
ܥ֥λǡ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ī6ˤϤƤޤ¹ԤƷ֥ץ֥ͭͥץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa)פ轵ڤͼ6ۿƤޤʥ֥֥饦ͳȼʤη800ߤǤˡ
ǯ6˳ߤΡֱѸˤء (helwa) ⡤ץߥꥹʡγβٱΤȤǡޤ6³Ƥޤ꤬Ȥޤ֤ͭΥꥹʡˤ heldio/helwa ϤΥƥȯƤƤޤơդ˴ޤҡ#5256. heldio/hel ([2023-09-17-1]) Ȥʤޤ#5301. ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) 5εס ([2023-11-01-1]) ⤴ˡ
6ۿͽβäơ11ʬ13ФȤˤʤޤФäȤǥȥįᡤ֥Ƥ⤤ä뤫ȻפޤΤǡʬΥ饤ʥåפʲ˼ޤ
ڱѸˤ #49ۥԥꥪɡߥǤʤ˰̣Ѥ롪2023/11/02
ڱѸˤ #50you ˤĤƸ2023/11/04
ڱѸˤ #51you Τ٤¿2023/11/07
ڱѸˤ #52۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (24) Celtic --- ǦȤμ¶ѡʸȾ2023/11/09
ڱѸˤ #53ۼߤߥ2023/11/11
ڱѸˤ #54ۡرѸ˿ʹ7ϫޤ2023/11/14
ڱѸˤ #55̵ʸ --- ƣͺϤΡإ֥٤2023/11/16
ڱѸˤ #56äդΩΡդʿ --- ƣͺϤʸ̵2023/11/18
ڱѸˤ #57۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (26) The Home of the Indo-Europeans -- khelf ƣȤμ¶ 2/32023/11/23
ڱѸˤ #58۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (26) The Home of the Indo-Europeans -- khelf ƣȤμ¶ 3/32023/11/24
ڱѸˤ #59ۥʥ2023/11/25
ڱѸˤ #60ۥʥ⤿餷Ƥ롩2023/11/28
ڱѸˤ #61128ʶˤ helwa ˺ǯ˸2023/11/30)
֤äƤߤȡ̾ۿ heldio Ǽ夲ȯŸǤ helwa ΤۤǤϤ뵡¿äǤֱ͡ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ helwa ǤϤȤʣ»ܤޤޤإ֥٤ԤΰƣͺϤ helwa ̤ƴŪ˸ήǤΤǤ
褿128ʶˤˤϡץߥꥹʡγȤȤˡ饤Ǥ helwa ˺ǯŤͽǤץߥꥹʡǤлüͳβǤΤǡˡؤȤʤʹߡ12ʬ˥֥ƤйǤ hellog/heldio/helwa ꤤޤ
1122ʿˤθˡkhelf ƣ蘆ȤȤˡɸˤĤ Voicy heldio ɼ¶ѤۿޤƱ hellog #5322. ²ͤθζ --- Baugh and Cable αѸˤ ([2023-11-22-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
Baugh and Cable αѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤɤƤ̲ȤƤϤޤܤΤ2ϤκǸȤʤ26 "The Home of the Indo-Europeans" ǤӸؤˤǤפ1ĤǤꡤ̤夬ͽۤ줿Τǡǽ餫ĹۿǰƬˤƤޤ̤Ȥơ50ʬۤɤۿ3פ2ȾĹϤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ饤ǤİΥꥹʡγˤϵŤʥȤޤޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ۿθ塤11123ڡī̾ۿ2ƱΥץߥۿ324ʶΥץߥۿȤƤϤޤνʤɤ֤ΤޤˡʲƲİ
(1) #906. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (26) The Home of the Indo-Europeans --- khelf ƣȤμ¶ 1/3
(2) ֡ڱѸˤ #57۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (26) The Home of the Indo-Europeans -- khelf ƣȤμ¶ 2/3
(3) ֡ڱѸˤ #58۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (26) The Home of the Indo-Europeans -- khelf ƣȤμ¶ 3/3
ʸɤؤ٤ɽȤʤäƤޤޤϡͤθζᤰΩƳ⤬͵ƤڵʤƧ߹ʬˤĤƤǤȻפޤ
⤳Υ饤ɽϡä³ƤͽǤɤ֤⾯ƤƤޤҴؿϡƥȤξ头äϢۿΰϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])ˤ˷ǺܤƤޤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Voicy heldio ˤ#905. դˤĤƳؤֲ --- ëǷȤ̡ۿޤߤΤʤ¿Ȼפ˴ؤǤ̤Τϡܥ֥Ǥ#5320. ֥αѸ --- ԡˡWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯˤ12ϡ ([2023-11-20-1]) ǤҲ𤷤ëǷءˤǤ30ʬۤɤθζŤʤ̤ȤʤäƤޤΤǡһ֤ΤȤˤڤˤİ
̤ϡ²˻ϤޤꡤʸͳθŪʥȥԥåؤȰܤѤäƤޤëˤƥ칶˻äΤä⤦ޤäȤä³Ƥۤɳڤ̤Ǥ
Ȥ櫓̣פäΤϡ䤬˸ؤζʽǤ褯ܤˤ֥륿²פȤ礭ʳ꤬ʰۤʤոϤˤܲȤƤʤȤǤ̤ǾҲ𤵤줿֥²פϡ륿²βǤϡ֥ɡפȸƤФƤޤǶǤΩ²ȤƤߤʤ褦ˤʤäƤ褦Ǥcf. #1548. 륿² ([2013-07-23-1])ˡӸؤȤ⤷ȴǤ͡
ëŤʤä꤬Ȥޤ
Baugh and Cable αѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤɤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ǤΥϤ4ޤcf. #5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])ˡäڡǤϤޤڤ줺˿ʤǤޤ饤ɤ֤⾯ƤƤޤ

ܲ2Ϥκǽᡤ26 The Home of the Indo-Europeans ְ²ͤθζפȤȤǤθ塤khelf ƣ蘆ȤȤˡ26ʤӤޤȤȤ2Τˤܤ Voicy heldio/helwa ˤɼ¶ѤۿͽǤå٤κۤȤޤȤǻȤʤϤǤ̩ʱʸ˲äѸ˸ԤΩ줫²ȤθζˤĤƽIJ̵Ԥ˵Ȼפޤ
ϻϸ2ͽǡ̾ۿȥץߥۿȤ߹碌ƺĹ3֤ۤɤˤʤǽޤۿǤİˤʤʤϡǤۿޤΤǡ֤ΤȤˤǤäİ褷ƤФȻפޤ heldio ͥեޤȡͽΤ䳫Τ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤޤΤǡҥեꤤޤܲե5,224̾ȤʤäƤޤˡޤۿǤꤲߤΥȤ⤪ԤƤޤΤǡҤ
ۿ˹碌4ڡ;8ʤ26Τǽ3ʲ˷ǺܤޤĤʬ碌ʸˤĤƤϡץߥۿˤƶͭޤʤǤܽꤷƤΤ٥ȤǤˡ
26. The Home of the Indo-Europeans. It is obvious that if the languages just described represent the progressive differentiation of an original speech, this speech, which we may for convenience call the Indo-European language, must have been spoken by a population somewhere at some time. What can be learned about these people and their early location?
