǥʤah er ʤɤΤĤʤ (filler) ȤƼ¸ͭεٻ (filled pause) ޤߤ롥filled pause ϡҤι¤Ūʵǽ (juncture pause) ϾʤȤʬŪΩƤꡤäѤΤǡ̤ hesitation pause ȸƤ֤Ȥ⤢롥
ƣ ˡŸ˾ܸ١ҡ1996ǯ
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
ؤˤƱΧ (prosody) ȤϡĶʬŪ (suprasegmental) ʼβħΤȤؤʲˡ6褦 (Crystal 73--74)
(1) pitch, tone, intonation ʤɤβιϡʲ˾ܤ褦ˡŪŪѤƤ롥
(2) stress, loudness, accent ʤɤβζϡѸǤϸζʤɤ˸롥accent ϤФ stress Ʊ뤵뤬̩ˤϹ (pitch) ȶ (stress) ȤȤ߹碌ΧŪħǤ롥
(3) tempo ʤɤβ®٤ϡ®ж۵ޤΩ٤лθ䶯Ĵʤɤްդ롥
(4) rhythm beat ϡpitch, stress, tempo Ȥ߹碌ΧŪħǡ֤ѰۤѸΤ褦˶ֳ֤Ǹ stress-timed rhythmܸΤ褦˲ֳ֤Ǹ syllable-timed rhythm ʤɤζ̤롥
(5) pause, silence ʤɤεٻߤ⤢ΰտޤ䴶ɽ魯ΤѤ롥
(6) timbreʲˤϴɽˤϻΤΡ줿餷봷ŪΩŪǧʤΤǡŪȤϥѥŪ (paralinguistic) ħȤ٤Ǥ롥
ΤˤƤȤ櫓ŪͿŪǤ (1)--(4) ޤȤơΧŪħ (prosodic features) ȸƤǤ롥ǤϡαΧŪħεǽϲ͡ʵǽ뤬8Ĥ褦 (Crystal 76--78)
(i) ɽ魯ʳäͧߤʤ¿δ롥
(ii) ʸˡ¤ɸ롥ιٻߤʤɤˤꡤʸˡŪʺۤФ㤨СѸܸʤɡ¿θʿʸȵʸȤ̤Τˡ줾첼ĴҤȾ夬ĴҤ intonation äƤ롥Ϣơ#976. syntagma marking ([2011-12-29-1]) ȡ
(iii) ˷Ϳ롥ζ֤˴ؤ뵬§ĸǤϡƱ˴Ϳ롥Τ褦ʵ§⤿ʤѸΤ褦ʸǤ⡤#926. Ūǽ ([2011-11-09-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡŪʵǽ̤
(iv) ΰ̣̤롥θȾʾĴ (tone language) ǤϡĴʤΰ̣ˤ̤̤Ƥ롥ܸΡȤסֶסüפκۤȡޤܸޤ¿θ줬ĴѤƤ롥
(v) ̣դʸΤ˱ΧŪۤͿ뤳ȤˤäơοŪʵǽ̤
(vi) äħŤ롥˥塼ƻ¶ⶵֵʤɤϤ줾ͭαΧ
(vii) ؽ롥ꥺശΤ褤ϤʤɤѤȡŵؽưפˤʤ롥äơΧŪħϡ콬ˤƤפ̤
(viii) ĿͤƱꤹ롥ΧϡüԤμҲŪʽ°üԤѤѰ (register) ؼ (indexical) ǽġ
ˤ뱤ΧϤФΧ䲻ڤӤ뤬ξԤ2ĤǷŪ˰ۤʤ롥1ˡڤϷ֤뤳ȤȤƺ뤬ˤĤƤ̾綠Τ褦Ϥʤ2ˡڤϸȡŪʲĴˤ˴ŤƱդ뤬αΧŪʤΤǤ롥
Crystal, David. How Language Works. London: Penguin, 2005.
