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δϡؼѤαñ콸Ȥ̾⤤رñ쥿å1900٤˷ǺܤƤñθ츻ꤹȤƱͥο͵ΰĤǤѸˡ츻ȤǧƤޤ70ʬۤɤۿ֤ǡaccord, thought, interest, account, cause, sound, individual η7夲ƤޤΥå1900ؤνбˤϡ1ñɤ1/3ñˤܤǤʤäȤͤСʲʡˤȤޤ
夲7ϤŪñǤˤ̤ȼ¤˭ʪ줬ƤޤưΥȥˤʤäƤ account ϡָ¡ססͳפʤɤ¿ǤַפȤ츻Ūʰ̣Ω֤뤳Ȥǡ¿椬ɹޤaccount ϥƥ ad- + computare ˤʤäƤꡤԤ com- + putare ȤǤputare Τϡֹͤ롤פǤǤťեФƸĤıѸäƤǤ
ưκǸǤϡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åˤĤƤ⤴Ҳ𤤤ޤܤϡإå1900٤ˤϿƤतδܸäΤȤ櫓פ1000оݤȤƤꡤ츻Ҥ濴ȤĤĤܥӥˤͭѤʥϥɥ֥åȤʤäƤޤܽưŸ줿褦ʸ츻äνȤäƤ褯ɤߤ뤳ȤDZѸ츻ؤؤ֤ȤǤޤإå1900٤DZñؽƤˤϡܽ˵֤ƤȻפޤ
֤إ饸פȤϡޤǤⲿ٤郎ޤ3ۤ hellog #5892. Ūղû (restrictive adjunct) Ūղû (non-restrictive adjunct) ([2025-06-14-1]) Ǥ⡤Ʊͥ˿줿ȤǤ
ۿ⡤ؤοԤ̹ɷ㤷ƤŪ˳ڤƤȤʤäƤޤٸιߤýѤ˰ޤ졤֤˺ƸäƤޤޤ¿ˤйǤ
ʤνбˤĤƤϡ Voicy heldio Ǥ#1580. ֤إ饸סإå1900ٲˤ⤷ƤޤȤƤäޤ⤪İС
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khelfʷѸ˥եˤˤhel (halkatsu) ŸƤޤ
4ۤˡ#5861. khelf ߷֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡץϤƤޤ ([2025-05-14-1]) ǤҲ𤷤ޤ߷ˤ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡ仿³Ǥ123εƤꡤ1ĤҤȤǫ˵ܤƤޤɤ³ƤȡѸˤμμ¤Ƥޤ RSS եϿơɤƤС
⤦1ͤ khelf СˤϢܤϤޤޤرɥij̴ȤHPǻϤǤϢܥȥGrowth and Structure éѸˡǤɥĤ Jespersen ˤѸˤ̾ Growth and Structure of the English Language (10th ed.) 1᤺ǫɤߡȤäƤȤǤ8ޤǤεƤꡤ³ΥꥺबǤƤޤϢܤˤ RSS եѰդƤޤΤǡҥեƤС
ɥĤʤϢܤϤ줿ΤˤĤƤϡǽε0. Growth and Structure of the English Language ιɤϤޤ˵ƤΤǡҤɤߤ
hellog Ǥ̾˴ؤʲε2ܽޤ¤ϺɥĤϢܳϤƼɮΤǤ
#5990. Jespersen ˤѸˤ̾ Growth and Structure of the English Language ([2025-09-20-1])
#5991. Jespersen G&S 1ǽ ([2025-09-21-1])
ǤҤ٤ȤꡤG&S ϴְ㤤ʤѸˤ˴ؤ̾1ĤǤɥĤܽɤϤᡤϢϢܤϤƱɤϤ乥ΥǤϢܤɤĤġˤ⤳̣̾äƤФȻפޤ

Jespersen, Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. 10th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1982.