Concerning their physical character, practically nothing can be discerned. Continuity in language and culture does not imply biological descent. It is not an uncommon phenomenon in history for a people to give up their own language and adopt another. Sometimes they adopt the language of their conquerors, or of those whom they have conquered, or that of a people with whom they have simply become merged in a common territory. The Indo-European languages are spoken today in many cultures that until recently had completely unrelated heritages. To judge by the large variety of people who have spoken these languages from early times, it is quite possible that the people of the original Indo-European community already represented a wide ethnic diversity. Neither can we form any very definite idea of the date at which this people lived as a single, more or less coherent community. The period of their common life must have extended over a considerable stretch of time. It is customary to place the end of their common existence somewhere between 3500 and 2500 B.C.
With respect to the location of this community at a time shortly before their dispersal, we have at least a basis for inference. To begin with, we may assume that the original home was in that part of the world in which the languages of the family are chiefly to be found today, and we may omit from consideration Africa, Australia, and the American continents because we know that the extension of Indo-European languages in these areas has occurred in historical times. History and its related sciences, anthropology and archaeology, enable us also to eliminate certain other regions, such as the British Isles and the peninsulas of Southern Europe. Early literary tradition occasionally preserves traces of a people at a former stage in their history. The earliest books of the Hindus, for example, the Vedas, show an acquaintance with the Indus but not with the Ganges, indicating that the Indo-Europeans entered India from the northwest. In general, we may be fairly sure that the only regions in which it is reasonable to seek the original home of the Indo-European family are the mainland of Europe and the western part of Asia.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ܥ֥ǤӤӾҲ𤷤Ƥ롤10˾ƲǤ줿World Englishes ꡤ12ϡ֥αѸפȤˡҲ𤷤ޤθѸؽϡ¿ܿͤˤȤä̤ΤΰǤϤʤǤ礦伫Ȥ⡤ޤäȤäƤ褤ۤΤޤǤ
ξϤɮ줿ëǷءˤ Voicy heldio ˤ̤뵡ޤƤܤˤäƤ̤Ǥޤ˳ڤ⤷٤Ȥʤꡤʰ̣ܤޤë꤬ȤޤơȤɤꤤޤ#901. ԤȸWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯ --- ëǷȤΥαѸᤰ̡ǤԤ20ʬۤɤβƥĤȤʤäƤޤ
夲ܽ12ϡ֥αѸ (pp. 189--99) ϡʲιȤʤäƤޤ

ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ
пʷʸʸ칶ˤοΥˡԥκʰɽʼɮǯˤ˷ǺܤƤ (42--43) ֺʰɽο꼹ɮǯϡʤˤĤƤ Martin Wiggins, British Drama 1533--1642: A Catalogue (Oxford University Press, 2021--) ˡˤĤƤ Arden ǥԥ3ˤ˵äƤޤ (43) ȤΤȤǡʲ˰ƸƤʴϢơ#1044. ѸʡChaucerShakespeareά ([2012-03-06-1]) ⻲ȡˡɽΡȽפϡF = Folio ޤܡ, Q = Quarter ʻͤޤܡ, O = Octavo Ȭޤܡˡ
*: ԥ¸̿˵λĤäƤʡ+: ɥˡرåեɡޤϥ֥åǤξĤäƤ
[A] Pembroke's Men [B] Strange's Men [C] Derby's Men [D] Chamberlain's Men [E] King's Men
| ̾ | 꼹ɮǯ | ǽǯ (Ƚ) [η] |
|---|---|---|
| إϻ Henry VI, Part 2 | 1591 | 1594 (Q) [A?] |
| إϻ軰 Henry VI, Part 3 | 1591 | 1595 (O) [A] |
| 㤸Ϥʤ餷 The Taming of the Shrew | 1592 | 1623 (F) [A] |
| إϻ Henry VI, Part 1 | 1592 | 1623 (F) [B] |
| ɥ˥ Titus Andronicus | 1592 | 1594 (Q) [A?] |
| ְ㤤δ The Comedy of Errors | 1592 | 1623 (F) [A?+*] |
| 㡼ɻ Richard III | 1593 | 1597 (Q) [C?] |
| ɥɻ Edward III | 1593 | 1596 (Q) [?] |
| ʥȥɡ˥λ Venus and Adonis | 1593--94 | 1593 (Q) |
| ʤ» The Two Gentlemen of Verona | 1594 | 1623 (F) [?] |
| ߥȥꥨå Romeo and Juliet | 1594 | 1597 (Q) [D?] |
| 롼Ϳλ The Rape of Lucrece | 1593--94 | 1594 (Q) |
| 㡼 Richard II | 1595 | 1597 (Q) [D] |
| Ƥ̴ A Midsummer Night's Dream | 1595 | 1600 (Q) [D*] |
| ιޤ» Love's Labour's Lost | 1596 | 1598 (Q) [D*] |
| King John | 1596 | 1623 (F) [D] |
| ˥ξ The Merchant of Venice | 1596 | 1600 (Q) [D*] |
| إ Henry IV, Part 1 | 1597 | 1598 (Q) [D*] |
| ۵ʽ˼ The Merry Wives of Windsor | 1597 | 1602 (Q) [D*] |
| إ Henry IV, Part 2 | 1597 | 1609 (Q) [D*] |
| Much Ado About Nothing | 1598 | 1600 (Q) [D*] |
| إ Henry V | 1599 | 1600 (Q) [D*] |
| ꥢ Julius Caesar | 1599 | 1623 (F) [D*] |
| Ǯνԡλ The Passionate Pilgrim | 1598--99 | 1599 (Q) |
| ˾ޤ As You Like It | 1600 | 1623 [F] [D] |
| ϥå Hamlet | 1600 | 1603 (Q) [D+] |
| Twelfth Night, or What You Will | 1601 | 1623 (Q) [D+] |
| ԻĻȷλ The Passionate Pilgrim | 1601 | 1601 (Q) |