[2013-05-19-1], [2013-06-02-1], [2013-06-03-1]εơƤ taboo θŪյˤĤơBrown and Anderson θػŵ "Taboo: Verbal Practices" ιɤߡtaboo θŪ¦̤˿˵դΤǡ3ۤɥ⤷Ƥ
(1) եꥫ Sotho ˤƤϡƤ̾ˤ뤳Ȥ϶ؤƤ롥Τ褦 taboo ϡPapua New Guinea Kabana ʤ¾θˤ⸫븽ݤǤ ([2013-05-19-1]) ơε̾ι͡פ̣ Moeti ä硤̾ȤƤ moeti ι͡ˤ褦ˤʤ뤬 eta ιˡleeto ιñˡˡmaeto ιʣˡˡetala ˬˡetile ιʴλˡˡetisa ˬ줵ˡetalana ʸߤˬ礦ˤʤɡνˤȤäƴ٤ȴۤɤ˽ʬʷŪϢϢθȤ˴褦ˤʤ롥Ǥñʤ벻ŪʾˡŪʴϢȤŪʸˡŪʥ٥ǤѤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
(2) Ʊ Sotho ǡ嵭Τ褦ʽϡtaboo ȤƤˤ뤳ȤϵʤʸǽȤϵ롥ϡդäդŪʵǽ̤Ƥ뤳Ȥ롥ΤΤĸŪʵǽκۤȤợ
(3) ܸǤϡֻפȤƱˤֻ͡פ߷ֹˤʤǻͤοȤȤϹԤʤƤ롥ܸΡפﵯΰ̵פϢۤȤơͭμ¡פȸ뤳Ȥϡ#507. pear ֻȯ ([2010-09-16-1]) ǸȤǤ롥طʤˤϡƱ۵Ȥä꤬롥Ʊ۵ϡ٤κϤ줢˸졤ɬ taboo ŪװȤʤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤܸäƱ۵¿ϻŦƤɬפ롥ޤΡֻפȡֻ͡פʬȤƤƱĴϰۤʤȤȡܸΡפȡ̵פ⥢ȤϰۤʤȤȤϡƱ۵δϢŤ˺ݤơĶʬŪʱΧʬΤۤŻ뤵뷹ȤȤ롥ϡ䱤Χ°볬ؤȤŪ˴ؤäƤ뤫⤷ʤ
ʤBrown and Anderson εˤĤƤ taboo ˴ؤͭѡ
Brown, E. K. and Anne H. Anderson, eds. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. 2nd ed. Elsevier, 2006.
ε[2012-06-08-1]³ơbinomial 2।ǥˤιǤνȲŪꡥϡ1 and 1˶Τ2פȤ binomial ¿¸ߤ뤳Ȥطʤˤϡ嶯ΥꥺŬ礹ȤȤ⤢뤬Bolinger λŦ褦ˡû and ĹפȤŪʽˤ礹Ȥװ롥äȤŵŪĹûκۤ2Ǥβΰ㤤ȤȤƱñΡ˾ˤϡĹûκۤϲλ³ʹ٤ΰ㤤ȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥Bolinger ɽǤС"openness and sonorousness" (40) ΰ㤤Ǥ롥
ʬ "open and sonorous" ٤ι⤤ۤ㤤ۤؤʬहȡ(1) 첻(2) ͭ³(3) ͭĺ˻(4) ̵³(5) ̵ĺ˻Ȥʤ롥δû and ĹפСopenness and sonorousness 㤤 and ⤤פȤȤˤʤBolinger (40--44) ϡ¤ˤ¸ߤʤˤ binomial ƻǤäǤνؤơѸüԤ︳Ԥˤɤ餬Ф"He lives in a plap and plam house." vs "He lives in a plam and plap house." ΤȤǤ롥̤ϡŪɬΤǤϤʤä٤ηϸ줿Ȥ
Ǥä binomial ˤ¸ʾ˶̣Τϡp. 40 ˵ƤϢƬɽǤʴϢơ[2011-11-26-1]ε#943. Ƭˤפȡˡflimflam, tick-tock, rick-rack, shilly-shally, mishmash, fiddle-faddle, riffraff, seesaw, knickknack. Ǥϡ2Ǥ¤Ӥϡ줾첻ʹ٤㤤Ρܹ⤤ΡפνˤʤäƤ롥νˤĤƤϡphonaesthesia δ顤ŪˡֶᤤΡܱΡפȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ (see ##207,242,243)
ꥺࡤʹ١Ƭphonaesthesia binomial ȤˤϱѸβԻĤͤޤäƤ褦
Bolinger, D. L. "Binomials and Pitch Accent." Lingua (11): 34--44.
