ε#2973. ʤ٤κ ([2017-06-17-1]) ˰³Allen ͤ
2Ū칽ʸֻ to Ѥ빽ʸ֤äƤΤϡѸǤ롥űѸԤ⸫줿ǽưμब¤ʤɤħäѸˤʤȡ٤ƤФ꤫ư¤ʧ褦ˤʤ롥ߥȤƤϳʶޤολȽŤʤꡤ̴طʤ뤬Allen ϡطȤϤʤ⿵ŤʵŸƤ롥ΥƥȤˤƤϡǤʬŪʹʸ夷Ƥեαƶ餢뤳Ȥ⼨ƤꡤñʡʬϤء (synthesis_to_analysis) ȤФԤäƤ롥Allen (214) Ѥ롥
It can be noted . . . that we do not require deflexion as an explanation for the rapid increase in to-datives in ME. The influence of French, in which the marking of the IO by a preposition was already well advanced, appears to be the best way to explain such text-specific facts as the surprisingly high incidence of to-datives in the Aȝenbite of Inwit. . . . [T]he dative/accusative distinction was well preserved in the Aȝenbite, which might lead us to expect that the to-dative would be infrequent because it was not needed to mark Case, but in fact we find that this work has a significantly higher frequency of this construction than do many texts in which the dative/accusative distinction has disappeared in overt morphology. The puzzle is explained, however, when we realize that the Aȝenbite was a rather slavish translation from French and shows some unmistakable signs of the influence of its French exemplar in its syntax. It is, of course, uncertain how important French influence was in the spoken language, but contact with French would surely have encouraged the use of the to-dative. It should also be remembered that an innovation such as the to-dative typically follows an S-curve, starting slowly and then rapidly increasing, so that no sudden change in another part of the grammar is required to explain the sudden increase of the to-dative.
Allen ϶ޤοȤݤ deflexion ɽƤ뤬ϤդȤƤʤ⡤νѸȤäȤʤäѸ1ĵȤͯΤϡѤκǸΤȤǡto-dative ؤΰܹԤˤĤƸóȻSȤȤڤƤ뤬δŪ˵Ҥ줿ϤΤȤȤޤοȸθ경ȤѸʸˡ˾礭⡤ޤޤ겼褦ꤽ
Allen, Cynthia L. "Case Syncretism and Word Order Change." Chapter 9 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 201--23.
Allen (205) ˡʼȤƽѸΥƥȤŪʳɸŪĤäƤ (case-rich texts) ȡŪ̸ (deflexion) ˤꡤۤɻĤäƤʤ (case-impoverished texts) ˤޤʬषƤ롥ƥƥȤˤߤʤΡ١פκϡˤȤ礭¾ƥȤܤ˵Τ⤢Ѹγʤ븦ΩʤΤǡΥƥȤʬƸƤŪʥꥹȤǤϤʤAllen ǥѤƥȤΤߤǺܤƤˤʤΤǡդƤ
| Case-rich texts | Date | Case-impoverished texts | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PC I (not very rich) | c.1131 | PC II | c.1155 |
| Kentish Homilies | a.1150, c.1125 | Ormulum (Vol. II) | c.1180 |
| Lambeth Homilies | c.1200, mostly OE | Ancrene Wisse (Parts 1--5) | c.1230, somewhat earlier |
| Poema Morale (Lambeth version) | c.1200, c.1170--90 | Katherine Group | c.1225, 1200--20 |
| Trinity Homilies | a.1225, ?OE | Wohunge | c.1220, post 1200 |