| ȥ饹ȥ쥷 Troilus and Cressida | 1602 | 1609 (Q) [D] |
| ܤˤϼܤ Measure for Measure | 1603 | 1623 (F) [E*] |
| Othello | 1604 | 1622 (Q) [E+*] |
| 褱Ф٤Ƥ褷 All's Well That Ends Well | 1605 | 1623 (F) [E] |
| ꥢ King Lear | 1605 | 1608 (Q) [E*] |
| ޥ٥ Macbeth | 1606 | 1623 (F) [E] |
| ȥˡȥ쥪ѥȥ Antony and Cleopatra | 1606 | 1623 (F) [E] |
| ƥͤΥ Timon of Athens | 1607 | 1623 (F) [E] |
| ڥꥯ Pericles | 1607 | 1609 (Q) [E] |
| ꥪ쥤ʥ Coriolanus | 1608 | 1623 (F) [E] |
| ͥåȽλ Sonnets | ?--1609 | 1609 (Q) |
| ͤòλ A Lover's Complaint | 1609 | 1609 (Q) |
| ٥ Cymbeline | 1610 | 1623 (F) [E] |
| ʪ The Winter's Tale | 1611 | 1623 (F) [E*] |
| ƥڥ The Tempest | 1611 | 1623 (F) [E*] |
| إȬ Henry VIII | 1612 | 1623 (F) [E] |
| The Two Noble Kinsmen | 1613 | 1634 (Q) [E] |

ܽˤĤƤϺ Voicy heldio Ǥ#898. пΤξҲ --- إԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯˡȤƤҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡҤİ
إԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯ
ۿ줿 YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפκǿֱѸ˸Ķ!!!ꤷơɽѤʵƤޤ
ʤդǤĤäƤʤűѸѸȯ狼Τ䤤Ū˴ƤѤʵǤΤǡ YouTube ͥƤߤޤ
ܥ֥ϤȤ̤ΤǤƱѤʵ˲ƤаޤޤΤǡˤĥäƤޤ
hellog #437. ˤƸŲꤹ뤫 ([2010-07-08-1])
hellog #758. ˤƸŲꤹ뤫 (2) ([2011-05-25-1])
hellog #4015. ˤѸȯꤹ뤫 ([2020-04-24-1])
hellog #4499. ˤ Shakespeare ȯꤹ뤫 ([2021-08-21-1])
heldio #326. ɤƸűѸȯ狼ΤǤ2022ǯ422
͵ YouTube/Podcast ֤ͥإ饸κǿۿޤϱѸˤȤ⤪˴طԵ§ưϤʤ¸ߤΤڥ륷ʸˡ_Ե§ư#280Ǥ
إ饸οˤϡVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) YouTube ְͥʼδѸظإͥΤĤδϢƥĤ˸ڤƤޤȴȯϤĤإ饸ˡαѸ˾夲ƤȤƤǤΥȥԥḁ̊Ϥޤ褦ˡ
˷ǺܤƤƥؤΥˤƷǤƤޤ
رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ١ʸҡ2016ǯ
رѸˤDzۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡ١ؽ2011ǯ
heldio #58. ʤٸˤԵ§ʤȤ¿ΤǤ
YouTube ֿ⡪ go β went ͳ (cf. #4774. go/went ϼҲŪȥޥǤ ([2022-05-23-1])
YouTube ֱѸԵ§ưΤҤ⤴ --- о졪 (cf. hellog #4810. sing β sang Ǥ⤢ sung Ǥ⤢롪 ([2022-06-28-1])
YouTube ΤαѸԵ§ư餱 (cf. #4807. -ed ˤ뵬§ưνиϳ̿Ūä ([2022-06-25-1])
heldio #9. first -st ϺǾä
heldio #10. third three + th ѷʤΤǽ൬§Ū
heldio #11. ʤ second 2ܤΡפϼѸ졪
Ե§ưϤʤ¸ߤΤפȤѸ˴ؤѤʵ䤫⤭佼ˡ (suppletion) ʡ֥СסˤƳˡԵ§μҲŪյͳĤġΤȤƸˤֵ§פ뤤ϡԵ§פȤϲʤΤȤ礭ʵƤޤٸ꤬Ȥޤ#5130. ֤إ饸ȥ ([2023-05-14-1]) ⤼ҤȤ
ͼVoicy heldio ˤ#893. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (24) Celtic --- ǦȤμ¶ѡȾˡۿޤBaugh and Cable αѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤɤƤ̲ȤƤϤޤʥˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ȡˡ
ɤ24ܤ Celtic Ǥʸʸ1ڡۤɤαʸˤϺ hellog #5309. ȸɤε --- Baugh and Cable αѸˤ ([2023-11-09-1]) ˷ǺܤƤޤˤʤʤ餪İФȻפޤ
Ѹ˸2ͤޤ뤤֤饰饹ĤʬˤĤƸȤΤϡȤ˭ʻ֤Ǥʤ̥ꥹʡ˥饤ǤİȤΤ⡤꤬Ǥ
Ƥꡤ60ʬǤϸʤäΤǡ³ԤץߥꥹʡۿͥˤڱѸˤ #52۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (24) Celtic --- ǦȤμ¶ѡʸȾˡȤƼϿۿƤޤǸˡȸɤˤĤƳؤ֤ȤαѸ˾ΰյˤĤƤƤޤΤǡФ⤪İ
ơȸɤ˴ؿϡܥ֥Ǥ¿εǥСƤޤޤϡceltic, irish, scottish_gaelic, manx, welsh, cornish, breton ʤɤΥդεȤɤʸƤȴؤ꤬ȤơʲƤޤ
#774. ȸʬۡ ([2011-06-10-1])
#779. Cornish Manx ([2011-06-15-1])
#2803. ɸüԿȻϰ ([2016-12-29-1])
#2968. Υ֥ƥ̱ ([2017-06-12-1])
#3743. Celt λؼоݤŪѲ ([2019-07-27-1])
#3747. ȿͤȤϲԤ ([2019-07-31-1])
#3757. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ2֥Ȥפޤ ([2019-08-10-1])
#3761. ֥ƥȥ֥륿˥ ([2019-08-14-1])
ޤheldio Ǥ⥱ȸϢ͡ۿƤޤʲꥹȥåפƤޤ
#692. ȸɤҲ𤷤ޤ2023/04/23
#693. ѸˤȥȡѸˤȥ֥륿˥ --- ΩѴۤΡƴݤϡ֥륿˥Ÿˬ˸ơ2023/04/24
#697. ꥹˤ륱ȷϸФ2023/04/28
#715. ȸ첾2023/05/16
#731. ȸνʸγ֤ʩȸᤫäͳ2023/06/01
#696. ϻ졩 --- ֥ȥο̸2023/04/27
#714. Manx ֥ޥ --- 1974ǯ˻Ȥʤä֥ȥο̸2023/05/15
ۿİˤʤ B&C ɥ˴ؿ⤿줿ϡܽ6ǡˤꤷνǤ椫Ǥ⻲äФȻפޤְ㤤ʤѸٶˤѸˤٶˤʤܤȤǤޤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Baugh and Cable αѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤɤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ǤΥϤ4Ȥʤޤcf. #5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])ˡ

ܲ24 Celtic ֥ȸɡפȤȤǤͼλ֤顤ǦʽٲءˤȤȤˡĶɤɼ¶Ѥ heldio ۿͽǤ饹Ҽ˥åʷϵΤʤܺ٤ʱʸ˲äѸ˸ԤΩ줫饱ȸɤˤĤƽIJ̵Ԥ˥ȤĤĵƤͽǤϻϸ̩ˤϷޤ餯16:30餤ˤʤꤽǤ heldio ͥեޤȡͽΤ䳫Τ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤޤΤǡҥեΤۤɤꤤޤܲ5,160̾Υꥹʡγ˥եƤޤˡ
ͼۿ˹碌3ʤ1ڡۤɤƱʲ˰Ѥޤ
24. Celtic. The Celtic languages at one time formed one of the most extensive groups in the Indo-European family. At the beginning of the Christian era, the Celts were found in Gaul and Spain, in Great Britain, in western Germany, and northern Italy---indeed, they covered the greater part of Western Europe. A few centuries earlier, their triumphal progress had extended even into Greece and Asia Minor. The steady retreat of Celtic before advancing Italic and Germanic tongues is one of the surprising phenomena of history. Today, Celtic languages are found only in the far corners of France and the British Isles; in the areas in which they were once dominant, they have left but little trace of their presence.