Ʊ2줫ɽ 2।ǥˤȸƤ֡##953,954,955 εǤϡܤƿ binomial Ҳ𤷤binomial "A and B" Τ褦ŵŪ³ǷФ뤬ǤνϤƤꤷƤ롥ɬ⥤ǥȤƸꤷƤʤˤ⡤ȤƹޤȤΤ롥ʤˤ "A and B" ޤ졤̤ξˤ "D and C" ޤΤ䲻ʤɡä˲ŪʾȤΤΤ
Bolinger ϡѸηȤơû and Ĺפνޤ뤳ȤŦƤ롥ĹûκϡŵŪ˲ΰ㤤ȤƸ롥ŵϡ1 and 1˶Τ2פǤ롥̾ƻĤСa bows-and-arrows project, cold and obvious fact, drum-and-bugle corps, floor-to-ceiling window, fresh and frisky pups, furred and feathered creatures, a red and yellow river, strong and bitter political factor, up-and-coming writer ʤɤ (Bolinger 36) ¾ˤϤ롥
black and sooty, blue and silver, bright and rosy, bright and shiny, bruised and battered, cheap and nasty, cloak and dagger, drawn and quartered, fast and furious, fat and fulsome, fat and sassy, fine and dandy, fine and fancy, free and easy, full and equal, gay and laughing, grim and weary, hale and hearty, high and handsome, high and mighty, hot and bothered, hot and healthy, hot and heavy, hot and spicy, lean and lanky, long and lazy, low and lonely, married or widowed, plain and fancy, poor but honest, pure and simple, rough and ready, rough and tumble, slick and slimy, slow and steady, straight and narrow, strong and stormy, tried and tested, true and trusty, warm and winning, wild and woolly
Ƥˤ狼뤬 binomial 嶯οϤ褤ꥺȤʤ롥 tattered and torn, peaches and cream, merry and wise, open and shut, early and later ʤɤΤ褦ˡ嶯Ȥʤ binomial ⤢ˤϤ뤬㳰ŪȹͤƤ褵
Ρ1 and 1˶Τ2פȤηˤĤơBolinger (36--40) üԤμ¸ˤäƤǧȤäƤ롥ǥȤۤɤޤǤˤϸꤵƤʤ2ˤĤơ"A and B" "B and A" ¤Ӥξơɤ餬꼫üԤФȤ¸Ǥ롥ĤξǼ¸ܤ餫äbinomial ˤơprosody β̤Ƥ礭
Bolinger, D. L. "Binomials and Pitch Accent." Lingua (11): 34--44.
ˤƶεǽϲMartinet (105--06) ˤСʣ뤬ǤŪʵǽ "contrastive" 뤤ϤΤ "culminative" ǤȤȤȤˡϢսѤ롥
La fonction de l'accent est essentiellement contrastive, c'est-à-dire qu'il contribue à individualiser le mot ou l'unité qu'il caractérise par rapport aux autres unités du même énoncé; une langue a un accent; et non des accents. Lorsque, dans une langue donnée, l'accent se trouve toujours sur la première ou la dernière syllabe du mot, cette individualisation est parfaite puisque le mot est ansi bien distingué de ce qui précède ou ce qui suit. Lá où la place de l'accent est imprévisible, doit être apprise pour chaque mot et ne marque pas la fin et le début de l'unité accentuelle, l'accent a une fonction dite culminative: il sert à noter la présence dans l'énoncé d'un certain nombre d'articulations importante; il facilite ainsi l'analyse du message. Que sa place soit prévisible ou non, l'accent permet, en faisant varier l'importance respective des mises en valeur successives, de préciser ce message.
εǽܼŪεǽǤ롥ʤϡħŤƤñ̤Ʊȯ¾ñ̤Ȥˤ̲뤳Ȥ˹롥äơ1ĤζĤΤǤꡤʣζĤΤǤϤʤͿθˤơ˸κǽ餢뤤ϺǽβȤԤΤ³ΤΤ˶̤ΤǤ뤫顤θ̲εǽϴȤʤ롥ΰ֤ͽ¬ǽǤꡤñ줴Ȥ˳ؽͤФʤ餺ñ̤κǸȺǽʤˤϡĺɽȸƤФ뵡ǽġĤޤꡤϡȯäˤĤνפĴ¸ߤȤȤŤƯƤΤǤꡤˤäƥåʬϤưפˤƤΤǤ롥ΰ֤ͽ¬ǽǤԲǽǤ졤ϡϢ³벻줾ν㤨ʤ顤ΥåΤˤƤ롥
Martinet (106) ϡѸʤɤθǤ϶ΰ֤ˤäƸ̤ (distinctive) 㤬ꡤ϶ŪʵǽΤǤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥ΰ֤ˤäʻѤ increase, permit (diatone) ŵ٤Ƥθ˶̤ħȤƹͤΤǤСμ礿뵡ǽ "contrastive" 뤤 "culminative" ȤäƤ٤Τ褦ʸ̤ɴѤ̤ơѸˤ붯ħ⤭Ħˤʤ褦˻פ롥
Martinet, André. Éléments de linguistique générale. 5th ed. Armand Colin: Paris, 2008.
