ɸˤĤơHughes (42) ϡFrederic T. Wood (An Outline History of the English Language. London: Heinemann, 1959. p.47) ȤơͤƤ롥ʲ˥ղƼ
King James Bible (1611) (94%): ********************************************************************************
Shakespeare (1564--1616) (90%): ****************************************************************************
Spenser (c1552--99) (86%): *************************************************************************
Milton (1608--74) (81%): ********************************************************************
Addison (1672--1719) (82%): *********************************************************************
Swift (1667--1745) (75%): ***************************************************************
Pope (1688--1744) (80%): ********************************************************************
Johnson (1709--84) (72%): *************************************************************
Hume (1711--76) (73%): **************************************************************
Gibbon (1737--94) (70%): ***********************************************************
Macaulay (1881--1958) (75%): ***************************************************************
Tennyson (1850--92) (77%): *****************************************************************
| ¸ | ̡ʰۤʤ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ս8Ⱦ | 99.6% | 0.3% | 0.1% | 6,505 |
| ݼʪ9?10 | 91.7% | 6.7% | 1.6% | 1,311 |
| ʪ10?椴 | 93.8% | 5.3% | 1.0% | 1,692 |
| ź905ǯ | 99.9% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 1,994 |
| ں935ǯ | 94.1% | 4.5% | 1.4% | 984 |
| ҡ1001ǯ | 84.1% | 12.2% | 3.6% | 5,247 |
| ʪ11 | 87.1% | 8.8% | 4.0% | 11,423 |
| 12ᤴ | 67.6% | 27.6% | 4.8% | 4,819 |
| 浭1212ǯ | 78.0% | 20.1% | 1.8% | 1,148 |
| 1331ǯ | 68.6% | 28.1% | 3.3% | 4,242 |
ս8Ⱦ (99%): *******************************************************************************
ݼʪ9?10 (91%): *************************************************************************
ʪ10?椴 (93%): ***************************************************************************
ź905ǯ (99%): ********************************************************************************
ں935ǯ (94%): ***************************************************************************
ҡ1001ǯ (84%): *******************************************************************
ʪ11 (87%): *********************************************************************
12ᤴ (67%): ******************************************************
浭1212ǯ (78%): **************************************************************
1331ǯ (68%): ******************************************************
shortening ûˤȤϡˤƽפˤˤߤˡ1ĤǤ롥ѸˤǤߤƤ⡤Ȥ櫓Ѹ shortening ˤʤäƤƤ뤳Ȥϡ#875. Bauer ˤ븽ѸοΥΤޤȤ ([2011-09-19-1]) dzǧϢơ#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1])#894. shortening ʬ (2) ([2011-10-08-1]) Ǥûˤ͡ʼब뤳Ȥǧ#1091. ;١ѡ ([2012-04-22-1])#1101. Zipf's law ([2012-05-02-1])#1102. Zipf's law ȸοա ([2012-05-03-1]) ǤϾãθΨȤûͻ
嵭Τ褦ˡûϼȤƷȤơ뤤ϾȤδϢǸΤ̤Stern ϵǽỤ̄ŪʴûβܤƤ롥Stern ϡ#1873. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ ([2014-06-13-1]) Ǽ褦ˡụ̂ѲʬΤʤ˴ޤƤ롥٤Ƥụ̂Ѳȼ櫓ǤϤʤ⤷ʤ㤨 private soldier ʼ´ˤ private ûȤ¸θʷƻˤǤ private Ͽʡ̾Ρ˸Ȥˤʤꡤδߤа̣ѲȤˤʤ롥
private soldier Τ褦ˡṳ̂θ¸θƱȤʤ뤿˰̣ѲȤȤ̤ˡrhinoceros rhino, advertisement ad ʤɤ clipping ڳˤΤ褦ˡ̤θùܤȤʤ륱롥Ǥΰ̣ǤΡְ̣ѲפϤʤ̣Ū˸٤ΤϤʤ褦ˤפ뤬rhinoceros rhino ΰ̣κadvertisement ad ΰ̣κ⤷ȤСûϰ̣ŪʴްդȤȤˤʤ롥
Stern (256) ϡûŪʲǤȤȤˡǽŪʴפʲǤȤߤƤ롥ºݡûθΤʤǺǽפΤΤϡǽŪװǤȤޤǽҤ٤Ƥ롥Stern (256) μĥѤ롥
Starting with the communicative and symbolic functions, I have already pointed out above . . . that brevity may conduce to a better understanding, and too many words confuse the point at issue; the picking out of a few salient items may give a better idea of the topic than prolonged wallowing in details; the hearer may understand the shortened expression quicker and better.