ʼȤȤ轵塦ˤϤƤƤ YouTube ֤ΤۤإͥҲ뤳ȤˤĤƤϡ#5973. ֤ΤۤܡפФޤ --- ʼ δ졡ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥʥĥҡˡ ([2025-09-03-1]) #5985. ֤Τۤʤͽ⥢θܡѸ2̡ ([2025-09-15-1]) εǿƤޤȯ1015ʿˤȤʤޤAmazon ΥڡͽǤ
嵭Υ饷ϡkhelf ƣʿƤޤĤ⤴Ϥ꤬Ȥޤ饷ΰʲʸˤȤνҤǤ
θ狼䤹⡥֤äפǤϽʤ˷Ҥ
֤ܲΤۤʤפԽԤ2ͤǡܽҲ𤹤͡ʥƥĤǤޤߥǥڡ (LP) äƤޤǤܽҲ𤹤Τߤʤ餺ܽγƾϤȡͥȤʤäƤ֤ΤۤإͥפۿȤӤĤǺܤͽǤ
ޤYouTube ͥ뤫ޤ줿ҤˡưǤΤΤ餻ˤϤƤޤ913ڡˤ˰Ĥۿʲ֤Τۤܥ饤֡ڤˡ˸ƥ硼ưǤ
ʼ δ졡ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥĥҡ2025ǯ

618˴Ԥ줿رѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡˤޤǹɾǤԸ3Ȥʤ918ˡƽǤꤷޤǽνǤϡ#5914. رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ȯ2֤ǽǷꡪ ([2025-07-06-1]) ǤΤ餻ȤǤθ⤤ɾ³Ƥޤ嵭ֺƽǷץݥϡĤΤ褦 khelf ƣʿƤޤʤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ƤΤǤܽΤߥǥڡ (LP)äƤޤܽÿɼԤʤɤޤȤƤޤΤǡƤߤƤ

ޤ줿֤إ饸Υå1900accountϤʤָ¡פפɽΤǤϡפ֤˥ȤȤƽб餵Ƥ57ʬ30դ꤫رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ˤĤƾҲ𤷤ƤޤҤ
ޤκƽǤ˺ݤ봶դμϡʲ Voicy heldio ۿޤ#1575. ޤǡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤κƽǷꡪ --- ѸΡ첻ܡפɤǤߤޤ⤪İС
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
YouTube ֤Τۤإͥκǿư褬ۿޤꤷ#373. 줫αѸϤɤʤ롩AIαѸ졦Ѹ̤ɤࡧ¿ͲAIǤϡޤ˺䤿ܤˤƤȥƥΥηŪʸˤĤơ夵ȵޤ
äϡ䤬б餵Ƥʸ麽սPLUS ͥǡϢѸ˥ȡŸȤˤޤΥȡκǸΤۤǡѸ¿䤽̤ˤĤƿ줿ΤǤƱơޤ֤ΤۤإͥפǤ⤵˷겼Ƥߤ褦ȹͤǤAIˤꥢ륿ŪˤʤĤĤꡤѸ̤ͤǡ̤ʤȤʤäƤޤ
ΤۤưǤϡѸʤҤƤϸ̡ˤΤġ2ĤȿϡפˤĤƵޤ1ĤϡѸ줬ζ̸졤Ĥޤꥳߥ˥ƻȤƤֵ̤ῴϡ (centripetal force) Ǥˤ7000θ줬ȸޤDZѸϺǤѤȤơ䤿γؽɸȤʤäƤޤۤʤä͡ӤĤ붯ϤʥġȤƤαѸ졤Ȥ¦̤Ǥ
Ʊ˱ѸʤҤƤϸ̡ˤˤϤ⤦1Ĥ¦̤ޤϡֱϡ (centrifugal force) Ǥ20ȾʹߡѸ (world_englishes) ȤݤˤʤꡤϤɸѸ줫æ¿ͤʱѸ줬ޤ졤äƤޤϡơϰüԤȼαѸѼ̤ƼȤΥǥƥƥɽ褦Ȥưˤۤʤޤ줬ñʤ륳ߥ˥ƻˤȤɤޤ餺°뽸ĤĿͤΥǥƥƥʤȤʤ櫓Ǥ̤ȤơƱѸäƤƤ⡤ߤˤȤäˤ˻ʬ줷ƤȤ츫̷⤷Ƥޤ
ϡεῴϤȱϤΥʥߥ٤ξؤǤȹͤƤޤӤĤ褦ȤϤȡʬ֤Ƥ褦ȤϡϾɹɤưȤǸѲθưϤȤʤäƤΤǤҲХ벽еῴϤޤꡤġ¿ָбϤޤ롥ޤǿҤΤ褦ɤưʤ顤ϵǽ³Ƥȸޤ2ĤȿϤˤĤƤϡ#1360. 21¿εƤϱѸХХˤ뤫 ([2013-01-16-1]) #2073. θѼ˺ѤῴϤȱϡ ([2014-12-30-1]) ⤴Ȥ
ơ˾Ĺ餯³ƤθΥʥߥˡAIȤ̤ʹεѤƤƤޤޤǤΥԥ塼ѤɸŪʱѸΤߤäƤȸäƤ褤ǤAI¿ͤʱѸǤ褦ˤʤĤĤޤϡѸ줬եȤƤδŪô³ΤɤȤŪ䤤ͤĤƤȤޤεῴϤȱϤΥХϡAIȯŸˤäƤɤΤ褦ƤƤΤ뤷Ƥ٤ݤǤ
2020ǯϡˤˤ礭žȤƵ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫⤷ޤ䤿Ϻˤνִ֤ΩäƤȸޤѸ̤衤Ƹ줽ΤΤ̤褬ɤʤäƤΤ³ܤƤȹͤƤޤҡΡ֤Τۤإͥפۿ˹ͤƤߤƤС
֤ΤۤإͥפȸС1015֤ΤۤܡФޤܺ٤ϡҡ#5973. ֤ΤۤܡפФޤ --- ʼ δ졡ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥʥĥҡˡ ([2025-09-03-1]) εɤ

1ī㡼ɶǤαѸ˹ֺ¤Ƥޤǯ٤Υ˾äȤԻĤʱñǤѸŪ˸ߤȴߤΤñ1ӡ⤭ơرѸ츻ŵʸҡˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡλͿεҤȤʤ顤αñˡҤƤϱѸΤˤޤ