| Brut (C MS) (1st 3,000 lines) | s.xiii2, post 1189 | Cursor Mundi (Vesp. MS, Vol. I) | c.1350 |
| Vices and Virtues | c.1200, a.1225 | Havelok the Dane | c.1300, c.1295--1310 |
| Owl and Nightingale (C MS) | s.xiii2, 1189--1216 | Robert of Gloucester's Chronicle (A MS, Vol. I) | c.1325, c.1300 |
| Kentish Sermons | c.1275, pre-1250 | Genesis and Exodus | a.1325, c.1250 |
| Aȝenbite of Inwit | 1340 | Sir Orfeo and Amis and Amiloun (Auchinleck MS) | c.1330 |
| Early Prose Psalter | c.1350 |
üԤ̤θ줫ѤȤ٤ȡθѤȤȤϡʪǤ롥ԤϤޤˡּڤפȤ٤ԤʤƤȤ̣ưŪ borrowing ǤꡤԤϤ줬ηϤǼޤäŪ loan_word ѤǤ롥2Ԥΰ㤤ڵ (evidence) ȤҤ٤Сʸ塤Ԥ "borrowing" βϳǧ뤳ȤϤۤȤɤԤ "loan word" ѤȤƤξΤߤȿǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ΰ㤤ѸˤθťΥɸμѡʸˤˤƹͤƤߤ褦Ѹ줬ťΥɸθäѤϡξ줬ܿǤ뤫顤濴ϸűѸǤ롥ˤäƤ¿ʤȤѸޤǤȤƤ⡤ܤϸűѸǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤʡ#2591. ťΥɸϤĤޤǥɤǻȤƤ ([2016-05-31-1])ˡ
ѤȤ٤űѸνǤäȤƤ⡤Τ褦˼Ѥ줿Ѹ줬λκȤܤʤɤʸƱŪȿǤƤ뤫ɤǤ롥̾ѸϼҲŪˤٹǧΤ褦ˤʤäƤդ˽ȤΤǤꡤѤʤ줿ȼѸ줬ʸڤδ֤ˤϥåפ롥Ȥ櫓¸űѸʸΤۤȤɤϡŪ˸ťΥɸαƶǤⴶˤ West-Saxon ɸŪʱѸˤǽƤ뤿ᡤťΥɸ줫μѸξڵۤȤɼʤťΥɸαƶǻäϡɸŪȤơȤ뵡ʤäΤǡڵȤʤʸΤΤĤäƤʤˡΥޥʹߡѸϡɤǤ졤ʸ˽Ȥ뵡ΤΤ㸺ᡤѸˤƤťΥɸ줫μѸλѤǧǤʸɬ¿ʤäơ¿θťΥɸѸ줬ʸư̾ڵȤƳǧΤϡƤѸ졤٤иѸʹߤȤȤˤʤ롥ťΥɸμѡʸˤݤˡϤȤƤפʤΤǡõƤ
Crowley (101) ˡˤĤüŪƤս꤬ΤǡƤ
[T]he Scandinavian influence on English dialects, which began after c. 850 and outside the tradition of writing, does not show up in any significant way in the records of Old English. The substantial pre-1066 texts from the Danelaw areas show either the local Old English dialect without Scandinavian influence or standard Late West Saxon. So, despite the circumstantial evidence and Middle English attestation of a significant Scandinavian influence, not much can be made of it for Old English.
Crowley, Joseph P. "The Study of Old English Dialects." English Studies 67 (1986): 97--104.
Υޥ (norman_conquest) θ塤ɤ꽻뤳ȤˤʤäΥޥͤȤλ¹ϡФ餯δ֡ʬǤ norman_french ä³ɼҲĺΩĥΥޥͤβ²Ȥ㤿ϡä˸Ūʸ̮ˤơեѤäĹ³ƤȤϻ¤Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϡʲεϤȤơȼ夲Ƥ
#131. Ѹ ([2009-09-05-1])
#661. 12ɿͤäդȽա ([2011-02-17-1])
#1204. 12ΥɲΡֱѸϡס ([2012-08-13-1])
#1461. William's writ ([2013-04-27-1])
#2567. 13ΥɿͤȱѸηӤĤ ([2016-05-07-1])
#2604. 13ΥեʸŪŪϰ̡ ([2016-06-13-1])
äˡ1300ǯ Robert of Gloucester 路 Chronicle ǤϡΥޥͤեѤ³Ƥ븽ˤĤơԤܤ䤤Ƥս꤬ۤɤʡ#2148. Ѹ diglossia ̤ bilingualism ʸ ([2015-03-15-1]) ΰѤȡˡ
ͤʤФʤȤϡ˽Ҥ٤ϡ褽Υޥͤβ²ˤΤƤϤޤäȤȤŪʬ㤤ΥޥͤϡϤˤ¿αѸüԤ륤ɿͤΰϤΤȤǡ˥ե줫Υ졤Ѹؾ괹Ƥ
Τ褦ʸ椨ˡǤ1300ǯˤϡѸüԤΤʤˤϡѸǤΤȤָĿŪʡưŤϽʬˤäϤѸǽȤϼҲŪγˤäΤǡּҲŪˡפȤ𤬤äǤ롥ڤäơѸǤΤ⸽ϤƤ1300ǯǽ줿Ĺ Cursor Mundi Ԥ⡤1ͤǤ롥ʤѸǽΤȤͳƽƤս (Prologue, II, ll. 232--50) Gramley (72--73) ͳǰѤ褦
þis ilk bok es translate
Into Inglis tong to rede
For the loue of Inglis lede,
Inglish lede of Ingland,
For the commun at understand.