The expressive function is partly covered by signals, but a shortened expression by itself may, owing to its unusual and perhaps ungrammatical, form, reflect better the speaker's emotional state and make the hearer aware of it. Clippings are very often intended to make the words express sympathy or endearment towards the persons addressed; nursery speech abounds in nighties, tootsies, etc., and clippings of proper names, transforming them into pet names, are often due to a similar desire for emotive effects . . . . The numerous shortenings (clippings) in slang and cant often aim at a humourous effect.
Conciseness and brevity increase vivacity, and thus also the effectiveness of speech; brevity is the soul of wit; the purposive function may consequently be better served by shortened phrases.
ΤеŪʴûߤˤȤɤޤ餺ѤŪɽϡʸΤȤäǽŪ¦̤ûȤ館ƶϡStern ǡȤǤ롥֤û뤳ȤǤषǽղä⤬̣
ѤʸϤǸڤƤնɽ nighties ȴϢơ#908. bra, panties, nightie ([2011-10-22-1]) ڤӡ#469. euphemism κ ([2010-08-09-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.
εǼ夲#1934. audience design ([2014-08-13-1]) ϡaccommodation_theory ȸƤФŪǤ롥accommodation_theory ˤĤƤϤޤǤˤ⤤ĤεǸڤƤϲƹͤƤߤޤϡTrudgill (3) Ѹ켭ŵѤ롥
accommodation The process whereby participants in a conversation adjust their accent, dialect or other language characteristics according to the language of the other participant(s). Accommodation theory, as developed by the British social psychologist of language, Howard Giles, stresses that accommodation can take one of two major forms: convergence, when speakers modify their accent or dialect, etc. to make them resemble more closely those of the people they are speaking to; and, less usually, divergence, when, in order to signal social distance or disapproval, speakers make their language more unlike that of their interlocutors. Accommodation normally takes place during face-to-face interaction.
