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pragmatics - hellogѸ˥֥

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2012-05-27 Sun

#1126. 衼åѤμ׸ˤ T/V distinction ε [pragmatics][personal_pronoun][honorific][latin][history][iconicity][t/v_distinction][solidarity]

[2012-03-21-1]ε#1059. ϽŻ뤫ְռŻؿܤƤ T/V distinctionפ Brown and Gilman βŪʸŪ˾Ҳ𤷤Brown and Gilman ʸˤϡ衼åѤμפʸ T/V ζ̤Ƥаޡ֤ˡӡѸǤζ̤ӼȤθŪʻʤɤ˻꤬ФƤꡤ˻ɷŪͤǤ롥
ʤ衼åѤμפʸǡ2;̾ˤ T/V distinction ˡͭƤΤT/V distinction εˤĤƤϤĤ⤬뤬Brown and Gilman (255) ˤ뵭Ҥ˽мΤ褦ˤʤ롥
ΥƥǤϡ2;ñ򼨤̾Ȥ tu ΤߤѤƤ4ˡ޹ؤ̾Ȥơбʣ vos ̤Ѥ褦ˤʤäˤϽ⤢뤬Constantinople Rome Τ줾˹뤬ꡤʸ̤ʣäȤͿƤȤ롥Diocletian βפˤꡤ޹κ¤ˤ2ͤƤŪˤ1Ĥ礵뤳Ȥˤʤä줫ι˸ƤӤ뤳ȤϡޤߤȤơ2ͤι˸ƤӤ뤳ȤƱȤ줿ΤǤ롥vos λѤϡδޤߤȤƤʣȿǤƤȤ롥
ޤ̤ˤС1ͤι뤬ʣȷӤĤ줿Τϡ̱ȹͤ줿ǤϤʤꥹ礬 "royal we" ѤΤƱǡ޹ϼؤ nos ȸäΤǤꡤб vos ǸƤӤ줿Τ⤦1ĤιͤȤơؼоݤñʣȤʸ̤οȤ̤ˡʸϤϤ⤽ʣ򴭵䤹ȤȤ롥Ǥ뤳Ȥʣϡiconicity ˤưפ˷ӤĤ줽
ʾΤ줫뤤Ȥ߹碌ˤꡤ2;ʣ1ͤιؤѤȯã䤬ơδѤϡΤߤʤ餺ϼ԰̤ŬѤ褦ˤʤäθȯãޥ󥹽ˤƤϡT/V distinction ϤۤηŪ˼Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤδ֡ˡɤ줬ߤ줿֤ǻ˺Ϥ뤬褽12--14ˡ"power semantics" ˴ŤηŪ T/V distinction Ω
ѸؤѸλ you thou ζ̤Ƴ줿ϢȤƤϡʲε뤤 personal_pronoun pragmatics դ򻲾ȡ

[2009-10-11-1]: #167. θ T/V distinction
[2009-10-29-1]: #185. Ѹˤȥɥĸˤˤ T/V distinction
[2010-02-12-1]: #291. ;̾ thou ξüưؤαƶ
[2010-07-11-1]: #440. ˻ĤɾΤ you
[2011-03-01-1]: #673. Burnley's you and thou
[2011-07-06-1]: #800. you ˤ ye ִ phonaesthesia
[2012-02-24-1]: #1033. ܸηɸȥ衼åѽ T/V distinction
[2012-03-21-1]: #1059. ϽŻ뤫ְռŻؿܤƤ T/V distinction

Brown, R. W. and A. Gilman. "The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity." Style in Language. Ed. Thomas A. Sebeok. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT P, 1960. 253--76.

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2012-05-23 Wed

#1122. Ĵθ [pragmatics][implicature][cooperative_principle][philosophy_of_language][tautology]

Ĵθ (cooperative principle) Ȥϡůؼ H. Paul Grice (1912?--88) ˤäƤ줿ʬϤѸǡäˤŪãΩ뤿ˡäʹ꤬Ȥ˰ۤΤ˼äƤȤ̸§ؤäδް (conversational implicature) ʤΰ̣ʤŬڤ򤵤ΤȤˤؤ븶§ǡǯθȯŸ礭ʵȤʤäƤ롥Huang (25) ˷ǺܤƤ "Grice's theory of conversational implicature" 򼨤

Grice's theory of conversational implicature

a. The co-operative principle
   Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the state at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.
b. The maxims of conversation
   Quality: Try to make your contribution one that is true.
     (i) Do not say what you believe to be false.
     (ii) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
   Quantity:
     (i) make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange).
     (ii) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
   Relation: Be relevant.
   Manner: Be perspicuous.
     (i) Avoid obscurity of expression.
     (ii) Avoid ambiguity.
     (iii) Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).
     (iv) Be orderly.


Ĵθϡ4Ĥθ (maxim) Ԥ뤳Ȥˤäƽ餵ȸ롥4ĤȤϡθ̤θطθ֤θǤ롥ʹϡä꤬äˤƶŪǤ뤳ȡ嵭θ§ȸäƤ뤳ȤȤơäȯä᤹롥㤨Сä A "How is that hamburger?" ȤФʹ B "A hamburger is a hamburger." Ȥ롥B ȯäϤ켫ΤǤƱȿǤ̤ϥA B ĴθäƤȤΤȤ B θΰ̣ʲäδްաˤɤ߼Ȥ롥ĴθΤȤǤϡB A μФ relevant ֤ƤϤǤ뤫顤A Ϥ֤ΥϥСϤʿޤʥϥСǤꡤʾǤʲǤʤפʤɤȲ᤹뤳Ȥˤʤ롥βạ̈ͭʤΤȤΩĤˤϡA ˤäδްդɤ߼꤬ɬפǤꡤɤ߼äƤ B ŪǤȤɬפǤ롥ϻξԤǿ碌ΤǤϤʤޤǰۤλǤ뤫顤ϲäΰ̸§ȤƲꤹɬפ롤ȤȤˤʤ롥

Huang, Yan. Pragmatics. Oxford: OUP, 2007.