轵923ڡˤιֺ¤ϲƴ3ܤȤʤޤϱѸؤï⤬Ǥ¿ȯʹꤷɤ߽⤷Ƥñ English ܤޤñᤰˤϡ¤ϱѸˤΤ⤷ѵͤ褦ʪˤʤäƤޤդΩߤޤäƹͤƤߤȡñʤΤǤ
ʤ֥סʥեˤ֥åסʥɥĸˤǤϤʤѸǤϡ֥åפʤΡ
English ֤äơ֥åפȤΤϤΤǤϡ
England Anglia Ȥδطϡ
ʤ Japanese -ese American -n ǤϤʤ English ˤ -ish θĤΡ
ʤƸ American ǤϤʤޤ (American) English ȸƤФΡ
̾̾ϸͭ̾줫ñȤưΤˡʤǶ Englishes ȤʣȤƤΡ
̱²졤ʸˤ˴ؤñʤΤǡΤ褦˵䤬ԤʤΤǤֺ¤Ǥϡ¾̱²ɽ魯ñʤɤȤӤʤ顤English ˹줿ޤ
ֺ¤ؤλˡϿɶǤľܼ֡饤äΤ줫Ӥޤ2֤θƨۿӥ⤢ޤΤԹΤ褤ˡǤäйǤߤξܺ٤īڡꤴǧ
ʤιֺ¤θɤˤĤƤ heldio #1574. "English" ȤñˤĤƻפᤰ餻ȤϤޤ --- 927īֺ¡ȤƤäƤޤ⤢碌ƤİйǤ
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߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

īۿƤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơȤѸˤ˴ؤѸ켭ŵȤΤϤΤǤ礦ȤϡȤФ뤷ʤȤФʤȤȤˤʤ롥
ޤ֤ʤפȤ¦̤顥ѸˤŪι⤤Х˥åΰǤ롥ʬѸ켭ŵԻǤˤϡʤμפޤʤФʤʤǤϥ˥åʱѸˤȤʬѸ켭ŵϡǰʤΩҤȤƽǤ줿ΤϤʤ
ˡ֤פȤ¦̤ˤĤơѸѸ켭ŵϾ嵭̤¸ߤʤΤΡϾͤȤ̤ꡤ1ľΥƥǤֱѸءפѸ켭ŵǤСܸǤѸǤ⤤ĤǤƤ롥ϡ¼Ū˱ѸѸ켭ŵ̤ƤƤȤäƤ褤ѸˤμפʽѸϡƤѸءѸ˼ŵΩवƤ뤫ɽŪʱѸؼŵȤƤϡ#5830. Ѹ˳ν2025ǡˡ ([2025-04-13-1]) βΡֱѸˡѸؤλͿפȤ줿
ޤѸǽ줿ΤǤϡѸˤ˶ᤤʬʤ˸ (historical_linguistics) ò Campbell, Lyle and Mauricio J. Mixco, eds. A Glossary of Historical Linguistics (Salt Lake City: U of Utah P, 2007) Ȥʾŵ롥ˡѸ˳δˤѸ콸 (glossary) դƤ뤳Ȥ¿ͭѤ
ơäˤᤷΤغǿѸءѸ켭ŵ١ʳҡ2015ǯǤ롥μŵˤϡ伫Ȥ⼹ɮԤ1ͤȤƴؤäƤ롥
Ѹ켭ŵκħϡѸءؤιϤʬ夷ĤġʬȤ˾ϤΩƤѸ⤷Ƥˤ롥11Ϥιϰʲ̤ꡥ
1ϡء
2ϡ
3ϡ
4ϡ̣
5ϡ
6ϡҲ
7ϡѸˡ˸
8ϡ
9ϡǧθ
10ϡѸ
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7ϡֱѸˡ˸ءפܤ줿ξ (pp. 238--70) ϡ켫ΤΩѸѸ켭ŵȤѤǤ롥㤨СѸ˳ؽԤɬвѸ1ġ첻 (gvs) ιܤƤߤ褦
Great Vowel Shift 첻ܡˡѸ줫ѸˡĤ٤ƤĹ첻˵ä絬ϤʲѲĶǡ鷺첻Ͼ徺첻첻첻첻ȶ첻ξ徺Τ줬˵äˤĤưոʬ롥⤽絬ϤϢǤäɤˤĤƤФƤ롥 DRAG CHAIN; PUSH CHAIN
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ѸˤγؤϿͤ줾ǤѸ켭ŵ긵֤ƤȤϡؽפȤ礤ΩĤϤҲ𤷤غǿѸءѸ켭ŵϡθȤơäƿǤ1Ǥ롥
δ ůͺʴƽˡغǿѸءѸ켭ŵ١ҡ2015ǯ
ֱѸ˥饤2025Ťޤ#5983. ΡֱѸ˥饤2025פϡ16:00Ρ֤Τۤܤͽ⥢ס ([2025-09-13-1]) ͽ𤷤̤ꡤ16:00ꡤVoicy heldio YouTube ֤Τۤإͥ ξץåȥեˤơʼȤȤˡ֤Τۤܤͽ⥢פۿޤ
1015˥ʥĥҤͽΡ֤Τۤʤפȡ塦ĤνƤζȤʤظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס٤ϤڤꤷơƤȤݤǴ褷פꥤ٥ȤǤ컲ä줿ӥ饤İԤγȤȤˡAmazon ܽΥڡꡤƤˡʤȤäƤʸ̤ˤǤϤޤͽʸƤޤϡ饤Υʤɤ̤Ƥ⡤Ǯؤޤ꤬Ȥޤ
Υ饤ͻҤϡθξץåȥեǥȤƤФޤΤǡһİİ褷ƤФȻפޤ
Voicy heldio: #1569. ֤Τۤʤͽ⥢ --- ֱѸ˥饤2025פ
YouTube: ֤Τۤܥ饤֡
ơͽ⥢θܤϤɤäΤǤ礦ܽν̤ǧȤʤ Amazon αѸ2̤ˤޤǾ夬äƤޤû֤dzˤޤDz夲Ƥޤ꤬Ȥޤȥåפκ¤ˤϼ궯饤Х뤬¤äƤޤ줫ޤޤܽƹԤȻפäƤޤ³ٱꤤޤ


913ڡˡͽ̤ Voicy heldio ˤֱѸ˥饤2025ŤޤkhelfʷѸ˥եˤ helwa μŤ벻ۿ٥Ȥǡīͼޤ³ŪˤǤϤ졤¿αѸˤ˴ؤ벻åۿޤϿˤϥС30̾ۤɤޤꡤ¤䤫ʷϵΤʤǼϿꡤƤꤷޤ
