hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 / page 2 (2)

functionalism - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2013-03-02 Sat

#1405. ̤ [gvs][scottish_english][scots][weakly_tied][social_network][sociolinguistics][phonetics][functionalism][hypercorrection]

ε#1404. Optimality Theory ߤ ([2013-03-01-1]) ǵפ֤ Great Vowel Shift 夲̤δؿ GVS ˤĤƺƹͤ褦 Smith (Chapter 6) ɤľGVS äƤϡ줬͡ˤ줷ѲǤϤʤ⤷ʤȤǽǰƬ֤ƤȤɬפȲǧˤĤƤϡ#495. Ǥʤ첻ܡ ([2010-09-04-1]) ǵƻפ٤̤첻ܤˤĤƿƤ
Ѹˤˤơ첻ܡפ̾ΤƤΤϡɥ濴Ȥ륤󥰥ǵäɸѸˤη̤ȿǤƤ롤ϢĹ첻ѲǤ롥֥ƥγǡ褽Ӥˤ褽Ӥ褦Ĺ첻ѲäƤ롥ǤŪ褯ΤƤΤåȥɤǵä첻ܤǤ롥ǤĹ첻Τߤ˾夲2첻졤б첻ǤϲѲƤʤäơout ϥåȥǤ [uːt] ΤޤޤǤ롥ʹߡ󥰥첻ܤ "Southern Shift"åȥ첻ܤ "Northern Shift" ȸƤǶ̤ʲ޻ȡˡ

The Southern Shift
The Northern Shift

Southern Shift Northern Shift ϡѲ첻ηϤ㤷ƤΤǤ뤫顤̤ۤʤäƤ첻ܤСξܤȤ̤纹ϤʤȤΤ¤Ǥ롥ǤϡȸˤĤƤϤɤξܤδ֤ˡϢŪѲʹԤ丶ˤĤơ餫Ŧ뤳ȤϤǤΤꤷʤͳϤĤ⤢롥Smith (153) ϡƤΤ "mechanical developments consequent on change elsewhere in the system" ȤޤΤߤǤꡤ"no reference to southern 'influence' is needed to account for the development in the north, and the similarity between Northern and Southern Shifts seems essentially coincidental" ȡξܤδϢڤΤƤ롥

[I]s the Great Vowel Shift (singular) a unitary phenomenon? It would seem that the triggering and implementation of the Shift differed in different parts of the country. It was not some sudden, massive movement but rather a series of very small, individual choices which interacted diachronically, diatopically and sociolinguistically, resulting in at least two distinct sets of phonological realignments. The term Great Vowel Shift remains a useful label but, as has been pointed out by, among others, Roger Lass (1988: 396), only in the same way as 'Industrial Revolution' is a helpful shorthand method of referring to how a series of minor technological advances ultimately brought about a major cultural change. (153)


Smith ϡƿܤθˤĤƤϢȤϤʤȤ̤ȼŸƤ롥phonological space γǰѤ첻ηΰϤ˴ؤͻꤦ첻ηϤ෿Ūͻͥåȥ˴Ťּ夤嫤ǷФ줿 ("weakly tied") ƱΤ޲ȤʤäҲŪ accommodation hyperadaptation εʤɡˡʻ̤οܤڤäƤ椯
Smith ϡηϤ򤪤˹θƤʤɤɾеǽŪǤ뤳ȤϳΤŪˤϥХХΰȹͤƤ褤

Smith, Jeremy J. Sound Change and the History of English. Oxford: OUP, 2007.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-19-1] [2018-07-29-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2013-02-28 Thu

#1403. drift Ū Ritt λ [drift][teleology][unidirectionality][causation][language_change][functionalism]

ε#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) Ǽ夲ʸǡRitt ˸ؾνפǤ drift ήˤˤޤȤĤᤤȤƤ롥drift ϡ#685. ʤѲˤ drift Τ (1) ([2011-03-13-1]) ȡ#686. ʤѲˤ drift Τ (2) ([2011-03-14-1]) Ǥ夲Τ褦󼨤뤳ȤǤ롥üԸĿͤϼοδ֤ĶƸѲ³褦ȤưŤʤɤäƤʤϤʤΤˡʤĶƤȤפʤѲΤ줽ΤΤüԤĶۤȤ̿äƤ뤫Τ褦ʿ񤤤򸫤ΤϤʤ Ritt (215) ΤȤФǼȡΤ褦ˤʤ롥

[S]ince individual speakers are normally not aware of the long-term histories of their languages and have no reason to be interested in them at all, it is difficult to see why they should be motivated to adjust their behaviour in communication or language acquisition to make the development of their language conform to any long-term trend.