ñζˤޤĤˤ˹äƤ롥[2009-11-13-1]ε֥Ȥΰ֤襤 --- ޥϤޥϤפ[2011-04-15-1]εֱѸζѥѸѼפǸڤˤ褦ˡѸʹߡGermanic Stress Rule Romance Stress Rule δطʣƤȤطʤˤ롥춯꤬ʣʤΤϡ̻ŪʴǤϤʤѸŪ˸Ǥ⡤¿ͤ analogy ˤ붯֤ѲѰۤƤꡤΰ֤ŪͿΤơѸθ춯˴ؤФϤޤ¸ߤʤΤǤ롥
ǤϡΧ˸ƤȤ¿ͤ analogy ˤϡɤΤ褦ʤΤΤStrang (55--56) ˤСפʤΤ3ढ롥
(1) GSR ˴Ť경ΰŪʷ
"a tendency to move the stress toward the beginning of a word, as in; /ˈædʌlt/ beside /əˈdʌlt/, /ˈækjʊmɪn/ beside /əˈkjuːmɪn/, /ˈsɒnərəs/ beside /səˈnɔːrəs/" (55).
(2) ̾ưθ췲˴ŤǽʬŪʷdiatone γƵȡˡ
"Variable stress-placement is exploited for grammatical purposes, in a series of items with root stress in nominals (usually nouns and substantival modifiers) and second-syllable stress in verbs, e.g., absent, concert, desert, perfect, record, subject . . ." (55).
(3) word-family ιǴ֤붯֤ε۰ϡ
". . . [analogical pull] of the word family an item belongs to. . . Word-analogy is responsible for variations such as applicable, subsidence (first-syllable stress, or a variant with a second-syllable stress on the model of apply, subside. Secret, borrowed in ME with second-syllable stress, has shifted to first syllable stress; its derivative secretive (a 15c formation), kept the older stress as late as OED, but is now tending to follow the example of the commoner secret, with first-syllable stress" (56).
3ϸߤ¾ŪǤϤʤषĤȤ롥㤨С̾ưεǽ romance ϸѸǤȤ2˶ΤήäꥫѸǤ̾ư첽ή줬롥Τ褦ʹ (2) αƶѤƤȸư碌ƶƤڵʬŪˤ롥Ȥȡ(1) 䤬ѤƤʤʤ(3) δϡromance ζȤʤäơromancer, romancist, romantic, romanticism ʤɤζذĤȤǽƤȤȤġñʥեߥˤȤȡΤ˶֤Υ롼벽
Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.