ǤСä꤬ʹռä֤ȤǤ롥Ȥ櫓äʹ˹碌뤫դʹȤϰۤʤإեȤ뤫ȤäƤ褤ʺ夲 audience design ϡʹ (audience) ʹꡤ˵İ͡ʹ͡ʹͤؤȺʬϢǤ롥
Wales Cardiff ιŹǤλ㤬ͭ̾Ǥ롥ŹҰعݽפʤ͡ʼҲؤεҤȡιμۤˤĤääƤ롥N. Coupland βäϿʬϤȤŹҰϵҤä˹碌ä뤳ȤȯŪˤϡ첻֤ /t/ [t] ȼ¸뤫ͭ [d] ȼ¸뤫ΰ㤤ȤƸ줿Cardiff Ǥ첻֤ /t/ ϡҲι⤯ʤ͡Ǥͭ [d] Ǽ¸뤳Ȥ¿ŹҰή°̾25%γ [d] ȯƤ[d] Ψ75%εҤäȤˤϡγ礬70%ãդˡ[d] Ψ10%εҤäȤˤϡγ礬10%˲äȤŹҰ [t] [d] ϡʹ˹碌ƹԤʤƤΤǤ롥λȯˤĤƤ accommodation Τñ졤ơݡä®١äĹʸˡưޤ¿ιܤˤĤƤƱͤ accommodation ȹͤ롥
accommodation ˤϤĤμब̤롥嵭Ǥ⡤Ҥ˹碌ưҿι⤤ [t] ع碌 "upward convergence" ⤢СҤ˹碌ưҿ㤤 [d] ع碌 "downward convergence" ⤢äԤ¾ȤƤϡҶͧãοƤäȤǫɸŪʸոˤʤ륱롥Ԥ¾ȤƤϡҶФäȤ˻Ҷդڤؤ륱䡤ܸüԤüԤФԼ˰פܸäȤ "foreigner talk" 롥
ʾϡΰ㤤Ϥ졤ä碌 convergence դä㤨 divergence ⤢롥Ʊ뤵줿ʤꡤΥäȤˤϡäǤ㤨褦Ȥ뤳Ȥ롥褯ΤƤϡ륺üԤФ¸Ǥ롥ǽ顤RP äܴФ륺üԤܴ RP ˶ŤҿΤȯäƤȤܴ륺ФŪȯ䡤Υ륺üԤϡRP Υ줿ȯDZѸäФϡܴФ︳ԤԿΥ֤ȤȿǤ줿 accommodation λǤ롥ޤdivergence ϡή礦2ѼԤ뤿ʤɲ餫פΤˡˤäθ줬ޤäʤΤ褦˿Ȥˤ⸫롥üԤϡä˹碌ǤϤʤæ뤳Ȥˤäơ餫μҲŪưʤƤΤ
äդΤߤʤ餺դǤ accommodation ϴѻ롥㤨СɸηϤΤʤѸ줫ɸηϤΤܸؤˤơɸɽɲä줿ꤵʤäꤹΤϡԤܸɼԤؤ accommodation ȿǤƤ롥
accommodation ϰάǤ뤫顤Ԥ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ä˹碌 convergence äƤ⡤ˤ줬ʤäꡤդ divergence ȼ뤳Ȥ餢롥㤨СꥹΤĮǡɿͰ̱ͼҲ˼줿ͤαѸѼ˻ȯäȤͤˤȤäưҿΤʤѼäΤǡष줿줿ȤäˤŪ accommodation ʹˤҴŪ accommodation ȤäƤޤäǤ롥
ʾ塤 (110--21) ȤƼɮ
Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
ؼҲ硡ǡ١ҡ2009ǯ
ε ([2014-08-12-1]) κǸˡѲˤİԤδͿˤĤƿ줿Ѳ variation ΤʤΤҲΤǤªʤСˤİԤδͿȤϡѲˤƽפüԤİԤռƸդȯȤȤϥߥ˥Ū˾Ȥ餻мΤ褦˻פ뤬θѲθǤϡѲüԼΤȤ뤵ƤаޤꡤİԤϴԺߤȤϤ鷺Ȥ⡤ŪôˤʤäǯθˤƤİԤ䤬Ū˹ޤäƤƤ롥
ؤˤʬɤ뤬㤨мҲؤǤİԤŻ뤷ͤƤƤ롥1Ĥˡaudience design ȤΤ롥Trudgill Ѹ켭ŵ˵
audience design A notion developed by Allan Bell to account for stylistic variation in language in terms of speakers' responses to audience members i.e. to people who are listening to them. Bell's model derives in part from accommodation theory. (11)
ʲ (101--09) ˤ롥Allan Bell ˤä줿 audience design ϡüԤïФ (attention) ʧĤäƤΤˤäơʸŪѰۤ褦Ȥ벾Ǥ롥βˤСä (Speaker) ϡʹ (Addressee) ˺¤դʧʳˤ˵İ (Auditor)ʹ (Overhearer)ʹ (Eavesdropper) ˤ⤳ν¿դʧΤȤäˤȤäƤοͤΤƤ뤫ǧƤ뤫äƤ뤫Ȥ3ĤΥѥʬϤȡ줾ʲΤ褦ʽȤʤ롥
