ѸˤĤ̿ˡ (imperative mood) ǧ뤫ݤȤϡѸؤǤ⤿ӤӵʤƤˡ (mood) ˷ŪʥƥȲʤСʸˡǤưΡ̿פϸˤƱǤ뤫顤ȼˡꤹɬפϤʤȤȤˤʤ롥षˤܤ˿ơˡ1ĤȤ̿ˡȹͤۤäꤹ롥̿ˡȸ¾νˡˤϡ̣Ūʡפ̣ŪʡפȤ̹⸫Ф졤ǤŪԹ礬褤ˤС³ˡߡפȸƤФƤΤŪˤϸȰۤʤʤΤ顤ϤƱ롼פ뤳Ȥˤʤºݡ³ˡߡפϤޤˡפ碌Ƥ롥
ǽҤ٤ƤȤϡ̿³ˡ߷ȤˡϡפˡȤ1Ĥˤ뤳ȤǤȤƤ̣ǡפŵȤ⤤̤פؤθڤƱʡḶˤˤäôʤΤϤʤȤϻĤ롥ֲפֻ͡פɽˤƤƱͤǤ롥Τ褦ˡʤɤνƥʣ˸ΤϷ褷ưפǤϤʤ̿ˡפΰ褦Ȱ첡ȡ̤פΰԹ礬롤Ȥäͤ뤫
εϡ褽εǤ롥ʸǤϡ̻ŪŪʴ餳äƤ뤬Ρ֤ޤȤפϼ̤ (98)
٤˶ޤŵǤϡˡ̤ΩƤϽʬۤɤꡤ¸߰յޤʬˤäȤޤǤϸƱư֤ʣˡɽȤä餯Τ褦ʷ־νʣȤ̤ȡľˡߤ̤λݤޤǤ뤳ȤǽäȤ̣Ū¦̤Ȥޤäơͭɸ³ˡǤϤʤ̵ɸľˡΤʤ̤ꤹ뤳ȤֲƤΤǤϤʤȹͤ롥
ФơưθѲűѸ٤ƶˤƴDz줿ѸǤϡϤư֤ȤƤˡ뤳ȤǤʤˤ뤬ǤŪˡϡά'stance' marker ȤƵǽ롥will ʤɤˡư if ʤɤüʥޡӡ°Ǥ⡤suggest require ȤäưλỊ̇ˤäƲ̵뤳ȤǤ롥Τ褦˹ͤС̤λؼϡŵŪˤˡư will Ȥ stance marker ˤꡤŪˡɽͭɸʹ¤ª뤳ȤǤˤľˡ³ˡȤäˡǰä˻ɬפϤʤȤˤʤ롥դäСŪˡɽͭɸ¤ˤϡȤƽ°ˡʤưǤ븶ˤ롥̤θСάŪ̿ˡưưǤϤʤˤȸʤ硤ޤˤ̿ˡ°ޤƤȤͤ櫓ǡȤȵդˡŪˡɽˤΰˡȤƽ̿ˡª뤳ȤǤ̿ˡΤˡΰȤΩƤˤɬפƱˤʤʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ѸŪˡ̿פɤ٤ȤϡʤѸ춵ˤؤäƤ
ʡ̤ˡֻפϤΤ---Ѹľˡ³ˡ---סطضס622013ǯ91--100ǡ
ȯ罤۽ŹرѸ춵2019ǯ4ꡤֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡפꤹϢܤϤޤƱκǯ9ˡƱݤñȯεƤƤޤαĹԤȤ褦ʥˤʤޤcf. #3396. رѸ춵9ˡѤʵ뤿αѸˤΥĥܡפǺܤޤ ([2018-08-14-1]))

Ȥʤ4ϡ1ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤפǤ2ڡȤ̤ˡΥåͤƽޤޤƳǤϡϢܳϤΰֱѸˤؤ֥åȡפ⤷ޤҤɤʤǤϤϤߤˤܤĤ֤äƤȤꤤפޤ
ϢܤΥȥˡֱѸƳΰФ䤹פ֤Ƥ̤ꡤޤرѸ춵٤ȤεǤ뤳Ȥ顤ʤޤ˱ѸɼԤȤǰƬˤƤޤ̤αѸؽԤѸؤγɼԤռƼɮƤޤΤǡѸζ顦ؽ˴ط˹ɤǤ館ФȻפޤ
ѸˤΡ֥ĥܡפȤϢܥȥǤع٤ˤС֥ĥܡפȤϡֵꡥɤפΰաΰ̣Ȥ櫓ռƼɮƤޤɤ
δ졡ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ1ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ4桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ31462--63ǡ
罤ۤλرѸ춵9ˡ۹ơѤʵ뤿αѸˤΥĥܡפƤޤ91ýּȤ˳褫رѸ١פ1ȤƷǺܤƤޤýΤμݤȥ饤ʥåפϰʲ̤Ǥ
Ȥ˳褫ֱѸ
ΤäƤ褦ǰճΤʤֱѸסѸˡ츻顤о줷ɽʤɡȤdz褫ƦμҲ𤷡ƳΰФ䤷Ƥޤ
ֱѸפïȤäƤ롩 ʾӤᤰߡ
Ѥʵ뤿αѸˤΥĥ δ
ФƤѸθ̾ ʴĽ
Ωġָ츻Ūؽˡ (Etymological Learning) Ĺʿ
ݱѸλ顧ѸοѸɽ ƣ
ָڡפȡֶܡפ롡DzαѸؽؤγ ʳҵΡ
̥Ϥ붵ࡡޥꥺȥ饤DZѸ˿Ƥ Ļҡ
䤵դȿ̣Ȥ˳褫륷ԥ ͳůȡ
¿λֱѸפį ʿҡ
Υ
Ѹν˺ˤĤ ʱ߷
عǤΥ㡼γѤդ ôҡ
ʸȽ īϺ
۹ƤǤϡ(1) Ե§ưȸƤФƤΤĤƤϡֵ§פΤΤäȤäȸ碌ʡ˥ͥ(2) ֽפɽ魯 fall ơ vs autumn ʱѡˤΤ褦λϡѸŪˤϼ¤Ϥ줬줽ʤۤǤ뤳ȤҲ𤷤ޤξԤȤּȤdz褫ƦμפǤϤޤʾΰյȿƤޤʸϤκǸǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ޤ
Ҳ𤷤ѸˤΥĥݤϡȤ˥ѥäƤͥȤΩĤǤʤѸοΤΤȤȤʬäƤȻפޤäˡұѸˤƧƤߤƤ
ؿΤϡ
δ졡Ѥʵ뤿αѸˤΥĥܡסرѸ춵١罤ۡˡ676桤2018ǯ12--13ǡ
ε#3362. International Phonetic Association (IPA) ([2018-07-11-1]) ˰³ζؽѰ仺 International Phonetic Alphabet ʹݲɸʸ; IPAˤˤĤơ#822. IPA άˡ ([2011-07-28-1])#251. IPAΥ㡼ȡ ([2010-01-03-1]) Ǥפ˿줿 McArthur (523--24) αѸؼŵ
INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET, short form IPA. An alphabet developed by the International Phonetic Association to provide suitable symbols for the sounds of any language. The symbols are based on the Roman alphabet, with further symbols created by inverting or reversing roman letters or taken from the Greek alphabet. Such symbols are designed to harmonize as far as possible with standard Roman symbols, so as to fit as unobtrusively as possible into a line of print. The