ѸαΧηϡѸθŪѲΤΤϢưƤ롥
űѸŵŪʱΧϡԤ˰ζۤΧ (accentual meter) ǤꡤĸƬҲ碌Ƭ (alliteration) ħŤƤȤѸˤʤȱΧμήϸűѸζΧ˲äԤ˰βۤᱤΧ (syllabic meter) ǤǤ롥ʤġ첻ʡܻҲˤ碌ӱ (rhyme) ӤˤСűѸ줫ѸˤƱΧ180٤žиΤ褦ǤꡤžظˤθŪѲäΤǤϤʤȵ롥
űѸ줫ѸˤƤλϡѸˤˤƷŪѲλΧžˤܤаʲ2˹ʤ롥
(1) ޤοȼñ줬
(2) ե줫̤μѸˤꡤǽᤢ뤤ϺǸ夫2ܤβ˶ĸ줬
ޤ (1) ˤĤƤűѸθζϡƬ§Ȥ1 ([2009-10-26-1], [2009-10-31-1]) ħƬˤȤäƤԹ礬褫äӱˤȤäƤԹäӱôʬΤʤˤ뤳Ȥ¿äȤѸˤƶޤषƤȡ켫Ȥñ줬¿ʤ롥ƬˤȤääˤʤѲǤϤʤӱˤȤäƤͭѲȤʤäޤޤοտŪֻưȯãߤŪˤֻ̾פֽưưפΤ褦ʼ嶯 (iamb) äӱˤȤäƹԹʾ郎äƤä
(2) ˤĤƤϡե줫̼ѤˤꡤѸ˥ե췿ζѥ⤿餵줿ȤȤ̣ ([2011-04-15-1], [2009-11-13-1]) θ˶ĥեѸϵӱˤϤäƤĤκȤʤä (1) (2) װˤäơΤȤƸνΤۤ˶ĸ줬ӱѤǤû˭٤ˤʤä
Ѹλˤ벻ᱤΧȵӱϡľŪˤϥեꥢäƤƳǤ롥ŪμäƤʤСѸˤߤ줿褦ʱ߳ƳϤʤäűѸ줫ѸˤƤθѲϡΧѶŪ˸ƤӴȤϸȤ⡤줬ꤷȤϸ
30ʬפ half an hour ɽ뤬äƸƻǽĶǤ a (good) half hour ȤѤ롥˿̷ƻ줬֤ϡ¾ˤ all the boys, both the books, many a time ʤɤ궦̤ŪħƤ롥ŪħظˤϡΧŪװƯƤ褦˻פ롥嵭Τ⡤θ뤳ȤǶ ( trochee ) ȤʤꡤѸΰŪʥꥺˤ褯Ŭ礹롥Τ褦˸ꡤ̣ŪɬפΤʤʤɤ̵β뤳ȤˤäƱΧȤϡѸǤϾʤʤ
Bolinger (151--53) ϱΧԹˤä줦عʸڥʤʸޤˤǷǤƤ롥¦걤ΧŪɽǤ롥
an aloof person vs. an aloof kind of person It's a compact book. vs. It's a compact little book. a half hour vs. half an hour without doubt vs. without a doubt mother mine vs. pal o' mine Outside these I have no preference. vs. Outside of these I have no preference. Beware the Ides of March vs. Beware of Brutus a little bread vs. a bit of bread a dozen eggs vs. a gross of eggs a morsel bread vs. a piece of bread I dare not tell her. vs. We dare to judge. He dared adventure himself. vs. The players dared to satirise. the lessons these things have taught us vs. the lessons these things have taught to all of us He's gone fishing. vs. He's gone a-fishing. Why did you have to go tell her? vs. Why did you have to go and tell her? Who was it that told you? vs. Who was it told you? a quite long report vs. quite a long report *very a long report vs. a very long report *a so pretty girl vs. so pretty a girl so pretty a girl vs. such a pretty girl *a that pretty girl vs. that pretty a girl *a too remote place vs. too remote a place *an enough good reason vs. a good enough reason a good enough reason vs. a reason good enough
[2011-04-09-1]εΩȤȯ -ed IJʬƻ (2)פ[2011-06-12-1]εֲʬƻ -ed ᲽפʤɤǤ줿褦ˡΧ¿ξ硤ѶŪ˸ѹ¥װȤϡ̤װˤäưƤŪѲ¿ʤȤȤ⤹оäƤǽΤŪʸݻװȤƺѤƤȹͤ롥Χˤϡ㳰¿ֵ§פȸƤ֤ˤϼ夹뤬餯Ѹ˸¤餺Ū˺ѤƤȹͤۤɤ˱ϰϤַװʾϤͭƤΤǤϤʤ
a Jàpanese stúdent ʤɤˤ붯 back shifting 䡤Amelia's love makes the burning sand grow green beneath him and the stunted shrubs to blossom. ˤǸɸ to ʤɡΧδؤܤϿ¿
Bolinger, Dwight L. "Pitch Accent and Sentence Rhythm." Forms of English: Accent, Morpheme, Order. Ed. Isamu Abe and Tetsuya Kanekiyo. Tokyo: Hakuou, 1965. 139--80.