| ΤƤ | ǧƤ | äƤ | |
| ʹ | + | + | + |
| ˵İ | + | + | - |
| ʹ | + | - | - |
| ʹ | - | - | - |
ǥϤդĤä꤬äΤʹ䡤мŪʤΤȻפƤ뤬¤ϤäѶŪʤΤǡǥλϻפƤϤϤ뤫礭ƶǤ롥礦ԤǴѵҤδꡤ뤤˱ƶ褦ˡǥǡäϼʬΥĴƤΤȹͤ롥
Ǹˡɽ˼ audience νŪʤΤǤϤʤȤդäƤƤΤ褦ˡƤԤƤԤʹȤäƤϤΤΡ⤷ȤʹռƤΤϡˤ˵İԤ⤷ʤΤλٻդ뤿ˡष˵İԤ˸ƵƤȻפ礬롥ΤȤäʧդ̤ϡ˵İ͡ʹפȤʤ
ʤä꤬ïˤⲿդʧ鷺äȤ̤ϤȤȤǤ̾ä꼫ȤʹꤷƤǤϡΤ褦ꤹʤȤϤꤦĤƤܤäȽФȤ䡤ռ˽Фʤʤɤᤤ⤷ʤȤˤĤơ#1070. Jakobson ˤưԲķ6Ĥιǡ ([2012-04-01-1]) ⻲ȡ
Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
ؼҲ硡ǡ١ҡ2009ǯ
Ѹνˤϡ"macaronic lyric" ȸƤФΤ롥macaronic ȤϡOALD7 ڤ "(technical) relating to language, especially in poetry, that includes words and expressions from another language" ȤꡤֳƼκä¯ΤΡפʤɤ̣롥macaronic lyric ϡΥɤˤŪˤϱѸ줬Ǥϥե줬Ǥϥƥ줬ʿŪ˹ԤʤƤ¿ѤξߤȤ˱ǤФʸغʤǤ롥ȤơGreentree (396) ˰ѤƤޥꥢؤλΤ1ʹ Brown 26--27 ˴ŤˡϡѸȥƥ줬ؤ13 macaronic lyric Ǥ롥
Of on that is so fayr and bright
velud maris stella
Brighter than the day-is light
parens & puella
Ic crie to the, thou se to me,
Leuedy, preye thi sone for me
tam pia,
that ic mote come to the
maria
츫ñʤѺߤΤؤܻˤ⸫뤬Greentree Ϥޥꥢؤο̩ʰʱѸˤˤȸʤʿġʥƥˤˤȤ̯ΥХȿǤΤȤɾ롥ʤѸȵŪʥƥθؤϡΤޤ13쿮ĤħŪʿ̩ȷɰդκɽ魯ȤҲؤ bilingual code-switching ʸؤؤαѤȤ
2ϡGreentree (395--96) ˰ѤƤ De amico ad amicam ̾դ줿֥쥿αȡResponcio ̾դ줿ؤǤ롥Ѹ졤ե졤ƥ줬ܤޤ뤷ؤ롥
A celuy que pluys eyme en mounde
Of alle tho that I have found
Carissima
Saluz ottreye amour,
With grace and joye alle honoure
Dulcissima
A soun treschere et special
Fer and her and overal
In mundo,
Que soy ou saltz et gré
With mouth, word and herte free
Jocundo
ǤϡѸDZΤʤɽ졤եǴŪǵŪʰҤ٤졤ƥǷٶδʷˤƹߤʥե졼ޤƤ롥
伫Ȥˤϡ macaronic lyric äʸ̤Ŭڤ̣臘ȤǤʤդȾʬθͷӤȹ⤤ʸȤζ̤Ĥ뤳ȤǤʤbilingual ǤϤʤԤ code-switching εˤΤƱ褦ʤΤ⤷ʤ㤨ܸǤҤ餬ʡʡʤɤ뤳Ȥʷϵΰ㤤ɽ魯ƤߤȡѸ macaronic lyric ˾ܶǤʵ⤹롥Greentree (396) ϼΤ褦ɾäƤ롥
Fluent harmony is an enjoyable and consistent characteristic of the macaronic lyrics. They seem paradoxically unforced, moving easily between languages in common use, to exploit particular characteristics for effect.