Frankis rimes here I redd,
Comunlik in ilk[a] sted;
Mast es it wroght for frankis man,
Quat is for him na Frankis can?
In Ingland the nacion,
Es Inglis man þar in commun;
þe speche þat man wit mast may spede;
Mast þarwit to speke war nede.
Selden was for ani chance
Praised Inglis tong in France;
Give we ilkan þare langage,
Me think we do þam non outrage.
To laud and Inglish man I spell
þat understandes þat I tell.
ѸǽͳƽƤȤȤ顤դˤ줬ҲŪˤϤޤ̤ιԤǤϤʤäȤ롥
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
ѸΥƥ The Owl and the Nightingale Cartlidge ǤɤǤ롥868ԤˤΥƥȤͣȤơ1;̾ʤȤ ih ֻ롥椬ΤΤˤĤƵƤ륷ǡNe singe ih hom no foliot! ȤѤƤ롥ֻCܤΤΤǤꡤФJܤǤϤβս˰Ūֻ ich ѤƤ롥
λ¤顤Ѹˤ1;̾ʤΰ۷֤ʬۤ˴ؿäǡLAEME ʬۤäĴ٤Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤä˵ˤʤäƤΤϸλҲ̵ͭӤλҲμǤ롥첻̵뤷ŵŪֻפФƤߤȡich, ik, ih, i դ꤬롥٤Фۤˤ⤢ꤦ뤬̤4ֻˤĤƽиʬۤ绨ĤˤߤƤ
LAEME ΥץϤ褯ǤƤΤǡιԤʤäȤȤС֤˴ؤϿޤɽ뤳ȤΤߤʲ4ʬۿޤĤʤ碌ΤǺܤ롥ץɤߤˤִطϼɽ˼̤ʲåгǤˡ
| ʲιϿޤǤΰ | Map No. | |
|---|---|---|
| 00001312 | I: Ih, ih and yh | |
| 00001305 | I: 'ik', all k forms, incl icke. | |
| 00001302 | I: '(h)ich' and 'ych' incl iich and ichs | |
| 00001308 | I: I. |
ѸֻɸಽˤϡȥɸŪʤΤ뤬ΥޥνѸˤϤ줬̵˵Ѹˤʤäƽ˺ɸಽѸɸಽʤߡ17--18ɸֻΩ绨ĤǤ롥γѤˤСѸֻɸबޤǤʤäȤȤˤʤ롥ϤǴְäƤϤʤֻɸȤϤ鷺Ȥ⡤ٰӤֻȤȤǤСλˤĿͤ侮ĤΥ٥ǼƤפĤ롥褯ΤƤΤϡ(1) "AB language" ֻ, (2) Ormulum κ Orm ֻ(3) ֥ƥ Brut եǤ Laȝamon ֻǤ롥
(1) "AB language" ̾ϡƻΤλ Ancrene Wisse ޤ Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 402 Ȥ (= A) ȡϢ佡ޤ Oxford, Bodleian Library, Bodley 34 μ (=B) ͳ褹롥2ܡʵڤӴϢ뤤ĤμܡˤˤϡʤӤֻηϤѤƤꡤʣμ̻ˤäƤ줬ѤƤ뤳Ȥ顤餯13Ⱦˡνƻܼ濴Ȥʤäơɸֻ夲ߤʤƤΤȿ¬Ƥ롥
(2) Orm ϡLincolnshire ΥƥνƻΤǡ1200ǯˡʬ䤹ʪ Ormulum 路¸ͣΥƥȤ2ԤĶʸǤꡤ줬äۤɰӤֻǽƤ롥Orm ϡ첻̤ˤäƸ³ҲŤͤʤɤιɵ椷äֻηϤԤߤʬκʤǼΤǤ롥 Orm ֻϡ¾μܤˤहΤȯƤ餺ƸĿŪֻɸಽλϸ16θŪֻԤȤäƤ褤
(3) Laȝamon ϡWorcestershire λʺפǡ13Ƭ˱ʸǯ嵭ʸDZѸǤ˸ŤᤫʤäƤȤܤƬ (alliteration) 䡤ʸáֻ褵Υ른åʷϵ⤹ȤLaȝamon ϡºݤ˸űѸˤäֻɤ̤ȤơˤűѸֻռŪѤðۤǤꡤθĿŪֻɸಽλߤȤߤ뤳Ȥǽ
ʾ塤Horobin (98--102) ȤƼɮ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
űѸμѲ2°ưǤϡɽΤĤβս "medial -i-" (#2112. ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤ ([2015-02-07-1]) θűѸ lufian ζɽ) -i- Ѹʹߤ˼ƤüΥߥ䥹ԡɤƥȤʤɤˤäưۤʤäƤʬۤΰȤƤϡݼŪǤ -i- ٤ޤݤ졤ŪǤ˼줿
űѸμѲ2Ǥľˡ3;ñߤζ -i- Ժߤ -aþ Ȥʤ뤬б3;ΡʣǤ -i- -iaþ Ȥʤ롥äơѸʹߤ -i- ξüʤȡˤä3;Τñʣ̤뤳ȤǤʤʤä
üʹԤƤѸβϴˤϡκ⤢äΤǤϤʤȵ롥㤨СThe Owl and the Nightingale ll. 229--32 Ƥߤ褦Cartlidge Ǥˡ
Vor eurich þing þat schuniet riȝt,
Hit luueþ þuster & hatiet liȝt;
& eurich þing þat is lof misdede,