ФRitt (215) ϸüԤˤĤƤ3Ĥ򤹤뤳ȤDzǤȽҤ٤롥

First, . . . the case can be made that even though whole language systems do not represent historical objects, their constituents do, because they are transmitted faithfully enough among speakers and thereby establish populations and lineages of constituent types which persist in time. Secondly, when speakers make choices among different variants of a linguistic constituent, they are not completely free. Instead their choice is always limited (a) by universal constraints on human physiology and (b) by socio-historical contingencies such as the relative prestige of different constituent variants. Since it would be against the self-interests of individual speakers to resist them, their choices can be expected to reflect physiological and social constraints more or less automatically. Thirdly, a speaker never chooses among isolated pairs of constituent variants. Instead constituent choice always occurs in the context of actual discourse, where any constituent of a linguistic system is always used and expressed in combination with others.


ƶä٤ȤˡüԤϾ嵭˴ŤưˤơŪҲŪʵȤƵǽƤˤʤȤ򤬼 (215--16)

In such interactions between constituents the role of speakers will be restricted to responding --- unconsciously and more or less automatically --- to physiological and social constraints on their communicative behaviour. In other words, speakers will not figure as autonomous, active and whimsical agents of change, but merely provide the mechanics through which linguistic constituents interact with each other.


ΥǥˤСüԤϡġθܤߤȤΩƤƤͥåȥΤʤư롤ŪӼҲŪʵǽͿ줿޼ȤȤˤʤ롥üԤѲμΤǤϤʤ޲ǤȤϡ controversial

Ritt, Nikolaus. "How to Weaken one's Consonants, Strengthen one's Vowels and Remain English at the Same Time." Analysing Older English. Ed. David Denison, Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero, Chris McCully, and Emma Moore. Cambridge: CUP, 2012. 213--31.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-03-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2013-02-27 Wed

#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ [drift][causation][language_change][vowel][diphthong][consonant][degemination][phoneme][phonetics][gvs][meosl][functionalism][isochrony][functional_load][homorganic_lengthening]

#1231. drift ѲѤΰѤ4 ([2012-09-09-1]) εǡRitt ʸ˿줿ʸǤɸ˷Ǥ꤬ͻ뤬ɮԤ٤ϤƹŪǵǽŪǤ롥
Ritt ϡѸ Homorganic Lengthening, Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening (MEOSL), Great Vowel Shift ϤȤĹ첻2첻ޤϢưƤ첻̤Ωβʤɡ첻ˤޤĤѲ첻ζ (strengthening of vowels) Ȱ礷ФơҲ̤ΩβáҲ첻ҲξüʤɤμλҲˤޤĤѲֻҲμ岽 (weakening of consonants) Ȱ礷ľǯˤ錄Ѹ첻ˤ첻ζȻҲμ岽ħŤȤʤ顤طʤˤ븶Ū褦ȻߤΤ褦ŪĬήϤФ drift ήˤȤƸڤ졤˸ؤˤƤθưϤϺ1ĤȤʤäƤ뤬Ritt ϰճʤȤ˲򸫤Ȥ롥ϡѸĹդƤ "rhythmic isochrony" "fixed lexical stress on major class lexical items" (224) Ǥ롥
ΤƤ褦ˡѸˤ "rhythmic isochrony" 롥褽ȼ夤Ȥߤ˸뱤 (foot stress) γơ褽ƱĹäȯȤˤꡤ¿β᤬ޤޤ뱤ӤǤϳƲ᤯ûȯ졤դ˲ʤӤǤϳƲϤäĹȯ롥ˡѸˤ "fixed lexical stress on major class lexical items" Ȥ֤֤˴ؤ붯¤ꡤϼۤΤ˼ĥɬפ롥ơ2Ĥθ§ˤꡤ֤ƱǤǤŪʰ֤ˤäĹѤ뤳ȤˤʤꡤĹûΩ˵ǽȤϸ¤ʤ֤Ȥʤ롥ä˱ѸλҲǤǤĹûΩεǽô (functional load) ϤȤ礭ʤäΤǡΩϽѸ˾üʻҲμ岽ˡ첻ǤǤĹûΩϵǽô̤礭ä˾ü뤳ȤϤʤषΩݻ礹ؤȿʲû첻Ĺ첻κΤˤ뤿ˡԤд˲Ԥĥ˸Ԥ2첻ȯãơԤȤν̤ޤä2Ĥθ§ȡüȯ첻ζפϡߤ˻٤礤ǤʥѥȤʤäƤä줬ɸФ Ritt εǽŪʲǤ롥
ѤˤĤޤޤ줿褦ʴ롥¿ε䤬⤫Ǥ롥⤽ѸǤϤʤ rhythmic isochrony ۤɤޤǤ˶ǤʤΤ¾θˤ롤뤤ۤ drift ӤȤˡƱ褦ѤΤǤεǽô̤ŪǤϤʤ¾Ū˷פˡϤΤ٥ŽƤ褦첻Ѳ̤λǤϤʤˤˡˤΤϤʤ
Ritt εϤष¿䤤Ƥ֤褦˻פ뤬οΰյϡ˿줿褦ˡdrift Ū褦ȤȤˤΤȻפϤ礤ŪˤʤΤεǡ

