hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 ڡ / page 23 (38)

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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2023-11-09 Thu

#5309. ȸɤε --- Baugh and Cable αѸˤ [voicy][heldio][helwa][celtic][bchel][hel_education][notice]

Baugh and Cable αѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤ򸶽ɤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ǤΥ꡼Ϥ4Ȥʤޤcf. #5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



ܲ24 Celtic ֥ȸɡפȤȤǤͼλ֤顤ǦʽٲءˤȤȤˡĶɤɼ¶Ѥ heldio ۿͽǤ饹Ҽ˥åʷϵΤʤܺ٤ʱʸ˲äѸ˸ԤΩ줫饱ȸɤˤĤƽIJ̵Ԥ˥ȤĤĵƤͽǤϻϸ̩ˤϷޤ󤬡餯16:30餤ˤʤꤽǤ heldio ͥեޤȡͽΤ䳫Τ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤޤΤǡҥեΤۤɤꤤޤܲ5,160̾Υꥹʡγ˥եƤޤˡ
ͼۿ˹碌3ʤ1ڡۤɤƱʲ˰Ѥޤ

   24. Celtic. The Celtic languages at one time formed one of the most extensive groups in the Indo-European family. At the beginning of the Christian era, the Celts were found in Gaul and Spain, in Great Britain, in western Germany, and northern Italy---indeed, they covered the greater part of Western Europe. A few centuries earlier, their triumphal progress had extended even into Greece and Asia Minor. The steady retreat of Celtic before advancing Italic and Germanic tongues is one of the surprising phenomena of history. Today, Celtic languages are found only in the far corners of France and the British Isles; in the areas in which they were once dominant, they have left but little trace of their presence.
   The language of the Celts in Gaul who were conquered by Caesar is known as Gallic. Because it was early replaced by Latin, we know next to nothing about it. A few inscriptions, some proper names (cf. Orgetorix), one fragmentary text, and a small number of words preserved in modern French are all that survive. With respect to the Celtic languages in Britain, we are better off, although the many contradictory theories of Celticists make it impossible to say with any confidence how the Celts came to England. The older view, which is now questioned, holds that the first to come were Goidelic or Gaelic Celts. Some of these may have been driven to Ireland by the later invaders and from there may have spread into Scotland and the Isle of Man. Their language is represented in modern times by Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx. The later Brythonic Celts, after occupying for some centuries what is now England, were in turn driven westward by Germanic invaders in the fifth century. Some of the fugitives crossed over into Brittany. The modern representatives of the Brythonic division are Welsh, Cornish, and Breton.
   The remnants of this one-time extensive group of languages are everywhere losing ground at the present day. Spoken by minorities in France and the British Isles, these languages are faced with the competition of two languages of wider communication, and some seem destined not to survive this competition. Cornish became extinct in the eighteenth century, and Manx, once spoken by all the native inhabitants of the Isle of Man, has died out since World War II. In Scotland, Gaelic is found only in the Highlands. It is spoken by about 50,000 people, all of whom know English as well. Welsh is still spoken by about one-quarter of the people, but the spread of English among them is indicated by the fact that the number of those who speak only Welsh had dropped from 30 percent in 1891 to 2 percent in 1950 and continues to slowly decrease. Irish is spoken by about 500,000 people, most of whom are bilingual. Whether nationalist sentiment will succeed in arresting the declining trend that has been observable here as in the other Celtic territory remains to be seen. If language-planning efforts fail, it seems inevitable that eventually another branch of the Indo-European family of languages will disappear.


ī heldio ۿ#892. Celtic --- ƥåƥåǤ⥱ȴϢ򰷤äƤޤΤǡҤ⤪İͼΤ˽ƤС



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-11-10-1]

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2023-11-05 Sun

#5305. ֥߹ɼϿ꡼פ heldio ۿ [khelf][khelf-conference-2023][seminar][hel_education][notice][voicy][heldio]

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1ȾۤΤȤˤʤޤ921ʲСˤ23ڡˤˤơΤȤ벹ɤˤ23 khelf ߹ɤ»ܤޤβ1ĤȤơǽī˱ѸˡѸؤ˴ؤ벻ƥĤ Voicy heldio Τ˼Ͽ롤ȤΤꤷޤɽ3--4̾1ȤΥ롼פᡤƥ롼פ1٤û֤DzƥĤΥơޤ᤿ǼϿפȤʤʤ̵㿶Ǥ
ȾͷŪʲǤϤޤƥ롼פ褯פƤޤʷϵϥեޥɤϥեޥȤääμϿȤʤޤɸ塤̤Ȥʤ벻ƥĤ heldio ǤϤƤޤ9äơ֥߹ɼϿ꡼פȤʤޤʲ꡼Υ饤ʥåפǤ

#847. ߹ɼϿ꡼ (1) --- khelf Ĺڤȳ3̾ˤ emoji CMC2023/09/25
#850. ߹ɼϿ꡼ (2) --- K λʲˤ֥˱Ѹ˥ߤͳ򤭤Ƥߤס2023/09/28
#854. ߹ɼϿ꡼ (3) --- ƣλʲˤ֥˱Ѹ˥ߤͳʹƤߤס2023/10/02
#858. ߹ɼϿ꡼ (4) --- ߷λʲˤ linguistics -s äƲ2023/10/06
#863. ߹ɼϿ꡼ (5) --- Ӥλʲˤ֥ǥˡɤ political correctnessס2023/10/11
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#876. ߹ɼϿ꡼ (7) --- ¤2023/10/24
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ۿΤʤˤϴְ㤤ȯޤޤƤޤٶϪ褵륷⤢ޤꥹʡγͤˤϡŪ˲ܡʼˤǸäƤޤ꤬Ȥޤ khelf СˤƱݤۿäƤȻפäƤޤΤǡkhelf ˤ helʱѸ˳ưˤ礤йǤ
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2023-11-03 Fri

#5303. رѸ˿ʹ7椬ȯԤޤ [hel_herald][notice][khelf][hel_education][link][voicy][heldio]

رѸ˿ʹ7


1030դǡkhelfʷѸ˥եˤˤرѸ˿ʹ6椬ָȤʤޤPDFDZɤǤޤ
7θӵҲʤɤξϡkhelf X @khelf_keio ⤪ϤƤޤեĥȤʤɤ̤ơֱѸˤδ֤ˡפαѸ˳ưhelˤˤϤޤȹǤ
khelf ΡرѸ˿ʹ7ɤϤ뽸ƺǤޤʴط԰Ʊ褯ĥޤ꤬Ȥˡ7εΥ饤ʥåפǤ

͵󵨤
ɽν˸űѸ
Ѥ뤳Ȥ虜
Ѹεָ: gl- ȵ
Ѥʥե٥åɽñ罸ե
Ѹ˥饦 by khelf 2ڹʸԡˡ
EMOJI ȯãȿʻΥߥ˥~Ѹ츽ˤѲͤ~

ɼԤγ˰ʤ¿¿ͤʵꤽƤޤɼԻ÷ΡѤʥե٥åɽ״ˤĤƤΰ⤢ޤΤǡܤޤ̴ܶΡֱѸ˥饦 by khelfפǤϡ˰³ʵԤαѸ˸ԤǤڹʷܳرء˥ݥåȥ饤ȤƤޤˤ khelf Ǥ⤪äˤʤäƤޤVoicy heldio ˤⲿ٤б餷ƤƤޤʤ꤬Ȥޤˡܹ voicy heldio Ǥ#884. رѸ˿ʹ7ȯԡȤƤ⤷ƤޤΤǡ⤪İС