ޤī6ϡʿ̤ heldio ۿθ塤helwa ۿԤʤޤ7 Taku ʳءˤȤĶɥå³8ϽؤʾءˤȤΡܥΥåסīۿǤϿˤʣ̾ΥΩäƤ̾Υꥹʡ˥饤Ǥİޤ夬Ǥ
9ϡܳŪ˲߱ġ10餤ĤμϿʬ졤ȲåϿޤۿǤϤ뤳Ȥ⤢СϿäΤ夫饢ۿ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤͼޤǤ heldio helwa 碌10ܶۿϤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ơǸ16ϡheldio YouTube ֤Τۤإͥ ξˤơʼȤȤˡ֤Τۤܤͽ⥢פۿ褿1015ʿˤȯͽ ʼ δ졡ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥĥҡ2025ǯAmazon 곧˰ƤʸƤȤפꥤ٥ȤǤ¿γˤäޤơ꤬Ȥޤ
̤ơˤšλüԤˤʤäۻҤǰƤޤޤ饸ʤΤǰ̤ˤ뤳ȤϤǤޤǤ¿λüԤΥ٥ȤΤ֤ͭ줿TĤѤƤޤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åɽդȤ Helvillian TĤǤˡ夫ˤѸ˴ϢΥե졤襤ޤ¿γΤϤΤȡ17ˤ̵˥٥Ȥλޤ
ϤڤߤκƲ12ȤϤ뤬ޤǸޤǻüԤγȱѸˤ³롤פФ˻Ĥ1Ȥʤޤ
˸줿åϽܤ˸¤ޤΥۿΤ˼Ͽå¿ꡤ̣ǤϡֱѸ˥饤2025פϽäƤޤषϤޤäФǤҺ heldio/helwa ۿˤԤ
ʾ塤ֱѸ˥饤2025פλݡñ𤤤ޤꥹʡγطԤˤ꤬Ȥޤ

913ڡˤϡε ([2025-09-12-1]) ͽ𤷤̤ꡤǯ˰٤ Voicy heldio ˤѸˤΤפֱѸ˥饤2025Ťޤī6̾ۿڤˡͼ5ޤǡ³Ū heldio/helwa ۿ䥢ۿϤޤŤ khelfʷѸ˥եˤ helwa ֥ͭСǤμϿ˽ޤꡤѸˤ˴ؤ͡ʥåϿۿƤޤ
hellog ɼԤγheldio/helwa ꥹʡγˤޤƤϡұѸҤ1ڤߤܥ٥ȤHPߤƤޤΤǡҤ
hellog ȤƤϡȤ櫓16 heldio YouTube ֤ΤۤإͥˤƱۿͽꤷƤ֡ؤΤۤʤͽ⥢״ˤĤƤΤ餻ޤ
Ʊνʼ轵2塦ۿƤƱ YouTube ͥ뤬ܤˤʤޤ褿1015ʿˤȯͽǤ
ʼ δ졡ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥĥҡ2025ǯʢ Amazon ؤΥ
16 heldio YouTube ˤۿǤϤͽΡ֡ؤΤۤʤͽ⥢״ϡ塦ĤΡ֤Τۤܡפ饤ǾҲ𤷤Ĥġꥹʡ֤ͭγˤξ Amazon ˤͽʸƤΤȤƤפࡼɤ夬ȤͷӴǤһ֤ˤʤޤ顤줫Υǥ˥Ƥ Amazon ͽʸƤйǤջǤϡαѸˤơǤ15̤˥Ƥޤ֡ؤΤۤʤͽ⥢פǤγΤϤˤꡤ˲夲ƤФȻפޤܤ̤ơѸˡѸءؤΤ⤷¿ȤΤ2ͤδꤤǤ
ܽƤݤˤĤƤϡ塤ܥ֥Ǥ⤴Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤޤ16Ρ֡ؤΤۤʤͽ⥢״ˤäйǤλ֤Թ礬Ȥ⡤ͼʹߤͽʸƤС
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ʼ δ졡ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥĥҡ2025ǯ

ǯ³ǯֱѸ˥饤פŤޤ913ڡˤī6곫ϤǤVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ץߥۿֱѸˤ (helwa)ˤơhel (helkatsu) ֤ȤȤ˱Ѹˤ˴ؤ1椪Ϥޤ
ī6ͼ5ޤǡ³Ūۿ뤤ϥۿԤʤޤΤǡꥹʡγˤޤƤϡۿοΤϤ褦ε heldio ΥͥΥեꤤޤޤƱεץߥۿֱѸˤ (helwa)ʷ800ߤΥ֥ǡ̵ˤˤ⤪ꤤСɲŪ helwa Ǥοۿ⤪İޤ
ŤϡkhelfʷѸ˥եˤ helwa ǤȤ khelf رС helwa ֥ͭСˡνΥ٥βۿޤǡľܡܤ˷ȤäƤƤޤ컲äˤȤäƤϡhelСƱΤθήεȤʤޤΤǡˤڤߤ
饤HP˽ޤΤǡܤϤ餫ɤۿ塼ˤĤƤϡǽȺǸΤۤ˸ΥåĤޤʬλӤˤĤƤϥե쥭֥ȤʤޤΤǤλ
ꥻåΤȤ櫓ͼ4Ρ֡ؤΤۤʤͽ⥢״ɬİǤʼȤȤˡheldio Τߤʤ餺 YouTube ֤Τۤإͥۿޤ1015ȯͽΡ֤ΤۤܡפˤĤƤäʤ顤ǰͽʸƤޤޤ礦Ȥ夲ȤʤäƤޤ
ǤϡΡֱѸ˥饤2025פڤߤˡ
YouTube ŸƤ֤Τۤإͥκǿ97ˤۿޤ#369. you guys ʤɤ guy ϤȤȡä--ճˡꤷѸѤ guy Ȥñζä٤Ūطʤȡ߿ʹѲˤĤƸޤưλƤ˼ԤŻ߲ΤߤۿȤʤäƤޤޤäƤ˽Ǥ뤫餫ʡˡϿӤƤ褦ǤϡۿƤ hellog ȤƺƹҲ𤷤ޤ
Ѹθǡä˥ꥫѸˤ Hey, you guys! Τ褦ˡʣ˸ƤӤݤ˻Ȥ guys guy ϡȤȡ֤ġˡפ̣뤴դ줿ñȤǧƤޤθ츻̤ȡ˾οʪ˹Ԥ夭ޤ17ƬΥɤǵŻ (the Gunpowder Plot) μ¹Ȥ1͡Guy Fawkes (1570--1606) Ǥ