Ѹζѥε§ϡ§Ȥ "left-prominent and morphologically governed" Ǥꡤ Germanic Stress Rule (GSR) ȸƤФ롥ϡ[2009-10-26-1], [2009-10-31-1]ǥޥħ1ĤȤָ촴1˶פ[2009-11-13-1]εǸ褦ˡѸʹߡեƥѸ줬̤ˤ⤿餵褦ˤʤꡤѸαΧ "right to left and phonologically governed" §Ȥ Romance Stress Rule (RSR) ääʹߤαѸ챤Χˤϡȿ2Ĥζ§ߤ˴ĤˤǤ롥ơϸߤˤޤ³Ƥ롥
Halle and Keyser βŪʸʹߡѸƳ줿 RSR ѸαΧѳפ⤿餷Ȥ롤嵭Τ褦ʸͭϤȤʤäƤ뤬Minkova ˤСѸǤ RSR θ̤ϲɾƤ뤭餤ȤषGSR Ϥɾ٤ǤȤոΤ褦˹ͤ뺬ϤĤ롥Minkova (169--73) εޤȤ褦
(1) RSR GSR ɬȿΤǤϤʤ㤨С3Ǥϸ̤ɽŪ˰פ㤬롥máidenhòod (by GSR) and víolènt (by RSR) ʤɡ
(2) Ƭ˶֤ʤ൬§ GSR ϡФХޥƬˤŬѤ졤äưѸǤ̤Ǥ롥Ѹ confirm, deduct, displease, enlist, expose ʤɤζ֤ȡʤ̾ƻǤ϶1˰ܹԤ̾ưפˤĤƤϡ[2009-11-01-1], [2009-11-02-1]ȡ
(3) ѸŪᤤ˱ѸäեѸϡƱƤꡤGSR ˤäƶ1˰ܹԤƤ
(4) ѸǤ RSR GSR ζˤեѸ줬ͤ˶֤ɤΤ褦ˤ뤳Ȥ롥ŵŪȤƵΤϡChaucer λ "In dívers art and in divérse figures" (FrT 1486) Ǥ롥ܤĴ٤ȸˤäɤ٤ϰۤʤ뤷Χΰ֡ʲ֤ˤ뤫ݤ) ȶɤʬۤĴȡ¿ɤ줬Χ˵ΤǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ºݤäդǤϡŦƤ빭ϤɤϤʤäȹͤ졤GSR ŬѤˤꤹǤ1˶ƤѸ¿ä
RSR ƳˤѸ챤Χưɤϸۤ˲ŪʤΤǤϤʤäȤRSR ȤϰۤʤŪʶѥ⤿餷ȤϳΤǤ롥ä˸ʳŪѥϡ3ᤫʤѸǿβ˶륱Ǥ롥ʲθϡʤȤѤ줿2˶Ƥcalendar, sinister, memento, placebo. ޤ3äǽü2ˤʤäƤΰ֤Ѥ餺2ޤޤθ⾯ʤʤädivers(e), legend(e), maner(e), honour(e), montayn(e), natur(e), tempest(e), sentenc(e), solemn(e). θϡαѸ챤Χ餹Ȱۼʶѥ˽äƤꡤRSR ѸαΧ˰ξ⤿餷ȤϳΤǤ롥
Minkova ϡѸʳǤΤȤƽ GSR ޤŪǤꡤRSR ˲ŪʱƶϤƤʤȼĥ롥Ѹ챤Χ礭ưɤäȤС̤Υƥ ([2010-08-18-1], [2009-08-19-1]) Ф Renaissance ʹߤΤȤ
. . . in spite of the influx of 10,000 Romance loanwords, words of Germanic origin continued to constitute the bulk of the core vocabulary of Middle English, accounting for seventy-five to ninety-five per cent of the wordstock, depending on register. It was only during the Renaissance that the balance began to shift in favour of non-Germanic patterns, bringing about the co-existence of two typologically different systems of stress in modern English. (172--73)
ưɤ顤ߤˤޤ³κޤ줿Ҥ̾ư⤽Ʊ֤Ǥζ֤κۤ⤽Ǥ롥ʲϸԤˤĤƤ Minkova θڡ
Seen in the larger context of prosodic typology, however, the accentuation of derived Romance words introduced a major new paradigm of stress-shifting in English. For the first time in the history of the language words derived from the same root started to exhibit disparate prosodic contours: móral--morálitèe, párish--paríshonèr, sólemn--solémpnitè, vólume--volúminòus. (173)
Halle, M. and S. J. Keyser. English Stress: Its Form, Its Growth, and Its Role in Verse. New York: Harper and Row, 1971.
