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prosody - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2019-01-30 Wed

#3565. Χʬ᲻ΩˤĤ [gvs][vowel][prosody][phonology][ot][acquisition][evolution]

ѸˤϡŪ (Great Vowel Shift; gvs) Ȥ̤ˡѸζŪʸݤȤƤ "Modern English Vowel Shift Rule (alterations)" ȤΤ롥ԤϡѸڥˤߤ벻ŪѰۤ˴ؤ붦Ūʵ§Ǥ롥Chomsky and Halle üȯθθ÷ǤⰷƤȥԥåȤСΤ褦ʥڥ첻˴ؤƸؤߤ롥various ? variety, comedy ? comedian, study ? studious, harmony ? harmonious; divine ? divinity, serene ? serenity, sane ? sanity, reduce ? reduction, fool ? folly, profound ? profundity (McMahon 342) .
McMahon ϡζŪʵ§Ŭ (Optimality Theory; ot) ʬϤԸŦʤ顤ƱϱΧ (prosody) 򰷤ΤˤĹƤ뤬첻ؤΤ褦ʬ᲻˴ؤˤŬѤˤΤǤϤʤƤ롥ξϡ̤ˤƱֲפˤȤϤºݤˤΩ⤤ΤǤϤʤȤMcMahon (357) ϡΩκ򤢤ʤ鼡Τ褦Ƥ롥

. . . we must recognise prosodic and melodic phonology as two different systems, and in fact there are many different strands of evidence pointing in that direction. For instance, prosodic phonology shows clearer connections with emotion, with gesture, and with aspects of call systems in other primates. Prosodic and segmental phonology behave very differently in cases of language disorder and breakdown, with some children who are seriously language-impaired finding considerable compensatory strength in prosody, for instance. Prosodic phonology is also acquired early, and there is evidence that the brain lateralisation of prosody and melody is different too, with more involvement of the right hemisphere in prosody, and strong left hemisphere localisation for segmentals. If prosody phonology and segmental phonology are actually two very different systems, which have evolved differently, are processed differently, are acquired differently, and interact with different systems (as with the paralinguistic uses of prosody, for instance), then there is no need for us to expect a single theory to deal with both.


θϡOT Ūʰ˴ؤˤȤɤޤ餺ؤˤ벻ΰ֤ŤˤĤƤƹͤ¥ΤȤʤ

Chomsky, Noam and Morris Halle. The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row, 1968.
McMahon, April. "Who's Afraid of the Vowel Shift Rule?" Language Sciences (Issues in English Phonology) 29 (2007): 341--59.

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2019-01-16 Wed

#3551. Ѹɸಽ an/a, mine/my, in/i, on/o ˤ n [standardisation][emode][variation][article][preposition][personal_pronoun][prosody]

ѸˤϤäȱѸɸಽ (standardisation) ܻؤ줿ɸಽȤ Haugen ˤ "maximum variation in function" "minimum variation in form" ΤȤǤʡ#2745. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ (2) ([2016-11-01-1])ˡԤüŪˤС1ĤñˤĤ1ĤηȯֻˤбƤ٤Ǥꡤʣΰ۷ (allomorphs) бƤ뤳Ȥ˾ޤʤȤΩǤ롥
ɸεǽΥڥϡn ķ֤츻ŪǤϤ뤬ѸǤ n æ۷֤̤ѤƤꡤä˱ʸʤɤǤϲ䱤ΧԹ˻ȤʬΩѰۡפäŪ˰ܲ⡤ŪԹΤ¿ͤĤƤΤ褷Ȥ߷פäȤǤ
ȤѸ˱ѸɸಽʤǤȡȤϵդˡŪͳˤƷŪŻ뤹߷פƬ⤿Ƥ롥ɸγƸϡn ̵ͭδ֤Ǽͳɤ뤳Ȥʤʤꡤ줫η֤ɸȤƺѤʤФʤʤʤäΤǤ롥n Τ֤ʤ֤줬Ф뤫ϸˤäưۤʤäƤ괧1;νͭ̾Τ褦ˡѤʬۤŪʸˡŪΤ˵ꤵ줵ξ֤¸뤳Ȥ⤢ꤨΤ褦ʸġθο񤤤ΰ㤤졤ŪʻۤȤƤϡͳѰۤȤƤΰ۷֤¸ߤ줾η֤1ĤηޤäͿȤȤȤʤä
a my Ǥ n Τʤ֤Ф졤in on Ǥ n Τ֤Ф줿Ȥ㤤ϡŪˤĤΤ񤷤ɸಽˤ۷֤Ȥ礭ʸ߷פδϡɽŪʰ㤤ˤʤȤȤˤʤαԤ󼨤 Schlüter (29) ꡤϢսѤ褦

Possibly as part of this standardization process, the phonological makeup of many high-frequency words stabilized in one way or the other. While Middle English had been an era characterized by an unprecedented flexibility in terms of the presence or absence of variable segments, Early Modern English had lost these options. A word-final <e> was no longer pronounceable as [ə]; vowel-final and consonant-final forms of the possessives my/mine, thy/thine, and of the negative no/none were increasingly limited to determiner vs. pronoun function, respectively; formerly omissible final consonants of the prepositions of, on, and in became obligatory, and the distribution of final /n/ in verbs was eventually settled (e.g. infinitive see vs. past participle seen). In ME times, this kind of variability had been exploited to optimize syllable contact at word boundaries by avoiding hiatuses and consonant clusters (e.g. my leg but min arm, i þe hous but in an hous, to see me but to seen it). The increasing fixation of word forms in Early Modern English came at the expense of phonotactic adaptability, but reduced the amount of allomorphy; in other words, phonological constraints were increasingly outweighed by morphological ones . . . .


ɸθ n æ۷֤ˤĤƤϡ#831. Why "an apple"? ([2011-08-06-1])#2723. ֻ on ˤ n æ ([2016-10-10-1])#3030. on foot afoot ؤʸˡȽز ([2017-08-13-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡ괧#907. 첻 the εŪȯ ([2011-10-21-1]) ȤϢʵ롥

Schlüter, Julia. "Phonology." Chapter 3 of The History of English. 4th vol. Early Modern English. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton and Alexander Bergs. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2017. 27--46.

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2018-12-05 Wed

#3509. ΧߤȰư [metrical_phonology][stress][phonology][prosody]

Ѹ fifteen /fɪfˈtiːn/ Τ褦2˥Ȥ뤬fifteen boys Ȥʤ /ˌfɪftiːn ˈbɔɪz/ Τ褦 boys ˺Ǥ⶯Ȥ֤fifteen ˤƤ21ΤۤŪ˶ʤ롥ϡ1ȤǤ2ȤǤ졤2ĤΥȤܲϢ³ƸΤ򤱤뤿ˡȰ֤ĴǽưǤ롥
ΥȰ֤ĴǽΧ (metrical_phonology) Ω줫꼰褦Ȥȡ㤨мΤ褦ˤʤʹⶶpp. 34--35ˡޤ fifteen ñΤˤĤƤοޤ (1) ˵󤲤褦

(1) fifteen

 *μ祢
**
fifti:n


οޤ fifteen αΧåɤ򼨤Ƥ롥Ȥ򵭽ҤΤˡʳγؤѰդΤΧħǤ롥Ǥϡָ쥢ȡפȡָμ祢ȡפȤ2ĤγؤѰդƤ롥Ʋľˤߤơ¿դƤ벻ˡ궯Ȥ֤ȤޤĤޤꡤfifteen 2᤬궯1᤬夤ȤȤˤʤ롥
ˡboys ä̾ȤƤߤ褦

