
325ʷˤθ130ʬ Voicy heldio ˤ֤֡ϤƤθűѸ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤۿޤפ֤֤ϤƤθűѸץǤϽʥեꥹرؤۤˤӡ֤ޤˤפĿ¢رءˤȤȤ3ͤǤϤޤɤͽθűѸ츶ʸϡε#5444. űѸθʸɤ --- 597ǯɤǥꥹȶ۶Ϥޤ ([2024-03-23-1])
˽бͽξϽؤˤϡδؤäƤƼhelǥǤäˤʤäƤޤʲˡޤǤȤǤhelǥȤ˻ֽˤޤȤޤ
ڡkhelfʷѸ˥եˡ
رѸ˿ʹ8ʺǿˤ3ֱ̡Ѹ˥饦פˤơϤܤαѸ˸ԤȤƼ夲Ƥޤʺ Part 1 ǡ Part 2 ³ޤ
ڡYouTube ֤Τۤإͥ
#144. ꥹ̾˥סȡϽؤ
#146. ɿⶵWulfstanΥХؤⶵŪ۸ܿ
#148. ŷⶵջʶϻŪ˥ʤ!?
#150. ܺ긩¼Ѹؼԡphilologistˤǥԥ˥ȾϽؤ裴
ڡVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ȥץߥۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa)
#747. Υȥ̡ --- khelf κŵ1ơ
֡ڱѸˤ #5۶Υȥ̡ˤ2
#759. Wulfstan ï --- ϽؤȤ̡1ơۡ
#761. Wulfstan Υ --- ϽؤȤ̡2ơۡ
#763. Wulfstan ⤿餷Ķñ "law" --- ϽؤȤ̡3ơۡ
#765. Wulfstan ΥꥢȥȥåѲ --- ϽؤȤ̡4ơۡ
#767. Wulfstan ȾϤΥꥢҲ --- ϽؤȤ̡5ơۡ
#770. ؤǤαѸ˹ֵ --- ϽؤȤ̡6ơۡ
#773. ϽؤȤοΩ夲ʤ뤫
#783. űѻηإ٥ա (Beowulf) --- ߷ͧǦϽؤȰߤʤ餴Ҳ
#797. ߷ͧ Beowulf ΤȤǤ䤷Ƥߤޤ with Ǧ and Ͻؤ
#799. ̾ץȡΩ夲ǰϿ with Ͻؤڹ¤
#816. ͥåȻθո --- CMC Υˡ
#819. űѸ̾ with Ͻؤ
#822. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 1 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ
#825. ˥å͡ǥ֥쥹 --- khelf С4̾Ȥλ̡
#826. ˥å̾͡ץȴ #1ۡˡ
#829. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 2 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ
#836. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 3 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ
֡ڱѸˤ #45ۥꥺफå --- ϽؤȤ̡
#877. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (20) Albanian --- ϽؤȤμ¶ѡ
#880. űѸο̾ --- ϽؤȤ̡
#926. ̾դݤϤݥȡ̾ץȴ #2ۡ1211ʷΥˡ
֡ڱѸˤ #90ۤʤθ --- ¤ϽؤȤΰ̡߲
#983. B&C42ʸˡפɼ¶ with ȾϽؤ
#985. ä٤ƿǯ --- ¤ϽؤȤηʵΤ褤̲
#987. ܼ䤹ѸΥܥӥ --- ¤ϽؤȤ̡
#1010. Ѹ˥ in hel եΥˡ
ʰʲ嵭
#1030. ֤ϤƤθűѸ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ --- Bede ɤ
֡ڱѸˤ #121֤ۡϤƤθűѸ5ƤΥեȡ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ
#1054. ǯٽΡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥå with Ͻؤ
#1055. ܥΥå with ϽؤפΥեȡ
#1057. ֤ϤƤθűѸ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ --- Bede ɤ (2)
#1060. 5ͤäʸˡ¤߷व˨ҤϽؤδ
֡ڱѸˤ #1245ͤäʸ³ԡ¤߷व˨ҤϽؤδ
#1069. ܥΥå with Ͻؤ --- ΦͿι2
#1070. Ҥ̾ؤؤΰյߤ --- ΦͿι3
֡ڱѸˤ #128ۥѥ凉ݽȤʤޤ --- ΦͿι4
#1071. ̾ȱѸˡץݥཪλ --- ΦͿι5
֡ڱѸˤ #130۾ϽؤξؤǤˤĤơ
#1075. ָűѸˤ̾ --- Ҳ˸Ʊ̾Ȥ --- ϽؤΥȯɽȡ
ʸ嵭ޤǡ
äơ hellog Ǥ ogawashun ΥΤȤǾϤ夲Ƥޤ
ʾ塤ĤġϤƥĤDZѸˤؤǤ
731ǯӡ (뤤ϥ١Bede [673--735]) ˤƥ蘆줿رѹ̱ˡ (Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum [= Ecclesiastical History of the English People]) ϡ奤ɻˤŤʥƥȤǤ롥˥եå粦 (849--99) λؼΤȤǸűѸƤ롥
597ǯޤνƻΤǡ˥٥νʶȤʤ St. Augustine (?--604) ɤ۶ˤäƤɻ˾夭ƽʤǯ˵äˤĤơBede θűѸǤɤǤߤʲѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable (pp. 58--60) ˷ǺܤƤűѸ츶ʸƸ롥
Ða wæs on þā tīd Æþelbeorht cyning hāten on Centrīce, and mihtig: hē hæfde rīce oð gemǣru Humbre strēames, sē tōscādeþ sūðfolc Angelþēode and norðfolc. Þonne is on ēasteweardre Cent micel ēaland, Tenet, þæt is siex hund hīda micel æfter Angelcynnes eahte. . . . On þyssum ēalande cōm ūp sē Godes þēow Augustinus and his gefēran; wæs hē fēowertiga sum. Nāmon hīe ēac swelce him wealhstodas of Franclande mid, swā him Sanctus Gregorius bebēad. And þā sende to Æþelbeorhte ǣrendwrecan and onbēad þæt hē of Rōme cōme and þæt betste ǣrende lǣdde; and sē þe him hīersum bēon wolde, būton twēon he gehēt ēcne gefēan on heofonum and tōweard rīce būton ende mid þone sōþan God and þone lifigendan. Ðā hē þā sē cyning þās word gehīerde, þa hēt hē hīe bīdan on þæm ēalande þe hīe ūp cōmon; and him þider hiera þearfe forgēaf, oð þæt hē gesāwe hwæt hē him dōn wolde. Swelce ēac ǣr þǣm becōm hlīsa tō him þǣre crīstenan ǣfæstnesse, forþon hē crīsten wīf hæfde, him gegiefen of Francena cyningcynne, Beorhte wæs hāten. Þæt wīf hē onfēng fram hiere ieldrum þǣre ārǣdnesse þæt hēo his lēafnesse hæfde þæt hēo þone þēaw þæs crīstenan gelēafan and hiere ǣfæstnesse ungewemmedne healdan mōste mid þȳ biscope, þone þe hīe hiere tō fultume þæs gelēafan sealdon, þæs nama wæs Lēodheard.