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2012-05-02 Wed

#1101. Zipf's law [information_theory][frequency][statistics][language_change][zipfs_law][shortening][pragmatics][zipfs_law]

##1089,1090,1091,1098 εǡ (information theory) ؤͿƤθˤĤơĤƤι׸ȤơǤ褯ΤƤΤ1Ĥˡꥫθؼ George Kingsley Zipf (1902--50) 1949ǯ Human Behaviour and the Principle of Least Effort: An Introduction to Human Ecology ˤ󾧤 Zipf's law åפˡ§ˤ롥٤ˤĤƤηиŪˡ§Ǥꡤ٤ f Ȥ٤ν̤ r Ȥȡ C ϤۤȤʤȤ

r f = C


ˡ§ϡ졤ƥȤμꡤԡ¾θŪѿˤ餺ΩĤȤ뤬ºݤˤ٤ǹ⤪Ӻθ췲ˤĤƤϸ礭Ȥ狼äƤꡤϹ⤯ʤȤȽ¿ޤr ٽ̡ˤʤ f ١ˤ˰¸Ƥꡤf r ΤϼǤ뤫顤ѤͤȤȤȤ϶ä٤ǤϤʤΥȡȥǤȤȽ롥иŪ¤˾Ȥ餷ˡ§ȤޤǤϤ鷺Ȥⷹ褯ɽ路ƤȤȤϤǤŪ˻Ŧյ礭
Zipf's law ȵڸ̤¿ˤ錄롥㤨Сˡ§ˤС٤ι⤤줫餽λ٤߷פƹԤŪθDZٸʬ뤳Ȥ顤ؽܸä˺ͿΤȤʤ롥ޤˡ§Ŭ礷ʤʬۤ򼨤äȤС¾üװͿƤǽȤʾθ٤ޤ˹⤹иäϼ岽ƤȿǤ뤷٤㤤Ϥθ줬٤ѤƤˤȯŪʿ¤äʬɤꤵˡ
Zipf's law ϡʹ֤ιưʤȤ礭ʸ§the Principle of Least Effort ʺǾϤθ§ˤΰǤꡤθؤαѤϡ嵭κǤ褯Τ줿٤ٽδطθΤߤʤ餺¾θƤˤڤǤ롥㤨С٤ȸĹȿδطˤ롤ȤΤ⤢롥ѸñǤ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ¡ʲʬĴˤĤƤ ##348,349,355 򻲾ȡˤ䡤٤⤯ʤƬʤɤΤ褦û̡ά뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ¤⡤θ롥ۤˤϡϰϤȤ°οδطɽ魯Ĵ񤷤Ǥ٤㤤Ȥ븶§ʤɡˡ§Ͽ¿ cooperative principle ʶĴθ§ˤˤ̤γΧ֡ʤξˤơɬפȤƤʤΡ˾ͿפȤͿ"effort" ʤɤ񤷤꤬ĤäƤꡤޤǾϤʹ֤ιưʤͣθ§ǤȤϹͤ뤳ȤǤʤΰ̤ĤΤȤƽפʳǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
ʤʸǤϡ嵭Τθ§ Zipf's law ȤƸڤ뤳Ȥꡤޤ Zipf's laws ʣǤޤȤ줿ꡤthe Principle of Least Effort 礵줿ꤹ뤳Ȥ⤢ΤդɬפǤ롥Zipf νɾȤƤ Chao 򻲾ȡŪˡ§ˤĤƤϡCrystal (86--87) 򻲾ȡ

Chao, Y. R. "Review of Human Behaviour and the Principle of Least Effort: An Introduction to Human Ecology by George Kingsley Zipf." Language 26 (1950): 394--401.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997.

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2012-03-21 Wed

#1059. ϽŻ뤫ְռŻؿܤƤ T/V distinction [pragmatics][personal_pronoun][honorific][t/v_distinction][solidarity]

Ѹ T/V distinction ˤĤơ#167. θ T/V distinction ([2009-10-11-1]) , #185. Ѹˤȥɥĸˤˤ T/V distinction ([2009-10-29-1]) , #1033. ܸηɸȥ衼åѽ T/V distinction ([2012-02-24-1]) ʤɤǰäƤҲ˸ŪΩ줫顤T/V distinction η򸫻Ҳ𤷤Brown and Gilman θȥåɥ (118--21) 󤵤ƤΤ򻲾Ȥ롥ʲϡȥåɥ (120) ȴФT/V distinction ̻ŪѲο޼Ǥ롥

SNSSNSSNSSNS
+P +PTTVVTVTV
-P -PTTTTTVTV
+P -PTTTTTTTV
-P +PTTVVVVTV


P power ʸϡˤS solidarity ְռˤNS no solidarity ְռʤˤ򡤤줾ɽ魯1ʳǤϡT/VΤ˸ŪʻȤʬϤʤ꤬ñʤTʣʤVȤñʹޤǤä˸ϤװΤ2ʳǤ롥ʳǤϡϤŪ˾夫T/VλȤʬꤵ롥ʬθϤ̵ͭϤɤǤ졤˸ϤVʤTȤǤ롥Ϥ˺Τ2ͤΤǤϡT¾VѤȤߴŪ (nonreciprocal) ʹޤȤʤ롥
3ʳǤϡϤװ˲äְռװ롥2ͤΤְռ뤫ʤȤT/VФȤȤϡɤʾǤξԤƱ̾ǸƤӹ礦ߴŪ (reciprocal) ιޤȤʤϤ2ʳθϤȤװⴰˤѤƤʤΤǡֻǼ2ˤ power solidarity 2ĤװХåƥ󥰤뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ǤϸŤϤװĤ롥Ǹ4ʳǤϡϤװ졤ҤȤְռװŻ뤵빽ޤȤʤ롥
ǹͤȡʼΤϤĤƤϸϤκȿǤƤ줾TVǸƤӹä (nonreciprocal) ְռδʰۤʤְ̤ռʤȤơˤ줾VǸƤӹ礦 (reciprocal) 褦ˤʤäƤ롥ҤȿƤ⤫ĤƤϼҲŪʾ岼طȿǤƤ줾VTǸƤӹä (nonreciprocal) ²ȤƤְռ餽줾TǸƤӹ礦 (reciprocal) ɰդμŪʼҲŪϤȤľǤϤʤŪʼҲŪְռȤʿؤȥեȤƤΤǤ롥
ȥåɥ (120) ϡ֤ۤȤɤΥ衼åѤθǤϺ丢Ϥְռװͥ褵褦ˤʡפäƤꡤְֺռΤ褦ʿʹִطꤹݤͭϤװȤʤäΤϡ餯̱ŪʿȤǥĹ褿ǤפȤƤ롥
(111--14, 207--08) ϡ power solidarity ؤνեȤϡܸηɸ̻ŪѲˤ⸫뷹ǤȻŦƤ롥