Ritt, Nikolaus. "How to Weaken one's Consonants, Strengthen one's Vowels and Remain English at the Same Time." Analysing Older English. Ed. David Denison, Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero, Chris McCully, and Emma Moore. Cambridge: CUP, 2012. 213--31.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2012-10-08 Mon

#1260. ֤̻֤ [saussure][diachrony][history_of_linguistics][functionalism]

˥ץ뤿2Ĥΰۤʤ¦̡֤̻֤ζ̤ˤĤƤϡ#866. üԤΰռ̻ŪʼϤ뤫 ([2011-09-10-1]) #1025. ֤̻֤δط ([2012-02-16-1]) #1040. ̻ŪѲȶŪѰۡ ([2012-03-02-1]) #1076. 塼뤬֤̻֤ͥ褵3Ĥͳ ([2012-04-07-1]) ۤdiachrony γƵǼ夲Ƥ˴ؤ1Ĥϡ֤̻֤Τˤϡ塼⤹褦ˡʤΤȤǤ롥
ˤĤơ塼йΩΤˤƤΤ Roman Jakobson (1896--1982) Ǥ롥Jakobson ϡ̻ν˸ڤǽγؼԤǤꡤ塼ˤȤäƤ餫˶ŪʳǰǤηϡפ̻ŪʸݤˤޤǻԤäηϤȤǰ̻֤ŬѤǽꤷ塼ȡβǽ򿮤õä䥳֥λΰ㤤򡤥ࡼʥʸϤˤäƼ

塼ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롤ϤäηϤ̤ξˤǤϤʤǤΤ줫ξˤʤΤǤ뤫顤ϤΥƸ椹ۤϤʤɤηϤȿڤܤʤȤϤʤȯλݤϰξˤΤΤǤ롥ϡ줫ήФΤˤǽĵȤϡŪط⤿ʤΤ褦ʡѵ뼭ȶ¸뼭ȤΤκۡʬŪʻ¤ηϤ˱ƶ¤ȤΤκۤϡξԤ򤿤ĤβʳؤλȤ뤳ȤؤΤǤ롥סФƥ䥳֥ϡǯʸΤʤǤƤ롤ָǽŪηϤȤƸͤϡν֤θˤƤƱͤ˺Τꤢ٤ΤǤ롥֤ƹ褦ȤˤƤ⡤뤤ϸ֤֤ؤȤʲǧ褦ȤˤƤ⡤ѤϤʤ͡ɤ褦ˡŪˡ̻ŪˡȤΤ˱ۤ뤳ȤΤǤʤɤꤹ뤳ȤʤɡǤΤǤϤʤؤˤơηϤνǤ򤽤εǽȤ鰷Τʤ顤줬äѲȽǤˤäƤ⡤ѲαƶηϤȤΤθ줺ˤȽǤǤͤϤθѲ˲Ū»ˤηϤȤ鸫аۼʤΤˤʤȲꤹΤŪǤʤѲηϤ䡤ΰ䡤κƹʤɤͤäȤȤ⾯ʤʤΤǤ롥Ȥǡ̻ŪϡηϤ䵡ǽȤǰʤФǤϤʤդˡγǰθʤԴʤΤ (168--69)


ξԤӤȡ¤礭ۤʤäƤʤ塼䥳֥ƱͤˡηϤΰͿ줿Ƿ⤬ηΤѲǽˤĤǧƤ롥פȹͤΤǤСξԤϤषոפƤȤ롥ǤϤɤ˰㤤ΤȤС䥳֥ϡǷ򡤶֤ΤʤŪߤƤ륨ͥ륮ȤªƤΤФơ塼϶֤Τʤˤ¸ߤʤʤϳǧ뤳ȤǤˡޤ̻ŪˤΤ߳ǧ륨ͥ륮ǤȤơ֤ڤΥƤǤ롥塼뤬äƤΤˡθ̩Ǥäơ̻֤ζ֤ؤκߤʤФʤʤȤ̿ˤꡤޤǤξԤν̤˸ǼΤǤ롥
֤ͥǧ줿ˤϡ塼θǼϤǤ̵ä䥳֥褦ˡѲΥͥ륮֤̻֤˽ɤäƤȹͤۤŪǼ

른塦ࡼʥƣ θء١ҡ2001ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2012-02-02 Thu

#1011. ʤˤϡĺҲ첻פȤ߹碌¿ [phonetics][phoneme][consonant][vowel][functionalism]