Ðā wæs æfter manigum dagum þæt sē cyning cōm tō þǣm ēalande, and hēt him ūte setl gewyrcean; and hēt Augustinum mid his gefērum þider tō his sprǣce cuman. Warnode hē him þȳ lǣs hīe on hwelc hūs tō him inēoden; brēac ealdre hēalsunga, gif hīe hwelcne drȳcræft hæfden þæt hīe hine oferswīðan and beswīcan sceolden. . . . Þā hēt sē cyning hīe sittan, and hīe swā dydon; and hīe sōna him līfes word ætgædere mid eallum his gefērum þe þǣr æt wǣron, bodedon and lǣrdon. Þā andswarode sē cyning and þus cwæð: "Fæger word þis sindon and gehāt þe gē brōhton and ūs secgað. Ac forðon hīe nīwe sindon and uncūðe, ne magon wē nū gēn þæt þafian þæt wē forlǣten þā wīsan þe wē langre tīde mid ealle Angelþēode hēoldon. Ac forðon þe gē hider feorran elþēodige cōmon and, þæs þe mē geþūht is and gesewen, þā þing, ðā ðe [gē] sōð and betst gelīefdon, þæt ēac swelce wilnodon ūs þā gemǣnsumian, nellað wē forðon ēow hefige bēon. Ac wē willað ēow ēac fremsumlīce on giestlīðnesse onfōn and ēow andleofne sellan and ēowre þearfe forgiefan. Ne wē ēow beweriað þæt gē ealle, ðā þe gē mægen, þurh ēowre lāre tō ēowres gelēafan ǣfæstnesse geðīeden and gecierren."
ܲBaugh and Cable αѸ˽ A History of the English Language 1᤺ǫɤǤ饤ɽ Voicy heldio ŸǤͭۿǤ1ץϻİġˡ˰ѤűѸ츶ʸޤޤƤΤ47ǡäֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (47) The Language IllustratedǤǤϾ嵭θűѸ츶ʸϡʤĹ˲⤹Τ䰦Ƥޤ
䤦٤325ʷˤθ130ʬ heldio ˤۿޤϽʥեꥹرؤۤˤӡ֤ޤˤפĿ¢رءˤȤȤˡ֤ϤƤθűѸץΰĤȤƤ̴Ǥ嵭θűѸ츶ʸϡͽѤȤƷǤǤڤߤˡ

Bede θűѸθʸȤƤϡۤˤ#2900. 449ǯͤˤ֥ƥ翯ά ([2017-04-05-1]) ȡ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ε#5442. إ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ٤Ͽ֤ĤŤȯס ([2024-03-21-1]) ǡֿפ̣ư blow θѸǤγѤȤȯ˿줿Ȥ櫓 blew ֤ä /bluː/ ȯդ¥ᤰäơ֤ Voicy heldio Ǥ夲ƤΤǡİ褷ƤС
#1023. new ϡ֥˥塼פ̡֥פ --- ѲȸóȻ
#1025. blow - blew ֥֥롼 - blown
#1026. ʤ now know ȯ㤦Ρ
blow ϸűѸˤƤ϶Ѳư7°ưäƱ7°Ӥ٤ưȤ know, grow, throw 롥ơѸ know - knew - known; grow - grew - grown; throw - threw - thrown Τ褦 blow Ȥ褯Ѥ4ưˤĤơűѸǤ4ޤȤƤ4ʤɸűѸ춯Ѳưξܺ٤ˤĤƤϡ#2217. űѸ춯ѲưΤޤȤ ([2015-05-23-1]) #42. űѸˤϲθ촴ढä ([2009-06-09-1]) ȡˡ
| 1 | 2 | ʬ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "blow" | blāwan | blēow | blēowon | blāwen |
| "know" | cnā_wan | cnēow | cnēowon | cnāwen |
| "grow" | grōwan | grēow | grēowon | grōwen |
| "throw" | þrāwan | þrēow | þrēowon | þrōwen |
ī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פۿ#1022. ȡȥ --- khelf ĹڤθơޡǤˤ tautology Ȥϲ"A is A" Τ褦ʰ츫̵̣ʷʤ¸ߤʤФ̣ͭȤʤΤˤĤƤϡkhelfʷѸ˥ե˲ĹڵȤȤ˺äȸƤƤͽǤϤƬФȤݤǤۿǤҤİС
ȡȥˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥϡ#4851. tautology ([2022-08-08-1]) ȤƤǤƳƤޤϱѸ켭ѸΥȡȥλĤƤߤޤ
a beginner who has just started
free gift
He lives alone by himself.
hear with one's ears
helpful assistance
necessary essentials
new innovation
real truth
She is dumb and can not speak.
speak all at once together
the modern university of today
The money should be adequate enough.
