Ѹ (-ing) 2ĤѰ۷ˤĤơ#1370. Norwich ˤ -in(g) ʸŪѰۤĴ ([2013-01-26-1]) ӡ#1508. ѸˤɡβDz ([2013-06-13-1]) ǰäƬ (h) Ѱۤȹ碌ơѸˤŪ˺Ǥ褯Τ줿ҲŪѰۤȤߤǤϡ[ɪŋ] ȯɸŪǡ[ɪn] ȯɸŪǤ롥ε ([2013-06-13-1]) Ǥ줿Ȥꡤ1ۤˤξѰ۷μҲŪʲͤϵդǤä[ɪn] ҿΤȯǤꡤ[ɪŋ] ɸŪäΤǤ롥ɾˤĤƾܤŵõƤΤCrystal (309--10) ؤγǸڤƤΤĤΤǡȤꤢѤ롥
Everyone has developed a sense of values that make some accents seem 'posh' and others 'low', some features of vocabulary and grammar 'refined' and others 'uneducated'. The distinctive features have been a long-standing source of comment, as this conversation illustrates. It is between Clare and Dinny Cherrel, in John Galsworthy's Maid in Waiting (1931, Ch. 31), and it illustrates a famous linguistic signal of social class in Britain --- the two pronunciations of final ng in such words as running, [n] and [ŋ].
'Where on earth did Aunt Em learn to drop her g's?'
'Father told me once that she was at a school where an undropped "g" was worse than a dropped "h". They were bringin' in a country fashion then, huntin' people, you know.'
This example illustrates very well the arbitrary way in which linguistic class markers work. The [n] variant is typical of much working-class speech today, but a century ago this pronunciation was a desirable feature of speech in the upper middle class and above --- and may still occasionally be heard there. The change to [ŋ] came about under the influence of the written form: there was a g in the spelling, and it was felt (in the late 19th century) that it was more 'correct' to pronounce it. As a result, 'dropping the g' in due course became stigmatized.
(-ing) 뤳ˤϡѰ۷ȯΤΤͥȤäͤտ路Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤȤ餫ˤƤ롥#1535. non-prevocalic /r/ μҲŪʲ͡ ([2013-07-10-1]) Ǥ褦ˡܤʣѰ۷δ֤ˡͤͥ褦˸ȤƤ⡤βͤϼҲŪʥƥ쥪פˤƱΤ˱ѰۤήưŪʲͤˤʤȤȤǤ롥
ܸѲʹΡ֤ȴȤСפ֤줳ȤСפμҲŪͤʤɤ⻲ȤƤߤȤ⤷
Crystal, David. How Language Works. London: Penguin, 2005.
ѸѼˤ non-prevocalic /r/ ˤĤƤϡ#406. Labov New York City /r/ ([2010-06-07-1]) ϤȤ rhotic γƵǰäƤnon-prevocalic /r/ ̵ͭϡѸˤҲŪѥ (sociolinguistic pattern) ǤŵŪѰۤ1ĤȤäƤ褤Ҳˤä /r/ ȯΨۤʤȤȯϡΤޤҲؤβڡǥӥ塼Ȥʤä
non-prevocalic /r/ ϼҲȤδطƺȤΤʤǸ뤳Ȥ¿εκΥݥȤϡ/r/ ФȽǤϡβˤäŪޤΤǤϤʤҲŪװˤäŪޤˤʤȤȤѸ /r/ ˤ͡ʲŪ¸뤬ΰ۲ȤäƤ⡤ʹ֤μˤȤäŪǤȤǤȤΤ褦ɾҴŪʻ¤ϤۤȤɤʤˤ⤷Τ褦ʤȤäȤƤ⡤ҲŪɾˤäƤȤñˤäƤޤ/r/ ɾϡҤȤ˼ҲŪդ줿ͤ˰¸롥äơꥫȥꥹΤ褦˼Ҳۤʤ /r/ ɾϰۤʤ뤷ƱҲǤ夬Ѥ /r/ ɾѤꤦ롥
Romain (68) ˵Ƥ롤ꥫ New York City ȥꥹ Reading 2ĤĮˤ볬̤ non-prevocalic /r/ ΨоŪįСˤɾŪǤ롥
| New York City | Reading | Social class |
|---|---|---|
| 32 | 0 | upper middle class |
| 20 | 28 | lower middle class |