(2) fifteen boys Ĵ

  *
 **μ祢
***
fifti:nboiz


(1) β boys 1ʬäˡֶ祢ȡפγؤ褻ΧåɤǤ롥Ѹ̾Ǥϼ boys ˺Ǥ⶯Ȥ֤뤬3ĤǼƤ롥 ѸαΧε§Ȥơܤ2᤬Ȥ2ġʰʾˤäƤ뤳ȤϵƤʤʤȹͤƤˡˤꡤ֤Ǽ褦ˡܤ4ĤΥޥܤ֤Τϥ롼ȿȤʤ롥ǡȿ򤹤ˡϺ롥Ĥβǽ뤬ǤϺ֤1ޥˤꤷƤȡĴˤ꼡 (3) αΧåɤ롥

(3) fifteen boys Ĵ

  *
* *μ祢
***
fifti:nboiz


ϡºݤ fifteen boys ΥȤμȰ֤ΤɽƤ뱤ΧåɤȤʤ롥ʾΥƥåפͣβǽǤϤʤʤȤι⤤1ĤǤϤʾ夬Χǥȡʰưˤ򰷤ݤδŪʹͤǤ롥

ⶶ ͺ1ϡι¤ˤĤơء ůͺԡˡظīоȸإ꡼ 3īҽŹ2012ǯ9--38ǡ

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2018-11-10 Sat

#3484. ѻη [poetry][prosody][literature][alliteration][rhyme][meter][shakespeare]

(71) ˤСűѸ衤ѻηϡꥺࡤˡԹ¤Ȥˤ礭Ѳ뤲Ƥ

a. ꥺࡧ夫嶯
b. Ƭӱ
c. Թ¤ĹʲˤޤäĹʲˤ
d. ࡧñη¿ͤʷ


űѸѸءƶѸʹߤؤȡѻηϳΤѲ˸ƤطʤˤϡѸβѲ䳰λαƶȤʥߥåװͿƤ롥줾λɽŪʻμħ򡤲ˤ꼨

ΡűѸƬ(p. 71)

a. 1ԡĹԡlong-lineˤϡĤȾ (half-line) 鹽Ƥ롥
b. ȾԤβ3ʾꤷƤʤ
c. Ƭʬ᲻ϡ1ȾԡȾˤ˺ġ2ȾԡʸȾˤ˰ġ
d. ȾƬʬ᲻ޤ಻᤬ȤʤꡤαΧ¸롥

ΡѸƬ(p. 73)

a. ĹԤñ̡ʤβǽ⤤ˡ
b. ƬҲޤ줬1Ԥ˺ǾġǻͤġĤξ礬¿
c. ƬȤ˸ġȼλ롥

ΡѸ͡ʵӱ(p. 75)

a. 8ӤεӱϢ硧116ᡥ嶯8ӡ21ȡ4ӤΤȤٻ (caesura) Ⱦǵӱ
b. (Alexandrine) 112ᡥ嶯6ӡǵӱ
c. 嶯5 (iambic pentameter) 110ᡥ嶯5ӡǵӱ
d. 嶯4 (iambic tetrameter) 18ᡥ嶯4ӡǵӱ
e. 嶯3 (iambic trimeter) 16ᡥ嶯3ӡ쥰Ԥʬ䤷Ρ
f. Ϣ (stanza) ʣԤʤԤΰ̣ΤޤȤޤꡥ
g. (couplet) 2Ԥ鹽Ԥΰ̣ΤޤȤޤꡥ
h. (tail rhyme) 61Ȥǵӱ aabccb λƥλΤ顥
i. (rhyme royal) 7Ϣμ嶯5ʤλǡӱ abcbbcc
j. ܥ֡Ϣ (bob-wheel stanza) 5ԤεӱԤǡ1ԤΥܥ֤1³4ԤΥγƹԤ3ӱ ababa
k. ХåΧ (ballad meter) 4Ϣ (quatrain) ܤλ嶯4ʤȼ嶯3ʤ2ϢĤ鹽롥3ʻԤιӱ

ΡѸʹߤεӱ(pp. 76--79)

嶯5˳ (iambic pentameter) 濴ȤĤĤ⡤ (anapestic meter) (trochaic meter) (dactylic meter)̵ (blank verse)ͳ (free verse) ʤɾʤȤ11λи
ӤȼºݤΥꥺδ֤԰ (mismatch) 롥ӤW֤˶᤬֤԰׷ˤϵ§ꡤ칽¤Ȥ˰̲Ǥ롥
Shakespeare Υͥåȡ嶯5ʡ4Ϣ32ԡפȤǡababcdcdefefgg εӱ򼨤
ޤ (enjambment) λѡбʤݡ߹ (end-stopped line) 椵롥

ѻμ˭٤ϡˤΤޤΤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2751. T. S. Eliot ˤѸλ˭ ([2016-11-07-1]) ⻲ȡ

ˡ4ϡΧˡס ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ71--88ǡ

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2018-11-09 Fri

#3483. ȤˤäĤܸȤĤʤѸ [stress][prosody][japanese][sociolinguistics]

(67) ϡѸܸˤ벻νפȤơηϤѤλ󤲤Ƥ롥

̤ˡѸ϶ʶ˥Ȥθ졤ܸϹ⤵ʥԥå˥ȤθȤ롥ѸϤȤ붯ȤθǤϡηϤϱѸγƼѼ֤ǤۤȤѤʤĤޤꡤζ֤ˤäۤʤȤȤϡ㳰СۤȤɤʤܸΤ褦ʹ⤵ȤθǤϡƸΥȷˤäۤʤȤΤ֤Ǥ롥κʤ븶ΤȽȤʤθ椬ؤȤǤ롥


ʤۤϰϤȤѼζ̲˥ȤѤٹ礤ϡΤܸǤϹ⤯ѸǤ㤤Ȼפ롥ѼΡ¤פŵŪȯ˸ΤȻפ뤬ȯȤäƤ⤽ˤʬ᲻Ͽ۲μࡤȥ͡󡤥Ȥʤ͡ʤΤޤޤ졤̲Τ˲ɤѤ뤫ϡ줴Ȥ˰ۤʤѤʸϤˤСȤμѼ̤ΤΥ٤δ֤ˤشطȤȤ餷
ˤ͡ʵǽ롥#926. Ūǽ ([2011-11-09-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˤƱȤǽ濴ŪǤȤ¤ŪΩ⤢뤬ºݤˤϡ#1647. ˤ뱤ΧŪħμȵǽ ([2013-10-30-1]) εǤߤ¿¿ͤ䤬ΤʤǤѼζ̲פϡԤε (viii) ǵ󤲤Ƥ뵡ǽΰĤޤꡤָĿͤƱꤹ롥ΧϡüԤμҲŪʽ°üԤѤѰ (register) ؼ (indexical) ǽġפȤȤǤϡʤʹ⤵ȤѤܸϡȤ櫓ô碌ƤΤΤˤ褯ʬʤȤʤҲŪôˤĤƤι෿ŪĴɬפ
Ϣơ#1503. 졤áȯμҲŪ ([2013-06-08-1])#2672. ꥹѸȯˡꥫѸʸˡ˼ҲŪʲ֤ͤ ([2016-08-20-1]) 򻲾ȡޤˤ륢ȤΥפΰ㤤ˤĤƤϡ#2627. Ȥʬ ([2016-07-06-1]) 򻲾ȡ

3ϡѲס ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ47--70ǡ

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2018-10-23 Tue

#3466. űѸ첻β̤Ѹʹߤ첻βŻ뤷 [sound_change][phonology][prosody][vowel][diphthong][isochrony][functionalism][gvs]

첻ŪħȤƲѤƤȤѸˤ򿶤֤ȡΤ褦ʷѻ롥űѸǤϼȤƲ̤κĹûˤѤ졤ѸʹߤǤϼȤƲκʶĥдˡˤѤ褦ˤʤäȤѲ (67) ϡˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

θϱѸΥꥺ๽¤˵Τȹͤ롥ĤޤꡤꥺפȤѸϡƱӤۤƱ٤Ĺˤɬפ뤿ᡤĹꥺĴȤƽפ̤Τ첻ŪħϲʶĥдˡˤĹϥꥺĴΤȲ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥


Ѹˤˤơ̤κȲκϡۤʤŪѤ褦ѲƤȤǤ롥ʲ˴ѡΧ˴ѤǤꡤŪ෿ (typology) Ω줫鸡ڲǽʲǤ⤢롥ޤդߤСꥺǤϤʤʤ뤤ϥ⡼ꥺפȤܸΤ褦ʸǤϡΤ褦ʲ̤ȲȯŸ˴ؤ뷹ϤۤɸФʤȤȤͽ¬롥Ѹβ˵Ҥ˱ƶڤܤǤ뤳ȤϤ󡤸ѸζŪʲεҤȯɽʤɤˤϢǡɷŪʵϢơ#3387. ʤѸ첻ˤˤ첻Ѳ¿Τ ([2018-08-05-1]) ⻲ȡ

3ϡѲ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ47--70ǡ

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2018-08-05 Sun

#3387. ʤѸ첻ˤˤ첻Ѳ¿Τ [sound_change][phonology][prosody][vowel][diphthong][consonant][isochrony][stress]

ε#3886. Ѹ˾μפʻҲѲ ([2018-08-04-1]) Ǹڤ̤ε#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) ȴϢơʤѸ첻ˤˤ첻ѲҲѲΩʤΤȤˤĤƹͤƤߤ
Ritt (224) Ϥη "rhythmic isochrony" "fixed lexical stress on major class lexical items" 2˵Ƥ롥ĤޤꡤѸߤꥺ๽¤뤤ϲΧˤꡤ첻Ҳ岽ȤդʤƤȤ
(67) ˤСѸϳƱ (foot) ֤ۤȯ뱤ꥺ (foot-timed rhythm) θ°ʤʤߤܸϲ (syllable-timed rhythm) 뤤ϥ⡼ (mora-timed rhythm) ȤФ륿פθˡ̤˱θϡ첻ܡϢŪܡ첻첻岽ʤ첻ˤޤĤܤŪˤä¿ȤΤƤ롥ƱӤݻ뤿ˡϤȤ櫓̵ϤȤ櫓夯ȯȤоŪʷʤ󤺤첻Ѳˤ餵䤹ʤȤ𤬤褦
Ūʴ餤СΥꥺ๽¤ϡθβѲ˻פΤۤ礭ʱƶڤܤƤꡤ٤ޤǤϤꤷƤȤ餤Τ⤷ʤ (48) ϼΤ褦Ƥ롥

Ѳȯüϼºݤȯäˤ롥ȯƤ٤ƲѲȤƳΩ櫓ǤϤʤȯüϤޤǼ»־ȯȹͤ롥ȯä˺ݤơη֡칽¤äùܡʤϢˤºݤȯäˤꥺ๽¤ (rhythmic structure) ˼롥ꥺ๽¤¾Χ (prosody) Ļθˤʬ᲻᤯뤳ȤΤƤꡤʬŪˤۻʳϤޤȤƤ롥λ¤餫ʤ褦ˡꥺʤӡ¾βΧ˹¤ϡ̤˹ͤƤʾˡʬ᲻ηϤȿӤĤƤꡤ줬ȯäݤˤϡΥꥺ๽¤˹碌ʬ᲻Ϣ֤Ƥꤵ롥κݡӱfootᤫ鼡ζľޤǤޤȤˤñ̡ˤ (syllable) ʤɤΥꥺñ̤γФ䤹ʬ᲻ϢĴưפ褦ʷdzƼﲻƯ¿ε§ŪѲװϸ첻ĴγФˤäưŤƤȤäƤ褤


ϡַϴʥꥺ๽¤ȡ˽°ʬ᲻פȤ¿ʲѤ˴ŤǤ롥

Ritt, Nikolaus. "How to Weaken one's Consonants, Strengthen one's Vowels and Remain English at the Same Time." Analysing Older English. Ed. David Denison, Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero, Chris McCully, and Emma Moore. Cambridge: CUP, 2012. 213--31.
3ϡѲ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ47--70ǡ

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2018-04-14 Sat

#3274. äդȽ񤭸 (5) [media][writing][punctuation][prosody][linguistics][paralinguistics][link]

äդȽ񤭸դϸ2ǥ줾ͭΡ̣ŪʥǥХ¸ߤ롥Ѹ˴ؤΤȤơStubbs (117) Ĥ󤷤ƤΤǡMilroy and Milroy (117--18) ͳǼ

Speech (conversation): intonation, pitch, stress, rhythm, speed of utterance, pausing, silences, variation in loudness; other paralinguistic features, including aspiration, laughter, voice quality; timing, including simultaneous speech; co-occurrence with proxemic and kinesic signals; availability of physical context.

Writing (printed material): spacing between words; punctuation, including parentheses; typography, including style of typeface italicization, underlining, upper and lower case; capitalization to indicate sentence beginnings and propoer nouns; inverted commas, for instance to indicate that a term is being used critically (Chimpanzees' 'language' is. . . .); graphics, including lines, shapes, borders, diagrams, tables; abbreviations; logograms, for example, &; layout, including paragraphing, spacing, margination, pagination, footnotes, headings and sub-headings; permanence and therefore availability of the co-text.


Τ褦ʥǥХΥꥹȤϡξǥоȤݤˤؤͭѤǤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤μоȤ¿εǼ夲ƤʤΤǡ礿Τ򻲹ͤΤᡤʲ˼Ƥ

#230. äȤФȽ񤭤ȤФΩŪ ([2009-12-13-1])
#748. äդȽ񤭸ա ([2011-05-15-1])
#849. äդȽ񤭸 (2) ([2011-08-24-1])
#1001. äȤФȽ񤭤Ȥ (3) ([2012-01-23-1])
#1655. ɤΤܤɤΤ ([2013-11-07-1])
#1665. äȤФȽ񤭤Ȥ (4) ([2013-11-17-1])
#1829. 񤭸եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1])
#2301. äդȽ񤭸դĤʤڥȥ ([2015-08-15-1])

Milroy, Lesley and James Milroy. Authority in Language: Investigating Language Prescription and Standardisation. 4th ed. London and New York: Routledge, 2012.
Stubbs, M. Language and Literacy: The Sociolinguistics of Reading and Writing. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980.

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2016-11-19 Sat

#2763. Ѹ줫βȸߴλ (2) [perfect][preterite][aspect][tense][present_perfect_puzzle][prosody][poetic_license][rhyme]

#2750. "Present Perfect Puzzle" --- Ѹ줫βȸߴλ ([2016-11-06-1]) ˰³ƤꡥVisser ϡѸˤȸߴλˤĤơե󥹸ʤɤαƶ⤢ꤦȤϽҤ٤ƤΤΡ礿ͳϻŪ (poetic_license) ˤȹͤƤ롥ȤΤϡξԤؤӱ (rhyme) 䱤Χ (metre) ưŤƤȤܤ㤬ºݤ˾ʤʤӱưŤȤơVisser (713) ε󤲤ƤΤ椫餤ĤȴФƤߤ롥

c1386 Chaucer, C. T. H264: His bowe he bente, and sette ther-inne a flo, / And in his ire his wyf thanne hath he slayn, - / This is theffect, ther is namoore to sayn.
c1390 Gower Conf. Am. (ed. Morley) V p. 245: Wherof this lord hath hede nome / And did hem bothe for to come.
c1390 Gower Conf. Am. (ed. Morley) V p. 277: whan it came unto the grounde, / A great serpent it hath bewounde.
c1400 Syr Tryamowre (ed. Erdman Schmidt) 1030: The messengere ys come and gone. / But tydyngys of Tryamowre herde he none.