Brown, R. W. and A. Gilman. "The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity." Style in Language. Ed. Thomas A. Sebeok. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT P, 1960. 253--76.
P. ȥåɥ ظȼҲ١ȽŹ1975ǯ
ˡطɸ١ȽŹ1987ǯ

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2012-02-25 Sat

#1034. Ѹˤɰդ򼨤Ū [honorific][pragmatics][japanese][t/v_distinction]

ܸǷɸɽȯãƤ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤ뤬ȤǡѸˤϷɸɽʤȺФƤͤ⾯ʤʤε#1033. ܸηɸȥ衼åѽ T/V distinction ([2012-02-24-1]) κǸ˿줿̤ꡤɸɽΤܸ췿ܸ췿Ȥä̤ǧ뤫⤷ʤηɸɽ⤿ʤȤΤϹͤʤѤʹ֤ɤΤ˷ɰդȤ𤬤¤ꡤϸɽξˡƤϤˤ衤餫ηȿǤϤǤ롥ѸˤäȤƷɸɽ¸ߤ롥
ѸϡɸΤȤƤܸ췿ǤꡤַɸŪɽΤѸǤʤäƤƤʤषŪʸǤˡ˰¸뤫뤤ɽѤסp. 37) ȤפθǤ롥 (45--49) ϡˮʡرѸηɰɽ١罤ۡ1982ǯˤʬ򻲾Ȥʤ顤ѸˤηɸɽʤŬʤˤϡɰդ򼨤ŪʤȤ٤ˤ򼡤Τ褦˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥

(1) ŪɽѤŪǤ֤Ȥˤɰդ򼨤Please comment on that. ˡWould you comment on that?I wonder if you would care to comment on that. ȽҤ٤롤ʤɡʤϡcommunicative grammar ʤɤǶĴɰդʳǤ롥
(2) ŪɰɽǤäҤ٤ꤹΤˡŪǼκ󼨤ɽ뤳ȡʱѸǤܸ⡤μʤʤ뵡¿褦˻פ롥
(3) Ūɰɽο򻡤ɽѤ롥I'm sorry ... I'm afraid ... ʤɡ
(4) ŪɰɽѸǤŪɰդɽ魯ǤȤơºΤɾΤ[2010-07-11-1]ε#440. ˻ĤɾΤ youפ򻲾ȡˡۤˤϡMr. Smith and I ʤɡ1;֤̾ˡʤɤ⤳˴ޤޤ롥I'm sorry, Excuse me, I beg your pardon ʤɤμդꤳȤФ⤢롥
(5) θŪɰɽºɡλʡƱĤ֤ʤɡPlease accept my sincere congratulations on your marriage. ʤɡ
(6) θŪɰɽ븬ɽΤȤǡܸ٤ƾʤΤΡ뤳ȤϤ롥This is only my personal opinion, but ... You may be right, but I think you're mistaken. ʤɡ(5) (6) ζ̯Ǥ롥
(7) ĴŪɰɽΩʤɤĴ뤳ȤˤäƷɰդɽ魯㤨СΤȤˤĤơI am sure ... I can assure you ... ʤɤѤ롥
(8) ĴŪɰɽ(7) εդǡɽ뤳ȤϱѸˤ⤢롥You're mistaken. Ǥϥȥ졼ȤΤǡI think you're mistaken. I would think you're mistaken. I should have thought you're mistaken. ʤɤȼĴŪ˽Ҥ٤롥
(9) ľŪɰɽŪ˽ʡºɡޡապҤ٤ΡI wish to express my deep appreciation to Professor Smith for his kind invitation. ʤɡ
(10) Ūɰɽ޻նŪɽΡThis is a terrible man. ǤϤɤĤΤǡI'm afraid he is not a very nice person. ʤɤɽ롥뤤ϡWhat's your name? ľܤˡMay I have your name, please? ȿҤͤ롥

嵭ιܤ¿ߤ̩ܤ˴ؤäƤꡤʬबɤɤϤ狼ʤɰդɽ魯θʸˡäƤʤΤΡѸˤɰդ򼨤ŪʤϤäȽƤ뤳Ȥ褯狼롥(1) Ǽ褦̿ɽ⡤¤ΤȤܸ٤ƥꥨ˭٤ȤषܸǤϡ̤Ȥ˻Ѥ٤ɸɽμबٷޤäƤ뤿ˡĶꥨޤˤΤ⤷ʤؤơܸηɸɽηŪ뤤ϥޥ˥奢ŪǤɾ뤳ȤǤ
(a) ˷ɰդ򼨤ʤɤΤ餤ηŪäƤ뤫Ȥȡ(b) θѤƤɤΤ褦ʷɰդɤΤ餤ɽǤ뤫ȤϡƱǤϤʤδ顤ܸ줬ɸɽĹðۤʸǤȤˤ褯ʹɾʤΤɤƹͤʤɬפ롥(a) Ǥ顤̸ŪˤܸƱ餤䤽ʾ˷ɸηϤȯã줬뤳ȤΤ褦ˤʤäƤڹī졤٥ȥʥ졤٥åȸ졤ҥǥ졤٥󥬥졤ƤȤ櫓ηɸηϤʣΤƤ롥θФäƤ뤳ȼΤ϶̣

ˡطɸ١ȽŹ1987ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-02-26-1] [2012-02-26-1]

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2012-02-24 Fri

#1033. ܸηɸȥ衼åѽ T/V distinction [pragmatics][personal_pronoun][japanese][typology][honorific][t/v_distinction]

θˤɸʤǤϡ̣ǤΡǤѤɾǫɽؤˤʬ͡ˤʤƤ뤬ͥȥץˡˤ롤ɸмԷɸˤоʪɸǺɸˤ2ʬۤˤʬबpp. 34--36 ȡŵϡͥȥץˡJ. V. ηɸ---ɸܸΤΤǤϤʤ---סطɸֺ8ηɸ١ Ϻ ԡ񱡡1974ǯ) ϡܸΤ褯ȯãɸηϤ¾Ѹ졤ե󥹸졤ɥĸʤɤˤߤ T/V distinction ʤɤŪñʷɸηϡʼºݤλȤʬ̯ˤ̤Τˤ⡤٤ΩʬǤ롥