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ǸˡرѸ˿ʹ٤ΥХåʥСʹ泰ޤˤҲ𤷤Ƥޤ碌Ƥɤkhelf HP ΥڡˤХåʥСޤˡ

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Referrer (Inside): [2024-03-13-1] [2023-12-11-1]

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2023-11-02 Thu

#5302. ֥ꥫȥʥαѸ --- ԡˡWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯˤ2 [voicy][heldio][review][notice][world_englishes][ame][canadian_english][hel_education][we_nyumon][variety]


World Englishes ϡܥ֥Ǥ⤹Ǥ˲٤夲Ƥޤ2ϡ֥ꥫȥʥαѸפɮ줿¼ءˤȡVoicy heldio ˤ̤Ƥޤ#883. ԤȸWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯ --- ¼ȤΥꥫʥѸᤰ̡ǤԤȥեȡ碌20ʬۤɤβƥĤǤҤİ
ʲ2ϤξФҲ𤷤ޤ



1 ꥫѸˤȸ
(1) ΥꥫѸ
(2) ꥹͰʳԤ
(3) ꥫΩ19ˤ
(4) ֥ꥫפ֥ꥫѸפ
ࡡ˥塼衼ϥι
ࡡ󥰥å塦꡼ vs. 󥰥å塦ץ饹
2 ꥫѸθŪħ
(1) ꥫѸħ
(2) ϰ
(3) ͱѸ (African-American English)
(4) αѸ줫饢ꥫ轻̱αѸޤ
3 ʥѸˤȸ
(1) ե󥹿Ԥ饤ꥹԤ
(2) ̥ʥѸȥʥѸ
(3) ꥹ͡ե󥹿ͰʳԤ
ࡡѸȥե󥹸θ2
4 ʥѸθŪħ
(1) ̥ʥѸ
(2) ʥѸäȯ
(3) ʥѸμȸ




ɽϿޤ˭٤ǡˤϡָơޡפꤹ齬ꡤƿǤ뻲ʸդƤޤꥫѸ졤ʥѸˤĤƳؤӤɬɤǤ


 ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ



ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-11-01 Wed

#5301. ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) 5ε [voicy][heldio][helwa][notice][khelf][hel_herald]


ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء


ᤤΤǺǯ11Ȥʤޤ
ܥ֥λǡǤȤ٤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ǥϡǯ6ꡤץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) Ȥ֥ץͭͥ򳫻ϤƤޤμפ khelfʷѸ˥եˤαѸ˳ưhelˤ˲󤷡 heldio μϿ䡤 khelf ȯԤ줿رѸ˿ʹ7δϢѤʤɤ˽ƤƤޤ
helwa Ω夲5Фޤ40̾Ķ˥ץߥꥹʡȤʤäƤƤޤߥ˥ƥ礭ʤäƤƤꡤijưμ̤⤯ʤäƤƤޤȤʤޤΤǡؿϤ뤱ɤƤȤϡҺץߥꥹʡȤƥߥ˥ƥ˲ääƤФ¸ޤ
ȤΥ֥ץǡΤߤʤ餺γơ⥢ȤӹǤޤ10ʬ13ۿդǽФäƤޤΤǡ⤼Ҥİ֥֥饦ͳǷ800ߤȤʤäƤޤVoicy ץͳǤȤ¿ۤμޤΤǡФ˥֥֥饦ͳᤷޤˡ
helwa ϤȤȽ2ۿǻϤޤޤ10꽵3ؤȹ٤夲ޤܲ§ȤơʤޤʤɤԹǥ뤳ȤϤޤˡ轵ڤΤ줾6ۿƤޤī̾ǤϱѸʬ­ʤȤ䡤helȤα˴ؿΤϡ helwa ˤǤ
5ǾƤ helwa ߥ˥ƥħ5ۤɵ󤲤ޤ

- ؤӤꥹʡνΤȤʤäƤ
- ̤ǤϤʤ֥쥹ȽĤȤʤäƤ
- ¾ heldio ѰʤȤ䵡ءˤǤ⤢
- Ȥμ̤
- ղ夬ڤ

ʲhelwa 򳫻Ϥ6ʹߤγƷۿޤ

6ʬ9ˡ

֡ڱѸˤ #1ۥץߥꥹʡۿͥ뤬Ϥޤޤ2023/06/02ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #2۸ϰŹǤ2023/06/06ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #3ˤ⤤2023/06/09ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #4ֽۡ񤭸դäդͥ褹٤פȤؤΤ2023/06/13ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #5۶Υȥ̡ˤ22023/06/17ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #66ܤhel2023/06/20ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #7۱Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ ChatGPT ꤲƤߤ2023/06/23ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #8ۥץߥΥ֤γزǤhel2023/06/27ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #9۸츻äƲ2023/06/30ۿ

7ʬ8ˡ

֡ڱѸˤ #10۸ϡΤ褦 --- ʤϸ򲿤Ȥޤ2023/07/04ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #11۸ϡΤ褦 --- 2023/07/08ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #12ܥΥå&̲ˡ2023/07/11ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #13ۤߤʤhelθήȯ򡪡2023/07/14ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #14̾DZѸˡ --- ʤϲ̾Ĥޤ2023/07/18ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #15̾˰̣뤫ʤ2023/07/21ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #16ۤʤϱѸˤ򤪤⤷ȻפäƤΤѸˤδ֤˹᤿ȻפäƤΤ2023/07/25ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #17۱Ѹθ츻ŵݤˤϸźΡΥפա2023/07/28ۿ

8ʬ9ˡ

֡ڱѸˤ #18ֱۡѸϡʻˤȤäơˡǤ״ȯʡ2023/08/01ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #19ֻۡˤȤäƱѸϡǤפϪܲ2023/08/04ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #20̾ؤ˶ʳƤΤǡζʳ򤪿ʬޤ2023/08/08ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #21۱ѸظԤ helwa СȤ4Ͱ߲ --- 󤵤˨Ҥ󡤤ޤˤо2023/08/11ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #22ۺǶhelŪ𤷤ޤ2023/08/15ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #23verbalization ָ첽2023/08/18ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #24ʸ̥Ϥƨʤ --- ᥭŸ˹ԤäƤޤ2023/08/22ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #25ۥ˥å͡ǹԤ2023/08/25ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #26Ļä2023/08/29ۿ

9ʬ9ˡ

֡ڱѸˤ #27Ĺȯ³륳Ĥϡ2023/09/01ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #28heldio/helwa Υꥹʡߥ˥ƥϥ֥쥹ȽĤǤ2023/09/05ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #29Taku ȤαѸ̵2023/09/08ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #30켭ŵȤäƤޤ2023/09/12ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #31۸Υե2023/09/15ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #32ۥ߹ɤǤΤǺ̡2023/09/20ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #33ۥ߹ɤ򽪤ơ2023/09/22ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #34Ѹɸֻʤ鼭񤬰ˤ2023/09/26ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #35۷ helwa ȤƤΥ֤ 2023/09/29(Fri)2023/09/29ۿ

