#5360. Ҳء̾ءҲ̾ء ([2023-12-30-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 "Names in Society" ꤹϥɥ֥åʸηˡμҲ̾ (socio-onomastics) θ̤Ƥ롥1Ѥ롥
Socio-onomastic research has been carried out for over forty years now. In spite of the multifaceted research thus far, many areas have still hardly been touched upon. In the socio-onomastic study of place-names, rural names have been in focus for decades, but urban names still lack comprehensive research. So far we know very little about what place-names --- both official and unofficial --- are used in multi-layered and often multilingual urban environments. The same topic also concerns personal names: How are they used in multilingual contexts? Research into commercial names is still rather scarce due to the young age of the field, and socio-onomastic studies are few. One of the most interesting questions for the future is to investigate the attitudes and stances that people take towards commercial names and how people talk about commercial products and businesses in actual language use. (380--81)
ǸʸǽҤ٤ƤΤϡޤˡ־ɸء (trademark linguistics) Ǥ롥־ɸءפȤСܲ̾ץȡ (name_project) ǰ˸椷ƤءˤǤ롥ޤǤ Voicy heldio ¾˽б餷Ƥ2023ǯΥꥹʡɼǤϡꤵȤ̲2Ĥ3̤7̤˥Ƥʡ#5363. 2023ǯΥꥹʡɼˤ heldio ο䤷ۿ٥10ꡪ ([2024-01-02-1]) ȡˡ
#667. ¤Ȥ --- ɸؤȤϲ
#671. ¤Ȥ --- ɸεŪͻ
嵭̤ꡤɸؤȤˤäƼҲ̾ؤˤͭ˾ʬȤƸޤƤꡤܤ
ɸؤӸꤵȴϢơʲε⻲ȡ
#5078. ˡ (forensic linguistics) ([2023-03-23-1])
#5085. ¤Ȥ Voicy ̤ǡ־ɸءפƳƤޤ ([2023-03-30-1])
#5092. ɸؤȱѸˡ˸ؤ ([2023-04-06-1])
Ainiala, Terhi. "Names in Society." Chapter 25 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 371--81.
ܥ֥λǡǤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ǤϡͭǤϤޤֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤפꤹ륪饤ĶɲΥȾǯΤ褽ŪˤϤƤޤХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])
ǿȤʤֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (34) The Names "England" and "English"ۿޤEngland English ȤѸ˾夭ƽפʸθ츻ȾڡʸϤ30ʬʾ夫ƲۤƤޤ
βۿƨˡ6ꡤVoicy ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤ (helwa)פǤۿȤʤޤȴϢ֡ڱѸˤ #77ۿǯľرѸ츻ŵ٤ England English ɤꤷƤϤͽǤ

߷˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ˤ긵֤ƤϤܤ֤ǤʤϺΤ˥βͤˡʹƤйǤƽפñθ츻ꤷƤޤ
helwa ϥץߥͥǤ1̵λİӥƤޤ heldio ̾ۿİΤʤˤϡץߥͥϵˤʤäƤɲݶ⤷ƻäˤϥϡɥ뤬⤤ޤϤɤʷϵʤΤİƤߤȤ⤤ä뤫⤷ޤҤ1ΤİƤ³Ƥ褤Ȼפäˤ2ʹߤ⤪դ礤ФȻפޤǤʤмƤȤȤǡޤääǤ
;̤Ǥ嵭ͽѤΥȥˤ⼨ƤȤꡤhelwa ǤϥץߥꥹʡΥ饤ǯλθ7鳫ͽǤ
ͽΤˡȴϢ hellog, heldio, ¾ΥȤưʲƤޤ
ǯ122910˾ƲǤ줿World Englishes Ҳ𤹤 Voicy heldio ΥΰĤȤ#942. ԤȸWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯ --- ڱŴȤΥɤαѸᤰ̡ۿޤڱʸءˤϡܽ4ϡ֥ɤαѸפԤ1ͤǤʤ⤦1ϲƣͳˡ33ʬۤɤβƥĤȤʤäƤޤ֤ΤȤˤİ
Ҳ𤤤4ϡ֥ɤαѸ (pp. 69--84) ϡʲιȤʤäƤޤˤϡָơޡץʡȻʸդƤޤ

ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ

ǯī6ˡܥ֥Υ饸ǤȤ⤤٤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ϤƤޤ heldio ˤϡͭǤΥץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) ޤǯ62˳ߤͥǡ轵ڤͼ6ˤϤƤޤǯνۿϺ֡ڱѸˤ #752023ǯ heldio ο䤷ۿɼ̡ˤĤƹɾ³Ȥۿޤ