Minkova, Donka. "The Forms of Speech" A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture: c.1350--c.1500. Ed. Peter Brown. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 159--75.
aged, beloved, crooked, dogged, jagged, learned, naked, ragged, wicked, wretched ʤɤβʬƻ줬2ȤȯˤĤơ[2011-01-30-1]ε롥εǤϡʤΤ褦ʰθ췲ǤΤߡ2첻ݻ줿ˤĤƵ褷ٸȤϤ ( Frequency Sorter dzǧѤߡˡ٤ϴطʤˡȽˡκͿƤǽ뤳ȤϡκǸǼ
ƻȤƤˡΰ㤤ˤɤΤ褦˴Ϳ뤫ˤϡΧ ( prosody ) ꥺԹ ( eurythmy ) ȤƳɬפ롥ˡȤѤƻϡ̾ľ̾줬롥ľˤϥȤμ夤ؼΤ뤳Ȥ¿ŵŪȤ a lovely girl ͤȡȤ嶯嶯³嶯 ( iamb ) Ǹ롥ϡѸǺǤŵŪǼ˿Ϥ褤Χ1ĤǤ롥ΰ֤ˤƻ줬1˥Ȥ2ǤۤѸαΧ塤Թ礬褤Ȥ狼aged, naked, wicked ʤθ췲ϡޤˤΤ褦ʡԹΤ褤ײṽ¤ʤƤ롥⡤¿ȤƸˡѤ롥my aged aunt, their beloved Ireland, a crooked nose, the jagged edges, a learned journal, a naked body, a ragged jacket, a wicked witch, the wretched animal ʤɡѸβʬǤϤʤ-id ĥƥѸ solid, squalid, timid, vivid ˤ2⡤餯Ʊͳݻ줿ȹͤ (Minkova 327--28)
ʬƻθ -ed Ǥʤ -en ޤȡˡ ( predicative use ) ȸˡ ( attributive use ) Τ줾Ѥ֤κϤˤʤ롥Minkova (327) ˵Ƥʲ˼
| PREDICATIVE | ATTRIBUTIVE |
|---|---|
| The case is proved. | a proven case |
| The sailor is drunk. | a drunken sailor |
| His knee is bent. | one bended knee |
| The main had burst. | a bursted main |
[2009-10-26-1] (4) Ǹ褦ˡޥϤθȤơ衤ѸΥȤϸ1ϤǤ롥ȤűѸꡤƥե줫餪ӤμѸ줬Ѹή1˥Ȥפθ§ƤȤΤϡƥեʤɤΥޥϤθǤϡषβ˥ȤΤ§Ǥ롥ŪˤϡޥˤϡβνŤ˱ơǽ ( ultima )ܤβ ( paenultima )黰ܤβ ( antepaenultima ) Τ줫˥ȤȤ뵬§롥ѸϡޥϽȤĹܿˤ顤GSR ( Germanic Stress Rule ) RSR ( Romance Stress Rule ) ʣ˹碌ĸؤȯŸƤΤǤ ( Lass 125 )
ޥ줫μѸϡѸäƤ⡤ȤθΤȤ RSR ¨ȤƤͽۤ뤬ɬ⤽ǤϤʤ㤨СѸˤϡθ췲 GSR ¨Τ褦ʸƬȤʤ줿ȤǧƤ (Lass 128--29)ä Lass ͤˤνǯǤ롥
abbreviation (1764), academy (1665, 1687), acceptable (1746), accessory (1687, 1746), accommodate (1764), adjacent (1665, 1710), allegorical (1764), complacency (1665), contribute (1570), controversy (1665), conuenient (1570), corruptible (1746), defectiue (1570), delectable (1570), distribute (1570), diuert (1570), excusable (1570), mischance (1570), obseruance (1570), perspectiue (1570), phlegmatic (1784), proclamation (1570), quintessence (1710), refractory (1687), sequester (1570), splenetic (1784), suggestion (1570), unawares (1710)
ɸѸǤϡ嵭ΤñˤƤ⥢Ȥ1ˤʤȤդLass ˤС1780ǯ GSR षϤᡤRSR ͥˤʤäƤȤޤܤϼƤʤΤΡNevalainen ˤСѸΡŪ٤㤤͡פä GSR Ȥ
Ǥ⥢Ȥΰ֤˷ΤĤƤʤ¸ߤ롥˵ controversy ϡ cóntroversy Ȥ contróversy Ȥȯ줦뤬ƥ쵯Ǥ뤳ȤͽۤȿơGSR ˽äԤפȸʤƤ롥ǯޤˡפƤǤ롥
űѸ˻ϤޤꡤѸˤ¿ؼ ( orthoepist ) ضΩƤޥХޥΥзϡޤ˴ʷߤʤޤޡѸüԤΤߤʤ餺ѸؽԤǺޤ³Ƥ롥
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
Nevalainen, Terttu. An Introduction to Early Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006. 130.