| 12 | 44 | upper working class |
| 0 | 49 | lower working class |
ε#1370. Norwich ˤ -in(g) ʸŪѰۤĴ ([2013-01-26-1]) ǡʸΤκˤ۷֤λߤʸκ̤λҲ𤷤#406. Labov New York City /r/ ([2010-06-07-1]) ȡ#1363. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ݼ ([2013-01-19-1]) Ǽ夲˥塼衼Ԥˤ non-prevocalic /r/ ̵ͭʬۤˤĤƤǤ롥 Labov ˤҲĴ̤ʲάҤ Trudgill (88--89) ͿƤ복פ˴ŤΤǤ뤳ȤǤäƤ
Labov ϡ˥塼衼ԤˤƼҲ non-prevocalic /r/ ȯΨȤؤƤȤΩơեɥˤ¾ڤʤ⤤ǤФۤɤβĶǤ /r/ Ψ⤤Ȥ/r/ ҲŪʰҿӤĤƤȤΤˡLabov ϳ̤ʬ (Lower Class, Lower Working Class, Middle Working Class, Upper Working Class, Lower Middle Class, Upper Middle Class) ȹ碌ʸ̤ʬϤߤʸΤζ̤ϡ줿Ʊͤˡ(1) ñꥹȤɤ߾夲Ƥ餦 word-list style (WLS)(2) ʸϤɤ߾夲Ƥ餦 reading-passage style (RPS)(3) formal speech (FS)(4) casual speech (CS) 4Ǥ롥ʬϷ̤ϡ褽ʲΥդ̤Ȥʤä

Norwich ˤ -in' Ĵ̤ƱͤˡΤȤơʼФäʸΤǤФۤɰҿ /r/ ȯФΨ⤤Ȥ狼롥Ȥˤ Norwich ξȰۤʤ롤ƶ̣1Ĥ롥Lower Middle Class word-list style ˤơͽۤ /r/ Ψǧ뤳ȤǤ롥б Upper Middle Class Ψ礭ۤơ60%ιΨƤΤǤ롥ϤɤΤ褦Ф褤Τ
ͭϤϼ̤Ǥ롥LMC ϡξ徺ָ顤ҿ /r/ ̵ͭҴǤꡤռŪʸΤˤƤϾ̤ UMC /r/ ¿Ф˻ΤǤϤʤ˲䤷ʤȡ˥塼衼ԤαѸ춦ƱΤ /r/ ȯؤȸƤΤϡۤʤ LMC ǤϤʤȤǽФƤ롥ºݡLabov θüȯ뤽θμҲؤθˤСβϳͻٻƤƤ롥ѲθȸưϤˤĤƤ椬餫ˤƤƤȤ褦
Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.
#1361. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ([2013-01-17-1]) ڤӡ#1362. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ֡ ([2013-01-18-1]) ˰³Trudgill κǤͭ˾Ȥߤ벾Ҳ𤹤롥ѸǹԤʤ줿¿μҲĴˤС٤ƤɸŪѼȤߤ롥
1ȤơDetroit ǹԤʤ줿¿ (multiple negation) Ĵ롥̤ˡѸˤ I don't wanna none Τ褦¿ɸŪʸˡȤʡ#549. ¿θѡ ([2010-10-28-1]) #988. Don't drink more pints of beer than you can help. (2) ([2012-01-10-1]) ȡˡ̤ǤϡήۤɸŪʸˡ뤿¿꤬ͽۤ졤ºݤˤ̤ʤΤƱ쳬٤ȡΤۤ¿꤬뷹餫˸줿Trudgill (70) ꡤ¿λΨƸ褦
| Upper Middle Class | Lower Middle Class | Upper Working Class | Lower Working Class | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 6.3 | 32.4 | 40.0 | 90.1 |
| Female | 0.0 | 1.4 | 35.6 | 58.9 |
| Upper Middle Class | Lower Middle Class | Upper Working Class | Lower Working Class | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 66.7 | 52.5 | 20.0 | 25.0 |
| Female | 90.0 | 70.0 | 44.2 | 31.7 |
| Middle Middle Class | Lower Middle Class | Upper Working Class | Middle Working Class | Lower Working Class | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 4 | 27 | 81 | 91 | 100 |
| Female | 0 | 3 | 68 | 81 | 97 |
ε[2012-10-14-1]³ԡGörlach ϡФ "colonial lag" λʪǤȻŦ륢ꥫˡϡºݤˤ "colonial lag" ʤɤǤϤʤƤ롥ͻܤϲáˤ錄ꡤ¿ˤ錄뤬äϤȻ䤬ȽǤ3Ҳ𤹤롥
(1) ꥫѸŵŪʲħȤơglass ʤɤ첻 /æ/bar ʤɤ postvocalic r /w/ /wh/ ͻʤɤŦƤ뤬ȯϸŤꥹѸȯñʡ¸פǤϤʤ"All three features above have a very complex history in the U.S., a history that shows alternating phases of retention, copying of British norms, and independent development" (46)