§ȤơֻҲ첻פˤ⡼ (mora) Ȥñ̤ƤܸüԤȤơʤȤ߹碌ȤȤˤĤơ򴶤ȤʤäѸǤϡñȤ߹碌μܸȤӤˤʤʤ餤¿ʼºݡ̩˿夲ϤΤˡ¾¿θ⡤ñˤĤƤϡܸ˭٤ʤΤ¿Τ˲Ϥ⤢˭ʸ⤢뤬ֻҲ첻פδŪȤ߹碌礤ƤϤʤĺҲ첻פϡ첻ΤߡפȤȤˡˤƴδܤȤʤ벻ṽ¤Ǥ롥
줬ʤʤɤ䤦ȤʤäȤСñĴ䤹İ򤷤䤹٤ФƤʤ⤦ͤƤߤ褦Ҳ첻Ǥ϶̤Ǥñμब¤뤷ä˻ҲȤ餽줳Ĵİ⺤ˤˤʤ1ĤĤλҲ첻Ȥ߹碌1ñ̤ȤСǿβ᤬̤뤳ȤˤʤꡤδŪѤ­롥⤷Ǥ­ʤС⤦⹽¤βǽ򹭤ƤС̤Ǥ벻Ū䤻롥
ơΤ褦ʵ䤬䤦ͤȻפäΤϡMartinet ǽŪʴڤäƤǤ롥褯ΤƤ褦ˡ3첻ηϤĸˤơ3첻Ϥְܴۤ㤤ʤ [i], [u], [a] Ǥ롥ϡ33Ĥĺбߤ˺¤εΥХ󥹤褯ݤƤּǤ[2009-05-17-1]첻շ򻲾ȡˡˤꡤĴİΤˤƤ⡤ߤ˶̤ٹ礤¤ˤʤ롥"l'équidistance entre les phonèmes" ʲǴ֤Υˤθ§Ǥ (Martinet 202)
첻 paradigm ˤĤƤϵǽΩ줫嵭Τ褦Ǥ櫓Martinet syntagm Υ٥ǤƱǽȹͤ롥ϢˤƤ⡤ߤΩ¤ˤʤ褦Ȥ߹碌Ф䤹ΤǤϤʤȤˤȡγʹ٤ȤǺǾͤȤĺҲȺͤȤ첻Ϣ³ƸΤϡ3첻ηϤξ [i], [u], [a] ФΤƱͤˡǽŪưŤ롤ȤȤˤʤ롥ĺҲ첻Ȥ߹碌ΥץȥפǤꡤæȤ߹碌ФơޥͥåȤΤ褦˰᤹ϤȤƺѤƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ

. . . toutes les langues favorisent les contrastes les mieux marqués, c'est-à-dire les successions occlusive + voyelle. (Martinet 202)

. . . ٤ƤθϤäȤΩΩʤĺ첻ȤĤʤ򹥤ࡥ


ǤϡĺҲ첻1ĤĤȤ߹碌ܤǤȤȤǧȤơ첻ĺҲפǤϤʤĺҲ첻פŪȤΤϤʤMartinet ϤˤĤƤ̵Ǥ롥ǽ˾ääǡ丫ȤƤϡºݤˡ첻ĺҲפȤ߹碌⾯ʤʤդΡĺҲ첻פ٤ơ³벻ʤꡤҲĴ錄ȽФ錄ޤǤޤ᤿Τ¸ˤȤ𤬤ΤǤϤʤ
ǽξȤ㳰ˤϻ礫ʤΤΡηϤȤ paradigm ٥Τߤʤ餺Ȥ syntagm ٥ˤƱͤŬѤǤȤ̥ϤǤ롥
ĺҲŪǤȤˤĤƤϡ[2011-08-17-1]ε#842. th-sound ϤޤȯפǻȤʬ᲻Ȥ෿Ū׾⻲ȡˤäȤ褯ҲΥȥå4ޤǤĺ ([m], [k], [p], [b]) Ǥ롥

Martinet, André. Éléments de linguistique générale. 5th ed. Armand Colin: Paris, 2008.

Referrer (Inside): [2012-02-14-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-08-13 Sat

#838. ηϤȥȥԡ [entropy][functionalism][information_theory][functional_load]