main characters are supplemented when necessary by diacritics. The first version of the alphabet was developed in the late 19c by A. E. Ellis, Paul Passy, Henry Sweet, and Daniel Jones from a concept proposed by Otto Jespersen. It has been revised from time to time, most recently in 1989 (see accompanying charts). The IPA is sufficiently rich to label the phonemes of any language and to handle the contrasts between them, but its wide range of exotic symbols and diacritics makes it difficult and expensive for printers and publishers to work with. As a result, modifications are sometimes made for convenience and economy, for example in ELT learners' dictionaries. Phoneme symbols are used in phonemic transcription, either to provide a principled method of transliterating non-Roman alphabets (such as Russian, Arabic, Chinese), or to provide an alphabet for a previously unwritten language. The large number of diacritics makes it possible to mark minute shades of sound as required for a narrow phonetic transcription. The alphabet has not had the success that its designers hoped for, in such areas as the teaching of languages (especially English) and spelling reform. It is less used in North America than elsewhere, but is widely used as a pronunciation aid for EFL and ESL, especially by British publishers and increasingly in British dictionaries of English. The pronunciation in the 2nd edition of the OED (1989) replaces an earlier respelling system with IPA symbols.
19̾Ω벻ؼԡؼԤˤäƺ줿 IPA ϡθ塤ܤˤ⤿餵졤Ѹ춵νפʰüôȤˤʤäءʤɤγؽŪʸ̮ǤΩθǤƤˤƥ㡼ǤϤʤäߤܤαѸ춵ˤƤ IPA ˴ŤȯפϤĤƤۤɰŪ˶Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤ褦
⤽⡤ȯɽȤäƤ⡤ˤ͡Ω줬롥ɽȲɽȤǤϸ첻Фޤǰۤʤ뤷̩ܤ˴Ϣ narrow transcription broad transcription ζ̤ (cf. #669. ȯɽȱѸˡ ([2011-02-25-1]))
IPA ɽƤ130ǯۤɤФĤ첻ɽϡءȸ춵μȤʣ߹礤Τʤǡưפ˲褹ΤǤϤʤȤϡ̯ʵоݤǤ롥
ʤΰǤ IPA κǿǤ1989ǯȤʤäƤ뤬 McArthur ԤμŵνǤ1992ǯΤᡥߤǤɤǤ2015ǯǿǤ롥 *
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
°ˡ20ؤϲ⤿餷٤7ϤˡֿؤȱѸ춵ȤΤפꤹϤꡤɸ䤤Ƥ롥ǤؤȤϡʸˡ (generative_grammar) ؤƤ롥ͤƤΤǡҲ𤷤
ޤ䤤ϤƤȤƤǤϤʤȿȤȯΤȤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥ĤޤꡤȤơֿؤϱѸ춵ΩʤפȤȯۤȤȤФϡŪʳعʸˡˤʤ櫓ϡΤ鷺Ѹ춵ȤäƤΤǤ롥褫줢졤ΤʤΤǤäΤǤ롥ݤؤΤʤΤФơΩĤפȤΩʤפ䤦Ȥϡޤạ̈ʤʤȤȤϤʤ¤ߤ˷礱뤳ȤˤʤΤǤϤʤȻפ롥פΤ褦ʰ֤Ťˤعʸˡ֤ۤɤαѸ춵ʸˡˤϡϴñ˸ʤΰ̣ǤϡʸˡȤơ¾ΡʸˡȤơɤƤǤ롥
ǤϡѸ춵ʸˡˤȤϤɤΤ褦ʾƤɬפΤ° (152) ۩2Ǥ롥ΤȤ櫓פʤΤϡѸ춵塤ġФ뤳ȤǤʤΤϻʤȤƤ⡤ѸΤʤ褦ǤϡʸˡȤƼʤǤ롥عʸˡϡ˵ˤʤ⡤ϳݤ褦ؤƤФơȤȤ϶ŪȯŸ櫓ǤϤʤʸˡϡŪʼǤϾ뤬ؿꡤäȸˤФäƤ뤿ᡤϤʤäơѸ춵餬Ż뤹ΤǤʾ塤ƤʸˡϳعʸˡˤʤʤȤäƤ褤
ʸˡϤȤʸˡϡŪǤϤʤ¤줿ΰ˴ؤƤΤߤǤϤˤ衤عʸˡμ㤵äơ٤餫뤳ȤˤϹعʸˡϡˡϽᤫ餢٤ȤȤΩäƤ뤬ʸˡΤ줿ʬˤĤƤϵۼǤ뤳ȤǤͭΩˤΤǤ롥
° (155--56) η
ؤοθϡŪʸˡȤ߹ޤ줿ִ֤顤ʸˡΰˤʤꤦΤǤ롥ˡμ⤿ʤʸˡϡηǡФȤơؤθʬŪˤǤ⡤˴ޤߤȤߤäƤΤǤ롥פˡؤϱѸ춵ΩĤȤ䤤ϡŪعʸˡϱѸ춵ΩĤȤ䤤ɽʤΤǤäơŪ˸СξԤȤޤä̵ѤǤȤϡξԤȤ⡤ǽƤȤƱͤ˸ǤꡤѸ춵طԤΩ줫餹ʤ顤ʶŪ˸ڤ;͵äͭѤʤΤǤ¤ꡤŪعʸˡǤѷʸˡǤȤ鷺ΤѤ٤ǤȤʰ˿Ԥ뤳ȤˤʤȻפ롥