Classification of Honorific

ܸϡ֡ää (A)֡ä㤤ޤ (B)֡ޤ (C) ˤϤΤ줫⳰줿֡褿פޤơǺɸмԷɸΤȤȤ߹碌ǽǤ롥
㤨иե󥹸ǤϡTu es vené venu ʤޤ褿ˤ Vous êtes vené venu (ʤϤääˤȤäΩΤΡ T/V ΩϡʹФơмԡˡʹ꼫Ȥؤ2;ñ̾ǺˤѤˤʤVous Ǻɸ (A) ʤΤмԷɸ (C) ʤΤ뤤ξԤͤƤΤ (B) ȽȤʤȤ B ȤƤ⡤2;ñ̾˸¤ȤĤηɸɽˤʤ
ѸǤϡ#167. θ T/V distinction ([2009-10-11-1]) #185. Ѹˤȥɥĸˤˤ T/V distinction ([2009-10-29-1]) Ǹ褦ˡѸʹߡT/V distinction 鼺äƤꡤߤǤϤοޤ˴Ϳ餷ʤ[2010-07-11-1]ε#440. ˻ĤɾΤ youפǵ󤲤褦 Your Majesty Τ褦ʾιϷɸɽȤƻĤäƤ롥3;ñȤ Her Majesty ʤɤȤΤǡ A B °ǺɸΰȤ
ʤθϤȡA C Τ줫ηɸ쥿פ⤿ʤϤۤȤɤʤȤ
ͥȥץˡʬ夨ơ (37) ϡַɸŪɽΤΡ¿ѤθǤ⤽줬ϤäꤷȿäƤܸ췿θȡַɸŪɽΤѸǤʤäƤƤʤषŪʸǤˡ˰¸뤫뤤ɽѤܸ췿θȤ̤뤳ȤƤƤ롥
̸Ūʷɸǥ˾Ȥ餹ȡܸȱѸ줬ŪǤ뤳ȤϳΤ

ˡطɸ١ȽŹ1987ǯ

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2012-01-25 Wed

#1003. Chaucer ü this ˡ2 [demonstrative][pragmatics][chaucer][deixis]

ε#1002. this ؼƻȤƤˡ ([2012-01-24-1]) ˴Ϣơthis ɤߤҤȤĤȤäƤȤ´ܸΡ֤ɡפ⤽deixis δͿθϼ¤ʣ
ؼƻȤƤ this ˤϡѸǤ͡ˡ롥ѸȤʤСŪʴްդϡޤޤľŪˤϤȤ館ˤʤ뤷⤽ްդ뤳Ȥ˵դȤ񤷤ϡHorobin (94--96) ꡤChaucer ˸Ū˶̣ this ˡ2ΤƤߤ
ܤϡʪ̾̾Ԥ this ѤǡΡΡפۤɤΰդɽ路ǽȤƤ괧˶ᤤMustanoja (174) ˤС괧˶ᤤ this ˡϸűѸ줫鸫Τǡ"mainly a feature of vivid, colloquial, and often chatty style" Ȥ Chaucer Gower Ǥ褯ȤƤʸŪǤȤ this üˡ٤ˡΤˡ쿧ζ The Miller's Tale ǡ"This Absolon", "This parissh clerk, this amorous Absolon", "this joly lovere Absolon" ʤɡоʪ̾źƻȤ㤬ΩġۤˤϡThe Knight's Tale ǡ2ͤε Palamon Arcite ̤ᤴȤ˸ߤ˷֤ʬǤϡƬ "This Palamon", "This Arcite" ʤɤ this ź뤳Ȥǡ᤬ɤεΤˤĤƤ̤ʤΤþ䤬ǧ롥ξˤ⡤this ñ (definiteness) ɽ魯εǽˤȤɤޤ餺ɲŪþôäƤ롥
ܤȤơüԤ "a contemptuous or patronizing attitude" (Horobin 96) ްդȤ this ˡ롥ʲϡǤ Franklin ͸ Dorigen פαòᤷ㤷ɾơֽȤΤϡפȡθ򤸤˽Ҥ٤ƤսǤ롥

For his absence wepeth she and siketh,
As doon this noble wyves whan hem liketh. (F817--18)


ȤơƱ The Franklin's Tale ꡥ

'Go we thanne soupe,' quod he, 'as for the beste.
Thise amorous folk somtyme moote han hir reste.' (F1217--18)


⡤äоݤȤοŪΥ̤ᡤȶ˰ĤƤƤ顤ͤʷΤˤȤξǡthis ̤Ū˻ȤƤΤˤʤȤ
Chaucer ξ嵭2ˡȡ夲Ѹ this ˡȤδϢüԤοŪʰĤȤǤȤĤʤꤽ̣ǡthis deictic ƯϡѸϢʤȼѤƤȤ

Horobin, Simon. Chaucer's Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. (esp. pp. 105--07.)
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2012-01-24 Tue

#1002. this ؼƻȤƤˡ [demonstrative][pragmatics][deixis]

this ˡˤĤƤμ䤬󤻤줿NHK饸ֺ¤ǡTetsu Joyce μβä줿ȤֻϰѼԡˡ

T: You're grinning from ear to ear, Joyce.
J: Tetsu, things are looking up!
T: Really? What's going on?
J: Remember that guy I was telling you about?
T: The new guy who works in your office?
J: Yes! He asked me out to dinner!
T: Excellent! Where's he taking you?
J: We're going to this unique hamburger joint.
T: But aren't you a pescetarian?
J: Not anymore!


8ܤ Joyce ȯäˤ this ǤǤ롥Ǥʸ̮ͤƤ⡤ϥСŹ϶դˤʤ褦ޤĤƤ2ͤԤäȤŹǤȤͻҤǤʤޤΥåȤ1ɤڤǡβȤδϢʤ
餤С this ϡJoyce ǰƬˤΡ֤ϥСפ̲ŪΥᤤΤȤƤȤ館Ƥ뤿ȯ줿 this ʹ Tetsu ˤȤäƤϡŪˤɤŹؤƤΤϤ狼ʤϤǤ롥괧 a 䡤äȤ a certain ˶ᤤˡüԤ̲λ¤ĴƤǡ롥ʤμݤɤߤǴְ㤤ʤȤϡѸüԤƱν˳ǧä
ˡϡ̾ˤ⵭ܤƤꡤϤʤܸüԤˤϴФĤߤˤƳؽԱѱѼεܤȤȤ٤Ƥߤ褦

OALD8:
6 (informal) used when you are telling a story or telling sb about sth
There was this strange man sitting next to me on the plane.
I've been getting these pains in my chest.

LDOCE5:
(SPOKEN PHRASES)
6. used in stories, jokes etc when you mention a person or thing for the first time:
I met this really weird guy last night.
Suddenly, there was this tremendous bang.