They spoke in turn, one after the other.
This candidate will win or not win.
very excellent
widow woman
̣ѡʤɤδ͡ʬǤǤΤˤäƤ periphrasis ʱˡˡpleonasm ʾˡˡredundancy ʾĹˡrepetition ʷ֤ˤʤɤȸƤѤۤŬڤʻ⤢ꤽǤޤͷ (word_play) ȤطƤǤ
ˤäƥȡȥμϰۤʤΤ̸ˤȡȥεȯãϡȡȥθŪǽϡ椬Ƥ֡ꤷΤơޤǤ

߷˧ͺԽ紴رѸ츻ŵʸҡ1997ǯˤο䤷ܳŪ˻Ϥ8ۤɤФޤδ֤͡ΤǤμŵˤƤޤ䤷˲äϤƤƤꡤФ¤Ǥդǿ䤷֤äƤȻפޤʲKDEE (= The Kenkyusha Dictionary of English Etymology) άΤŬѤޤ (cf. kdee)
2023ǯ718֤إ饸ˤƼϿ YouTube ֱñĢθ츻Τ뤿ˡԤƤӤޤڥå1900 with #247ۿ롥49ʬ30դ꤫Ĥˤ KDEE η䤷ȡθο֡KDEE 饤ꤷˤʤȤ֤ȯȤ
2023ǯ727Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ˤ#787. ߷˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤΥҲ --- սȤ̡ۿˤȤ줿սءȤȤ KDEE μϤ롥ʤߤˡβ2023ǯ heldio ۿΥꥹʡɼ8̤ä
2023ǯ81ָnote֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ȳǰáꤹ뵭ʸԽ N. A. ҰĹξѰϺ˥ӥ塼Ƽɮ줿ˡ
2023ǯ82hellog ˤơ#5210. ǶαѸ츻ŵ --- ߷˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˡ ([2023-08-02-1]) 롥
2023ǯ96heldio ˤ#828. رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤäƥ --- ҲļǤ (1)ۿ졤Ūʥӥ塼3γϤȤʤ롥ʤߤˡβ2023ǯ heldio ۿΥꥹʡɼ5̤ä
2023ǯ912heldio ˤ#834. رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤäƥ --- ҲļǤ (2)ۿ롥
2023ǯ920heldio ˤ#842. رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤäƥ --- ҲļǤ (3)ۿ롥
2023ǯ922hellog ˤơ#5261. ҲļǤ3ˤ錄رѸ츻ŵ٤ᤰ륤ӥ塼 ([2023-09-22-1]) 롥
2023ǯ1023heldio ˤ#875. رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤॷ (1) --- ƣ foot ۿ졤ƣ蘆ȤβŪʥ볫Ȥʤ롥ʤߤˡβ2023ǯ heldio ۿΥꥹʡɼ2̤ä
2023ǯ1026heldio ˤ#878. رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤॷ (2) --- ƣ foot ۿ롥
2023ǯ118heldio ˤ#891. رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤॷ (3) --- khelf ƣ marble 1ơۿ롥ʤߤˡβ2023ǯ heldio ۿΥꥹʡɼ9̤ä
2023ǯ1111heldio ˤ#894. رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤॷ (4) --- khelf ƣ marble 2ơۿ롥
2023ǯ1114heldio ˤ#897. رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤॷ (5) --- khelf ƣ marble 3ơۿ롥
2023ǯ1215heldio ˤ#928. رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤॷ (6) --- khelf ƣ2Ÿ compute/count ۿ롥
2024ǯ16Voicy ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) ˤ֡ڱѸˤ #77umisio ȡرѸ츻ŵ٤ England English ɤۿ롥heidio/helwa ꥹʡ umisio ȤκǤ KDEE ɲ
2024ǯ19umisio ˤ嵭ɲΡ note ˸롥
2024ǯ119heldio/helwa ꥹʡ lacolaco note ˤֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡꤹޥϤ롥̤ʹδ补ޤǤ11ܤεꡤǤ animal ˤޤãƤ롥
2024ǯ125helwa ˤ֡ڱѸˤ #85ۡ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤʰ˲פƤޤȤơKDEE 饤ɽδƤĤˤƤ롥θ塤220˼»ܤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
2024ǯ131heldio ˤ#975. رѸ츻ŵ٤μϿá롥
2024ǯ22heldio ˤ#977. رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤॷ (7) --- khelf ƣƱ۵ bank ιɤۿ롥
2024ǯ23heldio ˤ#978. رѸ츻ŵ٤θǯ --- khelf ƣɤ⤦ۿ롥ɤȤʴ褬ȡ
2024ǯ220helwa Υ饤ղˤơ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤̡ɤࡿ״褬Ƽ¸롥