° ̭20ؤϲ⤿餷١ҡ2011ǯ
ܤαѸ춵ǤϡꥫѸ줬ήȤʤäƤ롥20ȾϥꥫιϤطʤˡŪˤ⥢ꥫѸαƶϤꥫѸ첽 (americanisation) ʹԤƤȤϵʤʡ#851. ꥹѸФ륢ꥫѸαƶ2狼 ([2011-08-26-1]) ȡˡŪݤƤˤ륤ꥹѸ⺬#376. ˤѸιϿޤǤߤ ([2010-05-08-1]) ϿޤǤߤ褦ˡθ̤ϤޤϤˤƸߤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡƱ2ѼϤФΩƼ뤬ȯŸƤꤵѸɸࡤ "World Standard (Spoken) English" (wsse) Ʊ2ѼΤ줫˰פȤȤϤʤΤ륢ꥫѸ줬濴ȤʤäƤȤͽۤ뤬ޤǤδפȤʤȤȤǤꡤξ͡ΩѼ濫뤤ϺѼǤä졤ΤȤƺ¤ѼؤȯŸƤͽۤʴϢơ#426. ѸѼΥԥߥåɥǥ ([2010-06-27-1])#1010. ѸαƺˤĤ Martinet ΰ ([2012-02-01-1]) ʤɤεȡˡ
Τ褦ʾͤȡǤ⥢ꥫѸޥȤ뤤ϥꥹѸˤȤѸؽˤϤɬפϤʤʤäƤƤȸİɤȤưŪʱѸǽϤδ餤СͭϤѼͭɽʤɤˤĤơ褯ؽƤ˱ۤȤϤʤäȤǽưŪǽϤ˴ؤƤϡۤɡ֡ѸǤθפˤɬפϤʤʤȤ⤽ɬƤƤΤǤϤʤ
ƤȽǤΤˡˤѸѤŸ˾ Baugh and Cable (394) ʸϤͤˤʤ롥
The global context of English . . . makes the traditional categories [= American English and British English] more problematic and the choices more complex than they were previously perceived to be. American English may be the most prominent source of emerging global English, and yet it will be American English derancinated and adapted in a utilitarian way to the needs of speakers whose geography and culture are quite different. To the extent that Americans think about the global use of English at all, it is often as a possession that is lent on sufferance to foreigners, who often fail to get it right. Such a parochial attitude will change as more Americans become involved in the global economy and as they become more familiar with the high quality of literature being produced in post colonial settings. Many earlier attacks on American English were prompted by the slang, colloquialisms, and linguistic novelties of popular fiction and journalism, just as recent criticism has been directed at jargon in the speech and writings of American government officials, journalists, and social scientists. Along with the good use of English there is always much that is indifferent or frankly bad, but the language of a whole country should not be judged by its least graceful examples. Generalizations about the use of English throughout a region or a culture are more likely to mislead than to inform, and questions that lead to such generalizations are among the least helpful to ask. In the United States, as in Britain, India, Ghana, and the Philippines, in Australia and Jamaica, one can find plentiful samples of English that deserve a low estimate, but one will find a language that has adapted to the local conditions, usually without looking over its shoulder to the standards of a far-away country, and in so adapting has become the rich medium for writers and speakers of great talent and some of genius.