LAAD2:
4. spoken used in conversation to mean a particular person or thing, especially when you do not know their name:
Then this girl came up and kissed him on the lips.
When am I going to meet this boyfriend of yours?

Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners, 2nd ed.:
9 used for referring to a particular person or thing SPOKEN used in a story or a joke when you mention a person or thing without giving a name
There was this big guy standing in the doorway.

MWALED:
5 --- used to introduce someone or something that has not been mentioned yet
<We both had this sudden urge to go shopping.>
?This sense of this is often used to produce excitement when telling a story.
<I was walking down the street when this dog starts chasing me. [=when a dog started chasing me]>
<Then these two guys come/came in and start asking her questions.>


Ǹ MWALED εҤۤǫŪ˸뤳ȤϡΤʸ̮ǡɽ߽Фˡ this ȤƤ褦ʪ̡סֶŪ̾ϵ󤲤ˡסֶʳơפȤǤФȤǤ뤬ϡäΤ褯ΤäƤ̲ƤˤȤʹˤȾᤤޤޤ󼨤Ȥ̤߽ФƤ롥ʾꡤ̡ˡäΰŪ̲ˡȸƤǤ̤αѱѼεҤ⻲ͤޤǤ˵󤲤Ƥ

Web3:
1. f : being one not previously mentioned <I was waiting for the bus and this old man came along and asked me for a dime> <gave me a light from this big lighter off the table---J. D. Salinger>

American Heritage, 4th ed.
4. Informal Used as an emphatic substitute for the indefinite article: looking for this book of recipes.

SOED:
B. 1. d (In narrative) designating a person or thing not previously mentioned or implied, a certain. colloq. E20.


Ǹ SOED εҤˤȡ20θˡȤȤˤʤꡤʤ꿷⤦ˤĴ٤褦ȡOED ƤߤȡII. Demonstrative Adjective. 1. d. θ SOED ΤΤ˶᤽̩бƤ櫓ǤϤʤäơŪʾܺ٤ΤޤޤѸޤ̤ꤦ뤫ɤȻפMED "this" (adj.) 򻲾ȤбϤʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2012-01-26-1] [2012-01-25-1]

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2012-01-02 Mon

#980. ethical dative [dative][pragmatics]

ŪͿʤˡ1Ĥˡethical dative ȸƤФԻ׵Ĥˡ롥ֿŪͿʡפ뤳Ȥ¿褦ٹ (125) ϡִͿʡפƤꡤԤΤۤѸȤƤäȤ狼䤹 "for me" ۤɤΰ̣ź dative of interest ͿʡˤȯŸΤפﳲȤްդϤʤäƤꡤФǤФʤɸѸǤϤܻۤѤäȤäƤ褤ˡ夫򸫤Ƥߤ褦

He would sweep me these rascals. बͤɤɤʧäƤ
I say, knock me at the gate. (Shakespeare)ʤ򤿤
As I was smoking a musty room, comes me the prince and Claudio, hand in hand . . . (Shakespeare) ʻ䤬͡ӽ򤤤֤ƤޤɤǤ礦ͤȥǥȤ˼äƤǤˤʤޤ


Ǥ me ׼ԤǤȤĥषüԤ۾ʴФƤ뤳ȤżƤ롥ʹդϲ̤Ƥ褦顤ethical dative ʸˡŪǽȤϽṲ̄ΤѤƤȤäƺ٤ʤ3Ϻٹ (126) ˤΤò佪֤͡פˤäб̤Ф褦忴Ƥꡤethical dative Υ᥿ʵǽȤνṲܸ̄촶ФȤäƤ롥
Ѹ줫ˤĤƤϡMustanoja (99--100) 󤲤Ƥ롥

Another shade in the use of dative of interest is seen in what is customarily called the ethical dative. This occurs only in the first and second persons: --- ilc prince me take his wond (Gen. & Ex. 3821); --- so wiste I me non other red (Gower CA i 108); --- þay fel on hym alle and woried me þis wyly wyth a wroth noyse (Gaw. & GK 1905).


νˤƱͿʤˡ롥ٹ (126) žܤ褦

ꥷ: Greek letters (= What am I to learn for thee?); ƥ: Quid mihi Celsus agit? (= How is Celsus me getting on?); ڥ: Me han muerto à mi hijo (= They have killed me my son); ե󥹸: Que me faîtes-vous là? (= What are you going [sic] me there?); ɥĸ: Sieh mir nicht so finster aus (= Don't look me so sullen).


ɤ ethical dative ϸ˹븽ݤΤ褦ǤꡤŪΩ줫ͻäȤ⤷ŤѸǤѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ褦ѸˤƤܴۤ˼ƤäطʤⵤˤʤȤǤ롥

ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-08-1] [2015-05-12-1]

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2011-03-01 Tue

#673. Burnley's you and thou [personal_pronoun][pragmatics][honorific]

Ѹˤˤ ye thou λȤʬȡ˴Ϣ2;̾ϡ[2009-10-11-1], [2009-10-29-1], [2010-02-12-1], [2010-03-26-1], [2010-07-11-1], [2010-10-08-1]εǰäƤ
űѸǤϡ[2009-10-24-1]ο;̾ɽ˸褦ˡþū 2;ñȝē 2;ʣȤ褦ˡ ( number ) Ȥʸˡƥ꡼ˤäƻȤʬΤ˶̤ƤѸˤʤξԤλȤʬϿˤäƶ̤ ([2009-10-25-1]) ΤȤ̤ˡ͡ʸŪŪǤδؿȤƷޤäƤ褦ˤʤä
Ǥϡ㤨 Chaucer αѸ˼ȡye thou λȤʬ̤ǤˤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤäΤơơɤ٤νŤߤäƻȤʬζ̤˴ͿƤΤ Chaucer 桤Ѹ˸ˤǯǤ뤬ϽФƤʤȤäƤ褤ܸηɸηϤˤޤĤȤС񤷤Ǥ뤫⤷ʤ
ŪƤϤʤƤƤ롥ʲˡBurnley (21) Υե㡼Ȥ򡤾ѤǼ

Flowchart: ye or thou?