Hit luueþ þuster to his dede.
֤ǵưϤűѸμѲ2ͳ褷3;ñμäƤ롥äơ -i- ʤϤschuniet hatiet Ǥ -i- Ƥ롥ʤ嵭 C ܤǤη֤ȿǤƤ뤬J ܤǤб֤Ϥ줾 schonyeþ, luuyeþ, hateþ, luueþ ȤʤäƤꡤ-i- ʬۤǤޤޤǤ롥
schuniet ˤĤƤϡԻ eurich þing ̣ʣȤƲᤵ줿뤤 alle þing ʤɤοʣäΤǤϤʤȤǽŦƤCartlidge (Owl 113) Ǥϡ"it seems more sensible to regard these lines as an example of the Middle English breakdown of distinctions made between different forms of Old English Class 2 weak verbs" ȤθƤ롥
Cartlidge ̤ʸǡΥƥȤˤ -i- ˤĤƽҤ٤ƤΤǡβսѤƤ
In both C and J, the infinitives of verbs descended from Old English Class 2 weak verbs in -ian always retain an -i- (either -i, -y, -ye, -ie, -ien or -yen). However, for the third person plural of the indicative, J writes -yeþ five times, as against nine cases of -eþ or -þ; while C writes -ieþ or -iet seven times, as against seven cases of -eþ, -ed, or -et. In the present participle, both C and J have medial -i- twice beside eleven non-conservative forms. The retention of -i in some endings also occurs in many later medieval texts, at least in the south, and its significance may be as much regional as diachronic. (Cartlidge, "Date" 238)
ˤϡ-i- ξüηˤäưۤʤäƤФǤʤɽΥåȤˤäƤ⥿ߥ䥹ԡɤۤʤäƤǽƤꡤѲΥ塼 (schedule_of_language_change) δ鶽̣
Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.
Cartlidge, Neil. "The Date of The Owl and the Nightingale." Medium Aevum 65 (1996): 230--47.
οǯ٤ˤϡѸƤ The Owl and the Nightingale ɤϤͽǤ롥äơñʽܤƤʸ٤ޤȤӤ̤ˤʤΤǡǤϼΩäΤ˸¤롥塤ɬפ˱ɲäƤ
[ Editions ]
Atkins, J. W. H., ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. New York: Russel & Russel, 1971. 1922.
Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.
Grattan, J. H. G. and G. F. H. Sykes, eds. The Owl and the Nightingale. Vol. 119 of EETS es. London: OUP, 1935.
Stanley, Eric Gerald, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1972.
Treharne, Elaine, ed. Old and Middle English c. 890--c. 1450: An Anthology. 3rd ed. Malden, Mass.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
[ Editions for Part of the Text ]
Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Burrow, J. A. and Thorlac Turville-Petre, eds. A Book of Middle English. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005.
Dickins, Bruce and R. M. Wilson, eds. Early Middle English Texts. London: Bowes, 1951.