ƽѼΤݤؤ֤ȤȤΤ̯ʤΤʤΤǡˤ䤫˳ؽΥåȤȤʤѼƤǡ¾Ѽ狼κ⼫ͳ˼Ȥ٤ɤʤΤ⤷ʤơΤ褦ʱѸؽη̤ȤơŪdzĴ⤤ѸѼλȤˤʤ뤳Ȥ˾ޤȹͤ롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ưγȯѸ䤽¾θͿˤĤƤϡޤܳŪ˵Ƥʤ褦˻פ롥ɥ館̩ƻ1ġ֤ۤ䤯˥㥯ס뤤ϱѸΤ Babel fish Τ褦̴ġϡǯˤSFäˤʤȻפƤ21äߡʷεȯŸˤѲʤߤĤĤ롥
1117դīʹͼ1̤ˡ֤ۤ䤯˥㥯Ѳפꤹ롤ưλѼ¸˴ؤ뵭ǺܤƤԥåˤऱơ٤äܸ줬ΤޤޱѸʤɤ¾ƲȤƽϤ롤ѥʥ˥åγȯᥬۥ֥ᥬۥ䥯פϤȤ̵ؤǼ¸Ū˻ѤϤƤȤŪˤϡ㤨Ѹξˤϡܸ첻ǧñ줴Ȥ˱ѸѴפѤ¤ؤȤ³Ƨ褦ǡΤ1äۤɤǺѤȤۤˡȥǤϲưץȡ뤷֥åȤѤʤɡǤ˼ѲؤưϿʤǤ롥λ̱ܺΤȤʤäƿʤƤ롥
Ƭˤϡư٤ϤޤޤǤꡤʤȤǯϤȸƤθεѤοŪǤ롥˾ܤȤϡȾܿͤαѸϤ餱ʤפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥Ω̾ĻһִñƤϵǤǤ褯ʤꡤαѲ濴μȤפعɬפΤƸƤ뤳ȤˤʤΤǤϡסѸɬפϤʤʸΤγؽ˼ܤפȥȤƤ롥ϡͽ¬Ϥ褽ȹͤƤ롥
Ѹ춵ϤȤضΤ⺬ŪѤǽ롥¿γؽԤưŤѲȤȤ˶ΰռפɬפȤʤäƤؤȤϤ⤽ⲿΤˤΤȤܼŪʵʤʤФʤʤ伫ȤѸ춵ȤƼäƤΤǤޤä¾ͻǤϤʤΤˤϡѸ˸ԤȤƥ說說ΤƤ롥ưδڤϡҲˤѸΰ֤Ť礭ѲǽꡤѸ˾塤ŪʽȤƹޤϤǤ롥ѳϡĤλ⡤Ū¦̤ˤƤҲŪ¦̤ˤƤѤƤΤǤ롥
αѸѸ첽ε˯ȤСʸä̳ͭ (1847--89) ̾夬롥1870ǯ塤ܤΤ褦˶岽뤿ˤϱѸǹŤꤷʤФʤʤȿƤפжüʻۤ˻פ뤬ܸ˲ƤŪʳǰɽ魯ä礱ƤȤͫƤΤǤ롥
ϡܤαѸѸ첽Τθ褦ȡƤμͤ˼ꡤѸδʰײȤȤ˻⤤ƲäȲμͤΰͤˡΥꥫزνäǥؤζǤ William Dwight Whitney (1827--94) Ȥ⤷ȤˡWhitney Ͽͦݤ褦ʲ֤Ƥ롥 (71--72) ꡤݤѤ롥
ۥåȥˡϡ褽Τ褦ʤΤä
ơˤ岽ޤäΤʤɡۤȤɤʤ⡤ʰײ줿ѸѤȤΤǤϡѸҲ뤤ʸؤʤɤʸ̤ʤȤƳ«ʤ⤽⡤ѸܤΡֹפȤƺѤСޤդФ줫뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤ֤;͵Τʤ¿ο͡¼Ū˳뤳ȤʤäƤޤη̡Ѹ˳䤯֤Τդˤ뾯ø٤Ƥʸꤹ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ罰Ȥδ֤礭ʳʺ䤬Ƥޤ
ޤˡۥåȥˡǰΤϡϤǸƥ줫פؤμΡפϤ̤ƥ衼åѤν̱ŪʿؤƻܿͤĤƤޤΤǤϤʤȤȤäΤ
ˡۥåȥˡϼΤ褦˽Ҥ١ܸͭˤ岽Ƥ롥
֤Ȥä̱ηϤäƤƤ⡤¿ι̱˿ʸ⤤Ū٥ˤޤǰ夲ˤĹ֤פǤ礦⤷罰ؤ褦ȤΤǤСȤ̤ƹԤʤФʤޤ
ƥۥåȥˡϡʸΡֿפΤʤˤϡ˭ˤפȤޤޤʤФʤʤ⤤˭ˤʤäֹפܤʸʤʤǤꡤ줬罰ʸŪ˹뤳ȤˤĤʤȤΤǤ롥
ػ˾ϰ̤ Whitney Τ褦ʷܤαѸѸ첽˴ؤäƤȤΤʤä
ʤ϶üʲԤȤߤʤ졤˹ԤˤŻƤޤä
رѸ첽϶̱ܤιϤϤ١ѼҡҽѼҿӡ2015ǯ
#2306. ʰ鹧ˡرѸγǡ٤ȱѸȽ ([2015-08-20-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ҤνǤȤ褽ƱˡܸˡرѸ첽϶̱ܤιϤϤ٤Ȥ⤦1ĤαѸȽνƤϡѸȽΤΤȤܤαѸ첽ؤηپ֤Ƥ롥ʬνҤϳ줺ĩȯŪʥȥԤؤ䶵ؤȪǤϤʤؼԤǤȤǡˤȤäơ줿θƶ¿ä
ܤΥХ벽ȱѸ첽λϡˤɤäƤή˵չԤƤꡤषȤԤϼĥ롥ζϡޤǰǤäƥ줬ͭƤŪŪøͤѸ졤ꥢ졤ڥ졤ե졤ɥĸʤϰ̤뤳Ȥˤäơ͡δ֤ʬ֤ƤʤμԤϤ餻뤳Ȥǽˤ̤͡˭ʾܤ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤꡤ̤ȤƳ֤γʺʤä줬岽θưϤȤŪˤϡγؤθ̤礭ä
⤷ǿʹԤƤѸ첽䤬ƴλĤƤΥƥΤ褦ø褦ˤʤСѸʤѸüԤϾؤΥεå졤ҲΤ¦̤פĤޤꡤ¿ο͡β̱Τ褦ϰ̡Ĥޤֶ̱פϰ̤ؤƤȤΤˡܿͤˤȤäơܸȤ졦̤ƾ˥ΤʪۼΤˤϺǤΨ褤ϤǤꡤΤѸ˼äƤޤСǽΨϳʤϤ
Ԥϡܻؤ٤ϱѸ첽ǤϤʤष첽ǤȤžȯۤФƤ롥ǤϡDZѸ䤽¾θˤȯͤϡɤΤ褦˾ò뤳ȤǤκɤˡϡؤǤȤܤμͤä٤ϤȤơ¿βͤθäܸ˿Ʃ뤳Ȥ褦ˡܿͤ⡤䤨֤ʤϤˤäơѸϤȤ볰줿ܸȤΤꤢ碌忴٤Ǥ롤 (see #1630. 졤ʸ졤ץ ([2013-10-13-1]))
Ѹ줬̵ΤǤȤäѸ첽Ȥο̢䤷Ƥ롥ŪǰŪʱѸѤˤϡѸˤؤ֤ΤᤤȹͤƤ롥 (215) μμĥⷹİͤ롥
ѸδΰϡΤܤСꥹƥꥫο̱ϻۤˤˤ롥ޤ塤ꥹ䥢ꥫ̱Ϥݡ쿢̱Ϥˤ¼ŪϤӥͥͭĤᡤάΰüȤƱѸƸŪϰ̤ݤʤ褦ؤƤ̡פǤ⤢롥
رѸ첽϶̱٤ꥭɤäΤǡ˼ƤѸ춵סѸѸ첽롦å塤Х벽˴ѡؼͳʳкѡ¡ܡˡTPPܡ쥹٥롦ʥʥꥺࡤˡ§
رѸ첽϶̱ܤιϤϤ١ѼҡҽѼҿӡ2015ǯ
Gramley (354--55) Ȥʤ顤#960. Basic English ([2011-12-13-1]) ˤĤѸ춵Ѥ Basic English ǽ줿ä1ĵ