ʤȯŸ뤳Ȥˤʤ#292. aureate diction ([2010-02-13-1]) ϡ̣Ǥ macaronic lyric Ʊ褦ѺΤषƥ줫֤ʸΤɽۤŬڤ⤷ʤ
Greentree, Rosemary. "Lyric." A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture: c.1350--c.1500. Ed. Peter Brown. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 387--405.
Brown, Carleton, ed. English Lyrics of the XIIIth Century. Oxford: Clarendon, 1832.
#292. aureate diction ([2010-02-13-1]) ǡ15ȯƥѸȤˡˤĤƸ³16ˤϡinkhorn_term ȸƤФۤɤΥƥ줫֤줷äȼꥶ٥īʸΤϥƥȤϤȤŪʤΤȤʤäε John Lyly (1554--1606) ˤäƺǹĬãLyly ϡEuphues: the Anatomy of Wit (1578) Euphues and His England (1580) ˤơɸˤʤǸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤä euphuism ʸؾΡˤȤʸΤѤ Shakespeare ʤʸݤ礭ʱƶͿ
euphuism ħȤƤϡƬ (alliteration)оˡ (antithesis)ȴ (conceit)ݤȤ (paronomasia)λؤθڤʤɤ롥νˡդѤʸϤϡԼǤ졤͡˷ݽѤȤƤλʸ̥ϤΤ餷㤨СLyly μʸƤߤ褦
If thou perceive thyself to be enticed with their wanton glances or allured with their wicket guiles, either enchanted with their beauty or enamoured with their bravery, enter with thyself into this meditation.
Ǥϡenticed -- enchanted -- enamoured -- enter ȤƬѤƤ뤬δ֤ wanton glances wicket guiles 2ƬޤޤƤꡤ enchanted . . . beauty enamoured . . . bravery Ȥ߹碌Ƭ⤢롥
euphuism 17ޤǸ줿17ˤ Sir Thomas Browne (1605--82), John Donne (1572--1631), Jeremy Taylor (1613--67), John Milton (1608--74) ʤɤƲ뻶ʸ졤ȾФγ̿ʹߤˤ John Dryden (1631--1700) ɽ뵤ΤʤʿʸΤͥȤʤäʿϩ18ؤѤ졤Joseph Addison (1672--1719), Sir Richard Steele (1672--1729), Chesterfield (1694--1773)ޤ Daniel Defoe (1660--1731), Jonathan Swift (1667--1745) ³ʿϩϡȾСSamuel Johnson (1709--84) ŤǰҸΤäʸΤˤǤ
ѸλʸʸΤϡΤ褦˲ʿȤ֤줿θưϤͥǮȤؤȿȯǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤۤƱˡΦǤ euphuism ؾΤήԤȤդäƤեǤ préciositéڥǤ GongorismꥢǤ Marinism ʤɤȸƤФ줿ʥۡॺp. 118ˡ
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
ж Ϻ ԡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
U. T. ۡॺA. H. å إեˡ١罤ۡ1974ǯ
ε#1370. Norwich ˤ -in(g) ʸŪѰۤĴ ([2013-01-26-1]) ǡʸΤκˤ۷֤λߤʸκ̤λҲ𤷤#406. Labov New York City /r/ ([2010-06-07-1]) ȡ#1363. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ݼ ([2013-01-19-1]) Ǽ夲˥塼衼Ԥˤ non-prevocalic /r/ ̵ͭʬۤˤĤƤǤ롥 Labov ˤҲĴ̤ʲάҤ Trudgill (88--89) ͿƤ복פ˴ŤΤǤ뤳ȤǤäƤ