helwa ˤܲ40̾ۤɤΥꥹʡγ˻äƤƤꡤڤؤꡤ٤ꤷꡤäꡤꤷƤޤȤΥ֥ץǡ800ߤȤʤäƤޤVoicy ץͳǤϼäƤ˹⤯ʤޤΤǡ֥֥饦ͳǤòˡ
ǯޤޤơhelwa ǤϤ1̵λİӥƤޤ heldio ̾ۿİΤʤˤϡץߥͥϵˤʤäƤɲݶ⤷ƻäˤϥϡɥ뤬⤤ޤϤɤʷϵʤΤİƤߤȤ⤤ä뤫⤷ޤҤ1ΤİƤ³Ƥ褤Ȼפäˤ2ʹߤ⤪դ礤ФȻפޤǤʤмƤȤȤǡޤääǤ
helwa αˤϳѤäƤޤܤϡֱѸˤδ֤ˡפåȡȤפϡhelסʱѸ˳ưˤˤۤܤ٤ƽƤƤޤʲεȤС
#5145. 62ʶˡVoicy ץߥꥹʡۿοֱͥѸˤءפϤޤ ([2023-05-29-1])
#5150. ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤءפץ ([2023-06-03-1])
#5301. ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) 5εס ([2023-11-01-1])
#5330. 11ΡֱѸˤء (helwa) ο֤ --- Voicy Υץߥꥹʡۿͥ ([2023-11-30-1])
Ƕ helwa ߥ˥ƥηȤƤϡ¿Υץߥꥹʡܥƥǡhelפ䤷ʤƤ뤳ȡߥ˥ƥŪʱѸ˥ƥ饷ˤ꤬ꤵƤޤʡ˵ȡ饤̤Υղ٤ޤäƤȡʤɤޤ
ºݡθήεȤơ15ʶˤ 19:00--20:00 helwa 饤ǯŤͽǤheldio/helwa биΤ븦Ԥ khelfʷѸ˥ե˥СäꡤŤʸήεˤʤȻפޤ
ǯ12ʬ helwa 13ФäƤޤΤǡΥХåʥСإĥäƤޤ
ڱѸˤ #62helwa ؤ (2023/12/02)
ڱѸˤ #63۸ôط (2023/12/05)
ڱѸˤ #64 helwa ˺ǯ¾⡪ (2023/12/07)
ڱѸˤ #65۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (32) The Germanic Conquest --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡʸȾ (2023/12/09)
ڱѸˤ #66ʸȥե̾ (2023/12/12)
ڱѸˤ #67Ʊ۵ count (2023/12/14)
ڱѸˤ #68ۺīäȤϤ (2023/12/16)
ڱѸˤ #69get medieval ³ (2023/12/19)
ڱѸˤ #70ۤʤѸˤ˴ؿäΡ --- ¼Ϻƣ蘆Ȥ (2023/12/21)
ڱѸˤ #71ǯǯϤ heldio/helwa ٥ȤΤΤ餻 (2023/12/23)
ڱѸˤ #72̾ -ity (2023/12/26)
ڱѸˤ #73ǯλ̲ (2023/12/28)
ڱѸˤ #742023ǯ helwa 10˥塼 (2023/12/30)
ǯˡ#5358. 2023ǯ heldio ο䤷ۿϡ --- ɼꤤޤ ([2023-12-28-1]) εǸƤӤƤ̤ꡤǯˤϤ heldio ۿΤʤ͵ꥹʡɼ»ܤޤ糢ڤޤ38̾ˤɼޤɼƤäˤϸ鿽夲ޤ
Ǥϡɼ̤Ǥ110ĤޤǤȤɼǤʲ̤Ȥʤޤ7̤ޤǤη25ʬǺܤƤޤ˾ܤ Slido Ǥɼ뤤ܵΥHTML
ޤܵƬ˷Ǥī heldio ۿ#946. 2023ǯ heldio ο䤷ۿɼ̤ȯɽǤϡɼ̤ιɾϤƤޤΤǡ⤪İС
1. #822. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 1 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ (29%)
2. #875. رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤॷ (1) --- ƣ foot (24%)
3. #667. ¤Ȥ --- ɸؤȤϲ (21%)
4. #783. űѻηإ٥ա (Beowulf) --- ߷ͧǦϽؤȰߤʤ餴Ҳ (18%)
5. #729. ʤѸؤФʤФʤʤΡ --- ΤαѸˡ (16%)
5. #759. Wulfstan ï --- ϽؤȤ̡1ơۡ (16%)
5. #797. ߷ͧ Beowulf ΤȤǤ䤷Ƥߤޤ with Ǧ and Ͻؤ (16%)
5. #828. رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤäƥ --- ҲļǤ (1) (16%)
5. #934. إԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯ --- ԤΰпȤ̡ (16%)
6. #602. ʤξ⤯Τ on feet ǤϤʤ on foot ʤΡ (13%)
6. #661. book beech --- ܤȥ֥ʤδطϡ (13%)
6. #670. Ѹ˥ with ޤˤ³ԡˡ (13%)
6. #865. ѸΤܤξҲ --- ԡˡWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯˡ (13%)
6. #901. ԤȸWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯ --- ëǷȤΥαѸᤰ̡ (13%)
7. #598. եȤϲ´ƣʿȤ̡ (11%)
7. #624. ۡפθء (11%)
7. #669. Ѹ˥ with ޤˤ (11%)
7. #671. ¤Ȥ --- ɸεŪͻ (11%)
7. #735. űѸ첻 --- ޥּޤͤζáפá (11%)
7. #776. ָϡǤ --- Υꥹʡä (11%)
7. #809. ָ첽פȤɽήԤäƤ褦Ǥ (11%)
7. #829. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 2 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ (11%)
7. #836. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 3 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ (11%)
7. #869. ԤȸWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯ --- ǦȤ̡ (11%)