Basic English ϡ1930ǯ C. K. Ogden ˤäƺꤵ졤 I. A. Richards ˤäƲ졤1990ǯ Bill Templer ˤäƺƲ줿衤EFL Τᡤ뤤ϹȤƷײ褵줿ΤαƶϤϾä850δܸäʤꡤư be, do, have, may, will, come, get, give, go, keep, let, make, put, say, see, seem, send, take 18ĤΤߤ˸ꤵƤ롥ºݤˤϡؽԤϰŪ100ȡƼˤȤä濴ŪʬŪ50ɲäƳؤ֤褦ԤƤꡤ1000θäɸȤʤ롥1000ϸФȤƿοǤꡤ㤨 be 1ȥȤ뤬ʤѷbeen, being, was, were, am, are, is ϶̤ƳФʤФʤʤޤOgden ɸŪʥ٥ãˤϡŪ˻Ѥ (ex. geography, gram, hotel) ޤơ2000ϽɬפȹͤƤꡤBasic English Ρ850פȤʸϡޤǺǾ¤ΤΤȤȤ館Ƥɬפ롥
ʸˡˤĤƤϡ٤ܤϸ¤Ƥꡤ̤ϰʲ10ܤƤФ褤10ܤ British English ؤΤʤɤϡ21θߤǤϴۤ˴뤬ȯˤ륤ꥹѸΰ֤Ť褯Ƥ롥
1. Use an "S" to make a noun plural.
2. Adjectives can be extended using "-ER" and "-EST."
3. Verb can end in "-ING" and "-ED."
4. Adjectives become adverbs by adding "-LY."
5. "MORE" and "MOST" are used to talk about amounts.
6. "Opposite" adjectival meaning is expressed using "UN-."
7. To make questions use opposite word order and "DO."
8. Operators and pronouns conjugate as in normal English.
9. Two nouns (e.g. milkman) or a noun and a directive (sundown) make combined words (compounds).
10. Measures, numbers, money, days, months, years, clock time, and international words are in the British form, for example Date/Time: 20 May 1972 at 21:00.
Ǥϡä1ġ
One day last May there was a rat in a hole. It was a good rat which took care of its little ones and kept them out of the way of men, dogs, and poison. About sundown a farmer who was walking that way put his foot into the hole and had a bad fall. "Oh," was his thought, when he got on his legs again, "a rat for my dog, Caesar!" Naturally the rat had the same idea and kept very quiet. After an hour or two, Caesar got tired of waiting, and the farmer put his spade over the top of the hole, so that the rat was shut up till the morning when there might be some sport. But the farmer's daughter, May, had seen him from her window. "What a shame," said May, "Poor rat! there is no sport in letting cruel dogs loose on good mothers! I will take the spade away. There --- the rat may go." Then she took the spade to her father: "See! your spade was out there in the field, and I went to get it for you. Here it is." "You foolish girl," was his answer, "I put that spade over a rat-hole till the morning and now --- the rat may go."
äϳΤ basic ⤷ʤˡʸˡɬ basic ǤϤʤȤݤ롥
¾ˤ⥵ץƥȤϡReadings in Basic English ˭٤Ǥ롥Bible in Basic English ⻲ȡ
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
ɸϡε#1606. Ѹ캹̡ѸƸ ([2013-09-19-1])ڤӤĤƤεȤƤϡ#1073. Ѹ줬¾άƤѥ ([2012-04-04-1]) #1072. ѸϸȤäˤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ ([2012-04-03-1]) ǿƤǤ롥Phillipson ϡοǡ̤ ELT طԤѸ춵ΤŪʴޤߤФƤޤ˥ʥ֤Ǥ뤳ȤĥƤ롥ơ̵ΤѸγĥ¥ƤΤȤȽƤ롥μݤΰѤ5ۤɼ
. . . the majority of those working in the ELT field tend to confine themselves, by choice and training, to linguistic, literary, or pedagogical matters. ELT is however an international activity with political, economic, military, and cultural implications and ramifications. (8)
I would argue that ELT professionalism excludes broader societal issues, the prerequisites and consequences of ELT activity, from its professional purview. (48)
The belief that ELT is non-political serves to disconnect culture from structure. It assumes that educational concerns can be divorced from social, political, and economic realities. It exonerates the experts who hold the belief from concerning themselves with these dimensions. It encourages a technical approach to ELT, divorced even from wider educational issues. It permits the English language to be exported as a standard product without the requirements of the local market being considered except in a superficial way. (67)
There is explicit recognition of the commercial relevance of English, though their view of the spread of English is remarkably ahistorical. 'The interest of the British and American peoples in spreading their language abroad has never been narrowly political or chauvinistic. A great deal of the expansion that has already occurred has been almost accidental; but many natural forces and inducements have been at work' ([The Drogheda Report: 4). One hopes that this is self-deception rather than more sinister imperialist rhetoric. (148)
These declarations [from Center for Applied Linguistics 1959] are clear examples of the myth of non-political ELT. They show little awareness of the contribution of professionalism to the constitution and affirmation of hegemonic ideas. The experts are probably intuitively aware that central professional practices, procedures, and norms represent a paradigm that is being exported, directly or indirectly, to periphery-English countries, yet this is not regarded as educational or cultural imperialism, let alone political in any sense. Their narrow interpretation of this implicitly identifies the 'political' as the discourse of professional politicians or diplomats. They are also inconsistent, since they can immediately identify the political motivations of communist textbooks, yet want their own to project Western values. Their protestations ring somewhat hollow, when their work is explicitly intended to benefit the State they represent. (165)
ѸȽʸǤϡ첽פȤ "servitude of the mind" ʤɤζɽФи뤬ɽϾΤ褦٤ؤƤΤ
Phillipson εˡŪƱդ롥Ѹ춵˷ȤäƤФǤʤѸ˶顦˷ȤäƤԤȤƤ⡤εˤϿƶᴶФ롥ȤΤϡʤȤ櫓ҲŪ¦̤ܤơ˱ѸȯãƤŪطʤ˸ƤΤѸˤΤʤ٤ŪʻŻä˶ʹߤαѸĹäѤθ쳰ŪװʤŪʤΤޤҲŪװˤΤǤ뤳ȤϡѸˤȽŪ˳ؤּԤˤȤäƤ餫ʤΤ줬̤˹ΤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ⤷嵭Υʥ֤ΤȤ顤Ƥ椯ˤϡѸ˶餬ͭȹͤ롥#24. ʤѸˤؤ֤ ([2009-05-22-1]) εǡѸˤؤ٤Сˤ˴ŤѸѤ뤳ȤǤä˱ѸΩˤԤˤɬסˡפȵȤǤ롥
Phillipson, Robert. Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
Phillipson θɤоݤθϤäѤѸǤ롥Ѹ˴ؤƤϡlinguistic_imperialism γƵDz٤ˤȤäɤ껲ȤꤷʸϤۤ¿櫓ǤϤʤäܳŪʵɤǤߤ褦ȻפβƤΤ˲٤äĹ֤Υե饤ȤѤɤ
ޤϡ"English linguistic imperialism" ȤɤPhillipson 긫Ƥߤ褦
A working definition of English linguistic imperialism is that the dominance of English is asserted and maintained by the establishment and continuous reconstitution of structural and cultural inequalities between English and other languages. Here structural refers broadly to material properties (for example, institutions, financial allocations) and cultural to immaterial or ideological properties (for example, attitudes, pedagogic principles). (47)
³ơ⤦1ĤθȤʤ복ǰ "linguicism" ˤĤƤͿƤ롥
English linguistic imperialism is one example of linguicism, which is defined as 'ideologies, structures, and practices which are used to legitimate, effectuate, and reproduce an unequal division of power and resources (both material and immaterial) between groups which are defined on the basis of language' . . . . (47)
Ϣɽ "English linguistic hegemony" ȤΤ⤢롥
English linguistic hegemony can be understood as referring to the explicit and implicit values, beliefs, purposes, and activities which characterize the ELT profession and which contribute to the maintenance of English as a dominant language. . . . The hegemonic ideas associated with ELT are not simply a crude 'deliberate manipulation' but a much more complex and diverse set of personal and institutional norms and experienced 'meanings and values' . . . . (73)
ʾδطޤȤȡֱѸפϡָ캹̡פ1ǤꡤŪˤˤֱѸƸפȤǸƤ롤ɽǤ롥
Phillipson ε줹ĥϡʲ2ɤ(1) κǸΰѤˤ⼨褦ˡѸѸƸϡƤ濴ȤѸüϤˤŪΤߤʤ餺üȯơǤۤ夲졤ƤǤ߹礦ηϤˤäƻ٤Ƥ뤳ȡ(2) αѸ춵դʤ ELT ˤ뿦ȿͤϡѸ춵Ū¦̤ˤޤ̵ΤǤ뤳ȡ
(1) μǤˤĤƤϡ#1073. Ѹ줬¾άƤѥ ([2012-04-04-1]) ¼Ѥװͤˤʤ(2) ˤĤƤϡ#1072. ѸϸȤäˤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ ([2012-04-03-1]) εˤ3ΰѡ#1194. ¼ɤαѸѤȱѸˡ ([2012-08-03-1]) εˤ5ΰѤƱݤǤ롥
Phillipson ¼ޤѸŸԤϡѸ˸줹͡λͼ̤ϤͤȽ롥ϱѸطԤˤȤäƷİ٤ոȡϹͤƤ롥
Phillipson, Robert. Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
¼ ɡرѸϤɤʸ줫ѸμҲŪ١Ʋ1989ǯ
ܤαѸ춵ǤϡJACET 8000פȤý褯Ѥ롥Ƹ1--8θå٥뤬դƤꡤʸƥȤȽ䶵ฦ桦ȯʤɤ˻Ȥ롥ۤˤ⡤Ū SVL12000 WLC ʤɤθý¸ߤ뤬줾ħˤĤƤϡë١ˤĤˡΤ褦ˤ롥
JACET8000 رѸ춵زܸѰԻؽåꥹȤǡBritish National Corpus ܿͱѸؽԤδĶƧޤȼ˺줿֥ѥ˽ζ鸽ξˤθפƺ줿ΤǡܿͱѸؽԤΤβʳŪɽפȤɾƤޤܤϡرѸ춵زܸꥹJACET List of 8000 Basic Words١رѸ춵زܸѰ2003ǯˤȤƤ
SVL12000ʡɸÿ12000סˤϳҥ륯ȼ˳ȯåꥹȤǡ֥ͥƥ֥ԡΡֻ١פ١ˤʤ顤ܿͳؽԤˤȤäƤΡͭסֽפθԽפΤǡ¸γؽɽǤϥСƤʤ?Ǿ٥θáLevel 8 ? Level 12ˤޤޤƤΤħǤ
WLC ١ ϡAWK ˤå٥ʬ۷¬ץסë 1998) ˤƺ줿ΤǡӥͥѸʬѤò35,000θФ줫ʤåꥹȤǤܤ ȤƤʤWLC ١ǻѤƤʻ쥿μˤĤƤϤȤƤ
ë륪饤 Word Level CheckerʱʸٲϥץǤϡƥȥܥå˱ʸꤲȡå٥뤴ȤΥƥȥСΨ֤Ƥ롥١ȤƤϡJACET8000, SVL12000, WLC (Ver.02) Τ줫뤳ȤǤ롥
ä JACEL 8000 ١ȤġȤƤϡJACET 8000 TOOLS 餤ĤΤΤ˥Ǥ롥
JACET 8000 LEVEL ANALYZER: ʸꤲȡñФ첽Ǹå٥뤴ȤΥƥȥСΨ֤Ƥ롥ץλͤˤĤƤϡ忭ˤ JACET 8000 °CD-ROM Υץǡˡͤˤʤ롥
JACET 8000 LEVEL MARKER: ʸꤲȡñ˥٥ɽ魯 (1--8) Ĥƥ顼ɽƤ롥
JACET 8000 Measuring Vocabulary: Ͽǥƥȡ#833. Ͽǥƥȡ ([2011-08-08-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Test Your Vocab ⻲ȡ
Ϣơ¾αѸɽˤĤƤϡ#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ ([2010-03-01-1]) ȡ
ؤδŪʹܤ˴Ϣܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤夲Ƥեι¤ؼ André Martinet (1908--99) ѸαƺˤĤͤ1995ǯʸȯΤɤǤߤ (see André Martinet)
衼åѤǤŪ˱ѸγؽȤХꥹѼ郎ǤꥢꥫѸȤƤŪŪʸŪˤ̩Ǥ륤ꥹػظΤϼȤмǤ롥Ѹ˸¤餺衼åѤ˵ꥫΦؤ礷衼åѤμˤĤƤƱǧ롥衼åѿͤˤȤäơڥȤѼǤϤʤڥѼݥȥȤХ֥饸ѼǤϤʤݥȥѼեȤХ٥åѼǤϤʤեѼ
Ѹۤ lingua franca ȤƤ䤬礭ʤäƤȡѼκ⤿餹礭ʤäƤ롥ȤФˤĤƤϡ¾塤ʤȤäƤ褤äȤФˤĤƤȯϻ˸ˤʤ롥Martinet ϡȤηиȤơꥫǽпϤʹ줿Ȥ France [frɑːns] ȥꥹȯȤFlorence ʹְ㤨줿Τǡʹߤ [fræns] ȯ褦ȤԥɤҤ٤Ƥ (124)
Martinet ϡ餷ˤĤƳڴŪǤ롥Ѥ˴ؤƺѤƤĴǽȲ褷ƤȤͤߤΥߥ˥̩ˤʤäƤƤ븽ߡۤʤˡФ봲ƤȤμ« (convergence) μ¤˿ʹԤƤꡤ餺Ŭڤʲߤȡ
Comme toutes les langues évoluent à chaque instant pour satisfaire aux besoins changeants de ceux qui les emploient, nous sommes tous, sans nous en douter, dressés à comprendre et à accepter des formes et des valeurs que nous ne pratiquons plus ou que nous n'avons jamais pratiquées, mais que nous avons entendues et identifiées depuis notre enfance. (126)
٤ƤθϡλѼԤѤ椯˱٤˿ʲƤ椯Τ顤䤿Ϥߤʡ˵դȤ⡤Ϥʤäꡤ٤ȤΤʤ֤ͤǤϤʤҶκʹƤǧƤ֤ͤǤƤ롥
Crystal ͽ WSSE (World Standard Spoken English) ϡꥫѸäȤФߤȤʤäơαѸüԤĴäƤ椯ȤȯŸƤ椯ΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ뤬 Martinet ΰѤϤŪʻͿƤȤ뤫⤷ʤ (see wsse )
Ѽ convergence 뤤 conversion ˤĤƤϡ[2010-10-09-1]ε#530. ꥫѸ conversion / diversionפȡ
Martinet, André. "Quelle sorte d'anglais pour les plurilingues à venir?" International Journal of the Sociology of Language 109 (1994): 121--27.
ε#958. Ūʹݿ줬٤ ([2011-12-12-1]) κǸ˿줿Charles Kay Ogden (1889--1857) ˤ Basic English ˤĤƼ夲롥
19ȾϤޤäݿؤǮ ([2011-12-11-1]) ϡ͡ʸ¤ˤ뤽ۤܺäȤȤˡ20ʤˤĤƤݥߥ˥μפϷƤꡤݶ̸ɬפȯŪ˹ޤäƤϰƤ˼ä٤ǥϡԤʤƤ¸μñ㲽ȤΤäפθϤ٤ơΤ褦˴ά줿 "modified natural language" ƤߤΤʤǺǤͭ̾ʻߤ"British American Scientific International Commercial" acronym ƬˤȤä Basic English Ǥ롥
ѹκȡؼ Ogden ˤä1926--30ǯˤƹͰƤ줿δάǤαѸϡ850θ600̾졤150ηƻ졤100ˤäƤ롥ư18Ĥʤ¾θȤηӤĤˤꡤɸѸ4,000ưȤʤ뤳ȤǤ롥assemble 夨 put together, invent 夨 make up, photograph 夨 take pictures ǡǤ롥
1940ǯˤϡChurchill Roosevelt ʤɤȤ̾ͤˤäƤٻ줿äʤʬʣ칽¤ʤФʤʤäȡǥबʤäȤʤɤͳ⤢ꡤ䤬ƿषȤä٤ñ㲽ȤƤ⡤Τˤạ̈ؤηΤȤƤϤषԷкѤȤʤ뤳Ȥ¤˴줿ΤʴϢơ[2010-02-14-1]ε#293. ٤¬뤫פȡˡ
Basic English ϸߤǤŪʰյĤΤߤȤʤäƤ뤬αѸ춵ΤʤȿǤƤ롥¤줿ΤäƤȤ߹碌ˤʣʳǰɽǽϤ䡤ܸʿפɽ뵻̤ȤˤĤ뤳Ȥϡ춵ˤƤϽפʲǤ롥ǯγؽѱѱѼŵؽˤƺѤƤ "defining vocabulary" ιͤ⡤Basic English λۤαĹˤȤ롥ELF (English as a Lingua Franca) ɸѸȤƾΤʹ褦ˤʤäƤBasic English ȤߤΤΤǤϤʤˤ衤ιͤϡͭȤʤäƤΤǤϤʤ
ʾεϡCrystal (358) Basic-English Institute εҤͤˤƼɮ
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997. 199--205.
Ѹ춵伭ؤʬ Academic Word List (AWL) ȤýΤƤ롥1998ǯ Avril Coxhead The Academic Corpus Ȥ350줫ʤȼѥȤ˱Ѹ춵Ѥ˳ȯ570Ȥʹ碌 word family ȸƤФˤʤýǡѤ٤ι⤤줫ʤäƤ롥
⤦ܤ AWL θмΤ褦ˤʤ롥(1) word family ѥ Arts, Commerce, Law, Science Υ֥åȤ٤Ƥˤĺʬ줿28ʬΥ֥åȤβȾ롥(2) word family νи٤ѥΤ100Ķ롥(3) word family ѥγǺ10롥(4) GSL ( General Service List ) (1953) κ2000Ͻ ( see [2010-03-02-1] ) . (5) ͭ̾Ͻ(6) et al, etc, ibid ʤɤκѥƥɽϽ
Ƹ줿ý AWL ǡAWL Headwords ӥɤǤ롥word family ٤ι⤤110 Sublists Ȥƥ롼ʬƤꡤ٤ƹ碌ȥѥΤ9.8%ʤȤ
ǶξѱѱѼϸ¤ AWL νǧƤ褦2006ǯǤ Longman Exams Dictionary ڤˡ2007ǯ Longman Advanced American Dictionary, 2nd ed.2009ǯ Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 5th ed. ʤڼǤ AWL θƤ ( Dohi et al., p. 174 ) Macmillan, Collins COBUILD ϤǤƱͤǤ롥ܲ AWL ɾ Dohi et al. ˤȰʲ̤Ǥ롥
It remains to be seen whether Coxhead's AWL will continue to be used, will be revised or replaced in future advanced learners' dictionaries, because not all scholars concur with her AWL. . . . The AWL could be regarded for the time being as "a quick reference" for academic vocabulary until more research bears fruit . . . . (100)
Ϣ The AWL Highlighter ʤġ뤬ꡤ˱ʸƥȤȡAWL äϥ饤ȤƤ롥䤬ǶѸʸΥȥ1235ǻƤߤ顤Sublist 10 ޤǤΥ٥128줬ϥ饤Ȥ줿Τ10.36%Ǥꡤacademic ٤Ϲʤ!?
Dohi, Kazuo, Tetsuo Osada, Atsuko Shimizu, Yukiyoshi Asada, Rumi Takahashi, and Takashi Kanazashi. "An Analysis of Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Fifth Edition." Lexicon 40 (2010): 85--187.
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