ƱͤˡΧˤȹͤΤĤ Visser (717--18) 꼨

c1250 Floris & Bl. 985: Clarice, joie hire mot bitide, / Aros up in þe moreȝentide, / And haþ cleped Blauncheflur.
c1386 Chaucer, C. T. B628: This gentil kyng hath caught a greet motyf / Of this witnesse, and thoghte he wolde enquere / Depper in this.
c1386 Chaucer, C. T. H203: And so befel, whan Phebus was absent, / His wyf anon hath for hir lemman sent.
c1390 Gower, C. A. (ed. Morley) p. 277: And he, which understood his tale, / Betwene him and his asse all softe / Hath drawe and set him up a lofte.

ȸߴλ󤬼ȤƻŪƤ˵Ȥϡ줬ĶˤäƤٻ롥Τ褦ϡ14--15αʸˤܸۤ¤ƤΤǤ롥θűѸѸǤϡʸˤ軶ʸˤ衤Ϥ㤷ǧʤޤѸǤ⡤ʸǤ̤ߤʤˡȸߴλ󤬤ߤĶǤϡȸ߷ƱͤˤߤȤ¤⡤ŪƤˤɤȤʤ롥ḽˤơŪʥƥ꡼ȤƽŻ뤵褦ˤʤꡤȸߡʴλˤζ̤⤦뤵ʤäƤѸǤϡΥƥ꡼ȤηϡΧС̤ê夲Ƥ褤٤νפǤȤ館ƤΤ
ǤϡḽˤơδƤ졤ͤˤʤäƤäΤϤʤʤΤϡȼҲᤰ礭ʱѸ˾Ǥ롥

Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

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2016-11-07 Mon

#2751. T. S. Eliot ˤѸλ˭ [literature][alliteration][rhyme][meter][stress][prosody][french][poetry]

ŵˡݼȤϲȿե󥹳̿鸽ܤޤǡ٤ɤǤơʸϤ˽вäT. S. Eliot (1888--1965) Ѹλ˭ˤĤƽҤ٤ƤսǤ롥

ʸ¿ͤʳϰʸˤäƹƱˡ˾̤ʸ³ƤʤФʤʤꥪåȤˤȤäơɤ䥹åȥɡ륺ʸ󥰥ʸȷӤĤǡˤ礭ʥ衼åѤʸΰüôȤפǤäդ˸С衼åʸȤϲŪʤΤǤäƤϤʤʤȤΤꥪåȤγοǤä
ΤȤϻͤǤ륨ꥪåȤˤȤäơܼŪʽäƤȤΤ⡤θȤѸλ˭ϡѸ줬衼åѤ¿ͤʸ줫줿ΤǤ뤳Ȥͳ褹뤫Ǥ롥¸³ʥ󥰥²ȤȤ˥֥ƥ˿ޥ̱²ΰġѹδäĤˤαΧΥޥե󥹡ʥΥޥ󡦥󥯥Ȥ濴Ȥʤäե󥹲Υޥ͡ˤαΧ륺αΧˤϥƥ䥮ꥷλθˤäơѹλ˭ʤΤˤʤäȤ򥨥ꥪåȤ϶Ĵ롥 (75)


ѸλϡŪˤä˸áֻΧ˿ǻȿǤƤ뤬ΧȤƱʸʸؤˤ⤪ȿǤƤ롥ǽҤ٤Ƥ֥Υޥե󥹡פαƶä礭űѸƬ (alliteration) Ѹʹߤ˵ӱ (rhyme) ˻¾֤Ȥž⤿餹ȤˤʤäǤϡե󥹸ˤӱѸλľܱƶڤܤȤȤϤޤǤʤΤۤˤ⡤#796. Ѹ˵ӱƳ줿Ūװ ([2011-07-02-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸ˥ե󥹼Ѹ줬̤ήȤˤꡤե󥹸켰ζѥ󤬤⤿餵졤ӱԹΤ褤郎äȤ⤢ä
Ƭ⡤̲ˤѸʹߡޤ̮ȼѤƤȤ¤Ǥ (see #943. Ƭˤ ([2011-11-26-1])#1560. Chaucer ˤƬ ([2013-08-04-1])) ȤСḽληˤĤơ󥰥ȥΥޥ󡦥ե礷Ƥɽ뤳ȤϡޤäʤȤǤ롥

ŵݼȤϲȿե󥹳̿鸽ܤޤǡ١ҡӡ2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-11-10-1] [2016-11-17-1]

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2016-11-06 Sun

#2750. "Present Perfect Puzzle" --- Ѹ줫βȸߴλ [perfect][preterite][aspect][tense][adverb][present_perfect_puzzle][me][french][prosody][poetic_license]

#2492. ɽ魯ȴλΡԡ˶ ([2016-02-22-1])#2633. ʤߴλϲɽ魯ȶǤʤΤ --- Present Perfect Puzzle ([2016-07-12-1])ڤӺε#2749. "Present Perfect Puzzle" --- ḽѸ줫Ρְȿ ([2016-11-05-1]) ˰³"Present Perfect Puzzle" ˤĤơѸˤϡΥѥȴϢȤơȸߴλư줬Ū뤤ʸ̮Ū󡦶Ƹ륱롥ξԤδ֤˺ΩäǽŪʶ̤ϴʤȤ顤ޤѸΤ褦Τʶ̤ϤʤäȤ򼨤ȲǤ롥Visser (2198) 顤Ĥ󤲤褦

c1386 Chaucer, C. T. E 1956, Adoun by olde Januarie she lay, That sleep til that the coughe hath hym awaked.
c1386 Chaucer, C. T. F 1082, His brother . . . Up caughte hym, and to bedde hath hym broght.
c1386 Chaucer, C. T. E 2132, er that dayes eighte Were passed . . . Januarie hath caught so greet a wille . . . hym for to pleye In his gardyn . . . That . . . unto this May seith he: Rys up, my wif!
c1390 Gower, Conf. Am. (Morley) II p. 107, And whan it came into the night, This wife with her hath to bedde dight Where that this maiden with her lay.
c1430 Syr Tryamowre (ed. Erdman Schmidt) 830, [he] bare hym downe of hys hors, And hath hym hurted sare.

ϡ"epic (present) perfect" ȤȤ򤹤뤳ȤǤ뤷ΧˤŪ (poetic_license) ͿƤ뤫⤷ʤVisser (2198) ϡե󥹸ˤƱͤɤ줬뤳Ȥ顤αƶβǽ⤢ꤽȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

It is not difficult to concur with 1960 Mustanoja and 1970 Bauer in assuming French influence as very likely. (As a matter of fact Modern colloquial French often prefers the type 'Je l'ai vu tomber' to that with the 'passé défini': 'Je le vis tomber.)'


Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-11-19-1]

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2016-09-12 Mon

#2695. Ѹˤʬ񤭤ζ [punctuation][manuscript][writing][scribe][word][prosody][oe][inscription][distinctiones]

αѸν񵭤Ǥ뤵Ƥʬ (distinctiones) ŤˤǤϤʤष³ (scriptio continua) ̤äȤˤĤơ#1903. ʬ񤭤ˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) ǽҤ٤ºݡűѸʸʤɤǤϸζڤ꤬ʤΤ¿űѸѸμܤˤƤ⸽ΰӤʬ񤭤ϤޤãƤʤ
ʬ񤭤ȤݤΤΤʤä櫓ǤϤʤ#572. ¸ǸŤαʸ ([2010-11-20-1]) ǤߤǽΥ롼ʸʸǤ顤ȸδ֤˶ǤϤʤȤ⾮ݤ֤Ƥꡤʬ񤭤ԤʤƤȤ狼뤷7餤ޤǤˤϼܤ˵줿ѸˤƤ⡤֤ζϹԤʤƤݥȤϡֹԤʤƤפȤȡָ˰ӤƹԤʤƤפȤȤϰۤʤȤȤʬ񤭤ؤΰܹԤϡŤ³񤭤ξ˿ʬ񤭤ˡˤ֤äƤǤꡤξν¸ߤ֤ĹäΤǤ롥Ѹζˡ (punctuation) ˤˤĤư̤˸褦ˡֶεϤ뤳ȤϤʤޤǽ񤭼Ŀͤΰջ֤Ǽͳ˥ȥ뤷Ƥ褤ʪä
񤭼ˤ϶֤֤ʤμͳͿƤǤϤʤ֤ˡɤĹΥڡ뤫ȤͳͿƤ礦ɸѸʣˤơ2Ǵ֤Υʤ֤뤫 (flowerpot)ϥե뤫 (flower-pot)Υ֤뤫 (flower pot) 񤭼ȽǤ˰ѤͤƤΤȻ褦ʾǤ롥䡤ξˤϤ3Ĥ褷ʤξˤ϶̯̤ˤĴȤʥŪʼͳͿƤΤǤ롥㤨С礭Ūñ̤̣Ūñ̤ޤȤᤢ뤿Ĺζ֤줿ꡤǥ٥ξñ̤ζɽ魯Τ˶Ϥʶ֤ʤɡ񤭼θ촶Фܾ̯ȿǤ줿
Crystal (11-12) ϤξÆlfric ⶵ󤲤Ƥ롥