7. #883. ԤȸWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯ --- ¼ȤΥꥫʥѸᤰ̡ (11%)
Ǿ̤ˤϥΤ̲¿ޤȤ櫓٥5դޤǤۿˤĤƤϡ2024ǯˤ⥷ȤƷ³ƴϢۿߤȤꥹʡƤǤ礦ҸƤƤȻפޤΤȤơܾҲѤʵפä͵Τ褦Ǥɼ̤ΰΤʤǡޤİǤʤۿޤ顤ҤΤˤǤİ褷Ƥڤߤ
ɼ줿ꥹʡγɾˤĤƤϡ1225 heldio ۿ#938. 2023ǯ heldio ο䤷ۿɼΥƤߤƤ
ꥹʡ umisio ˤ note ꡤʲε⻲ͤˤʤޤ
- 5ǯ (2023ǯ) heldio ֤롡1Ⱦ1--3ԡ
- 5ǯ (2023ǯ) heldio ֤롡2Ⱦ4--6ˡ7ޤǥ֥ꥢ
- 5ǯ (2023ǯ) heldio ֤롡3Ⱦ8--9ˡ7˴ޤ
- 5ǯ2023ǯˤ heldio ֤롡4Ⱦ9--12ˡ
2024ǯ heldio ǤͭפۿϤƤޤɤդ礤
Voicy heldio ˤӤᤰءˤȤ̲ۿƤޤ#936. Dz World Englishes 褤 --- ӤᤰȤ̡ꤷơDzѤ World Englishes αѸ춵顦춵ȤơޤǤäƤޤԤ10ʬۤɤǤҤİ
NetFlix YouTube ʤɤۿDzɥޤ̤ơ͡ʱѸѼ郎ȶʹ褦ˤʤäƤޤΤ褦ʻϡѸؽä˥ꥹ˥ˤζȤƤΩޤϤθѸǤŤǤϤܤؤαѸʼҲ˸ؤμȤǡѶŪ˱Dz World Englishes ƳƤȤΤȤǤơԤκǸǤϡο䤷֡ѸʱDzˡפǤ뤳Ȥ餫ˤޤο䤷αѸѼϲǤ礦
ξȤ̤2ƤǤơ1Ƥ1212#925. ԤȸWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯ --- ӤᤰȤδڹαѸᤰ̡ȤۿƤޤ⺣ƤȴϢΤǡҤİСޤϢ hellog #5345. ִڹαѸ --- ԡˡWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯˤ10ϡ ([2023-12-15-1]) 碌Ƥɤ

ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ
2023ǯ heldio ο䤷ۿפɼ2023ǯ1225ʷˤ1231 23:59 ޤɼʡˤƼդƤޤʤ뤤ϰʲQRɤɤˡҳΥޥ٥10ǤйǤ

嵭̤ꡤ2023ǯ heldio ο䤷ۿפΥꥹʡɼ糢ޤǥץƤޤǯθۿ #580 1224ۿ #937 ޤǤη358оݤˤ110ޤǤͤǤ
hellog ɼԤ heldio ꥹʡγˤȤäƤϡ褬¿Ӥˤ⤷ޤ٤ƤۿİƤ櫓ǤʤȻפޤ10֤ޤǡǤȤȤǤΤǡɼϥޥ٥1ޥ٥3ʤɤˤȤɤƤƤ⤫ޤޤͤޤǤ Voicy Υʥƥˤ뺣ǯΥĤƤޤΤǡȤ
#5353. 2023ǯ heldio ۿΥ --- ꥹʡԡ ([2023-12-23-1])
#5354. 2023ǯ heldio ۿΥ --- ȿԡ ([2023-12-24-1])
#5355. 2023ǯ heldio ǤϤۿܤޤ --- ꥹʡȤͿԡ ([2023-12-25-1])
˵ϤޤǡֵҴŪʿͤ˴ŤץǤȤ̤ˡꥹʡγγơδؿפ졤ĥܤ⤢뤫ȻפޤΤǡդ꤬ȿǤ줿ꥹʡˤ2023ǯ heldio ο䤷ۿץǤȤ⤷ʤȴԤƤޤ
碌ưʲξɼλͤˤʤ뤫⤷ޤΤǵƤޤ
#5101. 2023ǯ1--3 heldio ([2023-04-15-1])
note ǤΥ
ꥹʡ umisio ˤ note Ǥο֤국
- 5ǯ (2023ǯ) heldio ֤롡1Ⱦ1--3ԡ
- 5ǯ (2023ǯ) heldio ֤롡2Ⱦ4--6ˡ7ޤǥ֥ꥢ
- 5ǯ (2023ǯ) heldio ֤롡3Ⱦ8--9ˡ7˴ޤ
ꥹʡ kitako ˤ Instagram Ǥ heldio ۿҲʥƥʤƤޤ
ޤ1225ʷˤˤɼƤӤ#938. 2023ǯ heldio ο䤷ۿɼۿƤޤҤİ
伫ȤɼޤɼԤƤޤ

Ʊνпʷʸʸ칶ˤοإԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯˤĤơhellog Ǥ#5316. Shakespeare κʰʼɮǯ --- пˡإԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯˤ ([2023-11-16-1]) #5323. Shakespeare μʷ --- пˡإԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯˤ ([2023-11-23-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥޤ
ΤӿᤰäưȤ Voicy heldio Ǥ̤¸ޤΤǡΤ餻ޤ#934. إԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯ --- ԤΰпȤ̡33ʬۤɤμܡˤǤҤİ
̤ΤʤǤϡ
(1) ܽνǤ伹ɮ
(2) Ϣ heldio ۿ#898. пΤξҲ --- إԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯˡǥꥹʡƤ礭䤤֤ʤԥǤۤͽФȤȤΤƤΤפؤβ
(3) إϥåȡ٤ˤ conscience ʸŪ
ʤɤޤȤ櫓 (3) ɬİǤʸỤ̣̄äƤФȻפޤ
ˤϡޤǤ Shakespeare αѸˤĤƱѸ˾嶽̣ФƤꡤ㤨 hellog Ǥ#4309. shall we ȤƤ shall's (= shall us) ([2021-02-12-1]) ʤɤǿƤޤ̤Ǥ⤤ʤФƤޤåʷϵʤƬɷ㤵³ڤ̤Ǥޤꤤޤ
إԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯ
Ρ#5353. 2023ǯ heldio ۿΥ --- ꥹʡԡ ([2023-12-23-1])ӺΡ#5354. 2023ǯ heldio ۿΥ --- ȿԡ ([2023-12-24-1]) ³2023ǯ heldio ۿ֤ޤ (1) ֿꥹʡפ¿ۿȡ(2) ֤͡פ¿ۿ˴Ť2ĤΥꥹȤޤΥǤ̤ۿϰΥꥹʡ˴ŤɽȽŤʤΤ¿ΤǡƸԥɽ˴ޤޤʤΤӡ10鷺Ĥޤ
İǤʤ⤷ʲСǯǯϤˤ֤ΤȤˤİ
(1) ֿꥹʡפο˴Ťۿ
1. #866. פ1 hot water 2 --- ϲ̣롩 (2023/10/14)