εָѲˤ therapy or pathogeny ([2011-08-12-1]) 񤭤ʤ顤ˤ׾֤뤤ϡ¡׾֤ȤϲͤƤؤξQȤơ̸ָϤ줬춦ƱΤ׵ܴۤΤǤꡤüԤˤȤäƤϤܴۤʵηϤǤפȤͤ롥ϡƸ줬üԤˤȤäƤϾˡפ˶ᤤ֤ˤȤȤ̣롥ιͤǤС̵Ȥϸ鷺Ȥ¡׾֤ˤ¸ߤʤȤȤˤʤ롥Ǥϡ֤üԤˤȤäơפȤפǤꡤޤŪʴǡפ˶ᤤȤȤǤ (ŪʸѤˤĤƤϡ[2011-06-06-1]εMartinet ˤȤäƸȤϡפ򻲾ȡˡޤμԤʣθŪʴ٤ơAΤۤBַפǤʤɤȷ뤳ȤϤǤʤȤȤˤʤ롥⤽⡤ŪˤɤΤ褦ʾ֤ǤСַפǤ뤫ˤĤƵҴŪʴ뤳Ȥ񤷤
Ūɾι꤬ʡַפפȤɽ򤱡Ūʴ̲ǤܤܤƤμ٤ABɾȤȤϲǽ⤷ʤ㤨СηϤо (symmetry) ѹ (balancedness) к (economy) ȤΤ̲ǤΤǤСλɸäơʬŪ˸ηϤΤΡַפȤȤϤǤ뤫⤷ʤ[2010-02-14-1]εָ٤¬뤫פεȤط뤬ʤ̤˹ͤȤȤǤС̲Ϥ䤹[2011-08-11-1]εǽôפ functional load ιͤϲ߽Ф줿Ūʳǰʤ¾ˤѤ뤳Ȥϲǽ⤷ʤʤäȤⲻΤ褦˹٤˹¤줿ǤϤʤȼ񤷤ˡ
ηϤΡַפɾȤơоѹкȤä󤲤Ƥߤ⤦1ĤȤơΥɤǤ⤢ȥԡ (entropy) ͤƤߤΤ⤪⤷ȥԡȤηϤȤƤ𻨤ٹ礤ؤͤ㤤ۤηϤäƤ뤳Ȥ򼨤ȤȤǮϳؤѸ˹ѤƤꡤؤαѤƻⳫƤȤ롥ηϤΥȥԡ¬ˡԤ߽ФȤưפǤϤʤñˤäơηϤȤƤε§ХȥԡԵ§Хȥԡ礹ɽ뤳ȤϤǤ롥
㤨СѲˤϡֲѲϵ§Ū뤬Ե§⤿餷˴ŤѲԵ§뤬ε§⤿餹׷뤬ȥԡѸѤСַˤơ§ŪʲѲϥȥԡ礵Ե§ŪѤϥȥԡ򸺾פȴǤʴϢơ[2011-03-19-1]εָüȷ֥饹פǼ夲ξüݻ䡤[2010-11-03-1]ε2 analogyפε򻲾ȡˡ
Ͼܤʤʸˡ˴פ֤ natural morphology ʤɤʬǤϡѲ򵭽ҡΤˡβμٹ礤θ롥ּפȤ⡤ȥԡоѹкʤɤƱͤˡηϤΡַפ魯1ĤǤ롥"natural", "balanced", "economical", "simple", "therapy" ʤɤȤɽˤݱʤ˲ʹѤɾޤޤƤޤ"entropy" ˤǮϳؤˡ§ȤäƲʳŪʶ뤷ΥɤȤϤޤ깤ĤƤʤ褦˻פ롥
Ǯϳؤ2ˡ§ˤСʪȥͥ륮ϰĤΤߤˡʤѲǽʤΤԲǽʤΤء뤤ѲǽʤΤԲǽʤΤء뤤Ϥޤ줿Τ顤̵줿ΤؤѲסʥեp. 45ˡĤޤꡤΰǥȥԡƤ褦˸Ƥ⡤ɬ¾ΰǤʾ˥ȥԡ礷ƤꡤΤȤƱΥȥԡΰӤ򤿤ɤȤȤǤ롥ʪؤŪʿȤǧƤΤϤˡ§ȸۤɤζˡ§ǤϡηϤȸηϤƤΤ⤷ȲꤹȡεָѲˤ therapy or pathogeny ([2011-08-12-1]) ˤʤä Schendl (69) "therapeutic changes in one part of the grammar may create imbalance in another part" may must ɤߤʤʤФʤʤȤˤʤ롥ʤȤˡȥԡˡ§ϷΤߤŬѤȤѲεǤ may ۤɤβǤ褤Τ⤷ʤ

ߡե زǡȥԡˡ§١ҡ1990ǯ
Schendl, Herbert. Historical Linguistics. Oxford: OUP, 2001.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-08-12 Fri

#837. Ѳˤ therapy or pathogeny [functionalism][language_change][systemic_regulation][phoneme][phonemicisation][minimal_pair][functional_load][teleology]

2֤εֵǽŪʸѲѤؤȽ ([2011-08-10-1]) ȡǽôȸѲ ([2011-08-11-1]) ǡSchendl 礤˽Фʤ顤ǽ (functionalism) Ĵǽ (systemic regulation) (therapeutic power) ǽô (functional load) ʤɤѸѤƤ˴ϢƼΤ褦ʼ䤬󤻤줿

Schendl (69)ΰѤˤĤƤҤȤļ򤵤Ƥ
'therapeutic changes in one part of the grammar may create imbalance in another part'
ȤޤɤΤ褦㤬Τפ⤫Ӥޤ󡥼ϤΤƤޤԶѹդȤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤʤΤȤƤⵤˤʤޤΤǸꤤޤ