Very often, some spaces are larger than others, probably reflecting a scribe's sense of the way words relate in meaning to each other. A major sense-break might have a larger space. Words that belong closely together might have a small one. It's difficult to show this in modern print, where word-spaces tend to be the same width, but scribes often seemed to think like this:

     we bought   a cup of tea   in the cafe

The 'little' words, such as prepositions, pronouns, and the definite article, are felt to 'belong' to the following content words. Indeed, so close is this sense of binding that many scribes echo earlier practice and show them with no separation at all. Here's a transcription of two lines from one of Ælfric's sermons, dated around 990.

     þærwæronðagesewene twegenenglas onhwitumgẏrelū;
     þær wæron ða gesewene twegen englas on hwitum gẏrelū;
     
     'there were then seen two angels in white garments'
     
     
     Eacswilc onhisacennednẏsse wæronenglasgesewene'.
     Eacswilc on his acennednẏsse wæron englas gesewene'.
     
     'similarly at his birth were angels seen'

The word-strings, separated by spaces, reflect the grammatical structure and units of sense within the sentence.


äդǤϡٻ (pause) (intonation) ĴʤɤޤƼαΧŪʼʤǤȻ褦ʵǽ̤Ȥǽ񤭸դǤˡͿƤȤΤϡषˤϸʤħȤ٤Ǥ롥Ϣơ#1910. ٻߡ ([2014-07-20-1]) ⻲ȡ

Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.

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2016-08-24 Wed

#2676. űѻƬ [alliteration][oe][consonant][stress][prosody][germanic]

Ѹˤϡ˸ƬλҲ碌ĴҤФƬ (alliteration) 롥ܥ֥Ǥϡ#943. Ƭˤ ([2011-11-26-1]) Ϥᡤalliteration γƵǡ˸Ѹ˻ĤƬθݤ򰷤äƤ
ѸˤǡƬפȤСʤˤűѻˤ뱤Χ§ȤƤƬפФ롥ƬϡűѸΤߤʤ餺ťɸ졤ť졤ŹϥɥĸʤɥޥαʸħŤ뱤ΧμʤǤꡤƥ졦ޥ󥹽εӱ (rhyme) ȺΩäʤƥޥŪʤαΧʤˤĤơűѻˤƤ˻Ѥ줿Baker (124--26) ˵äƳ⤷
űѻ1 (line) 2ĤȾ (verse) ʤäƤꡤȾԤ on-verse (or a-verse)ȾԤ off-verse (or b-verse) ȸƤ֡δ֤ˤιԴֵٻ (caesura) ޤäƤꡤΰǤĹζɽ蘆ΤǤ롥ȾԤˤ2Ĥζʤ줾 lift ȸƤ֡ˤޤޤƤꡤμϤˤϼ岻 (drop) ֤롥Τ褦˹Ԥˤơon-verse 2Ĥ lifts 뤤ξθƬȡoff-verse κǽ lift θƬϡƱΤȤʤ롥줬űѻƬǤ롥
ƬδܤϸƬҲˤΤºݤˤϸƬ첻ˤΤ⤢롥첻ˤƬǤ첻βʤΤǡ㤨 e i ǤⲡǤ롥ޤҲˤƬˤĤƤϡsc, sp, st λҲ˸¤äơλҲȤȲʤФʤ餺㤨 stān sāriġ ϲǤʤ (see #2080. /sp/, /st/, /sk/ Ҳð ([2015-01-06-1])) g ġc ċ ϲۤʤ졤̾ߤ˱ƧळȤǤ롥
ƬԤ֤ѥˤϡĤΥꥨ󤬤롥ܤϰʲ3Ǥ롥

xa|ay: þæt biþ in eorle   indryhten þēaw
ax|ay: þæt hē his ferðlocan   fæste binde.
aa|ax: ne se hrēo hyġe   helpe ġefremman

ʲΤ褦 ab|ab η (transverse alliteration) ab|ba η (crossed alliteration) ⸫뤬̤˽ŪʶäƤȹͤ롥

ab|ab: Þær æt hȳðe stōd   hringedestefna
ab|ba: brūnfāgne helm,   hringde byrnan

űѸƬλԤϡ嵭ι¤ܤȤơξ͡ʺ§˱äƹƤ롥Ϣơ#1897. "futhorc" acrostic ([2014-07-07-1])#1560. Chaucer ˤƬ ([2013-08-04-1]) ⻲ȡ

Baker, Peter S. Introduction to Old English. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

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2016-07-06 Wed

#2627. Ȥʬ [typology][prosody][stress][terminology]

ˤ륢ȡʶˤˤĤơ̸ŪΩ줫顤#926. Ūǽ ([2011-11-09-1]) #1647. ˤ뱤ΧŪħμȵǽ ([2013-10-30-1]) dz⤷Ϣơƣ (109) Ȥ෿ͿƤΤǡ򻲾Ȥʲʬޤ

Typology of Accent

ޤκ鱦ؤȸƤȡΡ֥ȡפϡͭ¤ΤĤΥѥ󤫤֤ɤפ֤Ȥ֥ȡ׷ȡ֤ɤפۤ뤫˴ؤ붹Τ֥ȡ׷2ʬ롥֥ȡ׷ϡѥŬѤñ̤ñ̤ññ̤ˤäʬ졤˺ʬ뤳ȤǤ뤬ΤȤƤϹ̣ǡ֥ԥåȡפ°롥
ޤβΡ֥ȡ׷ϡȤ֥ԥåȡסʶˤȶȤ֥ȥ쥹ȡפʬ롥줾礭ʬȤƤϡ֥ԥåȡפȡ֥ȡפ°롥
Ѹʬ˼㴳䤳Ȥ뤬򥢥Ȥ෿θޤȤƲƤ

ƣ ˡܸ첻ٲǡƲ2013ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-07-11-1] [2018-11-09-1]

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2015-12-26 Sat

#2434. ƻѲޤ -e ѸޤǻĤäͳ [adjective][ilame][syllable][pronunciation][prosody][language_change][final_e][speed_of_change][schedule_of_language_change][language_change][metrical_phonology][eurhythmy][inflection]