10ʬ13ˡ

֡ڱѸˤ #36ۥϥɥꥢ̥ĹȱѸˡ2023/10/03ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #37ۥ֤³Ѥʵ䡤ߤʤhel2023/10/05ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #38ۤ褤Ȥϲ2023/10/07ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #392󥪥ղ --- ؤ־ȤƤ helwa ˤĤƸ2023/10/10ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #40linguistics ָءפ -ics Ǥ2023/10/12ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #41Ǧʽٲءˡ2023/10/15ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #42Ѥʥե٥åɽ2023/10/17ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #43Ѥʥե٥åɽؤȿ2023/10/19ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #44㿧ΤΡ2023/10/21ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #45ۥꥺफå --- ϽؤȤ̡2023/10/24ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #46۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (21) Italic --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡʸȾˡ2023/10/26ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #47ۺǸ˥ᲡTaku Ȥμ¶3 --- ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (21) Italic2023/10/28ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #48ۥߥܡ2023/10/31ۿ

11ۿν112ڡˤȤʤޤɤꤤפޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-03-1] [2023-11-30-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-10-29 Sun

#5298. åɤᤰä Taku ɼ¶Ѥޤ --- heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼ [voicy][heldio][hel_education][link][notice][bchel][italic][latin][french][spanish][portuguese][italian][indo-european]

1026ڡˤˡʳؤ󤵤ȤȤˡBaugh and Cable αѸ˽Ρɼ¶ѡפ Voicy heldio ۿޤƱ21 Italic ʥåɡˤˡʸɤƤˤĤ͡ʳ٤ȲԤʤޤʰ˹ֻդ̳ޤ Taku ǤνפŬڤʥȤ夲ƤޤƤ꤬Ȥޤ
ۿƤ¦2ͤϳΤ˭Ǽ¤ꤢ֤ᤴȤǤΤǤİΥꥹʡϤǤǤ礦ޤİǤʤ⤤뤫ȻפޤΤǡҤ֤ΤȤˤɤΥ3ʬƤꡤ1̾ۿǡ23ϥץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) ˤƤϤƤޤ1Ǥ50ʬĶĹܤǤˡ1Ǵؿͯϡ2衤3ؤ⤪ʤߤФ¸ޤʸ2ͭȤʤޤˡ
̲äȤ⤢ꡤоݤȤʤäƥȤ̤ PDF ˾夲ƤޤǤС饤ɽΥ꡼Ǥ⤢ޤΤǡܽ񤽤ΤꤷĹդ礤

(1) #879. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (21) Italic --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡȾˡ


(2) ֡ڱѸˤ #46۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (21) Italic --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡʸȾˡ10ʬ helwa ˴ޤޤͭۿǤ


(3) ֡ڱѸˤ #47ۺǸ˥ᲡTaku Ȥμ¶3 --- ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (21) Italic10ʬ helwa ˴ޤޤͭۿǤ



Ʋˤϥꥹʡγ󤫤⺣ɤˤĤ͡ʥȤ󤻤ƤƤޤΤǡ⤴
ɼ¶ѡ1ˤϡ#877. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (20) Albanian --- ϽؤȤμ¶ѡƱͤˡץȤȤǰ̸ǤʤϽ12ΥڡǤϤͭۿΥ꡼ȤʤäƤޤҡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) Υ饤ʥåפФȻפޤ塤ȤȤܽɤ߿ʤƤ뤳ȤڤߤˤƤޤ


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-10-26 Thu

#5295. Х˥ɤȤμդᤰäƾϽؤȼ¶Ѥޤ --- heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼ [voicy][heldio][hel_education][link][notice][bchel][albanian][indo-european]

#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ǤҲ𤷤ȤꡤVoicy heldio ǤϱѸǽ񤫤줿Ѹˤ̾򤸤äɤ߿ʤƤȤ饤ɽΥ꡼ϤƤޤ֤ͭΥꥹʡͭۿΥ꡼ȤʤäƤޤ
12ۿ1᤺ĤäʤǤꡤ3ۤɤ20ޤǿʤǤƤޤǿ20Ǥϡ²Τʤ1ɤǤ Albanian ֥Х˥ɡפƤޤκǿˤĤƤϡȹֻդȤϽؤʥեꥹرؤۤ򾷤Ƥ̲Ȥ#877. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (20) Albanian --- ϽؤȤμ¶ѡ̵ۿƤޤȤƼϿΤ򥢡֤ƤޤΤǡ餫餪İ꡼ʷϵ䡤ɤ߿ʤƤѸ˽Υ٥봶ʤɤʬ뤫Ȼפޤ



20ûʸȤȤ⤢ޤ꡼̥ץȤ֤ŤǤ⤢ޤΤǡƱΥƥʸʲ˷ǺܤƤޤĹʤʸϤ50ʬʾ太äޤ

20. Albanian. Northwest of Greece on the eastern coast of the Adriatic is the small language branch named Albanian. It is possibly the modern remnant of Illyrian, a language spoken in ancient times in the northwestern Balkans, but we have too little knowledge of this early tongue to be sure. Moreover, our knowledge of Albanian, except for a few words, extends back only as far as the fifteenth century of our era, and, when we first meet with it, the vocabulary is so mixed with Latin, Greek, Turkish, and Slavonic elements---owing to conquests and other causes---that it is somewhat difficult to isolate the original Albanian. For this reason, its position among the languages of the Indo-European family was slow to be recognized. It was formerly classed with the Hellenic group, but since the beginning of the present century it has been recognized as an independent member of the family.


ܥ꡼ˤؿ줿ϡܽ6ǤꤷԹΤ褤ߥ󥰤ȥڡɤ߿ʤƤäƤФȻפޤ
ʤߤˡ6դ꤫⡤heldio/helwa ̥ȤȤȤơ22 Italic ֥åɡפۿͽǤԹ礬Ĥϡҥ饤Ǥİ


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.


[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-10-25 Wed

#5294. ¤, [information_structure][pragmatics][discourse_analysis][khelf][syntax][article][khelf-conference-2023][seminar][hel_education][voicy][heldio][notice]

Voicy heldio ˤ#873. ߹ɼϿ꡼ (7) --- ¤ۿޤkhelf ʷѸ˥եˤΥС3̾ˤϿǡɾƤޤʤ꤬ȤޤˡϺפˡ¤ (information_structure) ȤѸ졦ǰδܤǫ˲⤵Ƥޤ



¤˴ؤŪ1Ĥˡֵ (given information) ȡֿ (new information) Ωޤäϸ§ȤơäʹˤȤäƴΤε󼨤˻Ϥޤꡤξ̤Τοä뤳ȤǡʳŪ˶ͭμѤƤޤĤޤꡤ󢪿ȿʤߡˤΤȤʤäơξ˿Ѥ߾夲졤ˤޤǤΤȤʤäƼο󤬲ä롤ȤȤǤ
Cruse Ѹ켭ŵ "given vs new information" (74--75) ιܤѤޤ

given vs new information These notions are concerned with what is called the 'information structure' of utterances. In virtually all utterances, some items are assumed by the speaker to be already present in the consciousness of the hearer, mostly as a result of previous discourse, and these constitute a platform for the presentation of new information. As the discourse proceeds, the new information of one utterance can become the given information for subsequent utterances, and so on. The distinction between given and new information can be marked linguistically in various ways. The indefinite article typically marks new information, and the definite article, given information: A man and a woman entered the room. The man was smoking a pipe. A pronoun used anaphorically indicates given information: A man entered the room. He looked around for a vacant seat. The stress pattern of an utterance can indicate new and given information (in the following example capitals indicate stress):

   PETE washed the dishes. (in answer to Who washed the dishes?)
   Pete washed the DISHES. (in answer to What did Pete do?)