鱦ˤƤ "addressee familiar", "non-intimate", "age +", "status +" ʬˤĤƤϡäˤιܤǤʤоƻڤ򤿤ɤꡤǫ YE ˶ŤΤ§Ǥ롥ޤYE THOU ˤϤޤ줿Ƽ "SWITCHING" ϡǽŪˤϴ١ʸΤȤäǤˤʤȤȤɽ路Ƥ롥㤨 "affective switching" ˤСye λѤ detachment, distancing, formality, objectivity, rejection, repudiation ʤɤȷӤĤ졤thou λѤ intimacy, solidarity, engagement, rapprochement, joking, patronising, cajolery, conspiracy ʤɤȷӤĤ ( Burnley 21 )

Burnley, David. The Language of Chaucer. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1983.

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2010-10-24 Sun

#545. ˸ [pragmatics][historical_pragmatics]

˸ ( historical pragmatics ) 1990ǯȾФ˶äȤ᤯ؤγغŪΰǤ롥˸ءϤΤȡѥءʬϡʸؤȤڤΥʤ2000ǯˤ Journal of Historical Pragmatics δԤϤ졤Ĵ˸椬Ѥ߽ŤͤƤƤ롥
˸ϡTaavitsainen and Fitzmaurice ˤСʲ̤Ǥ롥

A provisional and fairly neutral definition of historical pragmatics could be that historical pragmatics focuses on language use in past contexts and examines how meaning is made. It is an empirical branch of linguistic study, with focus on authentic language use in the past. (13)


˸ ( historical linguistics ) ȸνв񤤤ϡξԤȯŸɬŪʵǤ롥˸ؤϡѲͳ䤦ʤǸ variation ν˵դƤvariation ϼºݤθѤλΤʤ˴ѻΤǤ뤫顤иŪʸ桤ǯǤϥѥŪ椬ήȤʤäƤƤ롥ǡ ( pragmatics ) ϡäդȤ괬ƥ ( context ) ηиŪʴѻŻ뤷ƤʬȯŸȤȤ˥ƥȤϰϤäդΤ줫餫񤭸դΤؤȹƤϰϤϤĤŪʽ񤭸դؤ⹭ꡤ˷иŪˡǰפ˸ؤȸνв񤤤̤뤳ȤȤʤä

Taavitsainen, Irma and Susan Fitzmaurice. "Historical Pragmatics: What It Is and How to Do It." Methods in Historical Pragmatics. Ed. Susan Fitzmaurice and Irma Taavitsainen. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2007. 11--36.

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2010-10-21 Thu

#542. ʸءءʸ [philology][pragmatics][linguistics][literature]

ʸ ( literature ) ȸ ( linguistics ) ΤεΥƤȤȤϡǤ˸褦ˤʤäƵפޤʸ ( philology ) 20ȾषƤƤ뤳Ȥ⡤ʹ롥2ϡŪˤѸΰ˸¤äƤǧΤǤϤʤξԤϸߤ˿طƤ롥
Fitzmaurice (267--70) ξʷ˵ƤΤǡޤȤƤ

(1) 20ȾꡤؤʸإƥȤԼʸդȤ򤱤褦ˤʤä
(2) ʸؤŪˡɵ椷դΤΤؤδؿΥ뷹ˤä㤨иߤαʸؤμή˿˼ ( new historicism ) 뤬δäϱѸˤθˤȤϿؤȯŸˤ롥
(3) ؤϡäͤŻ뤹ǿʤǤ
(4) ʸؤϡͤäŻ뤹ǿʤǤ

Τ褦ʸؤȸؤξ˲ƻǤȤϡδ֤˰֤ŤʸؤοˤĤʤäƤ롥ʸؤȸؤˡХ󥹤褯줿ʸŪʸȤΤĤܻؤ٤ۤʤΤ줬񤷤ʤäƤƤ롥äȤ⡤10ǯ餤Ͼ嵭ǧƽǴäɽ褦ˤʤꡤʸؤȸؤŤʸؤ˿©᤭褦ʿʻߤлϤƤƤ롥ǯ˸ ( historical pragmatics ) 夬⡤οʻߤΰĤθȹͤ

Fitzmaurice, James. "Historical Linguistics, Literary Interpretation, and the Romances of Margaret Cavendish." Methods in Historical Pragmatics. Ed. Susan Fitzmaurice and Irma Taavitsainen. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2007. 267--84.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-22-1]

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2010-07-11 Sun

#440. ˻ĤɾΤ you [honorific][personal_pronoun][pragmatics][title][address_term]

Ѹ;ñ̾줬ƾΤ thou ȷɾΤ you ǸŪ˻ȤʬƤȤˤĤơϢ٤äƤ ([2009-10-11-1], [2009-10-29-1], [2010-02-12-1], [2010-03-26-1]) ζ̤1660ǯ餤ޤǤˤܾۤüyou ̲ߡĤƤοƾ thou ѤɽϡʸΤǤΤ߸벽ŪɽȹͤƤ褤ǤϡĤƤηɾ you βŪɽϲ餫ηǸѸ˻ĤäƤ
ŪǤϤʤ⤷ʤ̤οͤؤθƤӤ you ˡʲΤ褦ɽʹ롥ʸǻϤ졤ưϻ;ñǸƱ롥̾ you ȤƼ뤳Ȥ⤢Сhe she ȤƼ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤӤƤʤ

Your Majesty Ųסʷ
Your Excellency ֳղסȡλġʶʶʤɡ
Your Grace ֳղɲסʸߡʶʤɡ
Your Highness ²סʹ²
Your Lordship ֳղסʸߤΤ²綵Ƚʤɡ
Your Honour ֳղסȽʤɡ
Your Worship ֳղסʼȽĹʤɡ

Your ϤĤƤηɾΤ you νͭʤǤ뤳Ȥ餫Ǥ ( Svartvik and Leech, p. 211) Your Majesty εϥƥ vestra maiestas ̤ꡤޥ󥹽䥲ޥ˹äѸǤ15鸫뤬夷Τ17Ǥ롥

Svartvik, Jan and Geoffrey Leech. English: One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.