1605ǯ115ॺ1ȵIJμץСäƥ̤郎ޤˤֲŻפǤηײ̤ȯФGuy Fawkes ޤඦżԤ館졤跺ޤϡɼҲλ郎ð줿ȤˤḺ́˺뤳ȤΤʤ褦ǯ115ʲФʲƽˤȤ夷ޤ줬ߤޤ³ Guy Fawkes Night λϤޤǤ
ν˺פǤϡξħǤ Guy Fawkes οͷꡤdz䤹Ȥޤޤ顤guy ȤñϤޤGuy Fawkes οͷפؤ褦ˤʤꡤ䤬ơ֤ߤܤ餷뤤ϴ̯ʳʹˡפؤỌ̇̄ޤηŪʥ˥奢ȼäƤ櫓Ǥ
19ˤʤȡñϤ˰̣̲ñˡˡġ (a fellow, a chap) ؤ̾ؤѲޤäˤΰ̣ϡΤϤäꥫǹޤޤǤǤ⽽ʬ˷Ūʰ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ƻΤȤޤ
guy ʪϤǽޤ20ʹߡä you guys ηǡʣοͤؤ2;̾ (personal_pronoun) ʣΤ褦ʿϤޤνĤؤƤΤ̤ζ̤ʤ˽νĤΤߤνĤФƤȤ褦ˤʤޤĤޤꡤguys Ūʴްդñˡֿ͡ (people) ۤɤΰ̣礤ˤޤǴΤǤ
ơѲϺʳؿʤߤĤĤ褦˸ޤyou guys Ȥɽˤơguys ʬϸŪʰ̣ۤȤɼyou ʣǤ뤳ȤʸˡŪʥޡʤʣ -s ˶ᤤǽô褦ˤʤäƤΤǤϤʤȤΩƤǤ⤷βСguy ϸͭ̾줫̾ءƤˤʸˡŪʵǽķǤؤѲ롤ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) βˤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
Ѹˤˤơ2;̾ thou ye ζ̤ you ˰ܲƤȤ礭Ѳиޤñʣζ̤ʤΤؤʤᡤǤ you guysy'allyouse ʤɡ͡ʷʣɸ빩פޤƤޤǤͭϸ you guys Ⱦʬޤ Guy Fawkes Ȥ̾ͳ褹ȤϡѲΥʥߥˤϤޤ
̾̾첽 (eponym) Ͼʤޤʸˡƻ϶ˤȤǤ礦guy κα̿ܤΥޤ
Ϣ hellog Ȥơ#1767. ͭ̾좪̾좪;̾ΰѲƤ guy ([2014-02-27-1])#5977. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤5guy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-09-07-1]) ⤴Ȥ
ʤߤΤۤ Fawkes θ츻ϡرѸͭ̾츻ŵ٤ˤСŹϥɥĸ Falco "falcon" ͳ褷ťե Faukes ͳѸäƤΤǤ
ˡرѸͭ̾츻ŵ١ҡ2011ǯ
823ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼Υֺ˾äȤԻĤʱñ5ʲƴȤƤ2ˤȤʤguy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פɶˤƳ֤ޤ
ֺ¤ȴϢơ Voicy heldio ˤ#1539. 823īֺ --- guy ̣臘Ѹˡۿޤ
5ֺ¤Ƥ markmap ˤޥɥޥåײޤʲåƳˡѤˤȤ

ʤīֺ¤Υ13ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤޤ
#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
#5949. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤4but --- Ĥ¿³פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-08-10-1])
μ6ϡ927ڡˤˡEnglish --- ƤñɤޤǤꤹפꤷƳ֤ޤؿΤϡī㡼ɶθHPܺ٤ǧξ塤ߤС

رѸ츻ŵ뤤 KDEE (= The Kenkyusha Dictionary of English Etymology) ϡǶαѸ츻ŵȤƻ䤬䤷³ƤҤǤΥȡƱ餤ϤǤƱŵϡǼҤǤ븦ҤΡǸγǰˤ뼭ŵʤΤǤܤαѸϽǻ˾ζȤ⤤äƤ褤Ǥ礦
KDEE ˤĤƤϡޤǤ͡ΤǼ夲Ƥޤ˲硹Ū˼夲٤褬ʹʤΤǤεˤޤǤδϢƥĤޤȤƤȻפޤ
ڡ note2023ǯ81
KDEE ˴ؤϢβդȤʤäΤϡҸָnote˸줿֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ȳǰáꤹ뵭Ǥ2023ǯ81ˡҤԽҤޤȤ줿ʸϤǤϤȤ⤢졤ޤɤߤ
ڡVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)2023ǯ9ˡ
嵭 note ɤߡޤˤ⤷ääΤǡƱ2023ǯβƤˡҤˤKDEE Խ˷Ȥä˥ӥ塼ƤޤΥӥ塼 Voicy heldio ˤ3ȤƸޤҥꤪİ