The language of the Celts in Gaul who were conquered by Caesar is known as Gallic. Because it was early replaced by Latin, we know next to nothing about it. A few inscriptions, some proper names (cf. Orgetorix), one fragmentary text, and a small number of words preserved in modern French are all that survive. With respect to the Celtic languages in Britain, we are better off, although the many contradictory theories of Celticists make it impossible to say with any confidence how the Celts came to England. The older view, which is now questioned, holds that the first to come were Goidelic or Gaelic Celts. Some of these may have been driven to Ireland by the later invaders and from there may have spread into Scotland and the Isle of Man. Their language is represented in modern times by Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx. The later Brythonic Celts, after occupying for some centuries what is now England, were in turn driven westward by Germanic invaders in the fifth century. Some of the fugitives crossed over into Brittany. The modern representatives of the Brythonic division are Welsh, Cornish, and Breton.
The remnants of this one-time extensive group of languages are everywhere losing ground at the present day. Spoken by minorities in France and the British Isles, these languages are faced with the competition of two languages of wider communication, and some seem destined not to survive this competition. Cornish became extinct in the eighteenth century, and Manx, once spoken by all the native inhabitants of the Isle of Man, has died out since World War II. In Scotland, Gaelic is found only in the Highlands. It is spoken by about 50,000 people, all of whom know English as well. Welsh is still spoken by about one-quarter of the people, but the spread of English among them is indicated by the fact that the number of those who speak only Welsh had dropped from 30 percent in 1891 to 2 percent in 1950 and continues to slowly decrease. Irish is spoken by about 500,000 people, most of whom are bilingual. Whether nationalist sentiment will succeed in arresting the declining trend that has been observable here as in the other Celtic territory remains to be seen. If language-planning efforts fail, it seems inevitable that eventually another branch of the Indo-European family of languages will disappear.
ī heldio ۿ#892. Celtic --- ƥåƥåǤ⥱ȴϢäƤޤΤǡҤ⤪İͼΤ˽ƤС
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

1ȾۤΤȤˤʤޤ921ʲСˤ23ڡˤˤơΤȤ벹ɤˤ23 khelf ߹ɤ»ܤޤβ1ĤȤơǽī˱ѸˡѸؤ˴ؤ벻ƥĤ Voicy heldio Τ˼Ͽ롤ȤΤꤷޤɽ3--4̾1ȤΥ롼פᡤƥ롼פ1٤û֤DzƥĤΥơޤǼϿפȤʤʤ̵㿶Ǥ
ȾͷŪʲǤϤޤƥ롼פ褯פƤޤʷϵϥեޥɤϥեޥȤääμϿȤʤޤɸ塤̤Ȥʤ벻ƥĤ heldio ǤϤƤޤ9äơ֥߹ɼϿפȤʤޤʲΥ饤ʥåפǤ
#847. ߹ɼϿ (1) --- khelf Ĺڤȳ3̾ˤ emoji CMC2023/09/25
#850. ߹ɼϿ (2) --- K λʲˤ֥˱Ѹ˥ߤͳƤߤס2023/09/28
#854. ߹ɼϿ (3) --- ƣλʲˤ֥˱Ѹ˥ߤͳʹƤߤס2023/10/02
#858. ߹ɼϿ (4) --- ߷λʲˤ linguistics -s äƲ2023/10/06
#863. ߹ɼϿ (5) --- Ӥλʲˤ֥ǥˡɤ political correctnessס2023/10/11
#870. ߹ɼϿ (6) --- 礵λʲˤ most unhappy or unhappiest?2023/10/18
#876. ߹ɼϿ (7) --- ¤2023/10/24
#882. ߹ɼϿ (8) --- ݡαѸ2023/10/30
#886. ߹ɼϿ (9) --- ʤĥߤΡ2023/10/30
ۿΤʤˤϴְ㤤ȯޤޤƤޤٶϪ褵륷⤢ޤꥹʡγͤˤϡŪ˲ܡʼˤǸäƤޤ꤬Ȥޤ khelf СˤƱݤۿäƤȻפäƤޤΤǡkhelf ˤ helʱѸ˳ưˤ礤йǤ
֥߹ɼϿפˤĤƤϡkhelf HP Υڡˤ⤬ޤHP Ƥ¤ƤƤޤΤǡˬƤС

1030դǡkhelfʷѸ˥եˤˤرѸ˿ʹ6椬ָȤʤޤPDFDZɤǤޤ
7θӵҲʤɤξϡkhelf X @khelf_keio ⤪ϤƤޤեĥȤʤɤ̤ơֱѸˤδ֤ˡפαѸ˳ưhelˤˤϤޤȹǤ
khelf ΡرѸ˿ʹ7ɤϤ뽸ƺǤޤʴطƱ褯ĥޤ꤬Ȥˡ7εΥ饤ʥåפǤ
͵
ɽν˸űѸ
Ѥ뤳Ȥ虜
Ѹεָ: gl- ȵ
Ѥʥե٥åɽñ罸ե
Ѹ˥饦 by khelf 2ڹʸԡˡ
EMOJI ȯãȿʻΥߥ˥~Ѹ츽ˤѲͤ~
ɼԤγ˰ʤ¿¿ͤʵꤽƤޤɼԻ÷ΡѤʥե٥åɽ״ˤĤƤΰ⤢ޤΤǡܤޤ̴ܶΡֱѸ˥饦 by khelfפǤϡ˰³ʵԤαѸ˸ԤǤڹʷܳرء˥ݥåȥ饤ȤƤޤˤ khelf Ǥ⤪äˤʤäƤޤVoicy heldio ˤⲿ٤б餷ƤƤޤʤ꤬Ȥޤˡܹ voicy heldio Ǥ#884. رѸ˿ʹ7ȯԡȤƤ⤷ƤޤΤǡ⤪İС
رѸ˿ʹ٤Ϻǯ4ϴȯԤư衤褽31٤ΥڡȯԤ³ƤޤɤΥ١ݤƤΤ⡤¿ˤɤߤƤ뤫餳Ǥɤ꤬ȤޤǿޤرѸ˿ʹ٤Τ٤ƤιϡŪǤѡۤˤĤƼͳˤ갷ޤषѸˤ̥Ϥ٤ưƤȯԼΤ khelf ȤƤϡŻΡΤ鷺ͤ˹ѡۤƤޤȹǤ
⤷عμȤʤɤθŪʵʤ뤤ϡ¾νऺ뵡ˤˤȤξˤϡΥե̤Ƥޤ khelf γưӤİˤĤʤۤرѸ˿ʹԽѰߤȤʤޤϤΤۤɤꤤޤϤع̾Ŀ̾ʤɤξˤĤޤƤϡkhelf μİŪΤߤ˸¤ꡤԤεĤʤ̤˸ʤɤι٤ϰڹԤʤʤݡޤեؤϤ̤khelf ˤֱѸˤδ֤ˡפαѸ˳ưhelˤؤλƱޤȹǤ
ǸˡرѸ˿ʹ٤ΥХåʥСʹ泰ޤˤҲ𤷤Ƥޤ碌Ƥɤkhelf HP ΥڡˤХåʥСޤˡ
رѸ˿ʹ1ϴ2022ǯ41
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World Englishes ϡܥ֥Ǥ⤹Ǥ˲٤夲Ƥޤ2ϡ֥ꥫȥʥαѸפɮ줿¼ءˤȡVoicy heldio ˤ̤Ƥޤ#883. ԤȸWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯ --- ¼ȤΥꥫʥѸᤰ̡ǤԤȥեȡ碌20ʬۤɤβƥĤǤҤİ
ʲ2ϤξФҲ𤷤ޤ

ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ

ᤤΤǺǯ11Ȥʤޤ
ܥ֥λǡǤȤ٤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ǥϡǯ6ꡤץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) Ȥ֥ץͭͥϤƤޤμפ khelfʷѸ˥եˤαѸ˳ưhelˤ˲ heldio μϿ䡤 khelf ȯԤ줿رѸ˿ʹ7δϢѤʤɤ˽ƤƤޤ
helwa Ω夲5Фޤ40̾Ķ˥ץߥꥹʡȤʤäƤƤޤߥ˥ƥ礭ʤäƤƤꡤijưμ̤⤯ʤäƤƤޤȤʤޤΤǡؿϤ뤱ɤƤȤϡҺץߥꥹʡȤƥߥ˥ƥ˲ääƤФ¸ޤ
ȤΥ֥ץǡΤߤʤ餺γơ⥢ȤӹǤޤ10ʬ13ۿդǽФäƤޤΤǡ⤼Ҥİ֥֥饦ͳǷ800ߤȤʤäƤޤVoicy ץͳǤȤ¿ۤμޤΤǡФ˥֥֥饦ͳᤷޤˡ
helwa ϤȤȽ2ۿǻϤޤޤ10꽵3ؤȹ٤夲ޤܲ§ȤơʤޤʤɤԹǥ뤳ȤϤޤˡ轵ڤΤ줾6ۿƤޤī̾ǤϱѸʬʤȤ䡤helȤα˴ؿΤϡ helwa ˤǤ
5ǾƤ helwa ߥ˥ƥħ5ۤɵޤ
- ؤӤꥹʡνΤȤʤäƤ
- ̤ǤϤʤ֥쥹ȽĤȤʤäƤ
- ¾ heldio ѰʤȤ䵡ءˤǤ⤢
- Ȥμ̤
- ղ夬ڤ
ʲhelwa Ϥ6ʹߤγƷۿޤ
6ʬ9ˡ
֡ڱѸˤ #1ۥץߥꥹʡۿͥ뤬Ϥޤޤ2023/06/02ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #2۸ϰŹǤ2023/06/06ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #3ˤ⤤2023/06/09ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #4ֽۡդäդͥ褹٤פȤؤΤ2023/06/13ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #5۶Υȥ̡ˤ22023/06/17ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #66ܤhel2023/06/20ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #7۱Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ ChatGPT ꤲƤߤ2023/06/23ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #8ۥץߥΥ֤γزǤhel2023/06/27ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #9۸츻äƲ2023/06/30ۿ
7ʬ8ˡ
֡ڱѸˤ #10۸ϡΤ褦 --- ʤϸȤޤ2023/07/04ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #11۸ϡΤ褦 --- 2023/07/08ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #12ܥΥå&̲ˡ2023/07/11ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #13ۤߤʤhelθήȯ2023/07/14ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #14̾DZѸˡ --- ʤϲ̾Ĥޤ2023/07/18ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #15̾˰̣뤫ʤ2023/07/21ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #16ۤʤϱѸˤ⤷ȻפäƤΤѸˤδ֤˹ȻפäƤΤ2023/07/25ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #17۱Ѹθ츻ŵݤˤϸźΡΥפա2023/07/28ۿ
8ʬ9ˡ
֡ڱѸˤ #18ֱۡѸϡʻˤȤäơˡǤ״ȯʡ2023/08/01ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #19ֻۡˤȤäƱѸϡǤפϪܲ2023/08/04ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #20̾ؤ˶ʳƤΤǡζʳʬޤ2023/08/08ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #21۱ѸظԤ helwa СȤ4Ͱ߲ --- ˨Ҥޤˤо2023/08/11ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #22ۺǶhelŪ𤷤ޤ2023/08/15ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #23verbalization ָ첽2023/08/18ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #24ʸ̥Ϥƨʤ --- ᥭŸ˹ԤäƤޤ2023/08/22ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #25ۥ˥å͡ǹԤ2023/08/25ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #26Ļä2023/08/29ۿ
9ʬ9ˡ
֡ڱѸˤ #27Ĺȯ³륳Ĥϡ2023/09/01ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #28heldio/helwa Υꥹʡߥ˥ƥϥ֥쥹ȽĤǤ2023/09/05ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #29Taku ȤαѸ̵2023/09/08ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #30켭ŵȤäƤޤ2023/09/12ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #31۸Υե2023/09/15ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #32ۥ߹ɤǤΤǺ̡2023/09/20ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #33ۥ߹ɤơ2023/09/22ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #34Ѹɸֻʤ鼭ˤ2023/09/26ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #35۷ helwa ȤƤΥ֤ 2023/09/29(Fri)2023/09/29ۿ
10ʬ13ˡ
֡ڱѸˤ #36ۥϥɥꥢ̥ĹȱѸˡ2023/10/03ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #37ۥ֤³Ѥʵ䡤ߤʤhel2023/10/05ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #38ۤ褤Ȥϲ2023/10/07ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #392ղ --- ؤ־ȤƤ helwa ˤĤƸ2023/10/10ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #40linguistics ָءפ -ics Ǥ2023/10/12ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #41Ǧʽٲءˡ2023/10/15ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #42Ѥʥե٥åɽ2023/10/17ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #43Ѥʥե٥åɽؤȿ2023/10/19ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #44㿧ΤΡ2023/10/21ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #45ۥꥺफå --- ϽؤȤ̡2023/10/24ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #46۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (21) Italic --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡʸȾˡ2023/10/26ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #47ۺǸ˥ᲡTaku Ȥμ¶3 --- ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (21) Italic2023/10/28ۿ