2024ǯ222helwa ˤ֡ڱѸˤ #97ִۡפֶפۿ롥ۿǤϡ嵭饤ղȤʤä KDEE ΡֶפȤѸ줬줿
2024ǯ34khelf ˤرѸ˿ʹ8ȯԤ졤1̤ˤơ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ȤäƤߤ褦פȤƣ蘆ɮˤ롥
2024ǯ35hellog ˤơ#5426. رѸ˿ʹ8椬ȯԤޤ ([2024-03-05-1]) 졤 KDEE ڤ롥
2024ǯ312helwa ˤ֡ڱѸˤ #105۶ѸѸ anigh ľܤδϢϤʤ --- lacolaco ٸرѸ츻ŵ٤εҡۿ롥
ʾ夬8֤ KDEE 䤷ǤμΩäͽ2Ƥޤ
2024ǯ315ͼhelwa Υ饤ղˤơ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤̡ɤࡿ״2ŤͽǤ
ǯ4ī㡼ɶˤƥָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ֤ͽǤ1Υڡǻ˳ŤޤKDEE ʳαѸ츻ŵ⻲ȤޤᥤϤ KDEEʤ2018ǯˤرѸ츻ŵ٤ܤĤīDZѸ츻ֺ¤Ȥޤcf. #3381. ֺ¡ˤؤֱñθ츻ס ([2018-07-30-1])ˡ
⡤ KDEE 䤷ˤä
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ

khelfʷѸ˥եˤδȤơ̤ˤ⻲äƤĤŸƤѤʥե٥åɽפĤ˴ޤ轵34khelf رѸ˿ʹ8ȯԤޤ4̤ˡѤʥե٥åɽפǺܤƤޤ
ѸֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ռˤȤäơˤͷǤޤȤǤ饹դե٥åɽ A Z γʸǻϤޤñ줬ǤƤޤñȯȤδطDzѤʡƬֻƤޤѸؼԤˤȤäƤϡְϰʡסäơͤΡץե٥åɽȤȤˤʤޤ
ܴȯ衤khelf Ǥôɤȿ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ǿĽʤȯؤƤޤޤ̤˸ƤӤơʸǻϤޤѤʡñθޤθ塤khelf ǼޤȤˡʸǻϤޤñθΤʤ顤ǤѤʡñƤɼƤӤޤN ñˤĤƤϷɼˤޤǤĤळȤˤʤޤʤǡ⤽ֻΡԡ˵§ȤϲʤΤȤܼŪˤ֤ĤʤɤޤǽŪˤϾ嵭̤Ѥʥե٥åɽפž夬ޤñΥ饹Ȥ khelf ꥸʥǤΤǡҤܤ̸ȰɼȤdzˤϤȤơ˴λݤ𤷡ƴտ夲ޤ
رѸ˿ʹ84̤ˤϡѤʥե٥åɽפΤۤɼ̤ʤɤǺܤƤޤñʤɤƤޤΤǡįʤֻȯЪΥȤ˻פ餻ƤФȻפޤ
ޤǡѤʥե٥åɽ״˴ؤ륳ƥĤheldio, helwa, hellog, YouTube ʤɤ͡˸Ƥޤʲ˰Ƥޤä heldio ǤϡѤʥե٥åɽפθ⡤ɽ˷ǺܤƤñȴϢϤƤޤۿˤ⤴Ԥ
heldio #872. Ѥʥե٥åɽȻפäƤޤ --- khelf
heldio #873. ڥε§ȿ§ --- Ѥʥե٥åɽ״˴ơ
heldio #887. khelf ߷ȡѤʥե٥åɽ״
heldio #924. ϡѤʥե٥åɽפΤɼ֤Ǥ
heldio #933. Ѥʥե٥åɽפɼϺѤޤޤ --- khelf ߷ɼθƤӤ
heldio #966. Ѥʥե٥åɽפ n- ñΤηɼ --- khelf ߷θƤӤ
heldio #1011. Ѥʥե٥åɽפδȸ with ߷
heldio #1015. cello --- Ѥʥե٥åɽפ
heldio #1016. schedule ȯϡ֥塼פ֥ǥ塼פ --- Ѥʥե٥åɽפ S ιܤ
helwa ͭۿ ֡ڱѸˤ #42Ѥʥե٥åɽ
helwa ͭۿ ֡ڱѸˤ #43Ѥʥե٥åɽؤȿ
hellog #5303. رѸ˿ʹ7椬ȯԤޤ ([2023-11-03-1])
hellog #5341. ϡѤʥե٥åɽ״ɼ֤Ǥ ([2023-12-11-1])
hellog #5426. رѸ˿ʹ8椬ȯԤޤ ([2024-03-05-1])
YouTube ֤Τۤإͥ #185. eye ϤäȤؤʤĤŤäʸ§߽Фݤ?---ؤʥե٥åɽñ罸

ѸˤǤϡؼ that 괧 the ʬΩǤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥űѸ괧ʵŪˤϻؼǤꡤޤ괧ȤƤˡǤ˳ΩƤϤʤäص夳Τ褦˸ƤǤˤ se ʤ˱ƶޤ͡ʷ֤äΤʤñʡгʤη֤ þæt ä줬Ѹλؼ that η־Ǥ롥θűѸλ˴դߤȡthat the 1֤ˤʤȤȤˤʤ롥
Ǥϡʤθ that the ֥롼פȴФΩؼȤȯãΤűѸ줫Ѹˤơ괧͡ʶ֤ the ȤƱ֤ؤȿʿƤäή줬³Сthe 1ˤʤ that 䤬ƾä椯̿ǤϤäȤthat ϻؼȤ̤εǽä椯̿æ뤳ȤǤΤǤ롥ΤˤСȤ the ȤˤؼεǽϤäȤˡλؼεǽ the å褦ˤ that ΩȤȤĤޤꡤؼ that εǽ the ߤƤȤˤʤ롥θ塤¸ΡֶΡפλؼ this ȤʬĴ˿ʤߡthat ϡֱΡפλؼȤƳΩ˻ä
Fertig (37--38) ϡΰϢθѲŬ (exaptation) λȤƾҲ𤷤Ƥ롥
A simple example can be seen in the modern survival of two singular forms from the Old English demonstrative paradigm: the and that. The contrast between these two forms originally reflected a gender distinction; that (OE þæt) was an exclusively neuter form, while the predecessors of the were non-neuter. One would expect one of these forms to have been lost with the collapse of grammatical gender. They survived by being redeployed for the distinction between definite article (the) and demonstrative (that).