(2) "colonial lag" ǤϥꥫѸǤʤȥꥢѸʤɤӤƤ褵ʤΤ첻ѲˤߤȡȥꥢѸǤϥꥹѸ٤ƤɤषʤǤ (48) ꥹѸ줳 "lag" ƤΤǤ롥"lag" ˤŪʳǰˤʤȤ狼롥
(3) äʸˡ˴ؤƱƺɽ魯ȤΥڥϡñʻѤ̵ͭˤäƤǤϤʤ̣١ʸΡɾˤäƶ̤٤ΤۤȤɤǤ (48, 54) ξˡ"lag" ؤǤ롥
ˡĩȯŪǤϤ뤬Görlach ϡΥꥹѸΥꥫѸ첽 (Americanisation) ǰƬ˵ĤġꥫѸǵäƤѲФƥꥹѸ줬ٱ䤷Ƥ뤳ȤŦʸĤƤ롥
For those who have been convinced that Great Britain has become a colony of the United States, these linguistic facts could well be interpretatble as features illustraing 'colonial lag' of a new type. (57)
2ĤŪ˴ϢѼθܤˤĤơ¾ؤδط "lag" ʤΤ "lead" ʤΤ¿ʬŪǤꡤŪʻ¤˴ŤȤϥǥ˴ŤȽǤǤǽ礭ȤȤ⤷ʤ
ϢơMontgomery ξ⻲ȡ
Görlach, Manfred. "Colonial Lag? The Alleged Conservative Character of American English and Other 'Colonial' Varieties." English World-Wide 8 (1987): 41--60.
Montgomery, Michael. "In the Appalachians They Speak like Shakespeare." Language Myths. Ed. Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill. London: Penguin, 1998. 66--76.
ѲȾ˼ϤäƹԤȤȾ (the wave theory; Wellentheorie) ˤĤơ#999. ѲȾ ([2012-01-21-1]) #1000. Ÿն˻Ĥ ([2012-01-22-1]) #1045. Ĺˤ ([2012-03-07-1]) εǼ夲ƤȾϡӸؤȤƤ the family tree model ФȿȤ줿ΤäѲˤ¾ʸŤƱͤŪ¦̤ȤͤƤߤФäȤʼĥ˳ΩͿȤɾ롥
ȾϡѲŤˤĤƤ͡¦̤˸ƤƤʲˡȾ⤬ѲθͿȵڸ̤ߤˤĤơιͤȤ褦
(1) ָŸն˻Ĥ (archaism in marginal areas) θ§ǤΩơƤߤͿ
(2) ѲŤŪ¦̤ˤĤƤν߽ФΤȤʤä㤨СȾФ the gravity model 䡤 the gravity model й the counterhierarchical modelŪڤܤ border effect ʤɡ (linguistic geography) ȯŸ˹
(3) Ⱦθϡ٥ŤǤʤҲ٥ŤˤѤǤǽ롥㤨С[2010-06-07-1]ε#406. Labov New York City /r/פǾҲ𤷤ĴǡҲкŪʳؤβ˸äơʺǾ̤Ȥơ /r/ Ψ⤫ä¤ϡrhotic ȯؤ˥äȾ˹äƤΤǤϤʤȤٻ롥
(4) óȻ (lexical diffusion) ϡ衤Ū¦̤ϴطʤηϤΤʤ˥褦˿ʤѲȤ줿ŪȾȤ褦˻פ롥Ⱦ¤2ܡ3ܤȳȤФ줾Ѥ4ܡ9ܤ˳礹褦ˡóȻǤ⤢ʳĤ "take-off" ȡ®٤˾夬ꡤäȾ쵤ݤ߹ࡥ
Ⱦ⤬ѲŪͣηǤϤʤȤΤƤ뤬(2) ǽҤ٤褦ˡѲθŪ֤ȤᤷӤ礭Britain ϡʸƬǡߤǤҲؤˤŪ֤μؤδؿ˳ȻŦƤ롥
The geographical dimension of space has been an almost wholly unexplored dimension in sociolinguistics. This is a somewhat surprising state of affairs since modern sociolinguistics can rightfully claim roots in a number of (seemingly) spatially-aware antecedents: the cartographic tradition of early dialectology, early linguistic anthropology, the cultural geography of Vidal de la Blache . . . and so on. Almost without exception, and rather than having been critically explored as a potential social variable, space has been treated as a blank canvas onto which sociolinguistic processes are painted. It has been unexamined, untheorised and its role in shaping and being shaped by language untested.