Schendl ƱǶŪ󤲤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡɼԤȤƤϳͤƤߤ뤷ʤ㤨вˤѲ¾㤨зˤ̤θѲϢŪ˰Ȥ褦ϱѸˤǤ¿뤬Ūˡ뼣Ū (therapeutic) Ѳ̤ΤȤǤ°Ȥʤ褦 (pathogenic) ѲϢȤΤϤäȡΤ˹ͤ줿
ʤ㤬פ⤫ФʤΤȹͤƤߤȡ"therapeutic" ȤѸ줬Ū˲ؤҴŪ˷᤬Ȥطʤ뤫ǤϤʤȻפä̤ѸǤϡּפܻؤǽɸϡ׾֤ηϤˤơפȤϤʤ֤ؤΤǽΩΩäŪȤƤϡȤ "a symmetrical, balanced, simple, economical system" ظƤȤߤʤȤǤʤηƻ Schendl ˸ˡηϤʣβηϤʣȤ߹碌ˤäͭΤǤꡤΰѲ벼ηϤδ鸫 therapeutic ȤƤ⡤̤βηϤδ鸫 pathogenic Ǥ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ǤϡηΤδ餹ȡθѲϤɤ therapeutic ʤΤ뤤 pathogenic ʤΤꤹ뤳Ȥ񤷤
ȤƻפĤΤϡεǤ夲 /θ/ /ð/ Ωȯ̤θ򤹤 /ð/ Dz (phonemicisation) ȤѲǤ롥űѸǤ,
[θ] [ð] 1Ĥβ (phoneme) 2Ĥΰ۲ (allomorphs) Ȥ֤Ťˤʤä˼ȤƵǽˤͭ [ð] Ԥʤ褦ˤʤ (ex. that, the, then, there, they, thou, though, with; cf. verners_law) thy vs. thigh Τ褦Ǿ (minimal pair) /θ/ /ð/ ̡βǤؤʬƤä
/ð/ βDzưŤǽŪʴȡҤ٤褦˼Τ褦ˤʤ롥Ѹ˳ (obstruent) Ǥ̵ͭΩ礭ʵǽô̤ôäƤꡤ໤ǤΩηǡ˳о»ʤ°פȹͤ롥/θ/ /ð/ βDzϤо򸺤ǺѤ°ּפƤȲᤵ롥ºݤˤ thy vs. thigh κǾФϾʤΤǡ̵ͭΩϤѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǤ /θ/ /ð/ βŪΩƤΤϡѸ첻ΤȤ̵ͭȤΩˤƵǽŪǤ롥ʾȤСεϤޤ therapeutic ʹͤɽƤȸ
ƱѲ (graphemics) Ω줫鸫ȡषηŪоƤȤͤ롥ˤơ1Ǥ1ʸбƤΤǤоŪǡѹդƤꡤñǡкŪǤ뤳ȤϵƤʤѸϤ˰̾⤤ȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥ơоŪǡѹդƤꡤñǡкŪʲǤȽǤδطɵ᤹褦ʸѲȤСϽδ therapeutic ѲȤȤǤȤҤ /ð/ βDz˹碌ƽηϤƱͤѲ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡ̤Ȥ <th> ȤŻ (digraph) ɽ蘆1ĤνǤ2Ĥΰۤʤ벻Ǥб뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤäϡΩ줫餹ȡtherapeutic ǤϤʤष pathogenic Ѳȸ롥
ޤȤȡ/ð/ βDzȤѲϡδ therapeutic Ѳäδ pathogenic ѲäȤȤˤʤ롥Ǥϡ䤽¾򤹤٤ƹͤ碌ơѸȤηΤؤαƶȤǸȡѲϤϤƥץ饹äΤޥʥäΤƶμ̤ҴŪ˷¬뤳Ȥ񤷤ΤǡȽǤϤܤĤʤȤˤʤʤΰ̣Ǥϡǽô̤ȤϱƶҴŪ˷¬褦ȤĤߤθǤꡤˡ1ĤʤΤ⤷ʤˡ
ˤơäơּפȤäơ¡פȤ뤫Ϥ褯狼ʤưʪξǤ顤Ʒڤ¤ͽɡ̤ͽܼιͤ롥ʤߤˡѤƤ pathogenic ȯ¤ˤȤƻ therapeutic еȤƺصŪѤޤǤǡѸȤ夷Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤ

Schendl, Herbert. Historical Linguistics. Oxford: OUP, 2001.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-08-11 Thu

#836. ǽôȸѲ [functionalism][language_change][systemic_regulation][terminology][phonology][drift][minimal_pair][functional_load]