ؼ that ȯãȴϢơʲ heldio hellog ΥƥĤȡ
heldio #493. ؼ this, that, these, those θ츻
hellog #154. űѸη se ζޡ ([2009-09-28-1])
hellog #156. űѸ se ʻϲ ([2009-09-30-1])
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
콤ĥѥˤƱѸ˥եƥХhelե (helfest) Ťޤ콤ءˡء (khelf) 濴ȤʣعƱ̥٥ȤǡŹ콤ؤˤϡؤäˤʤޤ٥ȤΥ˥塼ϡؤɽԤˤ´ʸȯɽʸȯɽˤֱ顤Ѹ˥heldio ˤʤɤǤʤߤˡϤƲ12夬äȤϸޤǤ⤢ޤʤդϡդ Voicy ǤΥץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) ۿ֡ڱѸˤ #102helե2024ˤƻˤäƤޤˡ
ơ˥塼1ĤǤֱѸ˥ (helquiz) ϡε#5425. θ4ֱѸ˥ --- ˲ΡֱѸ˥פ[2024-03-04-1] ͽ𤷤Ȥꡤheldio ȤƤϤޤγϻ֤ͽθ4٤ƤޤԤꥹʡˤϤǤޤȤ饤ϿϤǤ褦ǤϿΤī heldio #1010. Ѹ˥ in hel եΥˡȤۿޤԤ42ʬۤɤβǤ֤ΤȤˡäꤪİ
Ԥϡڹʷܳرءˡ֤ޤˤפĿ¢رءˡϽʥեꥹرؤۤˤ3̾ǤMCϡϽؤڵKɥĤ4̾Ǥ
Ǥϡ˥饤ɤǼʤ6ΥꤷޤϡۿİγΤˡΥƥȤФʲ˼ޤȲϤˤϼޤΤǡۿΤΤİС
Þt ge sin eowres fæder bearn þe on heofonum ys. Se þe deð þæt hys sunne up aspringð ofer þa godan & ofer þa yfelan.
(1) glorify
(2) make
(3) offer
(4) perform
Q5. ־ĩס27ʬ55ä
ʲƥɤ˸¸̾Ǥ롥ʲǸťΥɸͳ褹Ǥޤ̾Ϥɤ줫
(1) Nasty (Hertfordshire)
(2) Whitby (North Yorkshire)
(3) Melbourn (Cambridgeshire)
(4) Canterbury (Kent)
Q6. ֤ޤˤĩס32ʬ14ä
ư forbid θˤϲ롩ȡ㤨 regard ǤСȤȤ [regard A as B] ʤɤΤ褦ˤưθˤɤΤ褦ʹ¤뤫ܤƤ뤳Ȥ¿ǤϡֶػߤפȤ̣ư forbid ˤĤơ<>〜뤳ȤؤפȤȤȤˡưθˤɤΤ褦ʹ¤Ƚ뤤뤫ʤ⤷ʣϡ٤뤳ȡȤΤϡ1993ǯ˽Ǥ줿֥˥¼ŵ()2ǤפȤ롥ʤ˥¼ŵϤθ֤ߤ6ǤǤƤ롥
ʾ塤Ѹ˥ڤߤ
ѸˤѸ˳ưhelˤŸƤޤ1ĤηȤơֱѸ˥ (hel_herald) ʤΤޤ̤̾ΥǤ
4 Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơֱѸ˥פϤͽǤīդޤǡ콤ĥѥ˲Ѱդhelե (helfest) ŤͽǤ1ʡȤơֱѸ˥ץ٥Ȥ4ͽꤷƤꡤǤ˹ֻտؤˤΥХλƤޤ
ԹΤĤϸ4ֱѸ˥饤Ǥİäפ1֤ۤɤϤޤ饤Ǥheldio İγ⤼ҥ饤Dzո䡤ȡͤù֤ؤפꤲǤƤ夬뤫Ȼפޤ

Ѹ˥ϤޤǤˤ˳ŤƤ櫓ǤϤޤhellog δϢǤм3Ĥۤɤޤ
#4831. رѸ˿ʹ2022ǯ7泰 --- βǤ ([2022-07-19-1])
#5059. heldio ΡֱѸ˥ס ([2023-03-04-1])
#5087. ֱѸ˥ with ޤˤ in Voicy heldio ȥδϢ ([2023-04-01-1])
Ѹ˥ϡ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)δȤƲۿƤаޤޤͼΥ٥ȤΩäơҲƤƤФȻפޤ
#642. heldio ΡֱѸ˥ס2023/03/04ۿ
#669. Ѹ˥ with ޤˤ2023/03/31ۿ
#670. Ѹ˥ with ޤˤ³ԡˡ2023/04/01ۿ
ҳ饤ǤäԹ礬ĤʤΤˡۿ⤹ͽǤ
NewsPicks ܹΩ̿ءˤϢܤƤRPGΤΤˡκǿƤޤ֥ȡҥåӤؤ---ͥȥͥǡǤ

RPG ˤϡ֥ (dungeon) ζϤޤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦ΰ̣ϡϲϴסƶססʤ RPG ˤϥդΤʤΡåޥȤδطϡΤ褦䤤ƤʸˡʸػˤεǤ
ǤڤƤޤñ dungeon ϸťե donjon ѤΤǤ1300ǯˡťեǤθϡּ緯פۤɤǤ줬ϴȤѤ줿طʤ顤ϴסȤ櫓ϲϴפΰ̣ȯãޤˤ RPG Ūʡ̤Τʤ֡סʾ嵭ȡˤȤˤޤȯŸƤޤʸỤ̄臘٤̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ιǤ͡
ơťե donjon ϡ̤ƥ dominiōnem ˹Ԥ夭ϸŵƥ dominium бޤַϰ̡ϡפ̣ޤΥƥñ줬ľܱѸ˼ޤ줿Τ dominion ڡ۸פǤĤޤꡤdungeon dominion 2Ÿ (doublet) ȤȤˤʤޤ
Ϣϡʲ hellog heldio ΥƥĤǼ夲ƤޤΤǡҤɤ
hellog #3899. ƥ domus ʲȡˤθ캬ͥåȥ ([2019-12-30-1])
hellog #3898. danger, dangerous ΰ̣Ѳ ([2019-12-29-1])
heldio #118. danger ΤȤȤΰ̣ϡָϡס
heldio #273. ֻ۸ ΤäƤ danger θ
hellog #1953. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ (2) ([2014-09-01-1])
ī6ˡܥ֥λǤȤ⤤벻֥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ۿƤޤ2024ǯ heldio ΥơޤѲ (language_change) Ǥ礭ʥơޤʤΤǼ夲Ƥ¿ˤ錄ޤ̤ʤΤ1Ĥʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ޤܥ֥Ǥ#417. ʸˡȤϡ ([2010-06-18-1]) ϤȤơ¿εܤƤޤ
轵heldio ˤ5Ϣ³ʸˡĶȤʤϤޤŪʸˡƳȤʤޤ˥ޤȤƤޤ
#988. 夦夦ñȤñ --- Ƹȵǽ
#989. ƸȵǽΤ줾ħӤ
#990. ʸˡȤϲ
#991. while ʸˡ
#992. while ʸˡ³ˡ
ʰʲ嵭
#1001. ѸʸˡˤĤΤꤿʤ --- ݺƻͺˡʸˡѸ١ʳҡ2014ǯˡ
#1003. There is an apple on the table. --- Ϥɤ졩
ʸ嵭ޤǡ
5äϥࡼˤĤʤäƤΤǡİƤȤ褤ȻפޤüİȤϡ濴Ȥʤ#990. ʸˡȤϲǤ⥷ȤϤĤȻפޤ
äܳŪʸˡؤӤȤϡܥ֥ grammaticalisation γƵä˽פʵĤƤޤ
#1972. Meillet ʸˡ ([2014-09-20-1])
#1974. ʸˡȯŸȳ (1) ([2014-09-22-1])
#1975. ʸˡȯŸȳ (2) ([2014-09-23-1])
#2575. Ѳΰ ([2016-05-15-1])
#2576. æʸˡȸò ([2016-05-16-1])