Labov ϡ˥塼衼ԤˤƼҲ non-prevocalic /r/ ȯΨȤؤƤȤΩơեɥˤ¾ڤʤ⤤ǤФۤɤβĶǤ /r/ Ψ⤤Ȥ/r/ ҲŪʰҿӤĤƤȤΤˡLabov ϳ̤ʬ (Lower Class, Lower Working Class, Middle Working Class, Upper Working Class, Lower Middle Class, Upper Middle Class) ȹ碌ʸ̤ʬϤߤʸΤζ̤ϡ줿Ʊͤˡ(1) ñꥹȤɤ߾夲Ƥ餦 word-list style (WLS)(2) ʸϤɤ߾夲Ƥ餦 reading-passage style (RPS)(3) formal speech (FS)(4) casual speech (CS) 4Ǥ롥ʬϷ̤ϡ褽ʲΥդ̤Ȥʤä

Norwich ˤ -in' Ĵ̤ƱͤˡΤȤơʼФäʸΤǤФۤɰҿ /r/ ȯФΨ⤤Ȥ狼롥Ȥˤ Norwich ξȰۤʤ롤ƶ̣1Ĥ롥Lower Middle Class word-list style ˤơͽۤ /r/ Ψǧ뤳ȤǤ롥б Upper Middle Class Ψ礭ۤơ60%ιΨƤΤǤ롥ϤɤΤ褦Ф褤Τ
ͭϤϼ̤Ǥ롥LMC ϡξ徺ָ顤ҿ /r/ ̵ͭҴǤꡤռŪʸΤˤƤϾ̤ UMC /r/ ¿Ф˻ΤǤϤʤ˲䤷ʤȡ˥塼衼ԤαѸ춦ƱΤ /r/ ȯؤȸƤΤϡۤʤ LMC ǤϤʤȤǽФƤ롥ºݡLabov θüȯ뤽θμҲؤθˤСβϳͻٻƤƤ롥ѲθȸưϤˤĤƤ椬餫ˤƤƤȤ褦
Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.
#1363. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ݼ ([2013-01-19-1]) ǡNorwich ˤ -ing ȯ˴ؤ Trudgill ˤҲĴǤϡɸŪ -ing ɸŪ -in' Τ줾λ٤̤̤ˤɤΤ褦˰ۤʤ뤫ɽǼTrudgill ϡ -ing ѰۤˤĤơۤˤʸ̤ĴԤʤäƤΤǡƤ
̤ˡäʤɤάŪʸΤǤɸŪʰ۷Ф졤ñǫɤ߾夲褦ᤵ褦ʳʼФäʸΤǤɸŪʰ۷Фǽ⤤ͽۤ롥ǡTrudgill ϡƼҲɽ︳Ԥ顤4ʸΤˤ -in(g) ȯФɸɸΨ٤4ʸΤȤϡǤʼФäΤˡ(1) ñꥹȤɤ߾夲Ƥ餦 word-list style (WLS)(2) ʸϤɤ߾夲Ƥ餦 reading-passage style (RPS)(3) formal speech (FS)(4) casual speech (CS) Ǥ롥ʲϡTrudgill (87) äɸ -in' γ̤ʸ̤ΨǤ롥ˡդǤɽ路
| WLS (%) | RPS (%) | FS (%) | CS (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Middle Middle Class | 0 | 0 | 3 | 28 |
| Lower Middle Class | 0 | 10 | 15 | 42 |
| Upper Working Class | 5 | 15 | 74 | 87 |
| Middle Working Class | 23 | 44 | 88 | 95 |
| Lower Working Class | 29 | 66 | 98 | 100 |

[2011-01-07-1],[2011-01-08-1]ǡʸˡѲ֤ƽ˿ʹԤΤǤ뤳ȤҤ٤顤ŵŪˤϡʸˡѲδѻϾʤȤˤ錄ĹŪʺȤȤȤˤʤ롥Ĺ֤ˤ錄äʸˡѲεܤܤ˽˼äƤ椯®٤פˤϡΤĤλǿܤ٤Ĵ٤뤳Ȥɬפˤʤ롥ˡѥѤŪʸΰյƤ롥Leech et al. (50) ϡ̻ѲθǤ٤ꤳפǤ⤷Ƥ롥
Theorizing about diachronic changes has focused primarily on the processes whereby new forms are initiated and spread, and until recently has paid comparatively little attention to the processes by which the range and frequency of usage contracts, and eventually disappears from the language. . . . one of the message we wish to convey is that frequency evidence is far more important in tracing diachronic change than has generally been acknowledged in the past.