#828. رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤäƥ --- ҲļǤ (1)
#834. رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤäƥ --- ҲļǤ (2)
#842. رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤäƥ --- ҲļǤ (3)
ڡYouTube ֤Τۤإͥס2024ǯ77
ƱνʼȱĤƤ YouTube ֤ΤۤإͥǤ KDEE ˴ؤ˿ޤ2024ǯ77#247. Ĥ1ǯֿ䤷ƤܸŪˤϱѸ츻ŵ٥ȡ߷˧ͺԽ紴رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡˡǤ
ڡرѸ˿ʹ٤ι泰2024ǯ98ȯԡ
khelfʷѸ˥եˤȯԤƤرѸ˿ʹ2024ǯ98ι泰ֱѸ˥饦4߷ֳԡפˤơKDEE äҲ𤵤Ƥޤkhelf СKDEE ˤؤ줿߷Ļرض̾ˤθ漼뤭ӥ塼ƤȤʤäΤǤ߷θ漼ƱŵΤ椫ʤꡤ̿ƤĤƤޤϢۿʲɤ
#5616. رѸ˿ʹٹ泰ȯԤޤ --- رѸ츻ŵˤ뵮Ťʥԥɡ ([2024-09-11-1])
#1216. رѸ˿ʹ10ȹ泰ΤϪ --- ֱѸ˥饤2024פ
ڡhellog~Ѹ˥֥2023ǯ8ʹߡˡ
ܥ֥Ǥ⡤嵭ΥƥĤؤΥޤᡤ KDEE ˤĤơӤӼ夲ƤޤʲǤϤΤΩäΤ߷Ǥޤ kdee ΥΤĤ¾ε⤪ɤߤС
#5210. ǶαѸ츻ŵ --- ߷˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˡ ([2023-08-02-1])
#5261. ҲļǤ3ˤ錄رѸ츻ŵ٤ᤰ륤ӥ塼 ([2023-09-22-1])
#5436. ΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷 --- 2024ǯ315ǡ ([2024-03-15-1])
#5522. ΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷 --- 2024ǯ69ǡ ([2024-06-09-1])
#5553. ߷˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤο --- ֤ΤۤإͥפǤҲ𤷤ޤ ([2024-07-10-1])
#5616. رѸ˿ʹٹ泰ȯԤޤ --- رѸ츻ŵˤ뵮Ťʥԥɡ ([2024-09-11-1])
#5856. ΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷 --- 2025ǯ59ǡ ([2025-05-09-1])
2024ǯ6ˤԤ졤KDEE ϤޤޤƤޤҳΤ긵1ѰդKDEE ˴ؤ뿷⤪ڤߤˡ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
ʸʸ칶ƱνǼҲؤȤʼȤȤ˱ĤƤ YouTube ֤ΤۤإͥϡʲҤκ2022ǯ226˥饤ϿˤƻϤޤޤŤƤߤФ줳3ǯȾ³ƤȤˤʤޤ
줿ǿ#367. ͥ뤬Ĥ˽Ҳظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥʥĥҡ2025ǯ1015ȯ䡪ǤͤƤʤƤ֤Τۤܡ״ˤĤơƸ˹Τ뵡Ȥʤޤ
ȥ̤ǤϤޤͥ뤬Ĥ˽Ҳ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ̾ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤǤʥĥҤꡤ2025ǯ1015˴Ԥ뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤ塤SNS Υϥå奿Ǥ #Τۤʤ ȤƸڤƤȻפäƤޤꤤޤ
νҤϡޤǤΡ֤ΤۤإͥפۿƤ١ȤƤޤ饤ۿΤʤܤˤƤ⤪⤷ʤꤽʥȥԥåӡƤΥ٥뤴Ȥ˾ΩƤƤޤĤ⥳깻˲ääܺ˻äޤܤνǤϴŪˤϥ饤ԽԤιߤԽˤȤ礭ǤưǤäʷϵĤĤġʸΤȤɤߤ䤹Ū1˻ž夲ƤޤľʤȤ2ͤäϡʤˤ⤪⤷äΤפԼȤäƤۤɤǤ
̥ܽϤϡƤΤߤʤ餺դޤ줿饹Ȥˤ⤢ޤ饹ȥ졼夵Ȼ饯Ƥޤ¤ɤ̣ФƤޤΥ饯ܽοо줹Ǥʤ֤ΤۤإͥפοȤƤѤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ܽɤƲƴΤϡΥͥ롤ҤƤϤܤĤΥܥ졼λʪǤȤȤǤäΤʤǻפ̥ʥޤִ֤ӤӤޤ륢ǥߥåʶʳϤޤ2ͤǤäƤ뤫餳ޤΤǤꡤܽˤϤܴƤΤǤ