֡ڱѸˤ #48ۥߥܡ2023/10/31ۿ
11ۿν112ڡˤȤʤޤɤꤤפޤ
1026ڡˤˡʳؤȤȤˡBaugh and Cable αѸ˽Ρɼ¶ѡפ Voicy heldio ۿޤƱ21 Italic ʥåɡˤˡʸɤƤˤĤ͡ʳ٤ȲԤʤޤʰ˹ֻդ̳ޤ Taku ǤνפŬڤʥȤ夲ƤޤƤ꤬Ȥޤ
ۿƤ¦2ͤϳΤ˭Ǽ¤ꤢ֤ᤴȤǤΤǤİΥꥹʡϤǤǤ礦ޤİǤʤ⤤뤫ȻפޤΤǡҤ֤ΤȤˤɤΥ3ʬƤꡤ1̾ۿǡ23ϥץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) ˤƤϤƤޤ1Ǥ50ʬĶĹܤǤˡ1Ǵؿͯϡ2衤3ؤ⤪ʤߤФ¸ޤʸ2ͭȤʤޤˡ
̲äȤ⤢ꡤоݤȤʤäƥȤ̤ PDF ˾夲ƤޤǤС饤ɽΥǤ⤢ޤΤǡܽΤꤷĹդ礤
(1) #879. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (21) Italic --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡȾˡ
(2) ֡ڱѸˤ #46۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (21) Italic --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡʸȾˡ10ʬ helwa ˴ޤޤͭۿǤ
(3) ֡ڱѸˤ #47ۺǸ˥ᲡTaku Ȥμ¶3 --- ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (21) Italic10ʬ helwa ˴ޤޤͭۿǤ
Ʋˤϥꥹʡγ⺣ɤˤĤ͡ʥȤƤƤޤΤǡ⤴
ɼ¶ѡ1ˤϡ#877. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (20) Albanian --- ϽؤȤμ¶ѡƱͤˡץȤȤǰ̸ǤʤϽ12ΥڡǤϤͭۿΥȤʤäƤޤҡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) Υ饤ʥåפФȻפޤ塤ȤȤܽɤ߿ʤƤ뤳ȤڤߤˤƤޤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ǤҲ𤷤ȤꡤVoicy heldio ǤϱѸǽ줿Ѹˤ̾äɤ߿ʤƤȤ饤ɽΥϤƤޤ֤ͭΥꥹʡͭۿΥȤʤäƤޤ
12ۿ1᤺ĤäʤǤꡤ3ۤɤ20ޤǿʤǤƤޤǿ20Ǥϡ²Τʤ1ɤǤ Albanian ֥Х˥ɡפƤޤκǿˤĤƤϡȹֻդȤϽؤʥեꥹرؤۤƤ̲Ȥ#877. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (20) Albanian --- ϽؤȤμ¶ѡ̵ۿƤޤȤƼϿΤ֤ƤޤΤǡ餫餪İʷϵ䡤ɤ߿ʤƤѸ˽Υ٥봶ʤɤʬ뤫Ȼפޤ
20ûʸȤȤ⤢ޤ̥ץȤ֤ŤǤ⤢ޤΤǡƱΥƥʸʲ˷ǺܤƤޤĹʤʸϤ50ʬʾ太äޤ
20. Albanian. Northwest of Greece on the eastern coast of the Adriatic is the small language branch named Albanian. It is possibly the modern remnant of Illyrian, a language spoken in ancient times in the northwestern Balkans, but we have too little knowledge of this early tongue to be sure. Moreover, our knowledge of Albanian, except for a few words, extends back only as far as the fifteenth century of our era, and, when we first meet with it, the vocabulary is so mixed with Latin, Greek, Turkish, and Slavonic elements---owing to conquests and other causes---that it is somewhat difficult to isolate the original Albanian. For this reason, its position among the languages of the Indo-European family was slow to be recognized. It was formerly classed with the Hellenic group, but since the beginning of the present century it has been recognized as an independent member of the family.
ܥˤؿ줿ϡܽ6ǤꤷԹΤ褤ߥȥڡɤ߿ʤƤäƤФȻפޤ
ʤߤˡ6դ꤫⡤heldio/helwa ̥ȤȤȤơ22 Italic ֥åɡפۿͽǤԹ礬Ĥϡҥ饤Ǥİ

Voicy heldio ˤ#873. ߹ɼϿ (7) --- ¤ۿޤkhelf ʷѸ˥եˤΥС3̾ˤϿǡɾƤޤʤ꤬ȤޤˡϺפˡ¤ (information_structure) ȤѸ졦ǰδܤǫ˲⤵Ƥޤ
¤˴ؤŪ1Ĥˡֵ (given information) ȡֿ (new information) Ωޤäϸ§ȤơäʹˤȤäƴΤε˻Ϥޤꡤξ̤Τοä뤳ȤǡʳŪ˶ͭμѤƤޤĤޤꡤȿʤߡˤΤȤʤäơξ˿Ѥ߾夲졤ˤޤǤΤȤʤäƼοä롤ȤȤǤ
Cruse Ѹ켭ŵ "given vs new information" (74--75) ιܤѤޤ
given vs new information These notions are concerned with what is called the 'information structure' of utterances. In virtually all utterances, some items are assumed by the speaker to be already present in the consciousness of the hearer, mostly as a result of previous discourse, and these constitute a platform for the presentation of new information. As the discourse proceeds, the new information of one utterance can become the given information for subsequent utterances, and so on. The distinction between given and new information can be marked linguistically in various ways. The indefinite article typically marks new information, and the definite article, given information: A man and a woman entered the room. The man was smoking a pipe. A pronoun used anaphorically indicates given information: A man entered the room. He looked around for a vacant seat. The stress pattern of an utterance can indicate new and given information (in the following example capitals indicate stress):
PETE washed the dishes. (in answer to Who washed the dishes?)
Pete washed the DISHES. (in answer to What did Pete do?)
Givenness is a matter of degree. Sometimes the degree of givenness is so great that the given item(s) can be omitted altogether (ellipsis):
A: What did you get for Christmas?
B: A computer. (The full form would be I got a computer for Christmas.)