#3273. Lehman ˤʸˡμ١6 ([2018-04-13-1])
#3272. ʸˡ2ĤΥᥫ˥ ([2018-04-12-1])
#3281. Hopper and Traugott ˤʸˡܼ ([2018-04-21-1])
#5124. Oxford Bibliographies ˤʸˡγס ([2023-05-08-1])
֤ǡμͭӥ Mond ˴ƤѸ˷Ϥμ6ۤɲޤǤͭޤʼʸθʸûʸԽƤޤˡ¤٤Ƥޤ
ī8Ф̼κǿμϡȤ櫓ϤǤ͡ѥƤޤޤǻ䤬ȤΤʤäѸ˴ؤѤʵǡɷŪǤ꤬Ȥޤ
(1) boss äƤʤ s դĤʤΡ8̼˼䤵ޤʤǤǤ

(2) Ѹ줬ƥ줫ưѤȤλʬ˴ŤѤΤϤʤʤΤǤ礦
(3) Japan Ȥñθ츻ϡ
(4) who, what, where, when ʤɤФơʤ how wh- Ǥʤ h- ǻϤޤΤǤ礦
(5) 5ʸ SVO ʤɤ V ϡưפȤޤֽҸפΤǤϤʤǤ礦
(6) ʤưɽ魯Ϥưˡ־ưפʤΤΤǤ礦
ϡܥ֥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ǴϢ夲ꡤܤ⤷ƤꤷΤ¿ºݤ˲ΤʤǤĤĥäƤޤΤǡ碌ƤȤФȻפޤ
26ʲС˸4Ⱦ Voicy heldio ˤ#983. B&C42ʸˡפɼ¶ with ȾϽؤǤϤޤBaugh and Cable ˤѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤɤ륷ΰĤǤ̥ȤȤʳءˤϽؤʥեꥹرؤۤˤơɼ¶ѤȤƤϤޤ嵭ϡ̾ۿǥȤƸΤǤ60ʬ֤ĹǤҤ֤ΤȤˤİ
25ʷˤˤϡ hellog ǤͽԤȤʤ뵭#5397. ʸˡΡפͤ --- Baugh and Cable αѸˤ ([2024-02-05-1]) ޤεǤϺܤ42 "Grammatical Gender" θʸǺܤƤޤΤǡįʤ餪İФȻפޤϡѸˤˤ (gender) ܤפʵؤΥĥäƤޤ
ۿİƤäꥹʡ umisio ޤȤΡȤäΥڡǸƤޤͽΤȤˤȤ

heldio B&C αѸˤɤ륷ΥХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ǤޤȤƤޤ264ᤢܤ42ˤ褦䤯ɤ夤ȤǤΤǡޤޤǤˤϸɤǤޤޤΤǡΥ饤ɥˤäСޤʲΥƥꤷƤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ˤפȸ奮ꥷ˲ȥإɥȥ (Herodotus, B.C. 485?--425?) μˤʤˡ٤ˡ (origin_of_language) ˴ؤͭ̾äƤ롥奨ץ26īνβǤץƥ1 (Psammetichus [Psamtik], B.C. 664--610) ǤŤϲ餫ˤ뤿ˡѤƤ¸ȤǤ롥ˤĤơPerseus Digital Library Υƥȥ쥯ꡤHerodotus, The Histories (ed. A. D. Godley) 22ϡʱǡˤѤ롥
Now before Psammetichus became king of Egypt, the Egyptians believed that they were the oldest people on earth. But ever since Psammetichus became king and wished to find out which people were the oldest, they have believed that the Phrygians were older than they, and they than everybody else. Psammetichus, when he was in no way able to learn by inquiry which people had first come into being, devised a plan by which he took two newborn children of the common people and gave them to a shepherd to bring up among his flocks. He gave instructions that no one was to speak a word in their hearing; they were to stay by themselves in a lonely hut, and in due time the shepherd was to bring goats and give the children their milk and do everything else necessary. Psammetichus did this, and gave these instructions, because he wanted to hear what speech would first come from the children, when they were past the age of indistinct babbling. And he had his wish; for one day, when the shepherd had done as he was told for two years, both children ran to him stretching out their hands and calling "Bekos!" as he opened the door and entered. When he first heard this, he kept quiet about it; but when, coming often and paying careful attention, he kept hearing this same word, he told his master at last and brought the children into the king's presence as required. Psammetichus then heard them himself, and asked to what language the word "Bekos" belonged; he found it to be a Phrygian word, signifying bread. Reasoning from this, the Egyptians acknowledged that the Phrygians were older than they. This is the story which I heard from the priests of Hephaestus' temple at Memphis; the Greeks say among many foolish things that Psammetichus had the children reared by women whose tongues he had cut out.