ܽϡηŪʸؤζʽ䳵ǤϤޤѸդ˴ؤѤʵȤʤ顤ɼԤؤαؤȤʤפˤʤäƤȼ餷Ƥޤ
ơ֤ΤۤܡפФˤ2ͤȤơͤƤޤ3Ⱦۤ520˿رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ιȤƺŤͽ⥢פΡ֤ΤۤʤǤǤ褿913ڡ16:00֤Τۤإͥפ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ƱۿԤʤͽȤʤäƤޤ2֤ͤΤۤʤפˤĤƸʤ顤Ʊ˳ܽ Amazon ͽʸ褦ˤꤤĤġǤפΤ褦夬롤Ȥ饤Ǥ⤷ܽˤ̣ޤ顤ҤΥ٥ȤˤäޤȹǤ
YouTube Ȥưǥޤ줿ƥĤҤȤʸΤذܿȤλߤˤĤơɼԤγˤɤΤ褦˼äƤΤԤȤƺڤߤǤ

828helwa С֤ͭ note ƱƤ hel (helkatsu) ֥ޥط Helvillian 〜ϥѸˡ٤2025ǯ9ޤ̻11ȤʤꡤȤ¤ߤʤƤޤ
ɽΤȤСϡԽѰ1ͤǤ⤢ umisio ˤΤǤʼ̿ȤȤˡޤ륨åźƤޤΤ褦餷Ϥ helwa γưˤääƤƤ뤳Ȥˡƴդǰͯޤ
ýϡָդˤޤĤͤμͳhelwaƥ2024ۡפǤϺƤ helmate ֤ͭ줿ƥķƾҲ𤹤Τǡɤ߱Τ̤ͤФǤ1ǯβƤ夬θǤȤȤˡ褿913ڡˤ˳ŤֱѸ˥饤2025פؤδԴȤʤäƤޤ
ýϤ⤦1Ĥޤ8ܤ˲ͤdzŤ֥ץѸ˥饤 from ͡פΥݤǤ䤫ƤƤޤγڤϿʷϵ뵭ˤʤäƤ뤫Ȼפޤ
˺Ǥϡ6˽Ǥ줿رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å˴Ϣ륳ƥĤ⽼¤Ƥޤäܤ٤ϡykagata ˤ뿷ֿ츻ϥɥ֥åˤĤƳؤ֥ɥĸפǡѸˤȥɥĸηҤؤ֤ȤΤǤ롤ŪƤǤ
ߤȤʤäϢܼɮؤߤǤ夵Ρ֤äƤޤ̿סlacolaco ΡֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡסߡΡֶפʤɤ¤ӤޤϢδƼԤǤ Grace ari camin mozhi gengo εɬɤǤcamin һˤˤܸɤեˤܡפϡեʩоȸˤ˴ؿΤˤȤäƵŤʸꥹȤǤ
ϡGrace ˤHelwa Τߡư2025ǯ9ˡȡԽѰ4̾umisio Galois Lilimi Grace ˤˤ̲Helvillian Խ嵭2025ǯ9ˡޤԽ嵭Ǥϡhelwa ŤʥɤȤʤäƤָ祪ղפ夬äƤꡤhelwa ߥ˥ƥ̤˸̴Ƥޤ
Helvillian ϡhelwa ߥ˥ƥˤȯ helλʪǤ¿γ Voicy ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤ (helwa)ΥСˤʤäƤhel˻äйǤ
Helvillian ΥХåʥСΥڡˤޤȤޤäƤޤhellog helvillian ΤĤƵ⤪ɤߤ
ˤĤƤϡheldio Ǥ#1552. Helvillian 9椬 --- ýϡ֤ȤФˤޤĤͤμͳסȤƤҲ𤷤ƤޤҤİ

رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤618˴Ԥư衤ɾƤޤȯ2֤ǽǤꤷǤ˽ǤǤ֤ˤʤäƤޤ
Ƿľ塤ǤǵդƤʤɤ뵡ޤΤǡĤޤܤΤʤˤɼԤƤŦ⤢ꡤؤ꤬פäƤޤǤˤȿǤƤޤ
ޤǤȽǤδ֤ΰƱˤĤƸɽƤۤȤɼԤ夬äƤޤǡ818դǡҸȤΤΤ餻ץڡꡤϥɥ֥åνǤȼɽ뤳ȤˤʤޤܽϥåƤޤȹǤ
ϽǤǤޤǤδ֤ʴȤˡû٤Ĥ֤⾯ʤäˡûꥹȤȤʤäƤޤޤηʽޤޤƤ˴ؤ뽤ΤߤɽȤʤäƤݡλФȻפޤ
ɽˤĤƤϡ heldio ۿ#1549. رѸ츻ϥɥ֥åɽθ yes θ츻Ǥ夲ƤޤΤǡ碌Ƥİ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
#5956. 100ξDZѸˤؤ --- A History of the English Language in 100 Places ([2025-08-17-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ҤѥѥɤǤ뤬ռŪ˾ɳդƱѸˤͤȤѤ餺ʳƤ롥
ܤνʸ (9--10) David Crystal Ƥ롥νʸΤɤޤʸϤȤʤäƤΤ䤬ɤǤȤ櫓ݤ˻Ĥä2Ѥ褦