εֵǽŪʸѲѤؤȽ([2011-08-10-1]) ǿ줿ǽô (functional load or functional yield) ˤĤơǽô̤ȤϤ벻ħ̵ǽι⤵ΤȤǡ¿̤ΩäƤۤɵǽô̤⤤Ȥߤʤ롥
㤨СѸǤϲ /p/ /b/ Ωϡ¿θ̤Ѥ롥̤θ򤹤С¿Ǿ (minimal pair) 򻺤 (ex. pay--bay, rip--rib ) äơ/p/ /b/ Ωεǽô̤礭/ʃ/ /ʒ/ Ωϡmesher--measure ʤɤκǾФ߽ФƤϤ뤬ۤ¿θ̤ˤΩäƤʤƱͤˡ/θ/ /ð/ Ω⡤thigh--thy ʤɤκǾФ뤬ǽô̤Ͼȹͤ롥
ǽô̤Ȥǰϡ嵭Τ褦ʸ̲ǤΩФǤϤʤŪħ̵ͭΩˤĤƤͤ뤳ȤǤ롥㤨СѸˤ̵ͭ (voicing) ȤΩϡ٤Ƥ /h/ ʳ໤ˤĤƸΩǤꡤˤ˻Ȥ󤵤ƤΤǡεǽô̤礭
Ǥϡǽô̤ȸѲɤΤ褦˷夯ȤΤǽŪʹͤˤȡ¿θ̤˹׸Ƥ̵ͭΤ褦ʵǽô̤礭Ω⤷äƤޤȤȡηϤ˵ڤܤƶ礭äơǽô̤礭ΩѲˤȤΩġȿФˡǽô̤ξΩϡ¾װˤäѲСۤɤ񹳤򼨤ʤǤ椯ȡ/θ/ /ð/ Ωϡǽô̤ᡤ⤹мʤȤ¤ʤ԰ΩǤϤ뤬ǤŪʼ̵ͭȤФʡǽô̤礭Ωˤäƻ٤Ƥ뤿ˡۤưפˤϲäʤȤȤˤʤǽԤμĥ롤ηϤߤȤо (symmetry) λظפȤ̩ܤ˴ؤ뤳Ȥʬ
ηŪΩ뤿ˡ뤤Ωβä򤱤뤿ѲȤͽɡפιͤϡƵǽŪʻǤ롥üԡʽġˤηϤ򤱤ͽɡפˤĤƤɤΤ褦˰ռΤüԡʽġˤθư̵ռˡͽɡ׹԰٤ԤʤäƤȹͤ٤ʤΤϡ[2011-03-13-1]ε֤ʤѲˤ drift Τ (1)פǸΤƱεǤ롥

Schendl, Herbert. Historical Linguistics. Oxford: OUP, 2001.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-08-10 Wed

#835. ǽŪʸѲѤؤȽ [homonymic_clash][functionalism][systemic_regulation][language_change][functional_load]

Ѳˤ뵡ǽ (functionalism) ιͤϡǤϹƤ뤬¾ǤϸȽ롥ѲεǽŪκǤΤȤơΥ֥Ǥⲿ٤ⰷäƤƱ۵ ( homonymic clash ) 롥homonymic_clash ˴ؤϢεΤʤǤڤƤεǽŪʸѲѤФ϶
ǤСǽŪʸѲѤȤϡˤ systemic regulation ȤĴǽäƤꡤ줿ηϤоŪǶѹդμ줿ηϤؤȼ (therapeutic) ϤȤͤǤ롥ȤƤϡ˿줿 homonymic clash Τۤоؤλظꤹ԰ʻҲ /h/([2009-11-27-1]) ;̾ηϤо ([2009-11-09-1], [2009-10-24-1]) ꡤޤǽô (functional load) ꤬롥
줬üԡʤμҲˤΩƼĴǽϤäƤȤͤϡָʪפȤͤ[2011-07-13-1]εָޤʪޤפ򻲾ȡˤˤĤʤꡤꤽȤȤͽۤ롥ºݤˡǽٻԤ¿СȽԤ¿롥Schendl (69) ȽޤȤƤΤǡѤ褦

A basic problem with such functional explanations is how the individual speakers or the speech community as a whole could know about the actual or threatening asymmetry of systems and act accordingly. Another problem with the notion of 'therapeutic change' is that therapeutic changes in one part of the grammar may create imbalance in another part; finally, if this was the main driving force behind change then we would expect all linguistic systems to have become balanced by now, which they clearly are not. (69)

. . . though linguistic factors such as functional load undoubtedly can contribute to linguistic change, there is no empirical proof of their coming into play in specific cases. (69)


ȽŪոɤ߼ΤϡָѲ⤿餹ϤޤüԤʹ֤ǤηϼȤǤϤʤסָηϤ˼ĴǽȤƤ⡤϶ĴǽǤϤʤסβȤƤϵǽǧ뤬иŪ˼¾ڤǤʤפȤĥ

Schendl, Herbert. Historical Linguistics. Oxford: OUP, 2001.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-10-25 Mon

#546. ѲϸĿͤδ˾̤˿ʤޤʤ [systemic_regulation][functionalism]