2. #828. رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤäƥ --- ҲļǤ (1) (2023/09/06)
3. #819. űѸ̾ with Ͻؤ (2023/08/28)
4. #680. ʤܿ͡פ Japanian ʤɤǤϤʤ Japanese ʤΡ --- ڵȤ̡ (2023/04/11)
5. #654. Ȥ tax ߤ task ޤ --- Ƥ2 (2023/03/16)
6. #650. Ѹˤηä AI 餱ʤ3Ĥͳ (2023/03/12)
7. #614. ī롼ΩƼư --- routine ä (2023/02/04)
8. #604. ʤѶǤϴ줬άΡ --- for example from hand to mouth ʤɡ (2023/01/25)
9. #590. ܤϸ¿ؿ㤤 (2023/01/11)
10. #589. come of age ͤס (2023/01/10)
(2) ֤͡פο˴Ťۿ
1. #756. "the title of the book" "the book's title" with 礵 --- khelf κŵ10ơ (2023/06/26)
2. #647. η̾Ǥߤ RE: äƲǤ (2023/03/09)
3. #662. ĸθζᤰ֥ (2023/03/24)
4. #809. ָ첽פȤɽήԤäƤ褦Ǥ (2023/08/18)
5. #876. ߹ɼϿ (7) --- ¤ (2023/10/24)
6. #585. 饤ʿͤ饤ʸؤӻϤƤäƤɤȡ --- Ȥȸʣʴط (2023/01/06)
7. #637. ʤ֥ꥫפǤϤʤΡ (2023/02/27)
8. #875. رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤॷ (1) --- ƣ foot (2023/10/23)
9. #584. 桼θ (2023/01/05)
10. #631. Ƕ褯ʹ generative äƲ --- 츻õ (2023/02/21)
ε ([2023-12-23-1]) ˰³2023ǯ heldio ۿΥޤΤϡƤȿ˴ŤѤäɽǤǯ heldio Υ夬ꡤꥹʡߥ˥ƥȤ٤ΤˤǤäƤǯǤ夬äİƤߤȤ褦ۿ⤢ä⤷ޤ
ۿ⤷äɤ̤Ȥơꥹʡγ¿ΥȤƤΤˤͳꤽǤ㤨Хȥåפ˵#821. ˥å͡ --- 93 19:00--20:00 Τ˥ꥹʡγؤθƤӤˤ112ΥȤդޤϸΤˡ֥˥å͡פȤƥꥹʡγ˥ƤƤӤǤ2̤#800. ֱѸϡʻˤȤäơˡǤפ罸ޤ --- ˤ˸ꥹʡ÷ո罸ۿǤΤ̲ۤ⥳Ȥ褯ޤ뷹褦Ǥ
ΥɽȤޤŤʤ꤬ʤ饤ʥåפȤʤäƤޤǯˤơҤĤİƤߤƤ
1. #821. ˥å͡ --- 93 19:00--20:00 Τ˥ꥹʡγؤθƤӤ (2023/08/30)
2. #800. ֱѸϡʻˤȤäơˡǤפ罸ޤ --- ˤ˸ꥹʡ÷ (2023/08/09)
3. #637. ʤ֥ꥫפǤϤʤΡ (2023/02/27)
4. #771. ָϡΤ褦 --- ǰեᤰꥹʡ÷Τ (2023/07/11)
5. #872. Ѥʥե٥åɽȻפäƤޤ --- khelf (2023/10/20)
6. #650. Ѹˤηä AI 餱ʤ3Ĥͳ (2023/03/12)
7. #704. ʤܸˤϵ졦ָ줬¿Τ --- ĤޤˤꤵƣȲħв (2023/05/05)
8. #773. ϽؤȤοΩ夲ʤ뤫 (2023/07/13)
9. #686. ѸˤμϡѸѸȤΩĤΤ (2023/04/17)
10. #672. եå˱Ѹˡfresh hel (2023/04/03)
11. #794. Ʊ֤ñФ̸ФΩƤ뤫ɤ (2023/08/03)
12. #702. ͡ߥȤϡ --- ¤ƣ蘆ޤˤȤ̡ (2023/05/03)
13. #809. ָ첽פȤɽήԤäƤ褦Ǥ (2023/08/18)
14. #690. ʤ leave βʬ줬 left ʤΡ (2023/04/21)
15. #836. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 3 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ (2023/09/14)
16. #646. ~ơפֻ̣ save (2023/03/08)
17. #667. ¤Ȥ --- ɸؤȤϲ (2023/03/29)
18. #883. ԤȸWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯ --- ¼ȤΥꥫʥѸᤰ̡ (2023/10/31)
19. #635. ѸܸζäƲޤ--- ޤˤڤ2ơ (2023/02/25)
20. #919. ꥹʡγˤǤǤ --- heldio İϤäϲǤ (2023/12/06)
21. #669. Ѹ˥ with ޤˤ (2023/03/31)
22. #670. Ѹ˥ with ޤˤ³ԡˡ (2023/04/01)
23. #882. ߹ɼϿ (8) --- ݡαѸ (2023/10/30)
24. #633. Ф䤤ΩƤ (2023/02/23)
25. #678. 47ˡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥåפ heldio ǤϤޤ (2023/04/09)
26. #829. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 2 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ (2023/09/07)
27. #654. Ȥ tax ߤ task ޤ --- Ƥ2 (2023/03/16)
28. #656. ߤˤΤܤѸˡ (2023/03/18)
29. #885. 狼狼 --- khelf ƣȻ߷Ȥλ̡ (2023/11/02)
30. #903. "potato kid" Υԥ --- إڥαѸˡ٤ξҲ (2023/11/20)
ܥ֥λǡǤȤ٤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ǥϡǯ111223ޤǡī6˱ѸˤǤϤƤޤۿ #580 ۿ #935 ޤǤη3562023ǯʬۿȤߤʤƥɽۿΥꥹȤƤޤơ轵桤ǯޤǤ1֤ǡꥹʡγ hellog ɤߤγˡ2023ǯ heldio ο䤷ۿפƤ餦ɼԤʤȻפޤդ礤ꤤޤʲΤ٤ƤۿΰꥢǤޤ