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2010-05-10 Mon

#378. ϸδܹ礫ݤ [pragmatics][linguistic_underdeterminacy][linguistics][history_of_linguistics][2022_summer_schooling_english_linguistics]

ε[2010-05-09-1]ǡδܹ ( the core components ) Ȥơء̣5ʬ󤲤 ( pragmatics ) ϤΥꥹȤγ˰֤Ťˤϵ;Ϥ뤫⤷ʤؤˤΰ֤ŤˤĤƤϡ the core components ΰĤȤƴޤ뤫ݤǰۤʤΩ줬롥

( phonetics )
( phonology )
( morphology )
( syntax )
̣ ( semantics )
( pragmatics )

Huang (4-5) ϡ5ʬƱ˴ܹΰĤȤǧͤ "the (Anglo-American) component view" ȸƤǤ롥Фơ ( component ) Ȥ ( perspective ) ǤꡤȤϰۼΤΤǤȤͤ "the (European Continental) perspective view" ȸƤǤ롥ιͤΰ㤤ϸȤʬȯãƤʣŪκۤˤΤǤ롥 "the component view" ѤƤ Huang θʬΰĤȤơˤ linguistic underdeterminacy Ȥ뤳Ȥ󤲤Ƥ (5-6)
linguistic underdeterminacy thesis ϡʸΰ̣Ȥ줬ºݤãƤȤδ֤ˤ礭ʥåפ뤳ȤȤƤ롥㤨СαʸϤʸդǤȤƤ⡤ʸ̮ʤ¤ãƤ¿ŪǤ롥

(1) You and you, but not you, stand up!
(2a) The authorities barred the anti-globalization demostrators because they advocated violence.
(2b) The authorities barred the anti-globalization demostrators because they feared violence.
(3a) John is looking for his glasses. ʡִפΰա
(3b) John is looking for his glasses. ʡ֥饹פΰա
(4a) They are cooking apples. ʡ֥󥴤Ƥפΰա
(4a) They are cooking apples. ʡѤΥ󥴡פΰա


(1) ʪŪʸ̮ͿƤʤ¤ꡤ̾ you λؼоݤİ뤳ȤǤʤϡμפǤľ ( deixis ) Ǥ롥(2) Ǥϡthey ïؤΤɤ߼ˤϡطʤȤʤΤäƤʤФʤʤ(3) ϸä¿(4) ¿˴ŤΤǤ롥򤹤ˤϡʸ̮μȤäŪǤʤФʤʤlinguistic underdeterminacy thesis ФƸܹ˴ޤ뤳ȤȤ Huang μݤϡʸΰ̣Ȥ줬ºݤãƤȤδ֤ˤ礭ʥåפꡤ뵡εҤʤʤиϴʤơε򵭽ҤΤۤʤ̸ǤפȤȤˤʤ

Huang, Yan. Pragmatics. Oxford: OUP, 2007.

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2010-02-14 Sun

#293. ٤¬뤫 [pragmatics][rp][pde_characteristic][language_equality]

[2009-09-27-1]εǡĹûŪƱꤹ뤳Ȥ񤷤ˤĤƿ줿볰٤ϡؽԤǤ˳ƤȤӤˤƤٷޤ롤ȤȤϷи餤äƤ⹭줽νˤŪ٤ȤΤϸŪ¬뤳ȤǤΤ
Andersson ˤȡϡʸˡ ( grammar ) ( vocabulary ) ( rules of usage ) ̤˹ͤɬפȤǤʸˡȤϡǤʤޤ๭ΤȤؤ줾礬¬ˤɤΤ褦˹׸뤫뤤ϤʤAndersson ˴Ť󤹤롥


ɤθǤ⡤ˤäȤ֤ΤΤϸäǤ롥ǤäƤ⡤ǤΤ٤Ƥθä뤳ȤԲǽǤ롥ŪˡäξʤΤۤä¿꺤ǤȤäʤФʣʳǰɽ뤳Ȥ񤷤ʤȤߥ˥̤꤬뤿ˡäδΤߤ٤¬ȤȤϤǤˤʤ

ʸˡ
ˤĤƤϡ̤벻ǤοʤۤɰפȤ롥5첻ƥɸܸ20첻ƥıѸ RP (see [2010-01-20-1]) ȤǤϡԤۤϰפ
֡ˤĤƤϡŪŪʸ ( synthetic language ) ʬŪʸ ( analytic language ) ΤۤפȤ롥ǡʤȤäʸˡ󤬶޸ޤ줿űѸ̾ȡǤʤѸηȤǤϡԤΤۤפ


̤ˡɸλѤʤɤɽŪʵ§ʤоʤۤɸϰפȤ롥Ҳطɸ뵡ǽϤɤθˤޤƤꡤε§μ̤Ƚꤹ뤳Ȥ񤷤ǤϡEsperanto ʤɤο͹ϡ§ߤʤΤǡפȤ뤫⤷ʤ

ȤƼΤ褦ˤνˤŪ٤̤ˤ¬ǽ⤷ʤ줾Ϳ줿٤ΤΤʤǤɤΥȤƤ뤫뤳Ȥ񤷤ηƧޤǡѸħ ( see pde_characteristic ) ƸľƤߤ

Andersson, Lars-Gunnar. "Some Languages are Harder than Others." Language Myths. Ed. Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill. London: Penguin, 1998. 50--57.

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2010-02-12 Fri

#291. ;̾ thou ξüưؤαƶ [pragmatics][personal_pronoun][conjugation][paradigm][deixis][t/v_distinction]

ѸˤǤϡ;̾η֤ȵǽϤ褯ꤢơޤΰĤǤ롥űѸǤ þū ȝē Ϥ줾;Τñʣɽñ˿ƥ꡼˴Ť̤ʤƤʶɽ[2009-10-24-1]ˡ
Ѹˤʤȡthou ye ϡűѸ줫οƥ꡼δ˲ä[2009-10-29-1][2009-10-11-1]ǿ줿褦ˡƾΡɾΤζ̤θ褦ˤʤäʶɽ[2009-10-25-1]ˡT/V distinction ȸƤФ롤ǤȤμҲŪľ ( social deixis ) εǽñʣζ̤Τʤ֤äƤȤˤʤ롥
Ѹˤϡthou Ȥʤ T/V distinction ä줿Ʊ˸űѸñʣζ̤äƤޤ̤;̾ȤƤ you Ĥäʶɽ[2009-11-09-1]ˡ
Ѹ T/V distinction 䤽ΩäβʤɤϡŪʴؿѸˤǤ褯ꤢ뤬ФиȤƤΤ thou ξüˤäơñ㲽ظäƤưζηϤñ㲽ȤǤ롥thou äѸưޤߤƤߤ褦ѲưɽȤ binde(n)ѲưɽȤ loue(n) ζɽǤ롥