äϵξ˿դä뤳ȤήƤȤ¤δܻƳޤ
Cruse, Alan. A Glossary of Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006.
hellog #5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) Ǥ⤪ޤܲ Voicy heldio ˤ륪饤ɽϤƤȤǤֻοɽٶȤơȤƤ⤪⤷ߤˤʤäƤȤ´ޤüԤϺΤȤ20̾٤ǤɤǤܤΥͤϸǯ֤ˤ錄ä³ƤȤȤ⤢ꡤ줫СäȾĤǤƤȳڤʤ̴ۤƤޤ200ߤͭۿǤ1ץϻİǽȤʤäƤޤ
ǿϡåפ줿嵭ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (19) HellenicǤ轵12αѸ˽ä1᤺ɤ߿ʤƤȤǡ7˳ϤФʤΤǡ褦䤯19ˤɤ夤ȤǤѸˤȤɡޤѸˤܳŪʳǡ²Ƹɤ⤷ƤȤǤ1ĤꥷɤȤȤˤʤޤ
ϥƥȤ˱äƤޤǰ²ΤʤΥꥷɤҲ𤷤ƤΤǤθɡʤȤ櫓ꥷ줽ΤΡˤαѸ˾ΰյˤĤƤϡۤɤäƤޤꥷˤĤƤܥ֥ greek εˤ¿夲ƤޤꥷαѸ˾ΥåվС4ȤʤǤ礦
ŵꥷϡؿ٤θǤ롥
ꥷȥꥷʸϡޤ³ʸδä롥顤Ѹ켫ΤäΩĤΤŪˤϥꥷȥꥷʸȤäƤ褤¦̤롥
ꥷϡƥ¿ʱƶͿƥϥե˱ƶͿեϱѸ˱ƶͿƤꥷ줬Ѹ˾פǤΤϤΤ褦ʻˤ롥
ꥷϸ塦ḽ̤ơ嵭Ūаޤˤƥ衼åŪʰҿȤߤʤƤǤȤ櫓ؽѤʬǤϡŪʳ̾ؽѸϡФХꥷǤˤäƺ (cf. ŵŪʣ (neo-classical compounds)ˡκǤݸǤѸ⡤Ǥ¿ʬ˼ѤǤ롥
ꥷ˴Ϣ Voicy heldio ۿȤƤ #137. Ѹȥꥷδطäơ⤪İ
ʤ19:30~20:00δ֤ˡ Voicy heldio ˤƥȤƤۿͽǤƤϡƥȤμֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (20) AlbanianפȤΡ֥饤ɽ¶ѡסʡˤȤʤͽǤ˴ؤޤƤϡγʤɤ˥ƥȤźդޤΤǥ饤뤤ϥˤƤڤˤİС
Τ褦˰Ѥä饤ɽǤؿΤϤƤСɤƤƥȤϡ Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013. Ǥ̾Ǥ뤳Ȥݾڤޤ


ǯ717˳Ϥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǤΥ褬轵1~2ΥڡǽĴ˿ʤǤޤBaugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013. Ȥ̾ʱѸˤܤʸ1ĤäɤƤȤ饤ɽǤѸʸϤ1ʸ1ʸɤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǤɽʸˡεˤʤŦƸ̩˲ᤷꡤƤˤĤƱѸˤδ鿼ꤹʤɡƥȤˤƽIJ̵ԤˡֱѸˤ״Ǥϻε#5205. Baugh and Cable αѸ˳1᤺ɤ߿ʤʤ Voicy heldio Ǽͳ˥ȤƤߤϤƤޤ ([2023-07-28-1]) Ȥ
ޤǡäڡʤ18 "Armenian" ޤǤɤ夤ƤޤʤκǿϺۿƤޤˤβŪûȤ⤢ꡤ̤˥ץȤƳΥƥʸ˺ܤƤޤˡޤؤλåСƤδ֤ˤ露ƤƤꡤۿΥ̤ƥС֤ΤȤԤʤ褦ˤʤäƤƤޤƲͭۿǤ1ץϾ˻İǽȤʤäƤޤΤǡؿΤʷϵǧФȻפޤϥ֥֥饦ͳ200ߤʤΤФơVoicy ץͳǤ320ߤȼˤȤʤޤΤǡԤɤˡ
ܥ֥ hellog Voicy heldio ʤɤ̤ƱѸˤؤδؿͯ䡤äȽ줿ѸDZʸϤäˤϤΥ饤ɽȤʤäƤޤºݡ褯줿ѸоݤȤƤդ路ʸǤΤǡݾڤޤɤˤϡоݤɤʸǤ뤳ȤФξǤˡ
ɽʤΤB&CΥƥȤ긵ˤʤȻäˤȤϤ뤫ȻפޤҾ嵭ꤴ뤫뤤ϸŽۤǤ빽Ȼפޤ줫ꤵˤϡŤͤƤܤǤ뤳ȤդǿǤǤ6Ǥ˼äƤФȻפޤ饤ɽǤ6Ǥ١ɤ߿ʤƤޤΩ5ǤʤɤǤʤȤǤ⡤İˤ礭Ϥޤ伫Ȥμ긵ˤ5Ǥ4ǤޤΤǡɬפ˱ưƱǧǤޤ饤ɽĹ褫С֤ǥ饯ƥˡɸήפǤޤƼԹΤ褤ߥȥڡ̵ʤɤ߿ʤΤåȤȻפޤåС˾Ϥޤ¶䥲ȹֻդƤɲʤɤäƤߤ褦ȤǤ
ʲ18Υ饤ʥåפǤ11ˤ "The History of the English Language as a Cultural Subject" ˤĤƤϡ6ǤΥƥʸܥ֥Ρ#3641. ѸˤΤ (1) --- Ѹˤ϶Ūʳΰ ([2019-04-16-1]) ˷ǺܤƤޤΤǡƥȤǤʤ⡤Ȥɤ뤳ȤǤޤ
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (1) The History of the English Language as a Cultural Subject
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (2) Influences at Work on Language
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (3) Growth and Decay
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (4) The Importance of a Language
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (5) The Importance of English
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (6) The Future of the English Language: Demography
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (7) External and Internal Aspects of English
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (8) Cosmopolitan Vocabulary
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (9) Inflectional Simplicity
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (10) Natural Gender
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (11) Language Constantly Changing
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (12) Dialectal Differentiation
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (13) The Discovery of Sanskrit
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (14) Grimm's Law
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (15) The Indo-European Family
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (16) Indian
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (17) Iranian
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (18) Armenian
ʰʲ嵭
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (19) Hellenic
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (20) Albanian --- ϽؤȤμ¶ѡʢβ̷̵ۿȤʤäƤޤ
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (21) Italic --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡȾˡʢβ̷̵ۿȤʤäƤޤ
- ֡ڱѸˤ #46۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (21) Italic --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡʸȾˡ
- ֡ڱѸˤ #47ۺǸ˥ᲡTaku Ȥμ¶3 --- ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (21) Italic
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (22) Balto-Slavic
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (23) Germanic
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (24) Celtic --- ǦȤμ¶ѡȾˡʢβ̷̵ۿȤʤäƤޤ
- ڱѸˤ #52۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (24) Celtic --- ǦȤμ¶ѡʸȾˡ
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (25) Twentieth-century Discoveries
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (26) The Home of the Indo-Europeans --- khelf ƣȤμ¶ 1/3ʢβ̷̵ۿȤʤäƤޤ
- ֡ڱѸˤ #57۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (26) The Home of the Indo-Europeans -- khelf ƣȤμ¶ 2/3
- ֡ڱѸˤ #58۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (26) The Home of the Indo-Europeans -- khelf ƣȤμ¶ 3/3
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (27) The Languages in England before English
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (28) The Romans in Britain
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (29) The Roman Conquest
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (30) Romanization of the Island
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (31) The Latin Language in Britain
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (32) The Germanic Conquest --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡȾˡʢβ̷̵ۿȤʤäƤޤ
- ֡ڱѸˤ #65۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (32) The Germanic Conquest --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡʸȾˡ
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (33) The Anglo-Saxon Civilization
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (34) The Names "England" and "English"
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (35) The Origin and Position of English
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (36) The Periods in the History of English
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (37) The Dialects of Old English
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (38) Old English Pronunciation
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (39) Old English Vocabulary
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (40) Old English Grammar
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (41) The Noun
#983. B&C42ʸˡפɼ¶ with ȾϽؤʢβ̷̵ۿȤʤäƤޤ
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (43) The Adjective
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (44) The Definite Article