ʲ˷ǤϡVoicy Υʥƥ줿ۿİ褷ֹץꥹʡ˴Ť٥30ΥɽǤǯϿ͵ YouTube/Podcast ֤ͥإ饸˽б餵ƤȤ⤢ꡤ餫 heldio إꥹʡήꡤ̤Ȥơ֤إ饸״Ϣ¿İƤޤλ𤬥̤ȿǤƤ褦ǤΤۤ khelfʷѸ˥ե˥СȤ̲ khelf ˤʤɤˤܤޤޤѤʵϤۿĴǤ
ҤΥɽͤˡǯˤİƨƤƶ̣ʤɤİйǤ
1. #705. إ饸ˤƽб餹뤳Ȥˡ (2023/05/06)
2. #729. ʤѸؤФʤФʤʤΡ --- ΤαѸˡ (2023/05/30)
3. #595. heah/hih/high --- ֤إ饸פӽФ̻Ūѥ (2023/01/16)
4. #698. ե٥åȤˤƤ --- ߷Ȥ̡ (2023/04/29)
5. #822. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 1 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ (2023/08/31)
6. #689. ظ¡ --- إ饸ӽФܡ (2023/04/20)
7. #711. ʤ be going to ̤̣Ρ --- khelf Ȥ̡ (2023/05/12)
8. #621. ʤ new something ǤϤʤ something new ʤΡ (2023/02/11)
9. #779. ֤إ饸פ evident (evidence) ˤĤƿʤä --- ʬʤΤ˼Ȥΰ̣ˤʤäƤ륾 (2023/07/19)
10. #628. űѸñϤɤ줯餤Ѹ˼ѤƤΡ (2023/02/18)
11. #625. Turkey --- ȥ륳ȼĻδط (2023/02/15)
12. #784. ʤʹԷ be + -ing ʤΤǤ --- ꥹʡѤʵ (2023/07/24)
13. #725. ʤ̿ʸˤϼ줬ʤΡ (2023/05/26)
14. #707. ʤ doubt ˤȯʤΤ <b> äƤǤ --- ߷Ȥ̡ (2023/05/08)
15. #735. űѸ첻 --- ޥּޤͤζáפá (2023/06/05)
16. #606. ѸΥڥϴǤ (2023/01/27)
17. #715. ȸ첾 (2023/05/16)
18. #602. ʤξ⤯Τ on feet ǤϤʤ on foot ʤΡ (2023/01/23)
19. #709. ʤƱñ¿Υڥ¸ߤΤ --- ֤إ饸б2Ȥʤä515̤ through β (2023/05/10)
20. #872. Ѥʥե٥åɽȻפäƤޤ --- khelf (2023/10/20)
21. #688. ʤˤ to ȸ2बΡ (2023/04/19)
22. #684. ѸˤǤߤԵ§ưλȤ --- ƣ蘆Ȥ̡ (2023/04/15)
23. #618. Ѹˤλʬ (2023/02/08)
24. #708. unmummied --- ֤إ饸бȤʤä16ϢȯϿñ (2023/05/09)
25. #724. -er ˹ټʤΡ (2023/05/25)
26. #745. ܿͤ衤ʸܳФ (2023/06/15)
27. #687. ֻҲy y i Ѥ -ed --- ε§ä (2023/04/18)
28. #598. եȤϲ´ƣʿȤ̡ (2023/01/19)
29. #626. ƫ china ȼ japan --- Ϥʤɽ魯ñ줿 (2023/02/16)
30. #734. Japan, Japanese, Nippon θ츻ȱѸǤνǯ (2023/06/04)
heldio Υ䤽¾ۿˤĤƤϡ
#4996. ǯ1ǯ֤Ǥ褯İ줿 --- Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ ([2022-12-31-1])
#5101. 2023ǯ1--3 heldio ([2023-04-15-1])
note Υ
ꥹʡ umisio ˤ note Ǥο֤국
- 5ǯ (2023ǯ) heldio ֤롡1Ⱦ1--3ԡ
- 5ǯ (2023ǯ) heldio ֤롡2Ⱦ4--6ˡ7ޤǥ֥ꥢ
- 5ǯ (2023ǯ) heldio ֤롡3Ⱦ8--9ˡ7˴ޤ
ʤɤ⤴Ȥ
ܥ֥βǤȤ褦ʰ֤Ťǡī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ѹ˴ϢȯƤޤܲ Voicy ˤ벻ۿ˿ǽФƤޤޤ嵭2ĤδϢۿİФȻפޤʲ˵Τɲäޤ3ĤۿؤΥǤˡ
(1) #729. ʤѸؤФʤФʤʤΡ --- ΤαѸˡ2023ǯ530ۿ嵭κۿǤ
(2) #929. ʤѸؤФʤФʤʤΡ --- ȿ2023ǯ1216ۿ嵭αۿǤ
(3) ֡ڱѸˤ #68ۺīäȤϤ2023ǯ1216ۿ(2) ³ԤǤͭΥץߥꥹʡۿͥǤۿȤʤäƤޤ
ǯ5ˡΥꥹʡϻ¾奼Ǥ뤳ȤΤʤ顤ŪϤǽ˴Ԥ (1) ۿޤºݤˤϡΤߤʤ餺̥ꥹʡγˤİơͤƤƤǤäޤۿľꥹʡγ¿ȿޤǤ heldio ۿΤʤǤȴƤ褯İȤʤޤ
ޡѸ춵ΥꥹʡϢޤع̤ˤۿİƤ餤ոƤ餦ȤȲФȤͤƤ롤ȤΤȤǤҤɤषꤤޤȤƱꡤ1ǯ120̾βոȤΤȤǡƿ̾줿ʸϤͭƤޤ
伫Ȥϡʰճˤ¿ϤȤӤޤΤ褦ʲפĤ»ܤƱǮդˤⴶޤơ̤Ͱͤۿİǡäȡ֤ʤѸؤФʤФʤʤΡפȤ䤤˸äͻҤʸϤϤääƤȤˡưФޤ
Ҥε̤˥եɥХåȻפعαѸ춵иΤ khelfʷѸ˥եˤ߷ȤȤˡ(2) ۿϿȤǤ
Ѹ˸̽Voicy heldio ѡʥƥ̽˿ԤиǤ꤬Ȥޤ
Ѹܥ֥ɤߤheldio ꥹʡγҵޤʤΤߤʤ餺ʤɡˤ˾嵭ۿİƤ館褦¥ƤйǤ
βƤˡ̾ץȡ (name_project) Ω夲ޤפĤǻϤʤˤ⤢餺ΥץȤǤο֡˱Ѹˤδ̾ (onomastics) ФޤޤޤΰǤǿƱǤ heldio ꥹʡγʤɤȤε̤ơĤ⤷ʬäƤޤʲվޤ
̾ؤδؿκ߽ϸʸȤ˰ۤʤ롥㤨СꥹǤ̾θ츻˴ؿΤФơꥫǤ̾դưؤδؿޤϤˤĤ̾ (hydronymy) ˤĤơꥹΦǤϲ̾ͻоݤˤʤΤФơ̲ϸо̾礿ؿоݤȤʤ
ͭ̾첽 (onymisation) ϰ̸Ūʼġ̾줬ġɤΤ褦ˡʤͭ̾첽Τ
̾ؤˤաʸˤϤˡܸ̾ؤˤƤϤƽפΤ̾ؤǤʸȤιͻŪ
Ѹ̾ˤˤ (last name, family name, surname, by-name) ȯŸӾˤϡɬŪʤΤǤϤʤäȥե쥭֥äȤ¤϶̣