Some places are included in this book because the people --- in some cases the person --- who lived there played an important role in the development of the standard language. Others are included because they identify the political and social factors that fostered the spread of the language language within the British Isles and around the world. Others are here because they represent the way their communities evolved a linguistic individuality that forms part of the kaleidoscopic mix of varieties we conveniently refer to as 'English'.
It is an exercise in linguistic gazetteering, and one thing that strikes me about it is its highly personal character. It's impossible to say everything relevant about a place --- 100 things must have happened in London or New York that could be said to bear on the development of English. And 100 other places might compete as candidates for a particular theme. Selectivity is inevitable when creating a language's geobiography. No two people's selection for A History of the English Language in 100 Places would ever be the same. The fascination lies in the choices made, and the reasons for them. (9--10)
gazetteering, geobiography ȤѸ줬줤ˤϤޤäƤƵ褤⡤ heldio ۿƤ#1517. etymography ָءפۡȤϢƤǤ롥
ޤѸˤξ100ȤȤĿŪǤȤŦ⡤ޤˤ̤ǤϤ롥ȤȤϡ֤ʤֱѸˤ椫ξ100פʤΩ夲뤳ȤǤ100ѤʤΤ10餤ϤƤ褤⤷ʤ

Lucas, Bill and Christopher Mulvey. A History of the English Language in 100 Places. London: Robert Hale, 2013.
ε ([2025-08-27-1]) ˰³1821ڡˤ˥Ȥʤä YouTube ʸ麽սPLUS ͥαѸ˥ȡưθԤҲ𤷤ޤԤ³ơƣᥢʤȴδֹ礤˾褻ĤġפʡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפ夲ƤäƤޤ
Ԥ֡flowerʲ֡ˤ flourʾʴˤƱ츻help, aid, assistanceġֽפϲ㤦Ʊ۵줬¿ΤϤʤá֥ꥹѸݼŪפꤹ36ʬۤɤΥȡǤʲԤǼ夲ʬåꥹȤޤ
(1) 00:00 --- ץ˥
(2) 01:00 --- ʤѸˤ줬¿Τ
(3) 12:31 --- ʤѸˤƱ۵줬¿Τ
(4) 14:33 --- Ʊ۵Ω
(5) 24:58 --- ꥫϤäƱѸϤɤѤäΤ
(6) 31:54 --- ѸϤ줫¿ͲƤΤ
ѸȤޤǤȤϰۤʤ٤鸫ľäȤʤФȻפޤ YouTube Υ顤СѸˤδ֤ˡ
3ۤΤȤˤʤޤ530ʶˤ YouTube ʸ麽սPLUS ͥˤơԤ2ˤ錄ֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפʤѸˤƳȡޤեʥζƣᤵȤȤˡ60ʬۤɤäƤޤȤ櫓ϡäۤ¿˻İƤդǻİ10ĶƤޤ
ʸ麽սPLUSɤ伫Ȥ⡤ͽ۳ΤȤ˶äĤĤ⡤ؤꡤ®2Ƥδ褬Ω夬ޤ2Ƥ8ܤ˼Ͽ塤821ڡˤ7ˤԤ20˸Ԥ줾쥪ޤ
ǤΥͥϡ2ƤԤȤʤޤ֡ڱѸ go βϤʤ went ʤΤ۸űѸ -ed Ե§ư줬ǥեȡäʤ֤ʤפ֤ʤפ you ɽΤHe likesĻñˤϤʤ s դꤷơ27ʬۤɤäޤʲʬåꥹȤǺܤޤ
(1) 00:00 --- ץ˥
(2) 02:25 --- ʤԵ§ưѤΤ
(3) 13:51 --- ʤ you ñǤʣǤ⤢Τ
(4) 20:15 --- ʤñˡ-sפĤΤ
(5) 25:23 --- ͽ
1Ƥ˰³ֱѸ˴ؤѤʵ (sobokunagimon) ѸˤδȤݤΥȡȤʤäƤޤұѸˤ̥ϤƤС
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