δ1Ĥΰäˤʤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤˤĤƤϤޤʬʤȤ¿Ȥ¤ƧޤƤɬפ롥äͭ̾ʤ⤦1Ĥθϡ鷺Ȥ줿εҤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2946. ˤߤȳȻ ([2017-05-21-1]) ȡ
Ϣơ#4612. εȯã ([2021-12-12-1])#4614. εȯãΤȺ ([2021-12-14-1]) Ƥ
ʤߤˡ Voicy heldio ˤƴϢ夲#980. ̵֤֤ǰƤƤǤΤ --- ؤγƤäѤʵİС
ǯ7꽵12Υڡ Baugh and Cable αѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤɤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ǤΥʤƤޤ1200ߤͭۿȤʤäƤޤ1ץ˴ؤƤϤĤǤİĤǤޤȤɤƥȤʤ̵ΰۿԤʤäƤޤޤǤΥХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ˤޤȤƤޤΤǡǧ

ޤǤ41СƤޤܲűѸ3ϤäƤޤ夲42 "Grammatical Gender" ϡűѸ̾˳ǧʸˡΡסʤʸˡ (gender) ܤޤʲƱΥƥȤǺܤƤޤʤǤܽꤷƤΤ٥ȤǤˡ
42. Grammatical Gender. As in Indo-European languages generally, the gender of Old English nouns is not dependent on considerations of sex. Although nouns designating males are often masculine, and those indicating females feminine, those indicating neuter objects are not necessarily neuter. Stān (stone) is masculine, and mōna (moon) is masculine, but sunne (sun) is feminine, as in German. In French, the corresponding words have just the opposite genders: pierre (stone) and lune (moon) are feminine, while soleil (sun) is masculine. Often the gender of Old English nouns is quite illogical. Words like mægden (girl), wīf (wife), bearn (child, son), and cild (child), which we should expect to be feminine or masculine, are in fact neuter, while wīfmann (woman) is masculine because the second element of the compound is masculine. The simplicity of Modern English gender has already been pointed out as one of the chief assets of the language. How so desirable a change was brought about will be shown later.
ʸˡ˴ؤ hellog Ǥ gender Υդ¿εǼ夲ƤޤΤʤä˽פʵؤΥʲĥäƤޤ
#25. űѸ̾(1) ([2009-05-23-1])
#26. űѸ̾(2) ([2009-05-24-1])
#28. űѸ˼Ϥʤä ([2009-05-26-1])
#487. ʰʸˡ ([2010-08-27-1])
#1135. ĸʸˡε ([2012-06-05-1])
#2853. ˤȿʹ֤ʬե ([2017-02-17-1])
#3293. űѸ̾ ([2018-05-03-1])
#4039. ˤȤϥեǤ ([2020-05-18-1])
#4040. ָȿǤƤʹ֤ʬեפεåȡ ([2020-05-19-1])
#4182. ָפΥơޤι ([2020-10-08-1])
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
3ָ224ڡˤ 15:30--18:45 ˡī㡼ɶˤƥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ4ȤʤֶѸֻ --- ɸಽܻؤơ֤ޤ

ιֺ¤ϡ4Υ4ȤʤޤΥ饤ʥåפϰʲ̤Ǥ
1ʸεȯã --- ե٥åȤγȤʽա429
2űѸֻ --- μʤʲơ729
3Ѹֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡʽ107
4Ѹֻ --- ɸಽܻؤơߡ224
٤4ˤĤƤϡ Voicy heldio ˤ#971. Ѹֻ --- 224ڡˤīΥֺ4˸ơȤƳפҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡİйǤ
ޤǤ3ιֺ¤ǤϡѸֻɸಽˤįƤޤϤ褤ḽˤɸಽμ֤ޤޤ15 Chancery Standard ˻Ϥޤꡤ1617ˤƤ Shakespeareض١αѸ켭λФơ18--19μ˻ޤǤλܤñֻɤɤޤθ塤ꥫѸֻƸֻפưޤǤեơѸֻβˤĤͽǤƻαñֻζʤ⤷ޤΤǡ»Ҥˤʤ뤳ȤϤޤ
ֺܹ¤ˤؿΤϡΥڡꤪߤֺϡ̤Τۤ饤ǤλäǽǤޤϿޤȡָ1ָ֡ƨۿפİǤޤԹΤ褤ˡǤäФȻפޤֺ¤ǤϤޤƲƤΩƤޤΤǡΤߤñȯΤäǤޤäꤢޤʤֺ¤ѤϡüԤγͤŻŪۤͽǤ
ܥȴϢơʲ hellog Voicy heldio ۿ⤴Ȥ
Ρ1ʸεȯã --- ե٥åȤγȤꡡ
heldio #668. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ2023ǯ330
hellog #5088. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ ([2023-04-02-1])
hellog #5119. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ1ޤ ([2023-05-03-1])
Ρ2űѸֻ --- μʤ
hellog #5194. 729ڡˡīΥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- μʤס ([2023-07-17-1])
heldio #778. űѸʸ --- 729ڡˤīΥֺ2˸ơ2023ǯ718
hellog #5207. īΥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- μʤפޤ ([2023-07-30-1])
Ρ3Ѹֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡ
hellog #5263. 107ڡˡīΥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ3Ѹֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡס ([2023-09-24-1])
heldio #848. Ѹɸʤֻ --- 107ڡˤīΥֺ3˸ơ2023ǯ926
Ρ4Ѹֻ --- ɸಽܻؤơ
heldio #971. Ѹֻ --- 224ڡˤīΥֺ4˸ơ2024ǯ127
¿ΤäԤƤޤ
Fertig (76) "Analogical non-change" ꤹΤʤǡѸε§Ūʣ -s ˤơ (analogy) ˤĤäʻƤ롥
. . . stasis over time can be just as interesting a historical phenomenon as change (Janda and Joseph 2003: 83, 86). Although accounts of analogy rarely call attention to the fact, there are a number of examples in the literature where the mechanisms of morphological change are invoked to account for an absence of overt change, i.e. for the survival of an element, construction or distinction. Saussure (1995 [1916]: 236--7) reminds us that analogy2 is just as much responsible for the lack of change in the inflection of most forms that have always belonged to dominant, regular classes as it is for change in other, primarily irregular items. English speakers, for example, form the plural of dozens of nouns such as stone, eel, oath, comb, stool, etc. essentially the same way they were formed in Old English, not because each of these plurals has been transmitted perfectly across all the generations, but rather primarily because analogy2 yields exactly the same results as if the forms had been transmitted perfectly. These nouns all belong to the dominant class that formed their plurals with -as in Old English so even if English speakers never memorize any of them and always rely on analogy2 to recreate them, they continue to come up with the same forms that were used in the past.