̾ؤϸ¤ʤغŪʬǤ (cf. #5187. ͭ̾ؤΥϥɥ֥å ([2023-07-10-1])#5334. Ѹ̾ؤ֤̤ Cecily Clark ([2023-12-04-1]))#5339. Ѹ̾ؤμϰϤȥȥɡ ([2023-12-09-1])#5343. onomastics ̾ءˤоݤȼ --- Bussmann Ѹ켭ŵ ([2023-12-13-1])ˡ
̾ΤϡҲνŪοŸȤȤ礭ƤƤcf. ʹ֤Υߥ˥ƥͥåȥιꡤߥ˥ѤȯŸĿͼιޤꡤǥƥƥռζٲ̾
Ū̾ͻݤˤϡ1͡1Ĥ̾פȤŪɳդȤƤϤʤޤĤƤϸŪ̾ȻŪ̾ζϤäۣä
ѸˤܿˤȤСѸäˤν̿ޤǤȸ롥¤ϱѸ̾ˤ⡤Ƥν̿ޤǤϤʤѸ̾⡤̾ܿơ㤷դ뤲ƤȤ櫓Ѹ̾̾դΰݻȤ˲η֤ä
ѸޤǤϿ̾ˤˤĤ³ȯۤäϲȷϤǤϤʤĿͤꤹΤŪǤä (heraldry) ˤ̤Ǥ롥
פĤϢͤƤߤޤ줫̾ؤ³Ƥޤ
10˾ƲǤ줿World Englishes ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ¿夲ƤƤޤܽ12ϡִڹαѸפɮ줿Ӥᤰءˤ Voicy heldio ˤ̤ޤڹϿȶʹǤڹʳҲǤ뤳Ȥ䡤Ϣ붵ˤĤƤξäƤ뤳ȤϤޤȤ櫓Ѹ춵ˤĤƤϡΤäƤ褦ǤۤȤΤʤäȤˡܽɤǵŤޤ̤ǤϼɮԤľܤäǤؤٶˤʤޤ⤪٤ڤळȤǤޤб餢꤬ȤޤơȤɤꤤޤ
Ԥ30ʬۤɤβƥĤȤʤäƤޤ#925. ԤȸWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯ --- ӤᤰȤδڹαѸᤰ̡ǤҤİ
Ȥʤäܽ10ϡִڹαѸ (pp. 163--75) ϡʲιȤʤäƤޤˤϡָơޡץʡȻʸդƤޤ

ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ
1211ʷˤ18:00̾ץȡ (name_project) ΥС4̾ǡ̾դ (naming) ˤĤƤ٤ꤹ Voicy heldio Ϥޤ饤ǻäꥹʡγͤˤϡ夲˹ꡤ꤬Ȥޤ
ͻҤϡ13ʿī̾ۿȤƤ⤪ϤޤΤǡܥ֥ɼԤγͤ⡤Ҥ֤ΤȤˤİ#926. ̾դݤϤݥȡ̾ץȴ #2ۡ1211ʷΥˡǤ60ʬۤɤβǤˡ
ϡ̾դפȤʹ֤餷٤ܤ˥ꥹʡ̾դ˴ؤƴƤȤɤ߾夲ĤġС4̾Ǥ줳ȥ奢ˤ٤ꤷޤʹ֤ϲ̾ĤΤ̾ĤưϲɤŻ뤷̾դΤʤɼͳ˸礤ޤȤ櫓ֵ11ơޡ䡤ե̾դ٤ʤɤ䤤夬ޤ
heldio ϡ̾ץȤ2ƤȤƤϤޤƱСˤ heldio 1Ƥϡ#5248. ˥å͡ͻ뤿ڤ ([2023-09-09-1]) ǤޤȤ̤ꡤ9#826. ˥å̾͡ץȴ #1ۡˡȤƤϤޤ碌ƤİйǤ
⤽⤳̾ץȤȤϲʤΤˤĤƤ hellog #5217. ̾ץȡפΩ夬ޤ ([2023-08-09-1]) heldio ۿ#799. ̾ץȡΩ夲ǰϿ with Ͻؤڹ¤Ȥ
Сϰʲ4̾ǡץȴϢ٥ȤƤȻפäƤޤꤤޤ
- ¤ء
- ڹʷܳرء
- Ͻؤʥեꥹرؤۤ
- δʷء
ʤߤ˾嵭θ塤2ȾΤƥץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) Ǥ٤³ԤϿޤ֡ڱѸˤ #66ʸȥե̾ȤǡϡĤ3ͤǸ³ƤޤˤؿΤϡҥ֥ץƤǤİС
ɸδΤ5ɼեؤΥĥĤƤޤΤǡ¿γΤɼԤƤޤ1212ʲС˰ʹߤʬϡָ嵭פȤʤޤˡ
1ܡ12/11() ABCDE ɼե
2ܡ12/12() FGHIJ ɼե
3ܡ12/13() KLMNO ɼե
4ܡ12/14() PQRST ɼե
5ܡ12/15() UVWXYZ ɼե
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ϺīۿǤ#924. ϡѤʥե٥åɽפΤɼ֤ǤȤơkhelfʷѸ˥եˤλ߷ȤȤ˽פʡɼθƤӤפˤĤƤιΤޤҤİ
2ΤȤˤʤޤ khelf ˤαѸ˳ưΰĤȤơѤʥե٥åɽפȤ褬Ω夬ޤδˤĤƤϡ#5303. رѸ˿ʹ7椬ȯԤޤ ([2023-11-03-1]) ǾҲ𤷤رѸ˿ʹ7ǿ줿ۤVoicy heldio ۿDz٤Ƥޤˡ٤Фʤ顤ĤΤȤˤʤޤְʼδѸظإͥǤޤδ˴ؤ빭ϢʲĥäƤޤ
heldio #872. Ѥʥե٥åɽȻפäƤޤ --- khelf
heldio #873. ڥε§ȿ§ --- Ѥʥե٥åɽ״˴ơ
heldio #887. khelf ߷ȡѤʥե٥åɽ״
helwa ֡ڱѸˤ #42Ѥʥե٥åɽ
helwa ֡ڱѸˤ #43Ѥʥե٥åɽؤȿ
YouTube eye ϤäȤؤʤĤŤäʸ§߽Фݤ?--ؤʥե٥åɽñ罸ڰʼδѸظإͥ 185
2ۤɤδ֡¿ΡѤֻñפθ䤬ƤޤͽƤ¿ƤޤơˤϤˤϿ괶տ夲ޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ñڤޤϡѤʥե٥åɽפ뤿˼Υơ˿ʤߤȻפޤ줿ñGoogle Forms Ѥ11ɼɼ¸ɼѻפޤե٥åȤγʸǻϤޤñΤѤʥե٥åɽפ˷ǺܤΤ˳Ǥդ路ȹͤѤñפ1ӡФȻפޤ
嵭ī heldio ۿǾܤ⤷Ƥޤ1֤Ūɼ֤ȤȻפäƤޤʷˤϤơʶˤޤǤ5֡ե٥åȽ5--6ʸܤ줾ʸǻϤޤñ췲1ĥ٥ȡʥȡˤñǤޤ֡ī heldio뤤 khelf Xʵĥå˥ @khelf_keio ꡤɼѤ Google Forms ؤΥޥפޤΤǡҤɼޤȹǤkhelf HP Ǥ⤷ޤˡ缡Ƥ5 Google Forms ˤĤޤƤϡɼؤޤ뤿˾嵭̤ī٤⤷ƤͽǤν˳ƥեĤ櫓ǤϤޤ21224ˤޤǤ٤ƤΥեץƤޤΤǡ٤ǤޤȤƤǤ⡤֤εȤˤɼФȻפޤ
128ʶˤˡʳؤȤȤˡBaugh and Cable αѸ˽Ρɼ¶ѡפ Voicy heldio/helwa ۿޤȾȸȾ碌2ּǻ̩ʤ٤ɽȤʤޤ饤Ǥİ¿Υꥹʡ˴դޤ꤬Ȥޤ
оݤȤʤäΤϤƱ32 The Germanic Conquest ʥޥˤǤŪ˱ѸˤγϤȤ449ǯȤν˥եޤ̳Ƥ Taku ȤȤˡԤαʸӹĤġƤˤĤƤʤ٤겼ƵޤαʸƥȤϡͽ#5335. ֥ޥ --- Baugh and Cable αѸˤס[2023-12-05-1]ˤ˷ǺܤƤޤ
(1) #922. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (32) The Germanic Conquest --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡȾˡ
(2) ֡ڱѸˤ #65۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (32) The Germanic Conquest --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡʸȾˡ12ʬΥץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) ˴ޤޤͭۿǤ
ɼ¶ѤİˤʤäơΥ饤ɥ˴ؿäϡܽꤷäɤƤФȻפޤְ㤤ʤɽǤۿΥХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ꤴǧ⽵12Υڡǥ³Ƥޤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

heldio ˤ Voicy Υǥȡơ#ǯɤǤ褫äܡ˻äǡů (philosophy_of_language) Ҳ𤷤ޤ#913. мˡظůؤϤޤ١ʴȿ2023ǯǤν˽Ǥ줿ФοǡůؤȤˤʬνҤǤϤޤɤޤƤ褦Ǥ
ºݡůˤϲٺޤƤȤǤ礦ʡ֤ˡפ˵ƤβǤΤᤵƤޤˡ줯餤ƬǤɤĤƤƤʤΰʤΤǤΤӤмܤϡĴʸΤǽƤȴɤߤ䤹Ǥɤߤ䤹ȤϤϤ꽽ʬΤůؤʬǤΤɤߤ䤹ȤϸƤʬ䤹ȤϸˤΤΤȤǤ
ܽǤ Gottlob Frege (1848--1925)Bertrand Russel (1872--1970), Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889--1951) Ȥ3ͤθůؼԤˤ̣ᤰͻǫ˲⤵ƤޤɼԤߤоȤ̤ựؤ¿ͤФ˿ƤȤˤʤޤؤǤΩˤäựΤȤ館͡Ǥ̤˿ꤷ뤳ȤϤޤꤷʤ٤ˤȤɤƤܼŪƤ֤ơ̴ǰ̣ (semantics) (pragmatics) εŸƤȤ¿褦˻פޤůؤǤʤ餽ˤꤷƤޤդ꤬⤷Τ褤ȤǤ
ΰ̣Ȥϲʸΰ̣Ȥϲʤ䤿ϸդΰ̣ǤƤΤͤФȻߤޤʤʤޤ͡⡤ҤŪˤФ
̣ᤰȤƤϡʲ hellog ⤴Ȥ
#1782. ̣ΰ̣ ([2014-03-14-1])
#1990. ͡ʼΰ̣ ([2014-10-08-1])
#2199. Bloomfield ˤȤäƤΰ̣ΰ̣ ([2015-05-05-1])
#2795. ְ̣ؼоݡ ([2016-12-21-1])
#5197. ͭ̾˰̣ϤΤʤΤ ([2023-07-20-1])
#5289. ̾˰̣ϤΤ ([2023-10-20-1])
#5290. ̾˰̣ϤΤ4Ĥ ([2023-10-21-1])
мظůؤϤޤ١ȽŹҴȿӡ2023ǯ
Ѳ1 analogy ѡˤˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ¿εƤػ˾塤analogy Ϸڻ뤵Ƥ餤롥§ŪȤ벻ѲФε§鳰㳰 analogy Ȥ֥ȢפꤲΤƤƤаޤ롥ˤϡanalogy ѲȤƤ̣ǶϤȤطƤΤ⤷ʤanalogy ΤΤ褦Ԥ֤ˤĤƤϡhellog #1154. ѲΥȢȤƤ analogy ([2012-06-24-1]) Voicy heldio #911. ʥϸѲΥȢ⻲Ȥ줿
Τ褦ʸػ˾λˤꡤѲˤ analogy ˿̤ڤ¿ʤΤʤǤܳɤȤΤܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤ȤƤ David Fertig ˤ Analogy and Morphological Change (Edinburgh UP, 2013) Ǥ롥ܳɤǤ뤳Ȥϡʲ˷Ǥܼκ٤ΤǤϤʤanalogy ǤޤǸȤϡ
1 Fundamental Concepts and Issues
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Essential Historical Background: Hermann Paul and the Neogrammarian Period
1.3 Preliminary (Narrow) Definitions
1.4 Conceptual and Terminological Fundamentals
1.4.1 The term 'analogy'
1.4.2 Analogy vs. analogical innovation/change
1.4.3 Speaker-oriented approaches
1.4.4 Change vs. diachronic correspondence
1.4.5 Innovation vs. change
1.4.6 Defining historical linguistics
1.5 Clarifying the Definition of Analogical Innovation/Change
1.5.1 Narrow vs. broad definitions of analogical innovation
1.5.2 Toward a more adequate definition of analogical innovation/change
1.5.3 Some other definitions
1.6 Analogical Change as Opposed to What?
1.6.1 Analogy vs. reanalysis
1.6.2 Analogy2 and sound change
1.6.3 2 and language contact
1.6.4 Changes attributable to extra-grammatical factors
1.6.5 What about grammaticalization?
1.7 Proportions and Proportional Equations
1.8 Why Study Analogy and Morphological Change?
2 Basic Mechanisms of Morphological Change
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Defining (Re)analysis
2.3 Associative Interference
2.4 (Re)analysis, Analogy2 and Grammatical Change
2.4.1 history, synchrony, diachrony, panchrony
2.4.2 'Language change is grammar change'?