Ū֤ѲΥХȤƤǤϤʤζȤƤȤ館ƤƤɬפ롥
Britain, Dave. "Geolinguistics and Linguistic Diffusion." Sociolinguistics: International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Ed. U. Ammon et al. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2004.
[2012-03-07-1]ε#1045. ĹˤפǡɱѸˤ1Ȥ postvocalic r ˸ڤTrudgill (27) arm ȯ˴ؤϿޤϡ[2010-07-23-1]ε#452. ɱѸνˤ rפǼϿޤСȾ濴ɤΤˤϤ狼ʤɥ˶ᤤդˤäΤǤϤʤȤ¬ΩƤ줽 postvocalic r ˴ؤˤĤư۵ĤĤϤʤϡϿޤ᤹ǤâäƤȤϤäƤ⡤ȥåɥ (186--87) ȤդƤǤ롥
1ܤϡϿޤ arm cart ΤĤθ˴ؤϿޤǤꡤä postvocalic r ΤϿޤɽȤ櫓ˤϤʤȤǤ롥óȻ (lexical diffusion) ʤɤθѲ⤯ȤˤСѲ postvocalic r ξüȤ褦ʥ٥뤬Ž줿ȤƤ⡤ѲϡͿ췲ФɬƱ˰ΧƯ櫓ǤϤʤϿΤäդ "(r)" ϰϡˤä r ̵ͭɤƤϰǤ롥ϿޤϤ褽ηĤƤ뤳ȤϳΤθʬۤäưŪʬ뤳ȤϤǤʤȤϲƤɬפ롥
2ܤϡϿޤϡܤŪѰۤʬۤȤŪȤƤꡤҲŪѰۤϼξݤƤȤǤ롥㤨СϿޤϡɤν̱ʤ뤤ϾʤȤ¿ˤ arm ˤ r ȯ뤫Τ褦Ƥ뤬r ̵ͭŪװʳˤƼμҲŪװˤ⺸줦롥㤨СϰǤϡϿޤȤ˼ºݤ r ȯΤϡּҲŪ˺DzؤϷͤäפʤΤǤʥȥåɥ롤p. 186ˡϿޤǤϤʤϿޤɤդȤȤǤ롥
3ܤϡϿޤ "Traditional Dialect" ([2012-02-20-1]ε#1029. England θѸʬ (1)פȡˤɽ路ΤǤꡤȤ¼Ѽɽ뤳ȤܻؤϿޤǤȤLiverpool ޤ¿ԻǤ r ޤäȯʤλ¤ϤϿޤˤȿǤƤʤ
[2010-07-23-1]εǤϡ֥ꥹѸᥤɱѸnon-rhoticפȤƤΤȤȤĴ뤿˼ʤȤѤϿޤ켫Ȥ⡤ѲҲŪʻˡɬפΤˤǤϤ뤬˼ξݤƤȤǡϤƤΤǤȤȤ˵Ƥ֤ϿޤȤϿޤɤǤ롥
Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
P. ȥåɥ ظȼҲ١ȽŹ1975ǯ
[2010-07-23-1]εǿ줿ȤŵŪʥꥹѸ졤Ȥ櫓 RP ( Received Pronunciation ) Ǥ̾ postvocalic r ȯʤ non-rhotic r 졤ľθ줬첻ǻϤޤˤ r פꥨ ( liaison ) ѻ롥㤨 "My car is very old." "Necessity is the mother of invention." ʤɤǤ r ȯΤ̤Ǥ롥
פ뤿ˤŪ r ʤФʤʤϤcar mother ȤñȤȯˤ r ϼ¸ʤ嵭ߤŪ˸ r ꤹΤǤ롥ȤŪ r 礱Ƥˤ⤫餺θ줬첻ǻϤޤ r 礬롥ξˤϡפȤϸƤ٤ʤΤǡפֳߡ ( intrusion ) ȸƤ֤Ȥˤʤ롥intrusive r äդǤˤ롥
Ǥ褯Τ줿ϡlaw(r) and order the idea(r) of this ٤ι⤤ɽǤϡŪˤϤΤʤ r ͩΤ褦˸롥¾ˤ Shah(r) of Persia, Africa(r) and Asia, an area(r) of disagreement, drama(r) and music ʤɤ롥ޤ1Ǥⲻڤܤ r awe(r)-inspiring, draw(r)ing ʤɤ㤬롥ݤȤơIndia(n) and Pakistan ʤ intrusive n ʤΤ⸫롥