Givenness is a matter of degree. Sometimes the degree of givenness is so great that the given item(s) can be omitted altogether (ellipsis):

   A: What did you get for Christmas?
   B: A computer. (The full form would be I got a computer for Christmas.)


äϵξ˿դä뤳ȤήƤȤ¤δܻƳޤ

Cruse, Alan. A Glossary of Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-10-24 Tue

#5293. ꥷɤβ --- heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼ [voicy][heldio][hel_education][link][notice][bchel][hellenic][greek][khelf][indo-european]



hellog #5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) Ǥ⤪ޤܲ Voicy heldio ˤ륪饤ɽ񥷥꡼ϤƤȤǤֻοɽٶȤơȤƤ⤪⤷ߤˤʤäƤȤ´ޤüԤϺΤȤ20̾٤ǤɤǤܤΥͤϸǯ֤ˤ錄ä³Ƥ꡼ȤȤ⤢ꡤ줫СäȾĤǤƤȳڤʤ̴ۤƤޤ200ߤͭۿǤ1ץϻİǽȤʤäƤޤ
ǿϡåפ줿嵭ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (19) HellenicǤ轵12󡤻αѸ˽ä1᤺ɤ߿ʤƤȤǡ7˳ϤФʤΤǡ褦䤯19ˤɤ夤ȤǤѸˤȤɡޤѸˤܳŪʳǡ²Ƹɤ⤷ƤȤǤ1ĤꥷɤȤȤˤʤޤ
ϥƥȤ˱äƤޤǰ²ΤʤΥꥷɤҲ𤷤ƤΤǤθɡʤȤ櫓ꥷ줽ΤΡˤαѸ˾ΰյˤĤƤϡۤɤäƤޤ󡥥ꥷˤĤƤܥ֥ greek εˤ¿夲ƤޤꥷαѸ˾Υå󥹤վ񤭤С4ȤʤǤ礦

ŵꥷϡؿ٤θǤ롥
ꥷȥꥷʸϡޤ³ʸδä롥顤Ѹ켫ΤäΩĤΤŪˤϥꥷȥꥷʸȤäƤ褤¦̤롥
ꥷϡƥ¿ʱƶͿƥϥե󥹸˱ƶͿե󥹸ϱѸ˱ƶͿƤꥷ줬Ѹ˾פǤΤϤΤ褦ʻˤ롥
ꥷϸ塦ḽ̤ơ嵭Ūаޤˤƥ衼åŪʰҿȤߤʤƤǤȤ櫓ؽѤʬǤϡŪʳ̾ؽѸϡФХꥷǤˤäƺ (cf. ŵŪʣ (neo-classical compounds)ˡκǤݸǤѸ⡤Ǥ¿ʬ˼ѤǤ롥

ꥷ˴Ϣ Voicy heldio ۿȤƤ #137. Ѹȥꥷδطäơ⤪İ



ʤ19:30~20:00δ֤ˡ Voicy heldio ˤƥȤ򾷤ƤۿͽǤƤϡƥȤμֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (20) AlbanianפȤΡ֥饤ɽ¶ѡסʡˤȤʤͽǤ˴ؤޤƤϡγʤɤ˥ƥȤźդޤΤǥ饤뤤ϥˤƤڤˤİС
Τ褦˰Ѥä饤ɽ󥷥꡼ǤؿΤϤƤСɤƤƥȤϡ Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013. Ǥ̾Ǥ뤳Ȥݾڤޤ


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.


[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-10-22 Sun

#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ [voicy][heldio][hel_education][link][notice][bchel]


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



ǯ717˳Ϥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǤΥ꡼褬轵1~2ΥڡǽĴ˿ʤǤޤBaugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013. Ȥ̾ʱѸˤܤ򡤸ʸ1󤺤ĤäɤƤȤ饤ɽǤѸʸϤ1ʸ1ʸɤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǤɽʸˡεˤʤŦƸ̩˲ᤷꡤƤˤĤƱѸˤδ鿼ꤹʤɡƥȤ򸵤ˤƽIJ̵ԤˡֱѸˤ״Ǥ꡼ϻε#5205. Baugh and Cable αѸ˳1᤺ɤ߿ʤʤ Voicy heldio Ǽͳ˥ȤƤߤϤƤޤ ([2023-07-28-1]) 򤴻Ȥ
ޤǡäڡʤ18 "Armenian" ޤǤɤ夤ƤޤʤκǿϺۿƤޤˤβŪûȤ⤢ꡤ̤˥ץȤƳΥƥʸ˺ܤƤޤˡޤ꡼ؤλåСƤδ֤ˤ露ƤƤꡤۿΥ̤ƥС֤ΤȤԤʤ褦ˤʤäƤƤޤƲͭۿǤ1ץϾ˻İǽȤʤäƤޤΤǡؿΤʷϵ򤴳ǧФȻפޤϥ֥֥饦ͳ200ߤʤΤФơVoicy ץͳǤ320ߤȼˤȤʤޤΤǡԤɤˡ
ܥ֥ hellog Voicy heldio ʤɤ̤ƱѸˤؤδؿͯ䡤äȽ񤫤줿ѸDZʸϤäˤϤΥ饤ɽ񥷥꡼ȤʤäƤޤºݡ褯񤫤줿ѸоݤȤƤդ路ʸǤΤǡݾڤޤɤˤϡоݤɤʸǤ뤳ȤФξǤˡ
ɽʤΤB&CΥƥȤ긵ˤʤȻäˤȤϤ뤫ȻפޤҾ嵭ꤴ뤫뤤ϸŽ޽ۤǤ빽Ȼפޤ줫ꤵˤϡŤͤƤܤǤ뤳ȤդǿǤǤ6Ǥ˼äƤФȻפޤ饤ɽǤ6Ǥ١ɤ߿ʤƤޤΩ5ǤʤɤǤʤȤǤ⡤İˤ礭Ϥޤ󤷡伫Ȥμ긵ˤ5Ǥ4ǤޤΤǡɬפ˱ưƱǧǤޤ饤ɽĹ褫С֤ǥ󥿥饯ƥˡɸήפǤޤƼԹΤ褤ߥ󥰤ȥڡ̵ʤɤ߿ʤΤåȤȻפޤåС˾Ϥޤ¶䥲ȹֻդ򾷤ƤɲʤɤäƤߤ褦ȤǤ
ʲ18Υ饤ʥåפǤ11ˤ "The History of the English Language as a Cultural Subject" ˤĤƤϡ6ǤΥƥʸܥ֥Ρ#3641. ѸˤΤ (1) --- Ѹˤ϶Ūʳΰ ([2019-04-16-1]) ˷ǺܤƤޤΤǡƥȤ򤪻Ǥʤ⡤򻲾Ȥɤ뤳ȤǤޤ

ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (1) The History of the English Language as a Cultural Subject



ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (2) Influences at Work on Language
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (3) Growth and Decay
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (4) The Importance of a Language
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (5) The Importance of English
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (6) The Future of the English Language: Demography
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (7) External and Internal Aspects of English
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (8) Cosmopolitan Vocabulary
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (9) Inflectional Simplicity
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (10) Natural Gender
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (11) Language Constantly Changing
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (12) Dialectal Differentiation
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (13) The Discovery of Sanskrit
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (14) Grimm's Law
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (15) The Indo-European Family
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (16) Indian
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (17) Iranian
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (18) Armenian
ʰʲ嵭
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (19) Hellenic
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (20) Albanian --- ϽؤȤμ¶ѡʢβ̷̵ۿȤʤäƤޤ
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (21) Italic --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡȾˡʢβ̷̵ۿȤʤäƤޤ
- ֡ڱѸˤ #46۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (21) Italic --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡʸȾˡ
- ֡ڱѸˤ #47ۺǸ˥ᲡTaku Ȥμ¶3 --- ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (21) Italic
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (22) Balto-Slavic
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (23) Germanic
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (24) Celtic --- ǦȤμ¶ѡȾˡʢβ̷̵ۿȤʤäƤޤ
- ڱѸˤ #52۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (24) Celtic --- ǦȤμ¶ѡʸȾˡ
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (25) Twentieth-century Discoveries
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (26) The Home of the Indo-Europeans --- khelf ƣȤμ¶ 1/3ʢβ̷̵ۿȤʤäƤޤ
- ֡ڱѸˤ #57۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (26) The Home of the Indo-Europeans -- khelf ƣȤμ¶ 2/3
- ֡ڱѸˤ #58۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (26) The Home of the Indo-Europeans -- khelf ƣȤμ¶ 3/3
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (27) The Languages in England before English
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (28) The Romans in Britain
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (29) The Roman Conquest
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (30) Romanization of the Island
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (31) The Latin Language in Britain
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (32) The Germanic Conquest --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡȾˡʢβ̷̵ۿȤʤäƤޤ
- ֡ڱѸˤ #65۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (32) The Germanic Conquest --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡʸȾˡ
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (33) The Anglo-Saxon Civilization
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (34) The Names "England" and "English"
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (35) The Origin and Position of English
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (36) The Periods in the History of English
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (37) The Dialects of Old English
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (38) Old English Pronunciation
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (39) Old English Vocabulary
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (40) Old English Grammar
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (41) The Noun
#983. B&C42ʸˡפɼ¶ with 󤵤ȾϽؤʢβ̷̵ۿȤʤäƤޤ
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (43) The Adjective
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (44) The Definite Article
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (45) The Personal Pronoun
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (46) The Verb
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (47) The Language Illustrated
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (48) The Resourcefulness of the Old English Vocabulary
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (49) Self-explaining Compounds
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (50) Prefixes and Suffixes
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (51) Syntax and Style
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (52) Old English Literatureʢβ̷̵ۿȤʤäƤޤ
- ֡ڱѸˤ #146 ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (52) Old English Literature --- ǦȤμ¶ѡʸȾˡ
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (53) Contact of English with Other Languages
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (54) The Celtic Influence
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (55) Celtic Place-Names and Other Loanwords
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (56) Three Latin Influences on Old English
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (57) Chronological CriteriaʢβϡֱѸ˥饤2024פǤɼ¶Ѥˤ̵ۿȤʤäƤޤ
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (58) Continental Borrowing (Latin Influence of the Zero Period)
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (59) Latin through Celtic Transmission (Latin Influence of the First Period)
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (60) Latin Influence of the Second Period: The Christianizing of Britain
- #1270. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (60-1) Latin Influence of the Second Period --- ɼ¶ѡ
- #1274. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (60-2) Latin Influence of the Second Period --- Taku ɼ¶ѡ
- #1318. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (60-3) Latin Influence of the Second Period --- Taku ɼ¶ѡ
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (61) Effects of Christianity on English Civilization
- #1401. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (61-1) Effects of Christianity on English Civilization
- #1406. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (61-2) Effects of Christianity on English Civilization
- #1409. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (61-3) Effects of Christianity on English Civilization
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62) The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary
- #1546. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-1) The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary
- #1548. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-2) The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary
- #1573. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-3) with Taku --- ֱѸ˥饤2025פ
- #1654. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-4) with Taku --- 饤Ķɲ
- #1657. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-5) with Taku --- 饤Ͽ
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63) The Benedictine Reform
- #1670. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-1) with Taku --- helwa ˺ǯ
- #1673. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-2) with Taku --- helwa ˺ǯ
- #1770. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-3) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղ
- #1780. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-4) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղ
- #1796. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-5) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղ
- #1797. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-6) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղ
- #1845. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-7) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղ
- #1846. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (64-1) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղ
- #1863. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (64-2) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղ
- #1864. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (64-3) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղ
ʸ嵭ޤǡ

ʲꥹʡȿ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥߤޤ

ǹδ򤢤꤬Ȥޤ夬ʤޤ1ڡ5ǯ餤ĤȻפȤ줫5ǯ֤ڤߤˤʤޤ
̴Τ褦ʴ衤ԤäƤޤϤޤäФȤΤˡ⤦Ԥ󤷤Ǥ
ѸˤܤΤʤʬˤĤƤ뤫ʤȰޤѸˤ϶ܤǤȤθդ򲡤ơܤʸܥݥäȲޤ꤬Ȥޤ
Ũʴ򤢤꤬Ȥޤ Voicy ϳڤİƤޤʬDZѸDZѸˤܤɤȤʤȡϤơɤ԰¤˴ʤܤݥޤ
ϤޤơTwitterǸĤޤơܤϤޤΤǡܤɤǤȻפޤʬ³뤫ʤǤäꡤǤȻפޤꤤޤ
1󤺤ĤǤȡɤǤɤڡȻפޤ
󥿥饯ƥ֤ɤࡪ˶ܤ򤪶ʧäƤޤǽͭưΰĤϽ񤭹ߡ
13֤ɤǤޤĶɡȤƤ⤢꤬ǤͭȻפޤ伫ȡĴɤ³󤫤٤ƤޤޤĥĤĤƤ椳Ȼפޤ
æˤʤޤϤ꼫ʬͤɤߤǤȵդʤȤ¿ΤǡĤƹԤ褦ɤޤ

ҤȤ˳ڤѸˤؤӡʸϤĤƤޤ礦

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-10-19 Thu

#5288. ֥ꥹȥȤαѸ --- ԡˡWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯˤ1 [voicy][heldio][review][notice][world_englishes][celtic][scottish_english][scots][wales][irish_english][hel_education][we_nyumon][variety]


 ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ



Υ֥Ǥ⤹Ǥ˲٤Ҳ𤷤Ƥ뿷World Englishes 1ϡ֥ꥹȥȤαѸפɮ줿Ǧʽٲءˤȡľ̤뵡ޤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤۿޤ#869. ԤȸWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯ --- ǦȤ̡Ǥ15ʬۤɤβƥġˡҤİС