Leech et al. (8) ˰ѤƤʲ Denison ɾƱͤμݤѲˤĤƽҤ٤Τ¿쾯ʤѲˤƤϤޤֻžԡˡ
Since relatively few categorial losses or innovations have occurred in the last two centuries, syntactic change has more often been statistical in nature, with a given construction occurring throughout the period and either becoming more or less common generally or in particular registers. The overall, rather elusive effect can seem more a matter of stylistic than of syntactic change, so it is useful to be able to track frequencies of occurrence from eModE through to the present day. (Denison 93)
ΰʸνפϡˤѲŪ ( statistical ) ǤƱʸŪ ( stylistic ) Ǥ뤳ȤŦƤǤ롥㤨СѸˤ뵿̾졦ط̾ whom οϡʹʸˡѲȤƤ褯夲뤬 ( case ) ˴ؤŪǤʾˡŪʸŪȤȤ館٤⤷ʤŪפȤΤϡĶˤ whom who ζ̤켫Τ϶Ѹ褢ޤѲƤޤξԤ٤ꡤ̻ѥٹ礤ǧ٤Ǥ롥
ʸŪפȤΤϡդäդ̡ޤƥȤΥˤä whom ٤礭ۤʤ뤫Ǥ롥ʤȤŪʶ̤ˤʤäƤȤϤwhom / who ˤ formality ȤʸŪǤ礭ؤäƤȤȤϡϤ䤳ѲȤȤ館ǤԽʬǤ뤳ȤƤ롥
whom / who ˴ؤʸˡѲˤĤƤ¿Ը椬뤬ȻʸˤĤƤ Leech et al. 1ϡä pp. 1--4, 12--16 ͭѤǤ롥
Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.
Denison, David. "Syntax." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 4. Ed. Suzanne Romaine. Cambridge: CUP, 1998. 92--329.
ѸˤˤƥäμѤˤĤƤϡ[2009-05-30-1], [2009-08-19-1], [2009-08-25-1]ʤɤεǿ줿ƥѤ̤ȤƤС[2009-08-19-1]Ǹ褦˽ѸȴƤ롥طʤˤϡͥåθŵ䡤ռܳФѹ̱θߵä
16˻ϤޤƥѤȯǡȤȤǤϤʤͽ뤫Τ褦ʥƥ֤ʸΤaureate diction ˡפȸƤФ֤15¸ߤƤΤǤ롥
Aureate diction is a self-consciously stylized and highly artificial poetic language designed to enrich vernacular poetic vocabulary by introducing Latin words, mostly from religious sources, into English. (Horobin 92)
Ūʼʡä the Virgin Mary ʽޥꥢˤˤ˹ǻȤĴ⤤ʸΤǡ̤ΥƥäλѤ礭ħǤäѤ줿ƥä¿ϺǽŪ˱ѸäȤȤ߹ޤʤäΤǡޤ "artificial language" ȤäƤ褤ʸΤ˨ Chaucer ˤߤ뤬äȤӤĤƤΤ Chaucer οԤǤ륤ɻ John Lydgate (c1370--1449) 䥹åȥɻ William Dunbar (c1460/65--a1530) Ǥ롥Dunbar Ballad of Our Lady Ƭʬ aureate diction ȤƤ褯Ѥ (see also http://www.lib.rochester.edu/Camelot/teams/duntxt1.htm#P4)
Hale, sterne superne! Hale, in eterne,
In Godis sicht to schyne!
Lucerne in derne, for to discerne
Be glory and grace devyne;
Hodiern, modern, sempitern,
Angelicall regyne!
Our tern infern for to dispern
Helpe, rialest Rosyne!
ޤʸʸʤ̡ѸʸǤ롥
Baugh and Cable ϡѸˤˤ aureate diction "a minor current in the stream of Latin words flowing into English in the course of the Middle Ages" (186) ǤȾöŪɾƤ롥λˤäƤƥѤȯƤǤѸä¿ޤǻĤʤäȤ¤ͤȤѸˤˤƥѤ줹붦̹बФ褦˻פ롥
Horobin, Simon. Chaucer's Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
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