intrusive r 첻Ϣ³褦Ȥβ ( euphony ) ȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥βǤϡʤΤ r ǤʤФʤʤΤʤ *"I(r) am a student" ʤ intrusive r ʤ礬ΤޤǤʤȯΤ䤹˴Ť euphony ȤƤ⡤(1) ٤ι⤤ɽ˵䤹ȡ(2) 첻ؤȤ˵䤹Ȥ2Ŧɬפ롥
(2) ˤĤƹͤƤߤ褦r פ륿פθθ첻ϡ¤4षʤfour, car, fur, mother ˤ줾ޤޤ /ɔː/, /ɑː/, /ɜː/, /ə/ Ǥ롥첻ǽ뤬פʤסĤޤŪ r ޤޤʤפθϡ˾ʤ㤨 law, Shah, sofa ʤɤ뤬/ɜː/ бΤϤʤäơ4첻ǽϽȬ塤Ū r äƤǤꡤintrusive r ȼΤ̾Ǥ롥ǡŪ r Ĥ¿ɤΰϤˤäơ㳰° law Shah intrusive r ȼ褦ˤʤäȹͤ롥Ǥϡ ( phonotactics ) Τ䤹 ( likelihood ) ˤʤäƤΤǤ롥
intrusive r ȯεϤռ͡ˤä뤳Ȥ뤬ܿͤ "the idea(r) of an intrusive r is obnoxious" r ꤷơϤȤΤʤ뤫 ( Crystal, p. 61 )
Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002. 60--61.
ε[2010-07-23-1]˰³postvocalic r ꡥ[2010-06-07-1]Ǹ褦ŵŪʥꥫѸǤ postvocalic r ȯ뤬ɤξƱͤˡꥫǤŵæ¸ߤ롥 (33) ˤȡꥫѸ rhotic ʬۤϰʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥

ѤǤȥɤ non-rhotic Ψճ㤫äΤФꥫ rhotic Ψ⤤äƤ뻲ʸϤǤ˸ŤȤȤȤƤꥫѸüԤ 2/3 3/4 ۤɤ rhotic ǤȤ⤢롥New England New York CityᥭѴˤƤϰ褬ꥫǤϥޥʡ non-rhotic ϰǤȤȤΤäƤȤϱѸŪˤϽפǤ롥ȤΤϡ non-rhotic ϰϡǤ non-rhotic Ƥ뤤 non-rhotic ĤĤäΰ̱濴Ȥʤäƿ̱ϰǤ롥ǡ rhotic ϰϡ General American ȸƤФƤȤ褽פŪˤ rhotic Ǥäѹϰ褫ΰ̱ˤäƼ˳ƤϰǤ롥ꥹǤ r ʬۤȰ̱ˤͤ碌ȡꥫǤ r ʬۤϹKrapp ( Vol. 2, 228 ) ϡƤ r ʬۤ礬ǤϤʤŪʷѾ ( inheritance ) ˴ŤƤ뤳ȤοƤ ( see [2009-12-21-1], [2009-12-23-1] )
. . . one must be assured that the weakening of [r] in America was really an older dialectal phenomenon, a trait of speech which did not develop on American soil in the eighteenth century, but one which went back, as a common inheritance of both British and American speech, to an early colonial custom in America.
äȤ⡤[2010-06-07-1]Ǹ Labov θ椬̤ꡤߤǤŪʥꥫ non-rhotic ϰǤ r ʹ褦ˤʤäƤƤ褦
ȡرѸIIIB١Ѹ10罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Krapp, George Philip. English Language in America. 2 vols. New York: Century, 1925.