ܽʸ̤Ѹ (world_englishes) ˴ؤܤǤäȤʤ1Ϥϡ¤϶Ž̤줿Ѹ˳ȤʤäƤޤĤޤꡤűѸѸޤǤΤ褯С18ڡۤɤαѸȤɤȤȤǤ
Ѹܽ˼ɼԤ¿ϡưʳαѸνѼ㤨ХɱѸ졤󥬥ݡѸ졤ޥѸʤɤξˤĤƤȤ櫓ΤꤿȻפäƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦Τ褦ɼԤˤȤäƤϡŪļήɤ°ѸѼǤ륤ꥹѸ䥢ꥫѸˤϡषޤؿͯʤȤȤ⤢뤫Ȼפޤ
ʤѸ줬Τ褦¿ͤʤΤȤܼŪ򤯤ˤϡѸ줬ɤäƤˤ򤬷礫ޤ󡥤äȤơѸˤγάŪμҤȤɬפˤʤޤ1ϤϡΤ褦ʰ֤ŤȤɤΤǤϤʤȻפޤ
⡤ñʤ֥ꥹαѸפǤϤʤ֥ꥹȥȤαѸפȡ֥ȡפȥźƤΤФǤѸϼ˶ʹߤ˥ꥹο̱ϻ̤ۤŸƤޤǤˤǯʾ顤ȿͤޤäƤ֥ƥˤƿ̱ϻۤΤ褦ʤȤԤʤƤǤ1Ϥ϶ʹߤαѸŸΥߥ˥奢Ǥ򼨤ƤƤ --- Τ褦ɤǽǤޤѸ줬Ū˸ܿ¿äǤ뤳Ȥ褯ʬϤȤʤäƤޤ
ʲ1ϤΤʤξФȥ󤲤Ƥޤ



1 ѸΤ --- 夫ޤ
(1) ֥ȥͤȥޥ󡦥֥ƥ
(2) ޥͤνȱѸΤ
(3) 󥰤ȥΥޥ󡦥եαƶ
ࡡʸαѸؤαƶ
2 ˹Ѹθ --- Ѹʹ
(1) 첻ܤȥԥαѸ
(2) ʸˡȯŸ
ࡡ󥰤ΤȤФαƶ --- ťΥɸȱѸλ
(3) ѸäγȽ
3 󥰥ϰαѸ
(1) ǧȯ
(2) 󥰥αѸ --- ɥ٤αѸ줫
(3) 󥰥αѸ --- αѸȤӤ
ࡡ첻ܤˤ벻Ѳ
4 ϰαѸ
(1) ϰȤ
(2) åȥɤαѸ
(3) 륺αѸ
(4) ɤαѸ




ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-10-18 Wed

#5287. YouTube OED Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ [oed][youtube][notice][link][lexicography][voicy][heldio]

ۿ YouTube ΡְʼδѸظإͥפκǿ#171. OEDʥեɱѸ켭ŵ --- Oxford English Dictionaryˤħޤ狼ꡪǤܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤Ȥʤо줷Ƥ롤ǶαѸ켭ŵ OED 줫ƳƤޤ14ʬۤɤưǤOED äƤ褯ʹɲפȤϡҤ̤طʤ OED 2Ǥ20¤Ǥޤ



ܥ֥ˤ OED ͡¦̤Ҳ𤹤뵭¿ǤOED ŪѤĴɮ⾯ʤޤcf. oed ε򻲾ȡˡ YouTube OED ȤϲȤƳưǤΤǡƱͤ˥ȥμݤǼɮ Voicy heldio ۿؤΥ󥯤Ƥޤ

#304. OED ץȤΤΤ ([2010-02-25-1])
#638. ŪȤȤƤ OED Ի ([2011-01-25-1])
#644. OED ȥ衼åѤΥ饤Х뼭 ([2011-01-31-1])
#898. OED2 Web3 оɽ ([2011-10-12-1])
#2451. åסOED Online ˿Ƥߤ ([2016-01-12-1])
#3544. Ѹ켭ˤάǯɽ ([2019-01-09-1])
#4122. ʪġ뤬줿 --- OED Text Visualizer (beta) ([2020-08-09-1])
#4130. Ѹä¿Ͳȳˤв "The OED in two minutes" ([2020-08-17-1])
#4131. ꥹ񲽤ˤв "The OED in two minutes" ([2020-08-18-1])
#4133. OED ˤѸ˳ ([2020-08-20-1])
#4141. 1150ǯۤƻĤʤäűѸñ OED 鳰Ƥ ([2020-08-28-1])
#4172. DzΤȶ͡٤θԤˤ OED ԻˡξҲʸ ([2020-09-28-1])
#4198. DzΤȶ͡٤Ѥޤ ([2020-10-24-1])
#5220. OED World Englishes ([2023-08-12-1])

heldio #503. OED Ū§ˤȤŤ2022ǯ32ۿ
heldio #275. ɤĹäƤΤ衤OED Ի2022ǯ33ۿ

嵭ˤ⤢ޤOED ԻᤰDzΤȶ͡١ʸ The Professor and the MadmanɬǤ
ޤ#5158. ջҡδʸؤȱѸ˸١ʳҡ2023ǯˤƾҲ𤷤ޤ ([2023-06-11-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ʸؤȱѸ˸21.1ǤϡġȤƤ OED ˤĤƾܤҲ𤷤Ƥޤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-10-17 Tue

#5286. շͧǡֱѸϤʤˤ⤷פäƤޤ [notice][voicy][heldio][keiyukai][senbonknock][sobokunagimon][silent_letter][complementation][gerund][infinitive][impersonal_verb]

轵1014ڡˤθ塤˿dzŤ줿շͧιֱˤơֱѸؽΩıѸ --- ѸϤʤˤ⤷פäޤνΥϥ֥åɳŤαġƹֱκƲΥ󥸤ޤǡåդγˤϤؤäˤʤꡤդƤޤ꤬ȤޤȤ櫓ƲǤշͧ⳰λüԤγľܤä뤳ȤǤ¤˳ڤ֤Ǥ
90ʬۤɤιֱθ塤ξ³ Voicy heldio ꤷޤäƱĥåդǤ碌ƤʤΤǤ˻ͽԤֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפ󤻤Ƥꤲ߼碌ơ䤬ѸˤδƤΤ heldio ǥ饤ۿ褦ȤΤǤ
ͻҤϡ heldio Υˤ#868. շͧǤΡѤʵץʡ --- 2023ǯ1014ȤۿƤޤΤǡ֤ΤȤˤİ1ּĹܤȤʤäƤޤˡ



6ۤɤѤʵˤޤʲʬä󤲤ƤޤΤǡİݤˤѤ

(1) 02:25 --- 줫饫ʤ˲Ȥ˲롼Ϥޤμ򤹤ͳϡ㤨ܤˤäơ֥ե١פä֥ե١פäꤹ뤳Ȥ뤫ǤޤʤѸ餷ȯ륳ĤϤޤ
(2) 14:43 --- ѸΡ֥ѥե졼פŪܤˤĤơʤˤͻ¸ΤǤ鶵Ƥд򤷤ǤAcademic Writing ٶƤǶ̣ޤ
(3) 21:34 --- ñˤ island ʤɤޤʤʸΤϤʤǤ
(4) 30:43 --- ˤ¿ꡤӽϺɤΤ褦Ÿʬ«ˤƤΤȤ
(5) 39:05 --- ưˤäŪ -ing Ȥ뤫 to Ȥ뤫ޤäƤΤϤʤǤ
(6) 44:05 --- ʤѸˤ̵ʪ칽ʸΤǤ

˼夲줿Τ6ΤߤǤ¾ˤ¿ε򤤤ƤޤΤǡ hellog/heldio Ǽ夲Ȼפޤ
¤ϷͧιֱƤ Voicy heldio 饤֤ܥΥåϽƤǤϤޤƱͤʷϵ򤵤̣襤ϡ3ȾۤΡ#5179. ꥫʸطͧǤܥΥåϿޤ ([2023-07-02-1]) ⤴ˬ䤯