Fertig ϡѲΤߤʤ餺̵ѲطʤˤؿԤǤ롥#4228. ˸ؤϡ֤ʤѲפǤʤ֤ʤѲʤäפ䤦 ([2020-11-23-1]) Ǥ⡤Fertig νפʻŦѤƤ롥̵ѲˤյȤˤĤƤϡ#2115. ݻȸѲؤ ([2015-02-10-1])#2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ ([2015-05-14-1])#2220. ѸǸƬͭʤäͳ ([2015-05-26-1])#2574. ־ѰۤꡤѲäƤס ([2016-05-14-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ǯ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פμѲ (language) Ʊ̵ͤѲ夲Ƥǯ2ۿ⤼Ҥİ
#945. ʤѲΤ (2024/01/01)
#947. ʤѲʤΤ (2024/01/03)
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
ǯ1229World Englishes Ҳ𤹤 Voicy heldio ΥΰĤȤơɱѸȤڱʸءˤȤ̲Ȥ#942. ԤȸWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯ --- ڱŴȤΥɤαѸᤰ̡ۿޤ
θ塤ڱŴȤϸζŤʤեȡϿޤơΤ#954. ɱѸ --- ڱŴȤ̡ȤƸޤ30ʬĶ̲ǤİˤʤȤޤޤɱѸ줬ȶˤʤꡤɱѸ˴ؿΤǤϤʤȻפޤ
ڱ40ǯθĶڶΥɱѸ̤ǡǯˤإɱѸΥꥹ˥ҿǡӡʸҡˤǤƤޤ
Х륵ȤƤΥɤιŪ¸ߴϹޤäƤꡤɤο͡äѸޤŪǧ٤夬äƤޤܤǤϱѼΥ֥ɤȤƤϰ̤ΩƤꡤɱѸϤޤήȤ֤ŤªƤаޤޤ21ʤˤĤ졤ΤΤ褦ªѤäƤ뤫⤷ޤ奤ɱѸȤϰ̤ѲˤĤƤϡѸŪˤܤΥޤҡֱѸפǤϤʤѸ (world_englishes) ȤȤߤǡѸѼˤįƤߤƤαѸ˸ȳȤϤǤ

ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ
heldio #955. ̯ʱʸ̣臘ʥʤӴϢˡۿܥ֥ǤƱСƤ
#4229. Fertig ˤ analogy ([2020-11-24-1]) #5336. Fertig ˤ analogy ܳŪܼ ([2023-12-06-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Fertig analogy ˴ؤ븦ƬϡΤ褦ʱʸ㼨Ǿ롥
A book about analogy and morphological change? That is so not what I was expecting. I never imaginated there'd ever be such a book. I guess I had another thing coming. Who'd of thunk it?
αʸˤ (analogy) ӤȴϢβ㤬4ġʤ뤤5ġ˴ޤޤƤ롥٤Ƥλ㡤뤤˻ƤǤ롥줾⤹1ѤƤ
The short paragraph above contains at least four recognizable examples of some of the different kinds of innovations that we will be exploring in this book. That is so not . . . is an example of analogical change in syntax. Until recently, the intensifier so could only be used directly before an adjective or adverb. Now some speakers regularly use it in other syntactic contexts, such as before the negative particle not. This change can be attributed to the analogy of other intensifiers such as really . . . . The next sentence contains the verb imaginate, which sounds very odd to many English speakers today but has been around since 1541. It means the same thing as the much more common and older verb imagine and may have been created by backformation from the noun imagination, on the analogical model of pairs like speculation--speculate, dedication--dedicate, etc. The fourth sentence contains an altered version of the familiar expression to have another think coming, meaning 'to be seriously mistaken about something'. For at least a century, English speakers/learners have sometimes mistaken the word think in this expression for thing. This kind of change is called folk etymology. It occurs when speakers identify one element in an expression with a different, often historically unrelated element. The word of (for 've) in the final sentence of the paragraph could also be considered folk etymology. Finally, thunk is obviously an innovative past-participle form corresponding to standard thought. It is based on analogical models such as sink--sank--sunk or stick--stuck.
ɽΤΤޤᤤĤɤȽȡinnovations, analogical change, backformation, analogical model, folk_etymology ʤɤäƤ롥Fertig ܤǤϡѸ䳵ǰǫ˵ƤˤʺѡˤθɬɽǤ롥

Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
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