[2010-06-07-1]ε New York City r ˤĤƿ줿ϥɤˤ r 夲롥ŵŪ˥ꥹѸǤϡarm far ʤ첻 r ( postvocalic r ) ȯʤ ( non-rhotic ) Ȥ롥ϥꥹѸ̤ƤϤޤ櫓ǤϤʤåȥɤ䥢ɤǤ r ʹ뤷¤ϥɤǤ rhotic ϰΤۤѤȤƤϹʲϡarm ȤŪʬۤɤϿޤǤ ( Trudgill, pp. 25--28 )

ɥȤ˸äƤ non-rhotic ϰ褬äƤ뤬䥹åȥɤ˶ᤤμդǤ rhotic ȯʹ롥Ͽ (r) ǼƤ뾮Ǥϡñ rhotic non-rhotic ۤʤϰǤ롥
ȤȤϥɤǤ⤹٤Ƥϰ r ȯƤֻ <r> ĤäƤ뤳Ȥ⤽Τ褦˹ͤΤǤ롥Ȥ250ǯۤˡɥն r æȤѲΥɥնȯͤγؤȾ˹ꡤϤθä˥褦˳礷ƤäŤϺݼŪζܤˤ֤Ĥ뤳ȤǸ®ٻߤߤʬۤ˻äƤ롥ϰ r ĤäƤ뤳ȡޤˤä r ȯ̵ͭۤʤϰ褬뤳ȤϡŤȤŪˤŪˤ쵤Ÿ櫓ǤϤʤ˿ƩƤäȤ롥ɱѸˤ r æϸóȻ ( lexical diffusion ) ΰȸäƤ
ɥɸ।ꥹѸ줬 non-rhotic Ǥ뤫֥ꥹѸᥤɱѸnon-rhoticפȤƤޤ줬ΤǤ뤳Ȥ狼षѤǤߤ¤ꡤꥹѸ줢뤤ϥɱѸϤɤ餫Ȥ rhotic ǤȤ¤⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥
Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
¾͡ʱѸѼ郎ĥƤȤϤѸѼȤƥꥫѸ ( AmE ) ȥꥹѸ ( BrE ) ꡤޤαѸѤѸ춵礭ʱƶϤڤܤƤ뤳ȤϼΤΤȤǤ롥ȤƤϤǤΤοˡִѼαѸ ( a Mid-Atlantic variety of English ) ȤΤ롥
Το⤫־äƤѸȤ櫓ǤϤʤAmE Ȥ BrE ȤĤʤƤŪʱѸȤ̣ǡͷӤɽǤ롥衼åѤαѸüԤˤäѤ뤳Ȥ¿ħȯˤ褯ȿǤƤ롥㤨СMid-Atlantic variety Ǥϸ r AmE ۤ rhotic Ǥʤ BrE ۤ non-rhotic Ǥʤ夤 /r/ Ǽ¸ȤƱͤˡlast past ʤɤ첻AmE Ū /æ/ BrE Ū /ɑ:/ Ȥδ֤Ǹؤȸ ( see [2010-03-08-1] )
Mid-Atlantic variety ȯˤϤĤطʤؤäƤ롥衼åѤǤϡѸؽѤꤹݤ AmE BrE Τɤ餫ռŪ֤ȤȤԤƤlingua franca ȤƤαѸ ( ELF ) 䤬ӤӤƤȡѼФȤ봶ФƤ롥AmE BrE Τɤ餫ˤȤ٤ŤΤȤʤäƤȡΤˤɤȤĤʤ Mid-Atlantic variety ƤΤϼԤ
ޤŪװ⤢EU ʤʣθѸߤƤݵؤǤϡ¼ζ̸ȤƱѸ줬äȤƤ뤳Ȥϵ褦ʤξǥԥݥȤ BrE AmE ǤޤȡŪ˥ꥹꥫͥˤʤꡤ줬Ūͥ˷ӤĤȤǰ褦Ǥ롥
衼åѿͤǤϤʤȤ⡤ѼŪȯɽѤꡤؤꤹ뤳Ȥˤ˵ꤦΤǤϤʤ伫ȡAmE 濴˱ѸؽƤаޤ뤬ꥹαؤ˵ڤ BrE ˤⴷƤ̤ȤơƤݤ Mid-Atlantic Japanese variety ʤ벿Ȥ⤤ʤѸѼäƤ뤳Ȥ˼ʬǵŤȤ롥դǤѼΤɤ餫줹Τ褤ȤФϺĤäƤ뤬äդǤϤĤɤ餫ɵ᤹뤳ȤϤޤʤ̤ΤäƤ˱ۤȤϤʤºŪʻѤǤϤɬפʤΤǤϤʤѸؽԤȤ Mid-Atlantic (Japanese?) variety κȯŸ˴Ԥ
Svartvik, Jan and Geoffrey Leech. English: One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 233.