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-10-10 Tue

#5279. Z ο䤷 [notice][z][alphabet][ame_bre][greek][latin][french][academy][shakespeare][consonant][youtube][grapheme][link][spelling][helsta]

ۿ YouTube ΡְʼδѸظإͥפκǿ#169. ʤ Z ϥե٥åȤκǸɤ줿Τ --- Ϯ줿 Z ʪǤŪˡ ZפȾΤƤ襤ʸ˥ݥåȥ饤Ȥơ12ʬۤɽ椷Ƹޤ Z ¿ʤȤ̾־ǤФ褤ΤǤ



z ʸˤĤƤϡ hellog Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ΤǤ⡤͡˼夲ƤޤZ α̾־Τ˽ϤƤǤ Z ˴ؤϤʾ師ĤʤʤäƤޤΤǡͥȤƤϤäǤڤˤʤꤽǤ
ޤǤ Z ο䤷󤷤ޤ



hellog

#305. -ise -ize ([2010-02-26-1])
#314. -ise -ize (2) ([2010-03-07-1])
#446. ֤ȤĤäƤ <z> ([2010-07-17-1])
#447. Dalziel, MacKenzie, Menzies <z> ([2010-07-18-1])
#799. ±ʣ <z> ([2011-07-05-1])
#964. z ʸȯ (1) ([2011-12-17-1])
#965. z ʸȯ (2) ([2011-12-18-1])
#1914. <g> ֤ ([2014-07-24-1])
#2916. Ϣ4֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪ׹ͤΤס ([2017-04-21-1])
#2925. autumn vs fall, zed vs zee ([2017-04-30-1])
#4990. ư -ize/-ise ˡ ([2022-12-25-1])
#4991. -ise -ize --- 2Ĥ ([2022-12-26-1])
#5042. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ24ʺǽˡ֥ե٥åȺǸʸ Z Υߥƥ꡼ס ([2023-02-15-1])

heldio (Voicy)

#171. z r ȯϰճȻƤ (2021/11/18)
#540. Z ˤĤƸޤ (2022/11/22)
#541. Z zee zed (2022/11/23)

[ helsta (stand.fm) ˻Ϥޤ ]

#3. ư -ize ΢á (2023/10/08)




Z ˴ؤ뿷ͥŹळȤǤС Z α̾־ư®䤫ĤǤ͡줫 Z ˤϤҤȤͥܤƤƤ͡

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-10-09 Mon

#5278. פ֤ܥΥåϿƤޤ [notice][voicy][heldio][sobokunagimon][senbonknock]

105ڡˤθ11᤮ꡤ󤻤줿Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ˱ѸˤδܥΥå (senbonknock) Υ٥Ȥ򳫺ŤޤͻҤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǤϤޤϿ򥢡ˤĤƤޤ#859. 105ΡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥåǤ60ʬۤɤĹǤΤǡ֤ΤȤˤİ



⤹줿ѤʵפǤǤ͡10μ˲ޤʲԡ2ץˤʬä󤲤Ƥޤ

(1) 01:00 --- ʤʸκǸ ? ĤΤ
(2) 06:08 --- ;̾ˤĤñʣǤ I wehe/she/it they ѤΤˡyou ʣˤʤäƤѤʤΤϤʤޤʤ3;ΤʣǤƱ they ˤʤΤ
(3) 15:54 --- ʤꥹѸȥꥫѸֻ㤦ΤΤƱֻȤäۤǤϤʤäΤ
(4) 21:50 --- ʤ Good morning. ȤΤ
(5) 25:44 --- ʤѸǤϥե٥åȤѤʤΤ
(6) 35:17 --- ʤ be ưϼˤäƻȤʬΤ
(7) 39:45 --- ʤ Wednesday d ϤʤȯʤΤ
(8) 44:10 --- ʤ괧 a ϡ֥פȯ뤳ȤΤ
(9) 47:53 --- ʤƻ̾θǤϤʤˤĤΤ
(10) 52:29 --- doctor Ϥʤ or ǽΤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-10-08 Sun

2023-10-04 Wed

#5273. Ѹ˴ؤǿ --- ԡˡWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯˤνϤ [world_englishes][notice][hel_education][hel][statistics][demography][review][we_nyumon]

ε#5268. ԡˡWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯˡ ([2023-09-29-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ȯ䤬ϤȤʤä褦Ǥ


 ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ



ޤܥ֥ǤWorld Englishes Ѹ'ˤˤĤƤ¿夲Ƥޤ (cf. (world_englishes)) 21äƤѸءѸˤǤäۤܤ褦ˤʤäȤ᤯Ǥ15ǯۤɤ򿶤֤äƤߤƤ⡤ѸءѸˤ칶θơޤȤ͵ΥȥԥåȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦 World Englishes ο͵ιޤˤϡְ㤤ʤҲŪطʤȹͤƤޤˤĤƤʵ˽񤤤äꤷƤޤܤƤͽǤ
ޤˡΡWorld Englishes ٤Ǥޤ줫顤ܽ򻲾ȤĤܥ֥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤơϢ夲ƤĤǤΤǡȼƤС
ëǷˤֽϡWorld Englishes---ѸפǤϡθѸ˴ؤǿλ¤פƤޤĤѤޤ

ߡˤ196¸ߤ7000ʾθ줬ȤƤ롥(p. 6)
2022ǯ11͸80ͤĶ͸ 2022ˡΤѸѤ͸졤졤ȤƤαѸѼԡˤ145000͡ΤüԤ37000졤ȤƤλԤ108000ͤǤ (Ethnologue 2022) ΤȤüԤοüԤοϤ뤫˾äƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥(p. 9--10)
ǡѸѸ⤷ϽѸƤ54Ǥ롥4Τ1񤬱ѸѸѸˤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥(p. 10)
Υ󥿡ͥå͸ϡ416000͡͸69%ˤǤ (Internet World Stats 2023) Τ26%ѸͿ͸Ǥꡤ󥿡ͥåΨѸιˤĤʤäƤ롥(p. 10)
ǾǤƤDzΤѸ줬ѤƤΤ8ʾǤ롥 (p. 10)

ܽϥ⽼¤Ƥޤ㤨СϤΤʤ2ĤΥˤαѸDzdzؤָסʵΩءҲ𤵤Ƥޤ٤ƤαDz褬ѤʤäƤޤؤ󺤤äƤޤ

ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-09-29 Fri

#5268. ԡˡWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯ [world_englishes][review][notice][hel_education][hel][toc][we_nyumon]


 ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ



˾Ѹ (World Englishes) ˴ؤǿ񤬡轵ȾФ˽Ǥޤǹ2,640ߡAmazon ͽˡ伫ȡȤ櫓ǯ֡ѸˤδѸθݤ˴ؿ󤻡ȹͤ꼹ɮֱʤɤ򤷤Ƥޤ˼䤹ɤߤ䤹ܽνǤϡθŪΤ⤷̤Τ빥ȤʤȴԤƤޤطԤꤴܤޤơܲڤɤƤޤʤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ܽϡ2012ǯƲǤ줿World Englishes---αѸؤξԡ١湬ҡԡˡˤ³ԤܤǤ顤ɮСʸǡʤɤˤ礭äƤޤͻоݤȤѸѼΤꤿƤΤʤäȤ٤ϰαѸѼ --- 㤨ϰ衤ڹ󥴥롤ߥޡ --- ʤɤ夲Ƥޤ
ʲܼȳƾϤμɮԤǺܤޤ