[2010-10-18-1]εǡֹŷפȡֹŷפƱ۵ ( homonymic clash ) 夲Ȥˡɤ餫ѤƤ椭ͤ򤱤褦ˤʤ뤫⤷ʤȤͽ¬Ҥ٤ͽ¬ϲƱ۵ͤλ򻲾ȤƤȤͽ¬ˤºݤˤΥڥɤΤ褦˿äƤ椯ˤĤƤγμ¤ͽ¬ɽ路Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤդˡä˽񤭸դǤϴζ̤Τ顤Ʊ۵Τޤ޻ĤäƤ椯ȤƤޤäԻ׵ĤϤʤޤֹŷפѤƤ椱Фʬܸ줬ϤʤäƤ椯ȤŪʹͤ⤢ꡤƱ۵ȤĤäƤۤȻפԤ⤤뤫⤷ʤ⡤ĿŪˤϤɤ餫ȤФΤ褦Ω
Ѳολ򸫤ȡѲϷ褷ƸĿͤδ˾̤˿ʤΤǤϤʤϼĴǽ ( systemic regulation ) ͭ뼫ΩŪη ( self-regulating system ) Ǥ롥ѲϡĿͤδ˾ǤϤʤĿͤνΤǤʤĿͤϤεڤФʤƱΤμΩŪѤؤؤѲƤ椯ΤǤ롥ΰϡΰ̣Ѳʿ餹Ѳȿɤμĥȿ Trudgill ȯǤ롥

Words do not mean what we as individuals might wish them to mean, but what speakers of the language in general want them to mean. These meanings can and do change as they are modified and negotiated in millions of everyday exchanges over the years between one speaker and another. Language change cannot be halted. . . Languages are self-regulating systems which can be left to take care of themselves. They are self-regulating because their speakers want to understand each other and be understood. If there is any danger of misunderstanding, speakers and writers will appreciate this possibility and guard against it by avoiding synonyms, or by giving extra context . . . . (8)


1ĤդƤΤϡָϼĴǽͭ뼫ΩŪηϤǤפȤȤˡüԤĶۤΩʪΤ褦ͭΤǤȹͤƤ櫓ǤϤʤȤޤǸüԤȷӤĤƤꡤüԺߤǤ¸ߤʤˤ⤫餺üԸĿͤ椬ľܤˤϵڤФʤηϤȤȤǤ롥Ǥϲ椷Ƥ뤫ȤСüԸĿͤĶۤüԽĤΰջפǤ롥ֹŷפȡֹŷפʻ¸⡤ǽŪˤܸüԽĤΰջפ˽äƲäʤ¸³ʤ꤬ޤäƤ椯Τ
üԸĿͤüԽĤκۤȤԻ׵ĤʴطˤĤƤϡ[2009-05-07-1]򻲾ȡ

Trudgill, Peter. "The Meaning of Words Should Not be Allowed to Vary or Change." Language Myths. Ed. Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill. London: Penguin, 1998. 1--8.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-06-23-1] [2015-08-12-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-07-13 Tue

#442. Ѳθ [language_change][functionalism][contact][causation]

Ѳʤ뤫θˤĤƤ͡ʸ椬ʤƤѲ causation ˴ؤϡŪˤϸդεǤ롥뤤ϺƤѲѻڵ򤫤鲿ȿ¬롥¿ξ硤Τ褦˿¬줿θѲˤĤƤΤͭǤꡤ̤ѲŬѤꡤѲͽ¬ΤˤΩʤޤۤܤ٤ƤθѲˤƸϰĤǤϤʤʣθʣŪȤ߹蘆äƤȹͤ졤causation εǤϰΩˤ
Ūˤ¿θѲƤϤޤȹͤ뷹ϤꡤʬवƤ롥ʬФ꤬ʤŪƱդƤȻפΤϡŪ ( language-internal ) ʸȸ쳰Ū ( language-external ) ʸȤʬǤ롥Brinton and Arnovick ( 56--62 ) ˽äơɽŪʸվ񤭤褦ĤιܤˡϢ륭ɤܥ֥ؤΥ󥯤դ

Language-Internal Causes

[ üԤ褽̵ռŪ ]
ease of articulation ( assimilation )
perceptual clarity ( dissimilation )
phonological symmetry ( [2009-11-27-1] )
universal tendencies
efficiency or transparency

[ üԤ褽ռŪ ]
spelling pronunciation ( spelling_pronunciation )
hypercorrection
overgeneralization
analogy ( analogy )
renewal
reanalysis ( reanalysis, metanalysis )

Language-External Causes

contact-induced language change ( contact )
extreme language mixture ( leading to pidgins, creoles, and bilingual mixed languages ) ( pidgin, creole )
language death ( language_death )

ŪʸˤĤƤϡüԤѲˤĤ̵ռŪʤΤռŪʤΤʬƤ뤬ռ̵ͭ٤ʤΤŪʴˤϤʤʤ
Ϣ뵭Ȥơ[2010-07-01-1], [2010-06-01-1]ε⻲ȡ

Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford: OUP, 2006.

[ | ѥڡ ]

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow