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origin_of_language - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2017-05-13 Sat

#2938. ֥Х٥פθ [bible][tower_of_babel][origin_of_language][language_myth][linguistic_ideology]

#2928. űѸǡ11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤɤ ([2017-05-03-1]) ǡХ٥˸ڤȤδطǡؤȤХ٥ΰäˤĤĴ٤Ƥߤ褦ȼνҤҤä֤ƤߤΤƳФƤʤǶθؽˤϡХ٥ν֤Ϥʤ餷ϤɤȤ
ߡؤθˤơä˸εεˤơ֥Х٥פФؼԤϤˤʤäơդ뤳ȤʤȤȤʬ롥ϰ̩夷äǤʤȤǤ⡤ʳؤȤƤθؤˤƽФ뤬ʤΤΤǽ񤫤ػˤʸ̮ʤɤǤϡڤ餤äƤ褵ʤΤޤФƤʤ
ˡ˼ҲؤΩ줫ϡƴŪǤϤ뤬Ѹˤδؿ餷Ƥ⡤֥Х٥פ礭ʰյäƤ롥߹ͭƤѡʶḽθؤθѤǤ⤢ˤϡȤȤΩƤΤǤꡤȽŪį뤳ȤʤˡˤĤ뤳ȤǤʤϤǤ롥ǤϡȤȤϲȤС衼åѤκФðۤʼҲ֤ǤꡤαˤϾ˹ȸƤФäХ٥ˤäƻ껶ˤʤäʹ֤νϡˡȤˤäƤդͿ줿ȤƤ줾켫Ωƻ߻Ϥᡤ̤ƸߤƸ򶥤礦ΤǤ롥ơζˤƹȤ˸Ū꤬٤⤿餵졤ѸʤɤϹŪˤ󥬡ե󥫤ȤƬƤƹμΩȯŸΤˡХ٥οäθѤʬŪѤ뤳Ȥ⤢äդ٤Ǥ롥
ä˲ƼƳθؤ֥Х٥פ˸ڤʤȤϡ줬졤ȡѥȤΤƼҲŪ¦̤Ф̵ؿǤ뤫뤤ϰտŪ򤱤Ƥ롤Ȥǽ򼨺ΤǤϤʤ
֥Х٥פθѤ˴ؤͤƤäơޤ McArthur (101) θػŵƤߤ

BABEL [14c: from Hebrew bābel Babylon, Assyrian bāb-ilu gate of God or bāb-ili gate of the gods. Pronounced 'bayble']. (1) Also Tower of Babel. The Biblical tower whose builders intended it to reach heaven. According to the Book of Genesis, all people once spoke the same language, but to prevent the completion of the tower God confounded their tongues. (2) A scene of confusion; a confused gathering; a turbulent medley of sounds, especially arising from the use of many language. Babelize and Babelization are sometimes used disparagingly of the growth of multiethnic, multicultural, and multilingual societies.


Ѹ˴طȤƤϡ (6--7) رѸˡ٤˸ڤäǤ롥

֥Х٥衼åѿͤϡ11ϡˤˤХ٥ (the Tower of Babel) ˴ؤ뵭ʸ̤˿Ƥäפϼ̤Ǥ롥Х٥ȤϥХӥ (Babylon) ΤȤǤ뤬˥Υ繿θˡ͡ŷޤǤȤɤ⤤Ƥ褦ȤϤοʹ֤ǿ͡θ𤻤᤿Τ˶ƱȤȤԲǽˤʤꡤߤ˸դ̤ƱΤˤʤäơػäƤ줬ʸεǤ롥
äʸ̤˿Ƥ֤ϡ衼åѿͤˤȤäơޤޤʸ줬ϵˤäȤƤ⡤Ի׵ĤʤȤǤϤʤäष줾̱²θϰ㤦ΤȤͤǤä


McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-05-21-1]

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2017-05-03 Wed

#2928. űѸǡ11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤɤ [oe_text][bible][tower_of_babel][origin_of_language][hel_education][popular_passage]

Ѵ֥塼֥Х٥ŸƤ롥24ǯ֤ǡؤ夬äƤ롥
֥Х٥ (The Tower of Babel) äϡ11:1--9 ˵Ƥ롥͡ʸ줬¸ߤ뤳ȤʤˡŤսȤ졤쵯ˤƤ⤷Фа礤˽Ф롤ˤ̾ʤǤ롥
ϡ֥Х٥פθűѸʸϤ򡤻߷ΡǤɤѸˡ8Ϥ顤Old English Heptateuch ǤˤäƼ

Wæs þā ān gereord on eorþan, and heora ealre ān sprǣc. Hī fērdon fram ēastdēle oð þæt hī cōmon tō ānum felde on þām lande Sennar, and þēr wunedon. Ðā cwǣdon hī him betwȳnan, “Vton wyrcean ūs tigelan and ǣlan hī on fȳre.” Witodlīce hī hæfdon tigelan for stān and tyrwan for weall-līm. And cwǣdon, “Cumað and utan wircan ūs āne burh and ǣnne stȳpel swā hēahne ðæt his rōf ātille þā heofonan, and uton mǣrsian ūrne namon, ǣr þan wē bēon tōdǣlede tō eallum landum.” God þā nyþer āstāh, þæt hē gesēga þā burh and þone stȳpel þe Adames sunus getimbroden. God cwæð þā, “Efne þis his ān folc and gereord him ealum, and hī ongunnon þis tō wircenne; ne hī ne geswīcað heora geþōhta, ǣr þan þe hī mid weorce hī gefyllan. Cumað nū eornostlīce and uton niþer āstīgan and heora gereord þēr tōwendon, þæt heora nān ne tōcnāwe his nēxtan stemne.” And God þā hī tōdǣlde swā of þǣre stōwe tō eallum landum, and hī geswicon tō wyrcenne þā buruh. And for þī wæs sēo burh gehāten Babel, for þan þe ðǣr wæs tōdǣled þæt gereord ealre eorþan. God þā hī sende þanon ofer brādnesse ealra eorðan.


߷ ⡡ǤɤѸˡ١罤۽Ź2013ǯ

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2017-02-27 Mon

#2863. ʬˤ³ʿפȡַ [evolution][punctuated_equilibrium][origin_of_language][language_change][speed_of_change]

ʲ쵯ϡФпʲʪؤβ򻲾Ȥ롥ʬǥȤʪμʬ˴ؤǥ뤬ͤȤ뤬ԤǤ2Ω벾⤬ΩƤƤ롥³ʿ (punctuated_equilibrium) ȷ (phyletic gradualism) Ǥ롥Сʡɡåɤοʲγꡤʬ˴ؤѤ (60--61)

븦ԤϡϽΤäѲ뤳Ȥȹͤ롥βϡַ (phyletic gradualism)פȤФ졤ʬϡ֥ʥͥʿʲ (anagenesis)פˤäƵȸʤ롥ۤθԤϡŪ˳Υ줿νĤ®Ѳ뤳Ȥȹͤ롥βϡ³ʿ (punctuated equilibrium)פȤФ졤®ѲѲδ֤δ֤ˤϡؤѲϵ餺̵ŪʻʤդĤ (random walk)ˤʤȸʤ롥³ʿˤϡʬʲ (cladogenesis)פȤФ졤ȼȤδηŪ˰ꤷ֤ڴ (stasis) ȹͤ롥ۤܤ٤ƤθԤϡʲˤѲϼʬΤȤ˵ǧƤ롥


޼ȡʲΤ褦ˤʤʥåɡp. 61 򻲹ͤˡˡ

Phyletic Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium

ΥǥˤƤ⡤ʬȤ櫓ʻꤵƤ롥Ŭ (adaptative radiation) ȸƤФ졤ĶȤ˵뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ롥
ʪʲȤɤޤǸʲѤΤʤΤ;ϤϤ뤬оȤȶ̣Ϣơ#807. ޤʪޤ ([2011-07-13-1]) ⻲ȡȤ櫓εʲѲ®٤˴ؤ³ʿαѤˤĤƤϡ#1397. ³ʿեǥ ([2013-02-22-1])#1749. οʲŤΥԡɡ ([2014-02-09-1])#1755. οʲŤΥԡ (2) ([2014-02-15-1])#2641. Ѳ®٤ˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2016-07-20-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

СʡɡåɡˡϾ ͪˡˡؿοʲȻǤˤõ١ǡ2014ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-03-09-1]

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2017-02-08 Wed

#2844. εȸεδط (2) [language_family][world_languages][anthropology][family_tree][evolution][altaic][japanese][indo-european][origin_of_language]

#2841. εȸεδط ([2017-02-05-1]) ڤӡ#2843. Ruhlen ˤθ² ([2017-02-07-1]) ˰³θ²ʬˤĤơRuhlen ȤΤΤǤϤʤΤʤˤ˻ȡѤƻٻƤ Cavalli-Sforza et al. ء͸ųءؤθ礷ƺ夲طޤ롥Ruhlen (33) "Comparison of the Genetic Tree with the Linguistic Phyla" ȤƷǤƤޤϡCavalli-Sforza ˤޥåԥ󥰤龯ѤƤ褦ˤä٤ϡŪʬȸŪʬबȤϸʤޤǤ٤Ŭ礷Ƥ뤳Ȥ  *
ؼԤ¿ϡε ([2017-02-07-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡؤȸؤ̤ľܷӤĤ뤳ȤФ礭񹳤򴶤Ƥ롥ξԤΤΤ褦Ŭϡˤ狼ˤϿʤäʬ礭ȤʤäƤ륢ꥫ轻̱νΰ֤ŤˤĤơοޤˤСؤȸؤ۸Ʊ3ʬˡٻƤ뤳ȤˤʤꡤȤХ󥻡ʥʷ̤Ȥʤ롥
ʤߤˡǤܸīȤȤ˥륿²˽°Ƥꡤ˥󥴥졤٥åȸ졤̸ʤɤȤƱ륿²ǴطäƤ롥ޤ²ϡͲ Nostratic Eurasiatic ˽ʣ°²Ȥ֤ŤǤ롥νʣ°ˤĤƤϡθؼԤ Greenberg 褫󵯤ƤʬफƳʲιޤ۵ (Ruhlen 20)

            ?????? Afro-Asiatic
            ?????? Kartvelian
            ?????? Elamo-Dravidian
NOSTRATIC  Indo-European      
             Uralic-Yukaghir    
             Altaic             
             Korean             
                 Japanese            EURASIATIC
                 Ainu               
                 Gilyak             
                 Chukchi-Kamchatkan 
                 Eskimo-Aleut       

Cavalli-Sforza et al. Ruhlen ˤȤäơؤȸؤ̤˰פʤȤǤϤʤˤϸ (language_shift) ΤαƶϽʬ˷ǤꡤΤΥޥåԥ󥰤ˤ礭ƶʤȤ
ľ˶ä٤ûŪɾ٤

Ruhlen, Merritt. The Origin of Language. New York: Wiley, 1994.
Cavalli-Sforza, L. L, Alberto Piazza, Paolo Menozzi, and Joanna Mountain. "Reconstruction of Human Evolution: Bringing Together Genetic, Archaeological and Linguistic Data." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 85 (1988): 6002--06.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-03-1]

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2017-02-05 Sun

#2841. εȸεδط [evolution][origin_of_language][homo_sapiens][anthropology]

ϢεȻˤĤƤ夲Ƥ ([2017-02-02-1], [2017-02-03-1], [2017-02-04-1]) ϡ꤬εȳȻȤ⤦1ĤȴϢǽ뤫ε˴ؤñ쵯¿ϰʲ⤬ΩƤ褦ˡεˤĤƤñ쵯¿⤬Ƥ롥2ĤطŤʤΤ⼫Τ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤ
ؤǤϡδطŤФ뿵ȤΤۤΩġ1Ĥˤϡ#515. ѥθز񤬸쵯ؤʸ ([2010-09-24-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡ1866ǯ˥ѥθزǸ쵯Ū˶ػߤư衤Фֶפسˤ夷ѾƤȤ𤬤롥ޤؤ͸ųؤۥ⡦ԥ󥹤νиˤޤ̤ǯʾΥॹѥ򰷤ΤФơӸؤ̤ΤϤ1ǯۤɤȸ褦ˡꤷƤ֤εϤ礭ۤʤäƤȤ⤢ (cf. #1313. ɤΤ餤ŤޤǸ̤뤳ȤǤ뤫 ([2012-11-30-1])) Τ褦ʻ𤫤顤εȸεȤ2ĤӤĤ褦Ȥ뤳ȤפǤꡤ§ȤƸߤΩ٤ǤϤʤȤŪָסʤ뤤ϡֶסˤΤȻפ롥
οϡΤ˷İͤ롥#231. 쵯ζػߤ ([2009-12-14-1]) Ǥ⿨줿褦ˡǯεϢʬᤶޤȯŸƤꡤζäƤ뤫Τ褦ʿʪ­ʤ򴶤ʲؼԤ෿ؼԤƤε˯γؼԤ1ͤ#1116. Nostratic Ķ Eurasian ء ([2012-05-17-1]) ǿ줿ηޤޤȤ夲褦ȤƤ Ruhlen Ǥ롥Ruhlen ϡ "An End to Mythology" ꤹǡ¾θԤѤʤ鼡Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Many linguists still believe that there is little correlation between linguistic and biological traits. According to Campbell (1986: 488), "repetition of the obvious seems required: there is no deterministic connection between language and gene pools or culture." However, recent work by L. L. Cavalli-Sforza et al. (1988) shows that the correlations between biological and linguistic classifications are of a most intimate nature: "Linguistic families correspond to groups of populations with very few, easily understood overlaps, and their origin can be given a time frame. Linguistic superfamilies show remarkable correspondence . . . , indicating considerable parallelism between genetic and linguistic development."


äϤΤȤϤʤäƤϤʤȸεδϢƬʤꤹΤϡδϢᤫȤΤƱ餤ŬڤǤ롤ȤĥʤǤ롥
ޤRuhlen ϡӸؤǯۤɤ̤ʤȤ뽾ξQˤĤơ"the widely held notion that the comparative method is limited to the last 5,000--8,000 years can be shown to be little more than a cherished myth of twentieth-century linguistics" (14--15) ȽҤ٤Ƥ뤳ȤդäƤ

Ruhlen, Merritt. The Origin of Language. New York: Wiley, 1994.

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2017-02-04 Sat

#2840. Ǿ̤Ѳ [evolution][origin_of_language][homo_sapiens][anthropology][family_tree]

#2838. ͤоȽХեꥫ ([2017-02-02-1]) ȡ#2839. ͤνХեꥫΥ衼åѤȥꥫؤοʽС ([2017-02-03-1]) ˰³ؤꡥοʲǾ̤ѲȤ餿ɤȡ̣ȤˡͱޤǤοʲˤּä餷
ҥȤ˺Ǥᤤѥ󥸡Ǿ̤400ccĹˤǤϡ500cc˾ΤޤǤ400ǯȤ֤פդˡʹߤοʲᤤ300?200ǯΥȥԥƥեꥫ̥ʳ450ccˤʤä塤230?140ǯΥۥ⡦ϥӥꥹǤĤ550ccϿˡ150?20ǯΥۥ⡦쥯ȥǤ1000ccȤʤꡤ40?2ǯ¸ۥ⡦ͥǥ륿󥷥Ǥ1500ccˤãʤߤ˸ߤޤ³ͤۥ⡦ԥ󥹤Ǿ̤Ϥष㴳ʤ1350ccǤ롥οʲβǡŪ˳ܤषӤӼ
ĹȤʲ򤿤ɤȡ褽Τ褦ʿ޼Ȥʤë. p. 223 򻲾ȡˡ

3500ǯ  ޡ⥻å
                 
                 
                 
                 
2500ǯ    ˥ۥ󥶥롦ᥬͥ
                 
                 
                 
1800ǯ      ƥʥ
                 
                 
1200ǯ        󥦡
                   
                   
700?500ǯ  
                     
                      ѥ󥸡
                         
               إȥץǥ󥷥
                         
                          ҥ
¾ëꡤǾ̤ӡ231ˤοʲ240ˤοޤͭѡ  *  *

ë ̭ϵ塦̿138ǯοʲ١SBꥨƥ֡2014ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-02-05-1]

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2017-02-03 Fri

#2839. ͤνХեꥫΥ衼åѤȥꥫؤοʽ [evolution][origin_of_language][homo_sapiens][anthropology]

ε#2838. ͤоȽХեꥫ ([2017-02-02-1]) ˰³10ǯ˥եꥫФȤ뿷ͤθ夤سȻȤꡥ
Ͽޤįȡեꥫ饷ʥȾϤäƥؿʽФͤΤʤưˤĤƵ䤬롥Ϥޤʤ̤ؤŸƤä褦ΥŪˤŪᤤϤΥ衼å̤ؤŸϿǯۤ٤ƤΤȤǤ롥ζλ֤ϲ̣ΤС (308--09) Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥

ӥȾ䥤ɰΦ̤Υ衼åѤذưΤϡñʤ褦˻פ뤬ƥ󡦥åڥϥޡˤȡ졻ǯˤ錄äơեꥫФ̤Υ롼ȡʥʥȾȥ̤ˤˤǤΤƱͤˡɰΦȥӥȾ礫泤ߤػƻޤΥ̮䡤ӥȾΥꥢͥեɺȤäŪʾ㳲ˤäĤƤդκνԤؿʤǤǡ̤Υ衼åѤظƻϼǤƤΤ褽ǯǯȤû֤äȤʤäåڥϥޡϡβȤʵΤǡڥ륷Ѵߤ泤ߤޤФϩĤʤꡤ衼åѤؤ⤬줿Ƥ롥


衼åѤؤŸ٤줵⤦1ĤװȤơ˵ͤΥۥ⡦ͥǥ륿󥷥Ǥ餷ƤȤ¤⤢ä⤷ʤͤΥޥ˥ͤ4ǯ˥衼åѤãȤۥ⡦ͥǥ륿󥷥ϱɤƤΤΤȤξब򻨤äɤۥ⡦ͥǥ륿󥷥äƤɤϡؾκǽ1ĤȤˤ餬вäȤϳΤʤ褦
ˡͤ3?1.2ǯ˥ꥫΦϤäȤŪʻˤĤơ̤㤯١󥰳³äˡ٥ꥢ鿷ؤȿͤΰܽäܽȤ٤äΤ뤤ϤĤȤǵäΤˤĤ褬褦ǶγDNAθ̤ϡ٤äΤǤϤʤȤٻƤ롥˽ȡΥꥫؤΰưϼΤ褦˲ᤵʥСġp. 431ˡ

١󥸥ϥ̲ͤᤷΦפȤꡤΤޤޤϰ褫ο͡줿פǤꡤηϤä󺮤蘆졤ä¹ꥫΦ˰ܽȤȤȤС򥢥ꥫ轻̱θζȸʤΤϡñ㤹ȤȤˤʤ롥ϥǤʤޤޤϰ褫١󥸥ˤäƤʤХ١󥸥ꥫͤθζʤΤ


ֺǽΥꥫ͡פ5٤äθ奢ꥫǤ2ǯʹߤ˿͸ĥȤ롥ơΦʳϵΦϡͤ뤳ȤˤʤäˤȤƹͤȡΤΤȤǤϤʤǶνǤ롥

ꥹСġˡ ҡˡؿ20ǯʤιϩ١ʸݽս2013ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-02-05-1] [2017-02-04-1]

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2017-02-02 Thu

#2838. ͤоȽХեꥫ [evolution][origin_of_language][homo_sapiens][anthropology][map]

͡ʥۥ⡦ԥ󥹡ˤεˤĤƤϡեꥫñ쵯¿ϰʲ⤬롥ԤϡԤŸƤۥ⡦ͥǥ륿󥷥ʤɤεͤϤǿͤؤȿʲȤǤ롥ԤϿͤϥեꥫ˸줿θ塤ͤ丶ͤ餹ϤؿʽФƤäȤΤǤ롥
ǯϡߥȥɥꥢDNAѤѰۤʬۤθˤꡤ20ǯ˥եꥫ˸줿1ͤν֥ߥȥɥꥢ֡פ¸ߤꤷեꥫñ쵯⤬ͥȤʤäƤ롥ˡ2003ǯˤϥԥ16ǯΤΤȤ͹ʥۥ⡦ԥ󥹡ȥ̾դ줿ˤȯƤꡤ˿ʲľλѤǤϤʤȸƤ롥
ߥȥɥꥢ֤ǯˤĤƤϽ⤢ꡤǽҤ٤20ǯȤΤ1ĤβǤ롥ߥȥɥꥢ֤λ¹ʤͤեꥫФˤĤƤ⤢뤬褽10ǯΤȤȹͤƤ롥θŸˤĤƤϡë (241) 򻲾ȤƺʲϿޤ򻲹ͤޤǤˡ

Map of Human Exodus

ۥ⡦ԥ󥹤νʳäƤȲꤹʤСΰưϿޤϡΤޤ޿γȻϿޤȤʤ
Ϣơ#160. Ardi Ϥޤäʤɡ ([2009-10-04-1])#751. ϵ46ǯΤߤΤʤǤοȸ ([2011-05-18-1])#1544. εȿʲǯɽ ([2013-07-19-1])#1749. οʲŤΥԡɡ ([2014-02-09-1])#1755. οʲŤΥԡ (2) ([2014-02-15-1]) ⻲ȡޤOrigins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa? ε⻲ͤˤʤ롥

ë ̭ϵ塦̿138ǯοʲ١SBꥨƥ֡2014ǯ

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2016-04-03 Sun

#2533. Ѳ "spaghetti junction" (2) [terminology][pidgin][creole][language_change][terminology][tok_pisin][cognitive_linguistics][communication][teleology][causation][origin_of_language][evolution][prediction_of_language_change][invisible_hand]

ε ([2016-04-01-1]) ˰³"spaghetti junction" ˤĤơϡθݤ˴ؤ Aitchison 1989ǯʸɤΤǡݡȤ롥
Aitchison ϡѥץ˥塼˥ǹä Tok Pisin λꡦˡηϤ͡ʼʤκʤäƤȤȤ˰ӤΤˤʤäƤͻҤѻ "spaghetti junction" θ̤ˤΤTok Pisin ˸뤳Τ褦ηϤѲϡϢʤ¾Υԥ䥯쥪ǤѻƤꡤΤ2ĤΩͤ󵯤ƤȤ1Ĥ Bickerton ʤɤؼԤĥ褦ˡʸˡ˶ŪƯƤꡤѲɬŪˤηϤ˽뤹롤ȤΤΩϡŪ󤬥ҥȤΰҤȤ߹ޤƤꤹ뤿ᡤ"bioprogram" ȸƤФ롥⤦1Ĥιͤϡ졤ǧΡߥ˥˴ؤ͡ʰۤʤߤ˺Ѥ̡ǽŪ˻褦ʲФȤΤΩ줬 "spaghetti junction" Ǥ롥Aitchison (152) ϡ2ܤθʲΤ褦ٻƤ롥

This second approach regards a language at any particular point in time as if it were a spaghetti junction which allows a number of possible exit routes. Given certain recurring communicative requirements, and some fairly general assumptions about language, one can sometimes see why particular options are preferred, and others passed over. In this way, one can not only map out a number of preferred pathways for language, but might also find out that some apparent 'constraints' are simply low probability outcomes. 'No way out' signs on a spaghetti junction may be rare, but only a small proportion of possible exit routes might be selected.


Aitchison (169) ϡ2ĤΩΰ㤤͡ʸɽƤ롥"innate programming" Ф "probable rediscovery" ǤȤѲ "prophylaxis" ͽɡˤФ "therapy" ʼšˤǤʡͽɡפȡּšפˤĤƤϡ#1979. ѲŪˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2014-09-27-1]) 򻲾ȡˡAitchison ϡξΩȿΤȤϡŪ⤷ʤȹͤƤ褦
"spaghetti junction" ΩĤΤǤСθѲβϡФ䤹ƻڡפ򤤤ͽ¬뤫ȤȤˤʤAitchison (170) ϡʸ򼡤Τ褦᤯äƤ롥

A number of principles combined to account for the pathways taken, principles based jointly on general linguistic capabilities, cognitive abilities, and communicative needs. The route taken is therefore the result of the rediscovery of viable options, rather than the effect of an inevitable bioprogram. At the spaghetti junctions of language, few exits are truly closed. However, a number of converging factors lead speakers to take certain recurrent routes. An overall aim in future research, then, must be to predict and explain the preferred pathways of language evolution.


Τ褦ʸ̤ϸȯȽȯãˤ⿷ʸƤƤ뤫⤷ʤ͡褬ä˽װˤФ䤹ƻڡפѤ졤ˤĤʤηǤΤǤϤʤȡ

Aitchison, Jean. "Spaghetti Junctions and Recurrent Routes: Some Preferred Pathways in Language Evolution." Lingua 77 (1989): 151--71.

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2016-02-24 Wed

#2494. ȥꥨʸΤĤʤϤ뤫 [writing][grammatology][contact][origin_of_language]

ʸˤ˴ؤƵǼ褦ˡ¿ʸԤϡȥꥨʸʥץʸܸʸե٥åȡˤδ֤ľܤΤĤʤϤʤȤߤƤ (cf. #1822. ʸη ([2014-04-23-1])#1853. ʸη (2) ([2014-05-24-1])#2398. ʸη (3) ([2015-11-20-1])) ȯˤĤƤϤޤʶȤƤ뤬ʸεˤĤƤ¿ȯ (polygenesis) ȤƤȤäƤ褤ϴȥꥨʸִŪˡ״طǽޤǤӽƤΤǤϤʤȲ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥Τ褦˴ᤵ줿طȤȤǤСξԤõȤԤϤޤǤ⾯ʤ餺뤫⤷ʤºݡ (58--59) ϡִȥꥨʸפꤹ (49--62) ǡε˾굤Ǥ롥

ɮԤȤƤϿʸˤΤˡʸؤΰջ֤Ȥ餫ŪϤߤ¿δϢΤȤ˸줿ǤȤͤꤹĤϤʤͤϸʸؼIJפˤäɽƤΤǤ롥άפϡʸϽФˤϡʸܿ˴Ťɷ (stimulus)פäΤǤϤʤȹͤ롥ĤޤʸΤΤȤäȹ⤤ǤŤäΤǤȤ롥פϤϿؼALС (Kroeber) Ρֻɷ (Stimulus Diffusion)פȤͤˤΤǤꡤ༫Ȥιͤܤʤ饯СιͤäƤ뤳ȤǧƤ롥ɮԤȤƤϡ⤷ʸȥꥨȷʸ˲餫ΤĤʤ꤬ȤС¾ʸΤˤĤʤΤΤȯǤǤޤդ¾ʸΤˤĤʤ꤬ǧǤСʸǤΤĤʤ⤢ꤦ뤳ȤȤƸڤͤ뤳Ȥȹͤ롥


ʸؤΰջ֡פȤɽŪǤ롥֤Ϥ뤬ǯǯˤơΤ˶̤ơʤ餯Ϣơˡʸؤΰջ֡פƤȤΤϡޥåʶϤ뤬ˤ٤ʤ˴٤ǤϤʤ褦˻פ롥
Ǥϡʸؤΰջ֤ȤϲϡʸԤߤȤäƤߤ٤ɬ˶줿ȤȤϤʸɤ褽ƱˡƱŪкŪŪʾˤơ׵᤬ȤƤޤäԻ׵ĤϤʤʸθߤθήΤʤʸȯˤĤʤ륤󥹥ԥ졼ޤäȤȤϡʬˤ롥

ʸסʸؤΤΤߡ١罤ۡ1977ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-10-29-1]

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2015-02-04 Wed

#2109. ĻβΤȥҥȤθ [homo_sapiens][anthropology][linguistics][double_articulation][acquisition][origin_of_language][speech_organ][evolution]

ҥȤθħˤĤơ#1327. ҥȤθ˶̤7Ĥ ([2012-12-14-1]) #1281. ū ([2012-10-29-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲ƤΤ褦ʵǤϡʤҥȤθ줬¾ưʪΤĥߥ˥ʤȤϰۤʤħͭ뤳ȤĴΤ̤δߤȤष̤ħ⤭Ħˤʤ뤳Ȥ롥Aitchison (7--9) ˤСҥȤθĻβ (bird-song) ˤȤ

(1) ޤ˻פ⤫֤ΤϥˤޤͤϥҥȤƱ褦ʰ̣ǡ֤٤äƤפ뤤ϡָѤƤפ櫓ǤϤʤĴˡޤǰۤʤ롥ưʪˤϴʬ᲻ȯǽϤäƤǤϡϥҥȤƱ
(2) ĻŷŪʸƤ (call) ȸŷŪʲ (song) 2ĤäƤ롥ҥȤˤǽŪʶʤɤȸ˽2ȯ롥ĤޤꡤĻβΤȥҥȤθˤϡŷŪ˽Ȥ롥
(3) ĻβΤǤϡΤġβñȤǤϰ̣ʤϢ³פǤ롥ƱͤˡҥȤθǤ⡤ġʬ᲻ϰ̣⤿̾綠줬ʣȤ߹蘆äƤǤǰʾñ̤ˤʤäȤ˻ϤựġϡҥȤθκǤħȤƤФлŦʬ (double_articulation) ˤۤʤʤĻβΤˤħߤȤȤˤʤ롥
(4) ˡƱĻǤ⡤ϢϤ뤬㴳ۤʤβΤ򤵤뤳Ȥ롥ϡҥȤθǤȤˤۤʤʤCalifornia Ρ֤ߤޤȤɡ (white-crowned sparrow) ȤۥʤĻϡ䡤ˤäƤ San Francisco Ǥ顤ζ̤פ򼨤ѻԤǤиΤν褬狼ȤޤǸʴϢơȵԤΤ꤬Τ褦˰ۤʤȤäʹȤˡ
(5) ̣ȤˡѤƤ뵡ϤޤǰۤʤҥȤθĻβΤ⡤̾ﺸǾ椵ƤȤ롥
(6) ĻΤҤʤˤΤνȥҥȤλҶθ콬˻Ƥ롥ҤʤϰĻȤƤβΤˡȾΤʳФ롥⡤ᤤʳˤƲΤȯã˽פ׳뤳ȤΤƤ롥ϡҥȤθǤȤǸ (babbling) 콬׳б褦ˤߤ롥

Aichison (8) ϡʾ򼡤Τ褦ˤޤȤƤ롥

In short, both birds and humans produce fluent complex sounds, they both have a double-barrel led, double-layered system involving tunes and dialects, which is controlled by the left half of the brain. Youngsters have a type of sub-language en route to the full thing, and are especially good at acquiring the system in the early years of their lives.


礭ȤϸƨƤϤʤʤ㤨СĻǤ򤹤ΤϡͺΤߤǤ롥ޤĻβΤϡҥȤθ٤ơκ礭ȤˤäƤϿεΥФƥߥ˥ȤΤ⡤ĻβΤθħĻβΤμ礿ŪᰦǤΤФơҥȤθŪϤäȹϤǤ롥
ĻβΤȥҥȤθʤȰۼˤӤƤ狼뤳Ȥϡۤʤˤ褦ħΩȤȤǤ롥ξԤ꤬˥ҥȤθε褦ȤƤ⡤餯ޤʤΤǤϤʤ

Aitchison, Jean. The Seeds of Speech: Language Origin and Evolution. Cambridge: CUP, 1996.

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2014-11-01 Sat

#2014. ꥢ (2) [history_of_linguistics][neolinguistics][neogrammarian][wave_theory][substratum_theory][historiography][loan_translation][language_death][origin_of_language]

ε#2013. ꥢ (1) ([2014-10-31-1]) ˰³γɤξҲ𡥿ؤ1910ǯо줷Ƥ30;ǯвᤷΤȤؽѻ Language ˡǯʸˡ (neogrammarian) ʸ Hall ˤ뿷ؤؤȽʸǺܤ줿Фơǯ3ܤʬ̤ʸϤˤꡤɤ Bonfante ػŪˤϤΥߥ󥰤ǤäܼɤȤ館뤨뤫Ȥ˴ؤȤʤäƤꡤɤͤ롥Ωϡ19 Schleicher Schmidt ΩʤȤ뤷ߤθؤȼҲؤΩˤʤ館뤳ȤǤ롥
ˤƤ⡤Hall ϤʤޤǶȽΤȻפ虜ʤ餤˿ؤ򤳤Ƥ롥ȽʸκǽǤϡ"We have, in short, missed nothing by not knowing or heeding Bàrtoli's principles, theories, or conclusions to date, and we shall miss nothing if we disregard them in the future." (283) Ȥˤ٤ʤ
ؤäΩĴפȤθѤܼϡषȽԤǤ Hall (277) Ŭڤ˻ŦƤ롥εƤȹ碌̣ɤ줿

In a reaction against 19th-century positivism, Croce and his followers consider 'spirit' and 'spiritual activity' (assumed axiomatically, without objective definition) as separate from and superior to other elements of human behavior. Human thought is held to be a direct expression of spiritual activity; language is considered identical with thought; and hence linguistic activity derives directly from spiritual activity. As a corollary of this assumption, when linguistic change takes place, it is held to reflect change in spiritual activity, which must be the reflection of 'spiritual needs', 'creativity', and 'advance of the human spirit'. The most 'spiritual' part of language is syntax and style, and the least spiritual is phonology. Hence phonetic change must not be allowed to have any weight as a determining factor in linguistic change as a whole; it must be considered subordinate to and dependent on other, more 'spiritual' types of linguistic change.


Bonfante ˤ⡤Ʊ餤ŰŪǤ롥Bonfante ϡؤΩʱѸǡ˾ܽҤƤꡤȤ櫓ǯʸˡɤȤΰ㤤Ŧʤ餽ħ⤷ƤƤΤǡŪˤ餯Ǥ⥢䤹ؤγ1ĤȤʤäƤΤǤϤʤHall μĥΤ褯ޤȤ뤳Ȥ񤷤ΤǡĤΰѤäƤ夨ʡ#1069. ե顼ɡɡ --- üԸĿͤοŤ󤸤ѡ ([2012-03-31-1]) εҤ⻲Ȥ줿

The neolinguists claim . . . that every linguistic change---not only phonetic change---is a spiritual human process, not a physiological process. Physiology cannot EXPLAIN anything in linguistics; it can present only the conditions of a given phenomenon, never the causes. (346)

It is man who creates language, every moment, by his will and with his imagination; language is not imposed upon man like an exterior, ready-made product of mysterious origin. (346)

Every linguistic change, the neolinguists claim, is . . . of individual origin: in its beginnings it is the free creation of one man, which is imitated, assimilated (not copied!) by another man, and then by another, until it spreads over a more-or-less vast area. This creation will be more or less powerful, will have more or less chance of surviving and spreading, according to the creative power of the individual, his social influence, his literary reputation, and so on. (347)

For the neolinguists, who follow Vico's and Croce's philosophy, language is essentially expression---esthetic creation; the creation and the spread of linguistic innovations are quite comparable to the creation and the spread of feminine fashions, of art, of literature: they are based on esthetic choice. (347)

The neolinguists, tho stressing the esthetic nature of language, know that language, like every human phenomenon, is produced under certain special historical conditions, and that therefore the history of the French language cannot be written without taking into account the whole history of France---Christianity, the Germanic invasions, Feudalism, the Italian influence, the Court, the Academy, the French Revolution, Romanticism, and so on---nay, that the French language is an expression, an essential part of French culture and French spirit. (348)

The neolinguists think, like Leonardo, Humboldt, and Àscoli, that languages change in most cases because of ethnic mixture, by which they understand, of course, not racial mixture but cultural, i.e. spiritual. In this spiritual sense, and only in this sense, the terms 'substratum', 'adstratum', and 'superstratum' can be admitted. (352)

Without a deep understanding of English mentality, politics, religion, and folklore, all of which the English language expresses, a real history of English cannot be written---only a shadow or a caricature thereof. (354)
 
The neogrammarians have shown, of course, even greater aversion to so-called loan-translations, which the neolinguists freely admit. For the neogrammarians, a word like German Gewissen or Barmherzigkeit is a perfectly good German formation, because all the phonetic and morphological elements are German---even tho the spirit is Latin. (356)

. . . even after the death of that 'last speaker', each of these languages [Prussian, Cornish, Dalmatian, etc.]---allegedly dead, like rabbits---goes on living in a hundred devious, hidden, and subtle ways in other languages now living . . . . (357)

It follows logically that because of their isolationistic conception of language, the neogrammarians, when they are confronted with two similar innovations in two different languages, will be inclined to the theory of polygenesis---even if the languages are contiguous and historically related, like German and French, or Greek and Latin. The neolinguists, on the other hand, without making a dogma of it, incline strongly toward monogenesis. (361)


ǸΰѤˤ褦ˡǯʸˡɤȿɤΩϸ쵯ˤޤǵڤǤꡤۤΤ̤ŰŪȿܤƤȤ狼롥

Hall, Robert A. "Bartoli's 'Neolinguistica'." Language 22 (1946): 273--83.
Bonfante, Giuliano. "The Neolinguistic Position (A Reply to Hall's Criticism of Neolinguistics)." Language 23 (1947): 344--75.

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2014-06-11 Wed

#1871. ȿͼ [race][language_myth][indo-european][comparative_linguistics][evolution][origin_of_language][ethnic_group]

˴ؤ뺬¯1ĤˡָͼפȤΤ롥¯ˤϡ­롥ʤϸŷŪǤꡤͼŷŪǤ롤ȸкѤʤʤǤΡָפȤϡҥȤθǽϤȤ̣ǤΡָפǤϤʤȤƽ̤ΡָפǤˡ͡ΰռΤʤǤϡФФ2Ĥʬ񤯷ӤĤƤꡤۤɴñˤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ
ˤϡȿͼƱˤꡤϢ¿θޤƤ㤨С19ˤϥɡ衼åѸ (the Indo-European) ȤؾѸ줬ͼŪʴްդäѤ줿ɡ衼åѸȤϡӡ˸ؾιʪˤʤˤ⤫餺ǯˤĸäƤʹֽĤʤɡ衼åѿ͡ʼˤǤȤä߽Ф졤ȿͼȤӤĤ줿ĸθϤõߤʤüԽĤεõߤǤȲᤵ졤κǤʸѼԤɥ̱²ǤȤͤǤȤä20ɥĤΥʥˤƤ⡤ޥ줳ɡ衼åѸ²μĹǤꡤޥ̱²ɡ衼åѿͼɽԤǤȤơȿͼζƱ뤬ߤ줿
¯θäƤ뤳Ȥϡ͡ʷdzǧǤ롥ɡ衼åѸ²ǹͤС衼åѤΥɥĿͤ쥤ɤΥ٥󥬥ͤϡ줾̴طˤɥĸȥ٥󥬥äƤȤϤͼȤƶᤤϤȿԤϤʤޤǹͤƤ⡤ɤʿͼǤҥȤȤޤ줿ΤǤСޤĶˤäơɤʸǤ⽬뤳ȤǤȤȤ򵿤ԤϤʤ
Τ褦˾ͤʬ뤳ȤʤΤȤäƴñˤʤΤ¯ȤΤǤ롥㤨С롼ޥ˥ͤϥ롼ޥ˥Ȥޥ󥹷ϤθäΤǡƥϤοͼ˰㤤ʤȤ褦ʹͤƤ롥ºݤDNAĴɤΤ褦ʷ̤Ф뤫Ϥ狼ʤ롼ޥ˥ͤϿͼŪˤϾʤȤ⥹ڥͤݥȥͤʤɤȴطŤΤƱ١뤤Ϥʾˡ٤ΥͤʤɤȤطŤΤǤϤʤδ֡٤ο͡Ⱥ򤷤ƤϤʤΤǡΤ褦ͽۤȤƤޤää٤ȤǤϤʤΤ¯⤬򤹤롥
ؤŪΰǤ顤κǰϱƤȤߡεήɤΰոǤϡεϡǯΥۥ⡦ԥ󥹤νиȥۥ⡦ԥ󥹤θȯãŸȴϢŤ뤳Ȥ¿ͼ郎ޤۤɳȻƤʤȻȤǤεǤȤϤƤ⡤ϤƤϷ¯˴٤äƤʤȸڤ
ϢơTrudgill (43--44) ε⻲Ȥ줿

Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.

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2014-04-23 Wed

#1822. ʸη [writing][grammatology][alphabet][kanji][history][runic][origin_of_language][family_tree][hieroglyph]

ܥ֥ǡޤʸʸˤ˴ؤȤơ#41. ʸˤ ([2009-06-08-1])#422. ʸμ ([2010-06-23-1])#423. ե٥åȤˡ ([2010-06-24-1])#490. ե٥åȤε North Semitic ̤롩 ([2010-08-30-1])#1006. 롼ʸѼ ([2012-01-28-1]) ʤɤ夲Ƥۤˤ⡤ʸˤĤ grammatologyե٥åȤˤĤ alphabet롼ʸˤĤ runicҤ餬ʡʤˤĤƤ줾 kanji, hiragana, katakana ˤ
ȯ (origin_of_language) ˤĤƤϡߡñ쵯⤬ͥʸȯˤĤƤ¿ĥԤ¿źǹԤƤʸηϤϡȯȿʲˤˤꤤĤηʬह뤳ȤǤ뤬Τˤ褬ñθʸ̤ȤȤϤꤽˤʤ᥽ݥߥץȡ񡤥ꥫʤɤǡ줾ʸηϤΩȯȹͤΤ
ǤŤʸηϤϡ᥽ݥߥ˵サƤ᡼ͤˤܸʸǤ롥4ǯ餯3500ǯˡܸʸηϤϤ᤿ܸʸϡ8000ǯˤǤ˸줿Ȥ롤Ģ˿̤ϿΤΥޡθǤȤ졤ǯλ֤򤫤ƤäʸηϤؤĹƤäΤǤ롥
Ʊ4ǯ뤤Ϥ⤦٤ơŪᤤץȤǤҥ (hieroglyphic) 䤽ҥƥå (hieratic) 롥Ͻʸڤ줿ʳǡǤˤܴۤʸηϤȤƵǽƤꡤ᥽ݥߥܸʸΤ褦ŪȯŸˤǧʤ
ե٥åȤȯˤĤƤϡ#423. ե٥åȤˡ ([2010-06-24-1]) dz⤷ȤʤΤǵҤϾά롥
ϡ2000ǯ˸졤1500ǯʸȤƤκۤʸηϤȤƴΤϡī (BC202--220AD) λǤ롥
ʸηϤηȤƤϡʾ4ġ(1) ܸʸηϡ(2) ҥʸηϡ(3) ե٥åηϡ(4) ηϤ̤뤳Ȥˤʤ롥른塦 (136--37) οޤ򻲾Ȥƺäʸηޤ򼨤ľŪƶϴŪƶ򼨤

(1) ܸʸη

History of Writing: Cuneiform

(2) ҥʸη

History of Writing: Hieroglyphic

(3) ե٥åηϡʿޤ򥯥åƳ

History of Writing: Alphabet

(4) η

History of Writing: Kanji

ʾ4˼ʤ¾ʸηϤ⤢롥̤ʸޤबīʸʥϥ󥰥ˡʸ⥽ʸХ̥ʸʸʵ3000ǯˡޥ䡦ƥʸʸʤɤǤ롥
źʸηϤˤĤƤϡΥȤͭѡ

Omniglot: Writing Systems & Language of the World
A Compendium of World-Wide Writing Systems from Prehistory to Today
ʸʳƹʸ

른塦 ʸ ƽⶶ ʸˡ١ϸҡ1990ǯ

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2014-02-15 Sat

#1755. οʲŤΥԡ (2) [evolution][origin_of_language][timeline][homo_sapiens][anthropology][punctuated_equilibrium]

#1749. οʲŤΥԡɡ ([2014-02-09-1]) ǡȯʲŤˤĤ Aitchison "language bonfire" Ҳ𤷤ؤΡؤפȤƤ롤ƣŹسؤӤΥȤФβʳء٤ɤǤȤβ⤬狼䤹Ҳ𤵤Ƥ
ƣ (23--24) ˤȡߤοؤθ̤餫ȤˤС¾θͤ褫顤पӥͥǥ륿ͤζ̤褬ʬΤ100ǯΤȤǤ롥ơ2Ĥ褬ߤʬΤ50ǯ25ǯ餤˥ͥǥ륿ͤǤӤޤǤϡȶ¸ƤȤ狼äƤ롥बեꥫΤ20ǯΤȤǤ롥θ7--6ǯ˥եꥫسȻ15ǯ餤Ƥã
嵭θˤΤʤǡ˸ΤʤΤƱȯȹͤΤˤĤƤϡ#544. ҥȤȯﴱοʲŬ ([2010-10-23-1]) 򻲾ȡˡθ夷Ф餯ϡΤϴˤ䤫ʿʲ򼨤ˤ10ǯۤˤ褦䤯ŪʸοãĤĤäȤ롥Ȥ10ǯۤλˡ޷ʸοʲ롥ơХեꥫλ濴ˡ˻θηϤˤۤɤŨ٤ʸηϤȯãθϡĹˤ䤫̲λꡤߤ˻롥줬"language bonfire" Ǥ롥ƣ (24) ޼ȡʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥

Evolution of Language like a Bonfire

Ϣơ#41. ʸˤ ([2009-06-08-1])#751. ϵ46ǯΤߤΤʤǤοȸ ([2011-05-18-1])#1544. εȿʲǯɽ ([2013-07-19-1]) ⻲ȡ

ƣ ŹسؤӤΥȤФβʳء١ҤĤ˼2007ǯ

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2014-02-09 Sun

#1749. οʲŤΥԡ [evolution][origin_of_language][punctuated_equilibrium][speed_of_change]

εοʲŤˤĤƤ͡᤬Ƥꡤܥ֥Ǥ origin_of_language evolution εǴϢ夲ƤȤɾΤ Aitchison ˤСȯȽοʲˤϡ3Ĥβ⤬롥
1ܤϡAitchison "rabbit-out-of-a-hat" ȸƤǤΤǡϼʻդ˹Ҥ饦ФΤ褦ǡȤΤȤ#544. ҥȤȯﴱοʲŬ ([2010-10-23-1]) εǾҲ𤷤ѥɥΤǡChomsky ʤɤ羧ԤǤ롥"What use is half a wing for flying?" ȤʲѤطʤˡ줬ȾüȯãʳȤΤǤʤȤ롥ˤȡȯľθˤϡθˤߤʣʵǤäƤȤȤˤʤ롥
2ܤϡ"snail-up-a-wall" ȤǤƤ֤٤ǡʳϢ³ŪȯθⲿǯǯȤ֤ˤ錄äƤäȰ®٤ǿʲƤäȤΤǤ롥ɤΥΥ礦ĥȤǤ롥ʪʲˤơβ˹פ褦ʷʤȤ顤οʲˤƤϤޤʤΤǤϤʤȤ롥
3ܤϡ嵭2ĤȤ߹碌褦ʲǡAitchison "fits-and-starts" ȸƤǤ롥ˤȡȯȿʲϡڴĹȤߤ˷֤ͼħŤȤ롥#1397. ³ʿեǥ ([2013-02-22-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 punctuated_equilibrium ˤϢʤͤ
Aitchison ϤΤ餺4βȤơ٤ƤȤ߹碌褦ƤФܿͤϡ "language bonfire" ȸƤǤ롥

Probably, some sparks of language had been flickering for a very long time, like a bonfire in which just a few twigs catch alight at first. Suddenly, a flame leaps between the twigs, and ignites the whole mass of heaped-up wood. Then the fire slows down and stabilizes, and glows red-hot and powerful. . . . Probably, a simplified type of language began to emerge at least as early as 250,000 BP. Piece by piece, the foundations were slowly put in place. Somewhere between 100,000 and 75,000 BP perhaps, language reached a critical stage of sophistication. Ignition point arrived, and there was a massive blaze, during which language developed fast and dramatically. By around 50,000 BP it was slowing down and stabilizing as a steady long-term glow. (60--61)


ϡSǥȸƤ褤˼Ƥ륿ॹѥǥդȡΤ褦ˤʤ롥

Aitchison's Language Bonfire

οʲˤĤƤβϾ嵭̤줬͡δ֤ŤƤäͼˤĤƤϤɤ2Ĥ϶̤٤ۤʤǤ롥Aitchison ϡŤˤĤƤϰ쵤˹ޤ "language bushfire" θѤƤ롥դʤСޤʷľ뤤϶ȤȤˤʤ

. . . there's a distinction between language emergence (the bonfire) and its diffusion---the spread to other humans (a bush fire). . . . Once evolved, language could have swept through the hominid world like a bush fire. It would have given its speakers an enormous advantage, and they would have been able to impose their will on others, who might then learn the language. (61--62)


Aitchison, Jean. The Seeds of Speech: Language Origin and Evolution. Cambridge: CUP, 1996.

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2013-08-31 Sat

#1587. ˤϸΥȥԡ緹΢դƤ뤫 [drift][unidirectionality][synthesis_to_analysis][entropy][i-mutation][origin_of_language]

ѸˤΤߤʤ餺ޥˡˤϰˤΤñ㲽򼨤Ƥ褦˸롥ۤȤɤ٤ƤΰǡʤϤʸˡƤζʬ֤ȤȤƤʤäƤƤ뤷֡ˤƤ礫ʬϤؤȸ෿ѲƤƤ롥²˸뤳ή (drift) ˤĤƤϡ#656. "English is the most drifty Indo-European language." ([2011-02-12-1]) ۤ drift γƵˤƤ
ζήñ㲽Ʊ뤷Ƥ褤ΤȤϻĤ롥षĸϡʸˡƤʬƤϤ뤬ηϤϴ̯ʤۤɤäĸϡߤΰ٤ơŪԵ§Ͼʤϻ֤ȤȤ allomorphy Ƥ椯Ȥ롥㤨 i-mutation ˤߤȡϲˤʤäΤ䤬Ʋ̮򼺤˷ŪʲȤʤä̤ȤơѲƤʤ֤ȼ֤Ȥ allomorphy ޤ뤳ȤˤʤꡤηԵ§ʥȥԡˤ礷[2011-08-13-1]ε#838. ηϤȥȥԡפ򻲾ȡˡ˸ˤʤäơ (analogy) ¾βˤ allomorphy ä륱⤢뤬§ȤƸϻ֤ȤȤˤμΥȥԡ礷Ƥ椯Τȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ˤ餫˸ȾҤȥԡ緹ϡϤƳ̤ǧƤޤäƤ褤ΤȤΤϡνȯǤĸϤޤŪ˺Ʒ줿ΤˤʤǤ롥⤷ƷԤƬΤʤ˸ϥȥԡ緹򼨤ΤȤ⤬ˤäȤ顤̤ȤƺƷĸϡʤ餽Τ褦ʲԹΤ褤ֲäȤʤ
ºݤ Comrie Τ褦ʳؼԤϡΤ褦ʲäưĸȤ館Ƥ롥Comrie (253) ꤷƤΤϡ"an earlier stage of language, lacking at least many of the complexities of at least many present-day languages, but providing an explicit account of how these complexities could have arisen, by means of historically well-attested processes applied to this less complex earlier state" Ǥ롥ˤϡϤȤñηϤȤƻϤޤä֤ȤȤʣƤȤ󤬤롥Comrie ΤϡβսǤΤ

[I]t is unlikely that the first human language started off with the complexity of Insular Celtic morphophonemics or West Greenlandic morphology. Rather, such complexities arose as the result of the operation of attested processes --- such as the loss of conditioning of allophonic variation to give morphophonemic alternations or the grammaticalisation of lexical items to give grammatical suffixes --- upon an earlier system lacking such complexities, in which invariable words followed each other in order to build up the form corresponding to the desired semantic content, in an isolating language type lacking morphophonemic alternation. (250)


Ʒ줿ĸ򺬵ˤƸѲηɵ椹뤳ȤˤϿŤǤʤФʤʤޤƤ䡤˷꤭ǺƷФȤ뤳Ȥϡ˴ȤΤ褦˻פ롥Comrie (247) ϰĸƷ˴ؤ realist Ω[2011-09-06-1]) ΤˤƤ뤫顤ȥԡ˾Ǥμºߤ򿮤ƤȤȤˤʤ롥controversial ʵ

Comrie, Barnard. "Reconstruction, Typology and Reality." Motives for Language Change. Ed. Raymond Hickey. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 243--57.

Referrer (Inside): [2013-09-01-1]

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2013-07-19 Fri

#1544. εȿʲǯɽ [origin_of_language][evolution][timeline][homo_sapiens][anthropology][language_family]

#41. ʸˤ ([2009-06-08-1])#751. ϵ46ǯΤߤΤʤǤοȸ ([2011-05-18-1]) εǸεȿʲǯɽ򼨤꡼¾ԤΡؿʸ޴աθεš (17) ꡤ⤦1Ĥθǯɽ򼨤

50,000 BC   եꥫονиʺǿοǯ
45,000 BC   
   ȥꥢؤΰư
40,000 BC   ۥ⡦ԥ󥹡֤¸ߤ򼨺ʣʹưͼʪŪڵ¸ߡ
35,000 BC   
30,000 BC   ͥǥ륿ͤλǡǤ⸶Ūʸ
25,000 BC   
20,000 BC   
15,000 BC   ¿Υԡʿˡ10,000?15,000
   ǽɹϴνꡨ桼饷²γ
   ؤΰưȡɸ²
10,000 BC   
   ؤΰưȡʡǥ͸²
5,000 BC   ȥͥ²γ硨Ѥؤΰư
   ɡ衼åĸ
   ɡ衼åѸ²κǸŤεϿҥåȸ졤󥹥åȸ
0   ŵ졧奮ꥷ졤ƥ
500   ޥ󥹸ɡޥɤȯűѸ
1000   
1500   ̱ϻ塨ԥȥ쥪ȯɸγȤꡨǤβ®
2000   


ǯɽǸڤƤͥǥ륿ͤϡۥ⡦ԥ󥹤10ǯ˹͸ųؤεϿо줹23ǯ3ǯˤƤͥǥ륿ͤϹƬޤ⤤֤ˤȤɤޤäƤꡤư¤Ƥᡤȯ뤳ȤΤǤ벻褬¤ƤȹͤƤ롥ϷͤԤáԤʤɤʣʼҲư򼨤͸ųŪʾڵ򤬤뤳Ȥ顤Τ褦ʼҲΩɬǤȤƽŪʸ¸ߤȤ롥
ʲϡƱǯɽִФ褦ֳ֤ˤȤäСǤ롥

50,000 BC   եꥫονиʺǿοǯ
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
45,000 BC   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   ȥꥢؤΰư
   
40,000 BC   ۥ⡦ԥ󥹡֤¸ߤ򼨺ʣʹưͼʪŪڵ¸ߡ
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
35,000 BC   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
30,000 BC   ͥǥ륿ͤλǡǤ⸶Ūʸ
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
25,000 BC   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
20,000 BC   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
15,000 BC   ¿Υԡʿˡ10,000?15,000
   
   
   
   
   
   ǽɹϴνꡨ桼饷²γ
   
   ؤΰưȡɸ²
   
10,000 BC   
   
   
   
   
   
   ؤΰưȡʡǥ͸²
   
   
   
5,000 BC   ȥͥ²γ硨Ѥؤΰư
   
   
   
   ɡ衼åĸ
   
   
   ɡ衼åѸ²κǸŤεϿҥåȸ졤󥹥åȸ
   
   
0   ŵ졧奮ꥷ졤ƥ
500   ޥ󥹸ɡޥɤȯűѸ
1000   
1500   ̱ϻ塨ԥȥ쥪ȯɸγȤꡨǤβ®
2000   


Сʡɡ꡼ƥ󡦥ޥ塼ޥꥢݥ󥹥 ԡ ˼ ؿʸ޴աθεš١νӡ2005ǯ

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2013-06-20 Thu

#1515. ϿοǤ [linguistics][function_of_language][origin_of_language][evolution][neurolinguistics]

ݡ롦祷㡼ˤظȻ׹͡٤ɤ̾#1484. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis ([2013-05-20-1]) ͻҥȤˤʤȻפäƼ˼äƤߤΤषưʪΥߥ˥ȿʹ֤θȤӤܼŪʺۤˤĤܤäʹ֤ǾοʲβεȤ顤Τü򤢤֤ФȤƤ
ĤΥݥȤ뤬(1) ʹ֤θΤߤ٤ʻ׹ͤȿʤǽʤ餷ȤƵǽ뤳ȡ(2) ʹ֤θʸˤäƷѾƤ椯ȤΡְפη֤Ǥ뤳ȡ(3) ʹ֤θͭؤϤʤưʪˤ¸ߤǾι¤ȵǽαĹˤʤȡ(4) ʹ֤θϿο桤Ĥޤ󿮹ηϤʤܼŪŪŪʻ׹ǽȤ뤳ȡŦ롥ʲˡ줾ˤĤƽפʲս꤫Ѥ褦

ϳǤƱǤ⤢ΤǡȤƤϥߥ˥ϤȤƤϻ׹ͤȿʰռݤ롥 (11)


ƥ䡼롦ɡ󤬤ߤֿʹ֤Ƥ顤ΰ졤줬ͥȤʤ롥ϤǤˡʹְˡưʪο⤷ˤǤƤΤϡмܤȶΰǤġĤޤǤϤäѤΤΰǤäΤաʥΡեˤΰȤʤäΤǤ롥Ρͷդ줿ǤϿʲ®Ҳͻ礷餬ǤƱʸΤΤȤʤ뱿̿äʸϡˤμ˴ä򤪤ƤΤǡʪޤʤäƤǽȿͤȤϰۤʤäơä롥̪˪Τ褦ʿʹ֤ͤ˪ƷԵ㤤ߤʹ֡դĤäȤǡʹʸ٤ĤŤƤ椯ȤϤǤʤ (15--16)


ʹ֤μϡΤޤޤʪʤ򡤸äɽ魯ȤȯοΥɤϡձưλʪǤꡤǾεǽΤҤȤĤȤʤäΤǡ׹ͤΤˤؤʤȤˤʤäο̿ϡʹ֤Ǿ̤ͭǡΤˡǾι¤ȵǽϾѲ򤪤ʤΤǤ롥ˤϡ˸ͭؤϤʤνϡǤưʪ¸ߤ԰٤ǧʬΤǤ롥 (66)


ѥդȤҤϡ󿮹ηϡפȤθͭʤȡ쿮ηϤȤδطȤͻ쿮ηϤȤϡդˤ̿ηϤǡưʪˤΤ¸ߤʹ֤οؤˤƶ̣뼨Ϳ롥ѥդϰǯĤΤ褦˽񤤤ֿʹ֤ˤȤäƤϡդ餫˾Ť줿ɷǤäơưʪ˶̤ʤ٤ƤΤɷƱ¤Ǥ롥Τۤˡˤϳ䤬ꡤ¿оݤޤ롥ǤϡϡưʪξŤ줿ɷȤϡŪˤŪˤ⡤ޤäӤǤʤפư廰ǯˤϤäֳ˴ؤγФɽݤȤϡºߤ쿮桤ʤݿǤ뤬դȡȤȯﴱˤ椯ưʳʶڳСˤ󿮹桤ʤοǤ롥󿮹ϼºߤݲǤꡤײη줳ޤ˿ʹͭι⼡Ū׹ʤΤǤ롥 (69)


ηϤϿʹ֤ǤηϤ̤ͥ夫줿ΤǤ뤫顤䤹ϫǤ̲Τ֤Ǥϡ˾ä롥ʤ̲ˤߺѤηϤΤۤ˶Ϥ餯ΤǡηϤŪͥȤʤ롥줬̴ħǤꡤҥƥ꡼ǤƱ롥 (72)


ʤʹ֤θüˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ⼡Τ褦ʵǿƤΤǤȤ򡥡#160. Ardi Ϥޤäʤɡ ([2009-10-04-1])#519. εȿʲõ븦ʬ ([2010-09-28-1]) #544. ҥȤȯﴱοʲŬ ([2010-10-23-1])#766. ([2011-06-02-1])#767. ʬ ([2011-06-03-1])#1063. ʹ֤θϤʤ˰¸ƤΤ (1) ([2012-03-25-1])#1070. Jakobson ˤưԲķ6Ĥιǡ ([2012-04-01-1])#1090. ; ([2012-04-21-1])#1281. ū ([2012-10-29-1])#1327. ҥȤθ˶̤7Ĥ ([2012-12-14-1])

ݡ롦祷㡼 ϸ ظȻ׹͡ǡ١ҡʸ˥ӡ1972ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2013-07-13-1]

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2013-05-01 Wed

#1465. Marr Υӥȸ [history_of_linguistics][origin_of_language][comparative_linguistics][contact][sociolinguistics][etruscan]

ػˤˤư̾⤤ɡӥȸؤµ Nikolaj Jakovlevič Marr (1864--1934) γȤΥѥȤˤĤơå (72--76) (196--212) ˵äƹͤƤߤ褦
Marr Τޤ˸Ūʸؤϡ른¿βޤäȤĶȥޥ륯Τʤ˿Ȥ֤Ȥˤʤäаޤ˵㤭 Marr λܤ뤳ȤǻɷεߴطˤĤƹͤ餻褦ˤʤäMarr γκʤΤϡ층ȯǤ롥Marr ϡ٤Ƥθ sal, ber, jon, roš Ȥ4ĤβǤȤ߹碌ˤȤ롤̵Τʵ򾧤äơ٤Ƥθϻ֤ȤȤʳŪ˹̤ؤȯŸƤ椯Ȥʳ (stadialism) 򾧤ȯŸʳκǹ̤ãΤ²䥻߸²Ǥꡤ°ʽʥХ졤ȥꥢ졤֥륷㥹ʤɤޤߡMarr ϥΥΥڥƤˤʤߥեȸ²ȸƤˤϲ̤ʳˤȤɤޤäƤȤˡ1924ǯ˥ޥ륯ȡMarr ϸ줬ŪͭҲŪкŪ¤ǤȤο󼨤ơMarr äʸء̾եƥɸءˤȯŸˤäƽǤޤǡ30ǯۤɤδ֡ӥȸؤ򸣰뤳Ȥˤʤä
Marr ϡƤμήɸؼԤˤϼʤ򼡡󼨤οŪϡӸؤˤäȤ褦ˤʤäη²ĸ졤ˡ§ȤäǰǤȤˤäѸ˽ɤäƤ̱²ѤʤäΤǤ롥Marr ϡʳŪȯŸϡθ򺵡ˤäƤꤨʤȹͤƤˤλۤä Marr ϡϢˤ륨ڥȸ챿ưʸԤȤƤ
1950ǯľ˸ؤ˲ơƻޥؤ顤ӸؤȤ벤Ƥʸؤؤᤷ̾θػˤǤϡMarr λ˥ӥȸؤ϶ˤäɾƤ롥 Marr 򤳤ɾƤ褦̱²ŰŪꤷ Marr ٤Ȥˤ뺬ܻۤϡγؤȤƤΡʼҲ˸ؤܻؤȤȰפ롤ȡ
γؤȤˤĤƤϡ#1381. "interventionist" sociolinguistics ([2013-02-06-1]) 򻲾ȡ

ߥ륫å Ρ ͺ ظؤή١ߤ˼1974ǯ
ɧظؤȤϲ١ȽŹҴȿӡ1993ǯ

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