[2009-11-01-1]˰³̾ưפꡥϡ̾ưפΥǥ뤬Ǥ˸űѸ¸ߤƤȤǧ̾ˤƬζղä졤ưˤϼղä줿ȤȤäηŪʬۤΤΤϡɤΤ褦줦
Campbell ˤСƬղä륿ߥ̾ưȤǰۤʤäƤΤǤϤʤȤof-, be- ʤɤƬϡ졦ֻȤƸ촴ΩƵǽƤȹͤ롥˰̣ŪϢζ顤졦ֻ줬ƬȤƸ촴ղä졤礵줿Ȥ礵륿ߥ̾ưȤǤϰۤʤäƤ̾ϰᤫäΤǡޥ1ᥢȤθ§ŬѤ˴֤˹äư٤촴ΤΤ1ᥢȤäȸǤޤäƤޤäˡäȼ夤Ƭղäư줬ǤäΤǤ롥
βѤˤƤ⡤ʤ̾ưᤫäΤȤʤ뵿䤬롥ߥȤڤ⤤˻夲뤳ȤǤȤƤ⡤Ūͤߤ뤳Ȥ
ߥᤤ٤ˤäơѲŬѤ뤫Ȥ뤫ޤȤ¾ȤƤϡ[2009-06-14-1]ȡ
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959. 30--31.
Ѹȳǡ̾ưפȸƤФ븽ݤ롥ѸǤϡ֤Ʊʻΰۤʤ줬¸ߤ롥ä̾ưΥڥξ硤̾ǤϥȤβˡưǤϥȤβ뤳Ȥꡤڥ̾ưפȸƤǤ롥ѸǤϡ̾ưפ̾ΤϤʤΤ褦ŪˤʤäƤޤ
diatonic homograph pairs that exhibit the alternating stress pattern between noun (paroxytonic) and verb (oxytonic)
ȥ꤬ʤ
absent, accent, addict, annex, combat, combine, concert, contract, contrast, convert, discard, discount, discourse, dismount, export, finance, implant, import, intercept, interchange, misprint, object, overturn, permit, protest, reject, research, retract, transplant, transport, etc.
ѸϡѸ˵äξüˤꡤưפʻž ( conversion ) βǽʸȤʤäϸȤƤϴͭθݤǤꡤä˶ѸʹߡΤ˥եѤƤ̾ư֤꤬ƱǤ뤳ȤϤʬȤƤ⡤ξԤΤǥȤΰ֤˶̤Ĥ줿ΤϤɤƤ
ʥϸűѸ졤䤽ˤ롥
ε[2009-10-31-1]Ǹ褦ˡűѸñǤϸ§Ȥ1˥ȤƬˤǤϡƬȤƻȤƤ뤫ȤƻȤƤ뤫ˤäơȤΰ֤ѤäƬȤѤƤˤϤƬ˥ȤȤѤƤˤϸ촴1˥ȤΤǤ롥̣Τϡ̾Ƭˤ϶ưƬˤϼηŪղäƤǤ롥ʲб̾ưΥڥȤΰ֤ܤ٤Ƥߤ褦
| ̾ | ư |
|---|---|
| ˈǣwielm "fountain" | aˈweallan "to well up" |
| ˈæfþunca "source of offence" | ofˈþyncan "to displease" |
| ˈætspyrning "offence" | otˈspurnan "to stumble" |
| ˈandsaca "apostate" | onˈsacan "to deny" |
| ˈbīgenga "inhabitant" | beˈgān "to occupy" |
| ˈorþanc "mind" | aˈþencan "to devise" |
| ˈwiþersaca "adversary" | wiþˈsacan "to refuse" |
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