car, hear ʤɤˤߤ <r> ȯ뤫 ( rhotic )ȯʤ ( non-rhotic ) ϡ̤˱ѸαƺȷӤĤ뤳Ȥ¿̤ non-rhotic Ȥߤʤ륤ꥹѸǤ⡤ɥ濴ȤʳǤϹ /r/ ʹ뤷̤ rhotic Ȥߤʤ륢ꥫѸǤ⡤New England Southern Ǥ /r/ ȯʤäơ̤˸Ƥ /r/ αƺϡޤǥꥹѸȥꥫѸɸŪѼ٤ƤäǤ롥
New York City ( NYC ) ⡤20ȾˤϥꥫѸ餷 non-rhotic ϰǤäνϿDz褫餫Ǥ롥ʹߡߤ˻ޤǡꥫѸȾĴ碌뤫ΤȤ NYC Ǥ /r/ ȯ褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥ǯδ֤˰ĤθѲäƤȤȤˤʤ뤬ѲܤҲؤŪĴԤäΤ University of Pennsylvania William Labov äθϸμҲؤΤᤶޤȯŸ˹ŪʼˡϺʤ͡ζ̣Ƥޤʤ
20ȾθؼԤ NYC ο͡ /r/ ȯꤷʤäꤹ¤ˤϵŤƤλȤʬʬۤϥǤꡤġͤιߤˤʤȹͤƤLabov ϤʬۤϥǤϤʤ餫κϤȹͤǡҲˤäʬۤۤʤΤǤϤʤȤΩơڤ٤Τ褦Ĵײ褷٥ι⤤ۤ͡ /r/ ȯ뷹ꡤ㤤ͤۤ /r/ ȯʤȲꤷNYC ˤؤΰۤʤ뻰ĤɴŹȯĴ뤳ȤˤΤǤ롥ȤΤϡ̤θǡϼʵؤä˹碌äȤƤΤǡȯбؤȯɽƤϤȹͤǤ롥
Labov ϡⳬ Saks Fifth Avenue泬 Macy's㳬 Klein's ȤɴŹåȤˤɴŹ⡤쳬ϵҤǹ߹äƤ꾦ʤ¿Ƥ̱ŪʥեǾ峬ϵҤʤʤޤФǹ鴶ΤեȤʤäƤ롥Labov Ϥޤ쳬ˡͳƤ뤳Ȥ餫狼äƤ뾦ʤơϤɤǤȿҤͤ fourth floor ȤˤꡤĤ /r/ ̵ͭΤ뤳ȤǤȤ櫓ˡLabov Ϥʹʤä褦⤦١٤Ϥռ줿ǫȯФ4˾夬ꡤϲ˿Ҥͤ뤳ȤǡƤ /r/ ̵ͭΥǡФΤ褦ˤ¿Υǡᡤ͡ʥѥʬϤȤͽ̤η̤Ȥʤä
ĤɴŹŪ٤ȡⳬ Saks rhotic ΨäȤ⤯㳬 Klein's ǤäȤ㤫äޤɴŹˤĤƥǡȡ쳬سǤȯۤ /r/ ¿ޤǤ뤳Ȥ狼äޤ Klein's ˤĤƤϡʹ֤ܤȯΤۤܤ¿ /r/ ޤǤ뤳Ȥ狼ä̤ȤơNYC üԤϳ餬⤤ۤɡޤռȯۤ rhotic Ǥ뤳ȤȽơҲŪװ rhotic non-rhotic ̵ռΤ˻ȤʬƤȤȤ餫ˤʤäΤǤ롥
Ĵξܺ٤ Labov ˾ܤ Aitchison (42--45) ˵ä
Labov, William. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1972.
Aitchison, Jean. Language Change: Progress or Decay. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.
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