2.4.3 The role of transmission/acquisition in grammatical innovation
2.4.4 The relationship of analogical innovation to grammatical change in static and dynamic models of mental grammar
2.5 Types of Morphological Reanalysis
2.5.1 D-reanalysis
2.5.2 C-reanalysis
2.5.3 B-reanalysis
2.5.4 A-reanalysis
2.5.5 Summary of A-, B-, C- and D-reanalysis
2.5.6 Exaptation
2.6 Chapter Summary
3 Types of Analogical Change, Part 1: Introduction and Proportional Change
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Outcome-Based vs. Motivation-Based Classifications
3.3 Terminology and Terminological Confusion
3.4 Proportional vs. Non-Proportional Analogy
3.5 Morphological vs. Morphophonological Change
3.6 A Critical Overview of Traditional Subtypes of Proportional Change
3.6.1 Four-part analogy
3.6.2 Extension
3.6.3 Backformation
3.6.4 Regularization and irregularization
3.6.5 Item-by-item vs. across-the-board change
4 Types of Analogical Change, Part 2: Non-Proportional Change
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Folk Etymology
4.3 Confusion of Similar-Sounding Words
4.4 Contamination and Blends
4.4.1 Contamination
4.4.2 Double marking of grammatical categories
4.4.3 Blends and related phenomena
5 Types of Analogical Change, Part 3: Problems and Puzzles
5.1 A Problem Child for Classification Schemes: Paradigm Leveling
5.2 Analogical Non-Change
5.3 Phantom Analogy
5.3.1 'Regularization is much more common than irregularization': a case study in circular reasoning
5.4 Summary of Types of Analogical Change (Chapters 3--5)
6 Analogical Change beyond Morphology
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Syntactic Change
6.3 Lexical (Semantic) Change
6.4 Morphophonological Change
6.5 Phonological Change
6.6 Regular Sound Change as Analogy
6.7 The Interaction of Analogy2 and Sound Change
6.7.1 Sturtevant's so-called paradox
6.7.2 'Therapy, not Prophylaxis'
6.8 Chapter Summary
7 Constraints on Analogical Innovation and Change
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Predictability and Directionality
7.3 Constraints on the Interparadigmatic Direction of Change
7.3.1 Analogical change as 'optimization'
7.3.2 Formal simplification/optimization of the grammar
7.3.3 Preference theories
7.3.4 System-independent constraints
7.3.5 System-dependent constraints
7.3.6 Analogical extension of patterns with initially low type frequency
7.3.7 System-dependent naturalness vs. formal simplicity/optimality
7.3.8 Universal preferences and 'evolutionary' grammatical theory
7.4 Constraints on the Intraparadigmatic Direction of Change
7.5 Token Frequency
7.6 Teleology
7.7 Chapter Summary
8 Morphological Change and Morphological Theory
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Grammatical Theory and Acquisition
8.3 The Nature and Significance of Linguistic Universals
8.4 Static vs. Dynamic conceptions of Grammar
8.5 Exemplar-Based vs. Rule-Based Models
8.6 Analogy vs. Rules
8.6.1 Dual-mechanism models
8.7 Rules vs. Constraints
8.8 Syntagmatic/Compositional vs. Paradigmatic/Configurational Approaches to Morphology
8.8.1 Asymmetric vs. symmetric paradigmatic models
8.8.2 Paul's proportional model
8.9 Chapter Summary
References
Index

Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
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32. The Germanic Conquest. About the year 449, an event occurred that profoundly affected the course of history. In that year, as traditionally stated, began the invasion of Britain by certain Germanic tribes, the founders of the English nation. For more than a hundred years, bands of conquerors and settlers migrated from their continental homes in the region of Denmark and the Low Countries and established themselves in the south and east of the island, gradually extending the area they occupied until it included all but the highlands in the west and north. The events of these years are wrapped in much obscurity. Although we can form a general idea of their course, we are still in doubt about some of the tribes that took part in the movement, their exact location on the continent, and the dates of their respective migrations.
The traditional account of the Germanic invasions goes back to Bede and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Bede in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, completed in 731, tells us that the Germanic tribes that conquered England were the Jutes, Saxons, and Angles. From what he says and from other indications, it seems possible that the Jutes and the Angles had their home in the Danish peninsula, the Jutes in the northern half (hence the name Jutland) and the Angles in the south, in Schleswig-Holstein, and perhaps in a small area at the base. The Saxons were settled to the south and west of the Angles, roughly between the Elbe and the Ems, possibly as far as the Rhine. A fourth tribe, the Frisians, some of whom almost certainly came to England, occupied a narrow strip along the coast from the Weser to the Rhine, together with the islands opposite. But by the time of the invasions, the Jutes had apparently moved down to the coastal area near the mouth of the Weser and possibly also around the Zuyder Zee and the lower Rhine, thus being in contact with both the Frisians and Saxons.
Britain had been exposed to attacks by the Saxons from as early as the fourth century. Even while the island was under Roman rule, these attacks had become sufficiently serious to necessitate the appointment of an officer known as the Count of the Saxon Shore, whose duty it was to police the southeastern coast. At the same time, the unconquered Picts and Scots in the north were kept out only at the price of constant vigilance. Against both of these sources of attack the Roman organization seems to have proved adequate. But the Celts had come to depend on Roman arms for this protection. They had, moreover, under Roman influence, settled down to a more peaceful mode of life, and their military traditions had lapsed. Consequently, when the Romans withdrew in 410, the Celts found themselves at a disadvantage. They were no longer able to keep out the warlike Picts and Scots. Several times they called upon Rome for aid, but finally the Romans, fully occupied in defending their own territory at home, were forced to refuse assistance. It was on this occasion that Vortigern, one of the Celtic leaders, is reported to have entered into an agreement with the Jutes whereby they were to assist the Celts in driving out the Picts and Scots and to receive as their reward the Isle of Thanet on the northeastern tip of Kent.
The Jutes, who had not been softened by contact with Roman civilization, were fully a match for the Picts and Scots. But Vortigern and the Celts soon found that they had in these temporary allies something more serious to reckon with than their northern enemies. The Jutes, having recognized the weakness of the Britons, decided to stay in the island and began making a forcible settlement in the southeast, in Kent. The settlement of the Jutes was a very different thing from the conquest of the island by the Romans. The Romans had come to rule the Celtic population, not to dispossess it. The Jutes came in numbers and settled on the lands of the Celts. They met the resistance of the Celts by driving them out. Moreover, the example of the Jutes was soon followed by the migration of other continental tribes. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, some of the Saxons came in 477, landed on the south coast, and established themselves in Sussex. In 495, further bands of Saxons settled a little to the west, in Wessex. Finally, in the middle of the next century, the Angles occupied the east coast and in 547 established an Anglian kingdom north of the Humber. Too much credence, of course, cannot be put in these statements or dates. There were Saxons north of the Thames, as the names Essex and Middlesex (the districts of the East Saxons and Middle Saxons) indicate, and the Angles had already begun to settle in East Anglia by the end of the fifth century. But the entries in the Chronicle may be taken as indicating in a general way a succession of settlements extending over more than a century, which completely changed the character of the island of Britain.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
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