ѸˤǤϡ̾졤ư졤ƻΤ褦ʼ礿ʻˤơ޸ -e ؿʿˤüƤäȤаޤ롥-e ξü®٤ (cf speed_of_change, schedule_of_language_change) ˤĤƤϡʻ֤Ǻä̾ưζ޸ˤƤϾüŪᤫäƻˤüϤä٤Chaucer ɽѸǤ⽽ʬݤƤ (Minkova 312) ϡʤƻѲޤ -e ٤ޤǾü񹳤ΤˤĤƹͤ
Minkova ηꤷƤСäñηƻμѲޤˤ -e ϡݻ䤹ΧưŤäȤȤǤ롥㤨Сthe goode man Τ褦ʡ괧ܷƻ̾פȤ칽¤ˤƤϡñƻ˶޸ -e դȤˤäơ嶯嶯ιΧ (eurhythmy) ݤ䤹Ĥޤꡤ֤ȱΧ׵᤬פˡŪ -e ŪפȤ줿Τȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥
դ٤2Ĥ롥1ĤϡűѸѸŪ׵ᤵƤ -e eurhythmy ݤĤ٤üȤ줿ȤΤǤꡤ-e eurhythmy 򤢤餿˳٤ŪˤʤĶ줿櫓ǤϤʤȤȤeurhythmy θ̤ϡѶŪȤöŪʸ̤ȤȤˤʤ롥
2ܤˡ-e ݻȤ eurhythmy θ̤Ĺ³15--16ʹߤˤϷ̤ȤƸüζϤĬή˶ʤäȤ¤롥λ¤ϡeurhythmy Ф뵿ǰ뤫⤷ʤeurhythmy θ̤켫ΤˤäϤ򶯤᤿᤿ꤷȤϡʬˤ뤳Ȥeurhythmy ϡŪ˱ѸȤηϤ˹夯ѤƤװǤǧƤ褤ηǺѤƤ¾νװȤδطˤŪ˵ǽƤȲ᤹٤Ǥ롥äơ15--16˷ƻޤ -e ṳ̈Ȥ "dysrhythmy" ȤƤ⡤ eurhythmy ưŤ¾νװκϤäΤȹͤФ褯λ˴ؤ eurhythmy ⼫ΤѤɬפϤʤMinkova (322--23) ϡƻ޸ -e ˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

. . . the claim laid on rules of eurhythmy in English can be weakened and ultimately overruled by other factors such as the expansion of segmental phonological rules of final schwa deletion, a process which depends on and is augmented by the weak metrical position of the deletable syllable. The 15th century reversal of the strength of the eurhythmy rules relative to other rules is not surprising. Extremely powerful morphological analogy within the adjectives, analogy with the demorphologization of the -e in the other word classes, as well as sweeping changes in the syntactic structure of the language led to what may appear to be a tendency to 'dysrhythmy' in the prosodic organization of some adjectival phrases in Modern English. . . . The entire history of schwa is, indeed, the result of a complex interaction of factors, and this is only an instance of the varying force of application of these factors.


Ѹˤˤƻ޸ˤĤƤϡ#532. Chaucer ηƻζޡ ([2010-10-11-1])#688. ѸηƻηϤοʿ ([2011-03-16-1]) ۤilame (= Inflectional Levelling of Adjectives in Middle English) γƵ򻲾ȡ
ʤ伫Ȥ⤳ˤĤʸ2ܤۤɽ񤤤Ƥޤ[1] Hotta, Ryuichi. "The Levelling of Adjectival Inflection in Early Middle English: A Diachronic and Dialectal Study with the LAEME Corpus." Journal of the Institute of Cultural Science 73 (2012): 255--73. [2] Hotta, Ryuichi. "The Decreasing Relevance of Number, Case, and Definiteness to Adjectival Inflection in Early Middle English: A Diachronic and Dialectal Study with the LAEME Corpus."إ硼įơ٥硼20ǯǰʸԡˡǡ2014ǯ273--99ǡˡ

Minkova, Donka. "Adjectival Inflexion Relics and Speech Rhythm in Late Middle and Early Modern English." ''Papers from the 5th International

Referrer (Inside): [2015-12-28-1] [2015-12-27-1]

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2015-08-05 Wed

#2291. ̾ưžˤȷֲ [diatone][conversion][i-mutation][derivation][affixation][prosody][germanic]

Ѹˤӥޥˤˤơ̾ưžˡϤäޤܼź (affixation) ˤ¾ʻˡäűѸǤС̾ lufu (love) ưդ lufian (to love) Ȥ륿פǤ롥Ѹˤ light (n.) lighten (v.) Τ褦ʥڥ졤٤̤Ȥơˡ켫Τϳǧ (cf. #1877. ưƬ en- -en ([2014-06-17-1]))
ˡΤ褦źä줿ܼŪ˼岽ĤˤϾüƤޤäΤ롥ϡŪˤߤСʻž (conversion) 뤤ϥ (zero-derivation) ȸƤФΤǤ롥Ѹʹߤ love 1Ǥꡤ̾ưϷֲޤä̤ʤ
ˡźä줿ܼŪפȤǤϥƱܼκפ촴ΰ˴Τ褦˻ĤäƤȤ롥ŵŪʥפ1Ĥϡhouse /haʊs/ (n.) vs house /haʊz/ (v.) Τ褦˸촴Ҳ̵ͭ򼨤ΤǤ롥촴첻Ĺûääơbreath /brɛθ/ (n.) vs breathe /briːð/ (v.) Τ褦Ω򼨤Τ⾯ʤʤ (cf. #2223. ФˤҲ̵ͭ ([2015-05-29-1]), #979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1]))
֤ĤƤܼκספΤ⤦1ĤŵŪʥפϡi-mutation Ǥ롥i-mutation Ȥϡܼ i/j ʤɤ첻ǤȤˡԤ촴첻Ĥꤢ뤤Ϲ⤤֤ش󤻤ŪʲǤ (cf. #157. foot ʣϤʤ feet ([2009-10-01-1])) ܼ˾üƤޤȡ꤬ϸ촴첻ѰۤΤߤȤȤˤʤ롥food (n.) vs feed (v.), tooth (n.) vs teethe (v.) ʤɤ
ʥˤ̾ưβ֤ܴۤ˰פǤ⡤¿ξˡ֤Ѱۤˤʻ줬̤Τ롥diatone γƵǰäƤ̾ưפǤꡤrécord (n.) vs recórd (v.), íncrease (n.) vs incréase (v.) ʤɿ¿¸ߤ (cf. #804. ̾ưñ ([2011-07-10-1]))
ǸƤ褦ˡѸˤӥޥˤˤơܼž촴Ҳ̵ͭΩi-mutation̾ưϡ줾Ūˤ϶̤븽ݤǽŪˤߤʻžȤ̤ͭƤȤ롥ŪˤϴϢΤʤ褦ˤߤ i-mutation ȥ̾ư夬˾塤䴰Ū˵ǽƤȤȤ϶̣˴Ūʰ̴طǤϤűѸ i-mutation षȤȡѸǥ̾ư夬иŪȤʤäȤȤϥ󥯤ƤΤ
ʾƶͿƤ줿ΤϡBiese (250--51) Ǥ롥ʲ˰ѤƤ

[W]e must mention another feature in the development of English sound-changes that was to become important to the process of conversion. In Old English there existed a great number of denominative verbs derived from the corresponding nouns by a suffix causing an i-umlaut, i.e. word-pairs of the following character were very common: scrȳdan?scrūd, hiertan?heorte, rȳman?rūm.
   We may regard this differentiation of nouns and verbs in OE. as a phenomenon on the same lines as the stress-distinction . . . . Now, while in the other Germanic languages the umlaut remained a living featuring principle in the field of word-formation, it soon ceased to be an integral principle of English word-formation. Even in early Middle English the umlaut as a living feature of the language, e.g. as used in forming denominatives from new substantives, had disappeared. Moreover, during the development of English a lot of levelling took place in word-pairs that had originally been distinguished by umlaut. In other cases one of the two words, the subst. or adjective on the other hand or the verb on the other, became obsolete. This feature in the development of the structure of the English language was necessarily very favourable to the spread of the process of forming new words by the method of direct conversion.