[ Facsimile ]
Ker, N. R. The Owl and the Nightingale: Facsimile of the Jesus and Cotton Manuscripts. EETS os 251. London: 1963.
[ Studies ]
Cartlidge, Neil. "The Date of The Owl and the Nightingale." Medium Ævum 65 (1996): 230--47.
Fletcher, A. "Debate Poetry." Readings in Medieval Literature. Ed. D. Johnson and E. Treharne. Oxford: 2005. 241--56.
Hume, Kathryn. The Owl and the Nightingale: The Poem and Its Critics. Toronto, 1975.
Palmer, R. Barton. "The Narrator in The Owl and the Nightingale: A reader in the Text." Chaucer Review 22 (1988): 305--21.
Pearsal, Derek. Old English and Middle English Poetry. London: 1977. 91--4.
Reed, Thomas L. Middle English Debate Poetry and the Aesthetics of Irresolution. Columbia: 1990.
Salter, Elizabeth. English and International: Studies in the Literature, Art and patronage of Medieval England. Cambridge: 1988. Chapter 2.
Wilson, R. M. Early Middle English Literature. London: 1951. Chapter VII.
[ Online Resources ]
CMEPV: The Owl and the Nightingale (MS Cotton):
CMEPV: The Owl and the Nightingale (MS Jes. Col. 29)
CMEPV: MED Descriptions of CMEPV
LAEME: London, British Library, Cotton Caligula A ix, The Owl and the Nightingale, language 1
LAEME: London, British Library, Cotton Caligula A ix, The Owl and the Nightingale, language 2
LAEME: Oxford, Jesus College 29, part II, English on fols. 144r-195r; 198r-200v
ε#2520. Ѹ134 "such" ΰֻ ([2016-03-21-1]) ³ϽѸ쥳ѥ LAEME "such" ΰֻФƤߤ (see #1262. The LAEME Corpus ɽ (1) ([2012-10-10-1])) θϡѸǤϷƻ졤졤³ȤѤ졤ƻξˤ϶ޤ⤹ΤǡΤȤ͡ʷ֤롥ե٥åȽ˰褦ʤäοͤʸڤ١ˡ
hsƿucche (1), schilke (1), schuc (3), scli (1), scuche (1), sec (1), secc (1), secche (1), sech (2), seche (1), selk (1), selke (1), shuc (1), shuch (1), siche (1), silc (1), silk (3), sli (1), slic (5), sliik (1), slik (3), slike (1), slk (1), sly (1), soch (5), soche (1), solchere (1), suc (2), sucche (2), such (51), suche (1), suecche (1), suech (1), sueche (1), sueh (1), sug (1), suic (1), suicchne (1), suich (12), suiche (3), suilc (14), suilce (1), suilch (1), suilk (1), suilke (2), sulch (1), sulche (1), sulk (1), sulke (1), suuche (1), suweche (1), suwilk (1), suyc (1), suych (4), suyche (1), svich (2), sƿche (1), sƿic (3), sƿicche (1), sƿich (1), sƿiche (14), sƿichne (1), sƿilc (30), sƿilch (22), sƿilche (1), sƿilcne (1), sƿilk (14), sƿillc (10), sƿillke (2), sƿi~lch (1), sƿlche (1), sƿuc (4), sƿucch (1), sƿucche (4), sƿucches (1), sƿuch (1), sƿuche (1), sƿuchne (1), sƿuilc (1), sƿulc (8), sƿulce (1), sƿulche (9), swch (1), swecche (1), swech (1), sweche (2), swich (5), swiche (1), swics (1), swil (1), swilc (5), swilce (1), swilk (2), swilke (2), swilkee (2), swlc (1), swlch (1), swlche (1), swlchere (1), swlcne (1), swuche (2), swuh (1), swulcere (1), swulch (3), swulchen (1), swulchere (1), swulke (1), swulne (1), zuich (10), zuiche (14), zuichen (3), zuych (10), zuyche (2)
ʸȾʸζ̤ϤĤˡ113ֻʸڤ롥Τʤ٤ˤƥȥå5ֻȴФȡsuch, sƿilc, sƿilch, sƿilk, sƿiche Ȥʤꡤ5369ĤΤ131 (35.5%) 롥
θѸ줫134ȹ碌ʣֻȡѸΤȤ247ΰֻ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ѤϿޤ䥳ѥɬŪǤϤʤΤǡϹʿͤȻפ롥㤨СMED swich (adj.) ˷ǤƤֻäСϤ⤦
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