ME Verb Conjugation

ѸʳǤϡ;Τˤ޸μϸ߷ -e(n), -est, -eth 3̤꤬äǤűѸ٤ñ㲽Ƥ롥ˤäƤϤ˼बʤ¾塤Ѳ;ñ -est ¾ȶ̤ΤߤǤ롥Ѹȡ-e(n) üΤǡưޤñ㲽ϤäʤळȤˤʤä
ơѸˤ⤦ĤᲡä줿˽Ҥ٤褦ˡŪʸˤ thou üȡthou б;ñζ޸ -est ϸ뵡񤬤ʤʤꡤѤƤä̤Ȥơ;ñ -eth ʸ -s ִˤΤߤĤꡤߤ˻äƤ롥
thou ξüѸζ޿ή˰첡äȤϳФƤ
ѸưޤˤĤƤϡʲΥȤ⻲ȡ

Horobin, Simon and Jeremy Smith. An Introduction to Middle English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002. 115--16.
Middle English Verb Morphology
ME Strong Verbs
ME Weak Verbs

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2009-10-29 Thu

#185. Ѹˤȥɥĸˤˤ T/V distinction [pragmatics][personal_pronoun][typology][german][taboo][t/v_distinction]

[2009-10-11-1]θˤ T/V distinction ෿ñ˾Ҳ𤷤
ѸǤϡѸ thou ʿƾΡˤ you ʷɾΡˤˤȤμҲŪطɸʤ¸ߤ you ˰ܲƤ϶̤ʤʤʤäƤ롥thou Ǥʤ you ˰ܲȤȤϡȤεΥ礭ɤڤäȤȤˤʤ
ӤƤ⤷Τϡɥĸ T/V distinction ̻ŪǤ롥ɥĸǤϡ;οƾ̾ du;ηɾ̾ Sie Ȥƶ̤Ƥ뤬ĤƤϤǤϤʤäȤǽ;ηɾ̾Ȥ;ʣ Ihr žѤƤ餷ĤޤꡤѸŪ;ʣǤä you ɾΤȤžѤΤƱäȤˤʤ롥
Ȥ˻;ñ Er ;ηɾ̾ȤƻȤ褦ˤʤäơ˻;ʣ Sie ô褦ˤʤꡤߤ˻äƤ롥ѸǤȤС;ηɾ̾줬 you he they ƤȤȤˤʤ롥ɥĸǤϡ;ηɾ̾ɽ֤ѲƤεǽϼ鷺ݤäƤȤȤˤʤ
嵭Τ褦ˡѸȥɥĸȤǤϡ;ηɾ̾˴ؤưۤʤˤǤ櫓T/V distinction ȤŪǽϡθǤ⡤ɤ鰷Ť餤ΤΤ褦;ñʡˤ̾ؤϡܸʤ餺Ȥ⡤ϤФȤΤʤΤ
ɥĸǡIhr ʣˤäơ֤ʤפŪ˻ؤƤϤȤ³뤦ˤδޤꡤɤľŪ˻ؤƤΤƱ餤̤ǺƤӿŪǫʡ֤ʤפȤ Er ȤФ⤽Τ˼깤Ĥơľ褦ˤʤ롥ǡ Sie äƤ롦ϡַɰˡ§פȸƤФ뤬ĴҤǤȡʱ˿줬ƤǤ֤ȤȤ򷫤֤ȤˤʤꤽѸǤϡزǤڤäơ޺ѤζϤãȤȤˤʤΤ⤷ʤ
ʸŪˤϡֿͤƤ֡סʡ̾ؤˤϡ˿פΤƱͤΥ֡ͭƤȤ졤¿θʸǷŪƾΤȯãƤȤ[2009-10-11-1]ηǧ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤬޺ѤζϤãѸȡǺ³Ƥܸޤ᤿¿θȤǤϡƾΤФʸκϼ¤礭ΤʤȲƴ롥

챺 ָ͡ƾΤΥݥ饤ȥͥסط3812桤2009ǯ32--39ǡ

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2009-10-11 Sun

#167. θ T/V distinction [pragmatics][personal_pronoun][japanese][typology][deixis][t/v_distinction]

ܸ˸ƤӤؼΤѤŬڤ;ñ̾줬礱Ƥ뤳Ȥϡ¿ܸüԤռˤ褷ʤˤ衤ŪθƤ뤳ȤǤ롥֤ʤפǤϤ褽褽ַפǤϤäݤ֤ޤפǤϳѤΩġ֤פ֤פɤդ路ʤܸüԤϡȽǤ񤷤ȤڤȤȤ򷫤֤Ƥ롥¿ξˤȤάϡ;ñ̾ȤʤǤޤ롤ȤƨμǤ롥Ѹϡyou ǤȤ­롥ʤΤǡ˴ؤ¤ꡤܸüԤˤȤäƱѸϳڤʡʤȴ롥
ѸѸˤΤܤȡ;ñ̾줬äʬ겼̡Ʊ̤μԤФѤ thou ȡʬ̤μԤФѤ you Ǥ롥äȤΤܤäƸűѸǤϡξԤλȤʬñ˿ǤꡤԤ;ñʤʤ͡ˡԤ;ʣʤʤʣˤؤѸˤʤäơ;̾ˤäʹμҲŪľ ( social deixis ) ξޤ뤳Ȥˤʤäθ塤ѸǤ thou ۤܤʤʤäƤޤҲŪľΩä졤Ѹ˻äƤ롥
Ѹλˤä thou you ҲŪľΩϡ¿Υ衼åѸ˸졤ե󥹸 tu / vous 㤫顤̤ T/V distinction ȸƤФ롥T ̡V ̤;̾ؤ
ơ;ɽˤܸȸѸκϡθ෿ͤƤ⡤Τ礭褦Ǥ롥Helmbrecht ˤȡθ;ñ̾μҲŪľδ礭4פʬ롥

(1) ѸΤ褦 T/V distinction Τʤ
(2) ե󥹸ѸΤ褦 T/V distinction ʬˡĸ
(3) ҥǥΤ褦 T V δ֤ʣʳǧ¿ʬˡĸ
(4) ܸΤ褦ʡ;ñ̾λѤǤ򤱤褦Ȥ

(1)?(3) social deixis ζ̤Ƥ٤Ȥ٤(4) (3) Τ褦¿ʬˡΥ꥽äƤˤ⤫餺ζ̤Ѥʤ褦ˤȤĶŪʥƥ꡼Ǥ롥෿ŪˤߤƤ⡤Ѹܸκ礭Ȥ롥

Huang, Yan. Pragmatics. Oxford: OUP, 2007. 166--68.
Helmbrecht, Johannes. "Politeness Distinctions in Second Person Pronouns." Deictic Conceptualisation of Space, Time and Person. Ed. Friedrich Lenz. 2003. 185--221.

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