Biese, Y. M. Origin and Development of conversions in English. Helsinki: Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae, B XLV, 1941.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-08-14-1]

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2015-07-04 Sat

#2259. Ѹθ춯˴ؤ̸§4 [stress][prosody][rsr][gsr]

Ѹˤơ춯ŤŪʵ§뤳Ȥ񤷤춯ΰ֤񤷤ϡѸˤäƤ롥춯ΰ֤ϡűѸˤ Germanic Stress Rule (gsr) ˤäñ˷ꤵƤѸʹߤ˥ƥ󡦥ե󥹼ѸȤȤˤ⤿餵줿 Romance Stress Rule (rsr) 夹˵ڤӡʣ (cf. #200. Ȥΰ֤襤 --- ޥϤޥ󥹷Ϥ ([2009-11-13-1])#718. ѸζѥѸѼ ([2011-04-15-1])) ΤۤϢɤѤƯꡤ̾ư (diatone) ʤɤοѥޤ줿 (cf. #861. Ѹθ춯ΰ֤˴ؤ3ס ([2011-09-05-1])) Τ褦ˤơ¿ͤʸ˴ŤΡ㳰פѤŪ˶֤ꤹ뵬§ΩƤ뤳Ȥ񤷤ʤä
Ǥ⡤ϵ٤ʤʤ٤㳰򾯤ʤݤĤ褦ˤơĤΡ̸ְ§פΩƤߤ³ƤCarr (74--75) ϡ4Ĥΰ̸§򼨤Ƥ롥

Principle 1: The End-Based Principle
1ϡơultimate (ex. bóx), penultimate (ex. spíder, depárture), antepenultimate (ex. cínema, América) Τ줫뷹롥ΤȤϡ춯ѥ trochaic Ǥ뤳ȤȤط롥trochee Ȥϡθ˥İʾ᤬³ѥΤȤǤ롥Τ褦 trochee αӤꥺߥ˷֤ΤѸαΧŪħǤ롥

Principle 2: The Rhythmic Principle
ñˤϺ¿4Ĥ᤬ǽΤ (ex. ungéntlemanliness), ñƬ2İʾ᤬뤳ȤϤʤ򤱤٤ƬΤ줫βˤ϶ (ex. Jàpanése, not *Japanése)

Principle 3: The Derivational Principle
ˤƤϡΤǼ綯Τä뷹롥㤨 chàracterizátion 1ΤϡΤ cháracterize ʤ켫Τ cháracter ˤˤ1˼綯뤫Ǥ롥

Principle 4: The Stress Clash Avoidance Principle
٤礦2Ĥβξ˶뤳Ȥ򤱤뷹롥㤨СPrinciple 3 ˤ *Japànése ȤʤϤΤȤȶ᤬2³ƤޤǤ Principle 4 θ§ꡤϢ³ʤ Jàpanése 뤳Ȥˤʤ롥

Ȥꤳθ§ˤϾʤ㳰ĤΤǤ롥ޤ§֤Ǿͤ򵯤⾯ʤʤ줾θ§ϡ̵§ߤ뤳Ȥˤꡤ٤Ƥɬפΰ̸§ˤꡤѸä¿θ춯뤳Ȥ¤Ǥ롥ʤȤѸθ춯̵ˡǤȤǤȤüɾǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ

Carr, Philip. English Phonetics and Phonology: An Introduction. 2nd ed. Malden MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.

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2014-11-29 Sat

#2042. ȿ [wave_theory][japanese][dialect][dialectology][geography][geolinguistics][stress][prosody][map][prescriptive_grammar][speed_of_change]

#1045. Ĺˤ ([2012-03-07-1])#1000. Ÿն˻Ĥ ([2012-01-22-1])ޤ¾εǡ׿ŵŪŷϩȤŪ¦̤˸ڤƤ濴ŪϰϤФг׿ŪϰǤ⤢ꡤ׿ϤȾŤƤȤޤ뤿ˤˤη̡濴ϿդϸŤȤʬۤ򼨤˻롥ߤ˱Υ줿֤ĤȤݤϡ츫Ի׵Ĥˤ꤭줤Ĥ
ʾ夬ŵŪषޤäդ濴ŤդȤʬۤ򼨺㤬롥ܸΥʬۤܤǤ͡ʥȤԤƤꡤ弰ȡȡü쥢ȡ췿ȡ̵Ȥ̤롥̣ȤˡΥȤʣʬۤϤ褽ؤƤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥㤨2̾4Ĥη̤Ǥʣʵ弰Ȥϡ̾Ȥꡤ濴ȤƶᵦȾΦ͹ˤޤʬۤƤ롥γ¦ˤ2̾3Ĥη̤뼡ʣȤʬۤ롥ޤߤ顤ϡʸǽҤ٤̵ϰϽ̤̳ƻޤdzȤäƤꡤ϶ᵦӱۤȶ彣ˤޤʬۤƤ롥ĤޤꡤȤϡᵦʬǤƤʬܽʬۤƤ롥
³2̾2Ĥη̤ü쥢Ȥϡ彣ϤȤƤ鷺ʬۤˤȤɤޤ롥1Ĥη⤿ʤ췿ȤϡǼ縩ԾˤΤǧ롥Ǹ˷̤ʤ̵Ȥϡ븩ڸʡ縩ƶ彣ιϰʬۤƤ롥Τ褦˸ߤ˱Υ줿Ȥߤ뤳Ȥϡ۵롥
ŵŪۤʤΤϡŪˤϤŤ奢Ȥܽ˻ĤäƤꡤ꿷Ȥ¾ŸƤ뤳Ȥޤʿ»εǤ2̾5Ĥη̤ƤȤΤƤ롥ȡʿ»εΥȤΤʣˤƺǤ褯ݤäƤΤ弰Ȥǡ缡ñ㲽줿ȤȾʬۤƤȲǤ롥濴ʣǸŤդñǿȤ޼Ǥ뤬μĥȤϤषդǤ롥ܤʬ䤹Ҳ𤷤ɧ (77) ϡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ؤˤʸŪǤϡ褯졤ȤФդ뤤⤿䤹äΤǤγ¦ؤˤʤȤ줬ޤꡤ˳ؤǤϤäȼޤޤᵦ濴˱ߤ򤨤褦ˤơ濴Ȥη򤿤¦ƤΤϡΤǤϡŪѲΤ褦ΤǤ
ߤϤʹơäסʸȯǿ줬ޤƤҤꡤˤϤդ뤤줬ΤɤȤΤȿФȡפ⤷ޤ󡥤ιͤñΤҤˤ褯ƤϤޤޤ
Ǥ⡤Ȥ濴ˤƹͤ줿򤷤㤯ϡ֥ȤʤɤΤդĤʷĤΤΤۤѲ򵯤䤹פȤȤФΤ⤦ҤȤĤѲλäƤޤ


¤ŪŪñʸʣʥȤϡѲŤλ˴ؤơ̤˰ɬפȤȤ¤ŪʣѲ®٤Ȥδ֤˲餫δϢ뤫⤷ʤȤ򼨺붽̣ݤ⤷ʤƱˡΰѤˤ⤢褦ˡϤ䶵ȤҲŪϤѤƤȤͤ롥
ʤǤʬ̵ۤȤǿȤȤǤСϺܸ쥢ȤλѤͽΤǤȤǤ롥¡ɧ (75) ϡ־ܸϤȤˤʤ뤫⤷ޤ󡥤㡤ʤǤ礦פȳοŪǤ롥  *

ɧ 롡ϤޤۤΤȤС١ꥹۡ1997ǯ

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2014-09-12 Fri

#1964. ץȥ [prototype][phonology][phoneme][phonetics][syllable][prosody][terminology][semantic_change][family_resemblance][philosophy_of_language][onomasiology]