ϡWorld Englishes --- Ѹ ë Ƿ
IȤƤαѸ
1ϡꥹȥȤαѸ Ǧ
2ϡꥫȥʥαѸʺ¼
3ϡȥꥢȥ˥塼ɤαѸʲ ҡ
IIѸ졦ȤƤαѸ
4ϡɤαѸʱڱ Ŵ顦ƣ ͳ
5ϡαѸ
6ϡեꥫαѸʻ ԡ
7ϡֳαѸʻ
IIIݸ졦ȤƤαѸ
8ϡ衼åѤαѸʹⶶ ҡ
9ϡܤαѸʺ¼
10ϡڹαѸʾ ᤰߡ
11ϡαѸʻ
12ϡ󥴥αѸë Ƿ
13ϡߥޡαѸ
ϡWorld Englishes ̤
ȯˤĤơë Ƿ




ޤǤ֤ⷫҤ٤ƤޤѸϤƸŪʥȥԥåΤ褦˸ޤºݤˤʤΤǤ¤ΤȤѸˤȤο˶ΰǤषŪȴˤѸ뤳ȤϤǤʤȻϹͤƤޤѸˤιݳزǤѸ˴ؤ븦ȯɽ̤Ѱդ뤳ȤʤʤäƤƤޤѸ˴ؤϥɥ֥åξϤʤɤѸ˸ԤɮƤ뤳Ȥ¿ǤˤСܽνϤ1Ϥϡ碌ƻ¾αѸ˳ȤʤäƤȸäƤ褤Ǥ礦1ϤԤϱѸˤ򸦵椷ƤǦʽٲءˤǤˡ
줫ɤǡܽ񤫤夲Ĥġܥ֥ɮꡤVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ǾҲ𤷤ƤȻפäƤޤԤǡ⤷ heldio ̤ʤɤ򤪼褦ǤСҤꤤޤ
ܥ֥Ѹ˴ؤ뵭ؤ world_englishes ꤴˬ䤯

ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-09-25 Mon

#5264. Voicy heldio khelf Ρ֥߹ɼϿ꡼פϤޤäƤޤ [khelf][khelf-conference-2023][seminar][hel_education][voicy][notice][cmc][net_speak][aokikun]

#5259. khelf Υ߹Ǥ ([2023-09-20-1]) ǿ줿Ȥꡤ轵921ʲСˤ23ڡˤˤơkhelf °θγرȤȤˡޤߥ߹ɤ»ܤޤ
2ܤϼˡ֥ݥʤݥåפˤƸߤθĿ͸ηвİ路礦Ȥǿʤޤơǽ3ܤīˤϡ3--41Ȥǥ롼פȤߡ10ʬۤɤαѸˡѸؤ˴ؤ벻ƥĤΩ񤤤Τ Voicy heldio μϿ򤹤Ȥݤޤheldio бǤϤǤ˥٥ƥα⤤ФޤäƤγ⤤ȤȤǡ٤Ƥࡼ˱櫓ǤϤޤ󤬡줾Υ롼פפŤ͡ȼβƥĤǤޤ
֥߹ɼϿ꡼׳ϤΤΤȤʤαˤ륳ƥ#845. ߹ɺǽīر4ͤȻ̡ۿ˰³ī#847. ߹ɼϿ꡼ (1) --- khelf Ĺڤȳ3̾ˤ emoji CMCۿޤ



īβǤϡ¿θͤؿ󤻤볨ʸ (emoji) CMC (computer-mediated communication) ȤʤäƤޤkhelf ĹڵƳˤ롤Ȥ̲ȤʤäƤޤhellog heldio δϢȤưʲ󤲤Ƥޤ

hellog #808. smileys or emoticons ([2011-07-14-1])
hellog #1664. CMC (computer-mediated communication) ([2013-11-16-1])
heldio #816. ͥåȻθո --- CMC Υˡ

ʸ CMC ϡ10 khelf ȯԤͽرѸ˿ʹ7ΤʤǤ夲ͽǤϢ khelf Xʵĥå˥ @khelf_keio ⡤ҥեƤФȻפޤ

khelf banner


[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-09-24 Sun

#5263. 107ڡˡīΥ꡼ֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ3Ѹֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡ [asacul][notice][writing][spelling][orthography][me][standardisation][me_dialect][norman_conquest][link][voicy][heldio]

2ָ107ڡˤ 15:30--18:45 ˡī㡼󥿡ɶˤƥ꡼ֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ3ȤʤѸֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡ֤ޤ


107ڡˡīΥ꡼ֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ3Ѹֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡ



ιֺ¤ϡ4Υ꡼3Ȥʤޤ꡼Υ饤ʥåפϰʲ̤Ǥ

1ʸεȯã --- ե٥åȤγȤʽա429
2󡡸űѸֻ --- ޻μʤʲơ729
3Ѹֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡʽ107
4󡡶Ѹֻ --- ɸಽܻؤơߡ̤

ޤǤ2ιֺ¤ǤϡޤѸ˰ʸե٥åȤεȯãǧ˸űѸ449--1100ǯˤˤ޻ѤμºݤѻƤޤ3ܤѸ1100--1500ǯˤǤλޤǤ˱ѸüԤϥ޻ˤϤäǤޤ1066ǯΥΥޥη̡ɸѸפüñ֤ȤѸ˾Ǥޤʻ֤ŸƤޤ礲˸СġαѸν񤭼꤬פפ˹ʤ褦ñ֤äǤȤߤХͥƥȤʤޤͳȤߤХݥƥǤϤƤξϡαѸѸΥڥ󥰤ˤʤƶͿΤǤ礦Ѹ쥹ڥ󥰻ˤˤơäȤ㥯ʻǤ餳⤷Ƥޤֺ¤ΤʤǤѸ츶ʸɤߤʤ顤λΥڥ󥰻įƤߤȻפޤ
ֺ¤λäˤؿΤϡΥڡꤪߤ̤Τۤ饤ǤλäǽǤޤϿ줿ˤϡƨۿȤƥưؤΥ󥯤ͽǤԹΤ褤ˡǤä4Υ꡼ΤǤϤޤƲƤΩƤޤΤǡñȯǤΤäⴿޤǤ
ܥ꡼ȴϢơʲ hellog Voicy heldio ۿ⤴Ȥ

Ρ1ʸεȯã --- ե٥åȤγȤꡡ

heldio #668. īֺ¤ο꡼ʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ2023ǯ330
hellog #5088. īֺ¤ο꡼ʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ ([2023-04-02-1])
hellog #5119. īֺ¤ο꡼ʸֻαѸˡפ1򽪤ޤ ([2023-05-03-1])

Ρ2󡡸űѸֻ --- ޻μʤ

hellog #5194. 729ڡˡīΥ꡼ֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- ޻μʤס ([2023-07-17-1])
heldio #778. űѸʸ --- 729ڡˤīΥ꡼ֺ2˸ơ2023ǯ718
hellog #5207. īΥ꡼ֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- ޻μʤפ򽪤ޤ ([2023-07-30-1])

Ρ3Ѹֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡϡʰʲ2023/09/26(Tue)θ嵭

heldio #848. Ѹɸʤֻ --- 107ڡˤīΥ꡼ֺ3˸ơ2023ǯ926

Referrer (Inside): [2024-02-03-1]

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