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (45) The Personal Pronoun
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (46) The Verb
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (47) The Language Illustrated
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (48) The Resourcefulness of the Old English Vocabulary
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (49) Self-explaining Compounds
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (50) Prefixes and Suffixes
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (51) Syntax and Style
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (52) Old English Literatureʢβ̷̵ۿȤʤäƤޤ
- ֡ڱѸˤ #146 ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (52) Old English Literature --- ǦȤμ¶ѡʸȾˡ
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (53) Contact of English with Other Languages
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (54) The Celtic Influence
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (55) Celtic Place-Names and Other Loanwords
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (56) Three Latin Influences on Old English
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (57) Chronological CriteriaʢβϡֱѸ˥饤2024פǤɼ¶Ѥˤ̵ۿȤʤäƤޤ
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (58) Continental Borrowing (Latin Influence of the Zero Period)
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (59) Latin through Celtic Transmission (Latin Influence of the First Period)
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (60) Latin Influence of the Second Period: The Christianizing of Britain
- #1270. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (60-1) Latin Influence of the Second Period --- ɼ¶ѡ
- #1274. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (60-2) Latin Influence of the Second Period --- Taku ɼ¶ѡ
- #1318. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (60-3) Latin Influence of the Second Period --- Taku ɼ¶ѡ
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (61) Effects of Christianity on English Civilization
- #1401. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (61-1) Effects of Christianity on English Civilization
- #1406. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (61-2) Effects of Christianity on English Civilization
- #1409. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (61-3) Effects of Christianity on English Civilization
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62) The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary
- #1546. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-1) The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary
- #1548. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-2) The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary
- #1573. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-3) with Taku --- ֱѸ˥饤2025פ
- #1654. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-4) with Taku --- 饤Ķɲ
- #1657. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-5) with Taku --- 饤Ͽ
ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63) The Benedictine Reform
- #1670. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-1) with Taku --- helwa ˺ǯ
- #1673. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-2) with Taku --- helwa ˺ǯ
- #1770. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-3) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղ
- #1780. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-4) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղ
- #1796. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-5) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղ
- #1797. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-6) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղ
- #1845. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-7) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղ
- #1846. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (64-1) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղ
- #1863. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (64-2) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղ
- #1864. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (64-3) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղ
ʸ嵭ޤǡ
ʲꥹʡȿĤƤߤޤ
ǹδ꤬Ȥޤ夬ʤޤ1ڡ5ǯ餤ĤȻפȤ줫5ǯ֤ڤߤˤʤޤ
̴Τ褦ʴ衤ԤäƤޤϤޤäФȤΤˡ⤦ԤǤ
ѸˤܤΤʤʬˤĤƤ뤫ʤȰޤѸˤ϶ܤǤȤθդơܤʸܥݥäȲޤ꤬Ȥޤ
Ũʴ꤬Ȥޤ Voicy ϳڤİƤޤʬDZѸDZѸˤܤɤȤʤȡϤơɤ¤˴ʤܤݥޤ
ϤޤơTwitterǸĤޤơܤϤޤΤǡܤɤǤȻפޤʬ³뤫ʤǤäꡤǤȻפޤꤤޤ
1ĤǤȡɤǤɤڡȻפޤ
饯ƥ֤ɤࡪ˶ܤʧäƤޤǽͭưΰĤϽߡ
13֤ɤǤޤĶɡȤƤ⤢꤬ǤͭȻפޤ伫ȡĴɤ³٤ƤޤޤĥĤĤƤ椳Ȼפޤ
æˤʤޤϤ꼫ʬͤɤߤǤȵդʤȤ¿ΤǡĤƹԤ褦ɤޤ
ҤȤ˳ڤѸˤؤӡʸϤĤƤޤ礦
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
̾ؤ뤤ϸͭ̾ (onomastics) 1Ĥˡɸε롥Ϥ̾˰̣ΤɤˤĤƤϡĹ餯ͤ³Ƥ#5197. ͭ̾˰̣ϤΤʤΤ ([2023-07-20-1]) Ȥ줿Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פΥץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤ (helwa)סͭˤǤ֡ڱѸˤ #15̾˰̣뤫ʤȤƵƤ롥
Nyström (40--41) ϡͭ̾ˤϹ̣ǤΡְ̣פȤơ"the maxium meaningfulness thesis" ˻ƱƤ (40) ʲ Nyström εꡤǤפ
Do names have meaning or not, that is do they have both meaning and reference or do they only have reference? This question is closely connected to the dichotomy proper name---common noun (or to use another pair of terms name--appellative) and also to the idea of names being more or less 'namelike', showing a lower or higher degree of propriality or 'nameness'. Can a certain name be a more 'namelike' name than another? I believe it can. To support such an assertion one might argue that a name is not a physical, material object. It is an abstract conception. A name is the result of a complex mental process: sometimes (when we hear or see a name) the result of an individual analysis of a string of sounds or letters, sometimes (when we produce a name) the result of a verbalization of a thought. We shall not ask ourselves what a name is but what a name does. To use a name means to start a process in the brain, a process which in turn activates our memories, fantasy, linguistic abilities, emotions, and many other things. With an approach like that, it would be counterproductive to state that names do not have meaning, that names are meaningless.
̾ȤϲפȤ䤤̾ϲΤפȤ̾䤦ȤפʤΤǤϤʤȤˤܤڤꡤ줫夲ƤФȡ
Nyström, Staffan. "Names and Meaning." Chapter 3 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 39--51.
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