ǧθؤǤϡץȥ (prototype) ιͤŻ뤵롥ꥹȥƥ쥹Ūʥǥʥƥ꡼Ѥ˵褷 Wittgenstein (1889--1951) եǥʥʲ²Ū (family resemblance) ˴Ťƥ꡼Ѥ򼨤Τ1ĤθήȤơץȥפǧθؤˤƽפʥɤȤȯŸƤץȥˤȡƥ꡼ (feature) ̵ͭȤ߹碌ˤäɽΤǤϤʤ (attribute) ٤Ȥ߹碌ˤäɽΤǤ롥Ǥ뤫顤Υƥ꡼濴˰֤Ť褦ʺǤդ路ŵŪ⤢Сդ˰֤Ť뤢ޤŵŪǤʤ⤢ȹͤ롥㤨СĻפȤƥ꡼ˤơĥХ濴ŪʥץȥŪˤȤߤʤ뤬ڥ󥮥祦ϼŪץȥŪˤǤ롥ϲʳŪμˤӮưʪΤƤꡤŵŪʥƥ꡼ѤˤСĻפǤϤʤȤ뤬ץȥΥƥ꡼ѤˤС¤ʤŪʡĻפǤȤߤʤȤǤ롥Τ褦ˡ֡餷פ٤100%0%ޤǤϢ³ΤʤƤꡤɤ餬Ǥꡤɤ餬ǤʤΤϤǤʤȤߤ롥
ͤƤߤСʹ֤Ū˻ʪץȥפδߤƤ롥֤ǤʤǤʤܤˤƤɤ餫ǺΤϡץȥŪ֤ȲΤäƤꡤ줫󤤼Ūʿդˡ֤Τ󤲤ʤȸСܸüԤǤСŵŪ͹إݥȡ󥴡ȥޥȡʤɤ֤롥Ʊͤˡ#1962. ǰ ([2014-09-10-1]) ˤ FURNITURE, FRUIT, VEHICLE, WEAPON, VEGETABLE, TOOL, BIRD, SPORT, TOY, CLOTHING 줾ŵŪ󤲤ʤȤȡ¿αѸüԤ褽פ롥
Ѹ FURNITURE Ǥμ¸ߤƤߤ褦E. Rosch ϡ200ͤΥꥫͳˡ60Ĥβȶ̾Ϳ줾줬ɤΤ餤ֲȶ餷פ17ޤǤ7ʳɾ1Ǥȶ餷ˤǼ򽸷פȡȶŵδФäۤɶͭƤ뤳Ȥ餫ˤʤäRosch ("Cognitive Representations of Semantic Categories." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 104 (1975): 192--233. p. 229) Ĵ󤷤 Taylor (46) ɽƸ褦

MemberRankSpecific score
chair1.51.04
sofa1.51.04
couch3.51.10
table3.51.10
easy chair51.33
dresser6.51.37
rocking chair6.51.37
coffee table81.38
rocker91.42
love seat101.44
chest of drawers111.48
desk121.54
bed131.58
bureau141.59
davenport15.51.61
end table15.51.61
divan171.70
night table181.83
chest191.98
cedar chest202.11
vanity212.13
bookcase222.15
lounge232.17
chaise longue242.26
ottoman252.43
footstool262.45
cabinet272.49
china closet282.59
bench292.77
buffet302.89
lamp312.94
stool323.13
hassock333.43
drawers343.63
piano353.64
cushion363.70
magazine rack374.14
hi-fi384.25
cupboard394.27
stereo404.32
mirror414.39
television424.41
bar434.46
shelf444.52
rug455.00
pillow465.03
wastebasket475.34
radio485.37
sewing machine495.39
stove505.40
counter515.44
clock525.48
drapes535.67
refrigerator545.70
picture555.75
closet565.95
vase576.23
ashtray586.35
fan596.49
telephone606.68


ץȥϡѲεҤˤ̤ȯ롥㤨Сθΰ̣ѲϡĤƼŪä濴ŪʸȤѤ褦ˤʤäΤȤǤ롥ξ硤ΰ̣ΥץȥפABذܤäɽǤʸ䲻ʤ¾ѲˤĤƤƱͤ˥ץȥפδ뤳ȤǤ롥
ޤץȥפϡ#1961. ܥ٥ ([2014-09-09-1]) 䴰Ūʴطˤ뤳ȤŦƤץȥפϡ줬Ϳ줿ȤбŵŪʰ̣ؼоݤפ⤫٤뤳ȤΤǤǽϤѤ˴ط롥ܥ٥Ƥϡ̣ؼоݤͿ줿ȤбŵŪʸפ⤫٤뤳ȤΤǤǽϤѤ˴ط롥Ԥ semasiologicalԤ onomasiological ʻǤ롥

Taylor, John R. Linguistic Categorization. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2003.

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2014-07-26 Sat

#1916. ˡȽˡǰۤʤ֤ķƻ [adjective][syllable][pronunciation][prosody][participle][euphony][numeral][personal_pronoun]

#643. ΩȤȯ -ed IJʬƻ ([2011-01-30-1]), #712. ΩȤȯ -ed IJʬƻ (2) ([2011-04-09-1]), #752. ¾ưȼưüʲʬƻ ([2011-05-19-1]) ǴϢ˿줿Ѹˤϲʬˡ˱2Ĥΰۤʤ֤򼨤 drunk / drunken, bent / bended, proved / proven, beloved / belovèd Τ褦ʥڥ롥ûԤϽŪˡ1ʬĹԤϸŪѤ뷹롥εǤϡꥺȴϢŤơλȤʬˤĤ
嵭ΥڥϤưβʬƻưͳǤϤʤƻˤ⡤2Ĥΰ۷֤㤬Ѹ˸줿ξԤɤٴϢ뤫Ϥ狼ʤȤʬȤƤΤǾҲ𤷤two / twain, my / mine, thy / thine, old / olden γƥڥˤơԤη֤ϸ /n/ ޤʬĹȤ־ħ뤬ˡȤƤԤԤ٤Ƥ֤ʤ롥ڡ켣 (462) 򻲾Ȥơ줾ħޤȤ褦

(1) two / twain
twain ϸűѸ tweġen ʡгʤη֤ͳ褷two бη֤ͳ褹롥twain two ȤȤѸ̤ƹѤ졤ѸäƤ⡤(i) ̾θֽȤơ(ii) ̾θƱʸȤơ(iii) ˡȤơѤƤtwain two ˲³ƤϤˡ򶹤ʤѸޤӤȤˤʤ롥

I have receivyd twaine your lettres. (1554 Cdl. Pole in Eng. Hist. Rev.)
lovers twain (MND. V. i. 151)
O Perdita, what have we twain forgot! (Wint. IV. iv. 673)
I must become a borrower of the night For a dark hour or twain. (Mac. III. i. 26--27)
Thou and my bosom henceforth shall be twain. (Rom. III. v. 240)


twain ӱΤѤ䤹äȤϸޤǤʤ

(2) my / mine, thy / thine
줾űѸο;̾°ʷ mīn, þīn ̤롥ͭɽ魯ˡˤơƥڥԤη my, thy ǤϻҲ֤ /n/ æΤǡԤη mine, thine Ǥ첻 /n/ ݻ줿ΤǤ롥λȤʬϡ1318ޤ³ñȤѤˡǤϡmine, thine /n/ ֤ͭФ졤ߤ˻롥

(3) old / olden
olden 15Ⱦ˽Ф٤㤤۷֤äShakespeare Ǥ1٤Τ "Blood hath been shed ere now, i' the olden time," (Mac. III. iv. 75) ȤƸ졤餯 the olden time ȤɽޤäΤȻפ롥Scott ˤ olden times Ȥ㤬롥19㳰Ū˽ˡѸǤϸ§ȤƤäѤ嵭θѤ롥

ΥڥǤĹ֤ˤ /n/ ˲äƤ뤬ºݤ˲䤹ʤäƥꥺ˴ͿȹͤˤΤ (3) ΤߤǤ롥(3) Ǥ2 olden ˡȤƤλѤ˸¤Ƥꡤ ##643,712 Ǽꥺˤ˹פ롥(1), (2) ǤϡɲäʤΤ /n/ դĹ֤Τۤषˡ򼺤äƤΤ(3) 椷оŪǤ롥

ͺ켣 رѸIIIA١Ѹ10罤۽Ź1984ǯ

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