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verb - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2011-12-19 Mon

#966. borne of [spelling][verb][conjugation][passive]

Graddol ɤǤơѸ̤ͽ¬˴ϢϤǡΤ褦ʱʸ˽Ф路

Futurologists inhabit a frontierland between historical facts and guesses about the future. Most of the practical techniques of strategic planning used by large corporations employ some kind of mix of empirical evidence together with the insight and judgement borne of practical experience. (16)


ϡֻǼ borne θˡǤ롥ѸεʸˡǤϡư bear βʬϡˡˤä born borne 2̤롥Fowler (113) ˤȡȤʬϰʲ̤Ǥ롥

born(e). The pa.pple of bear in all senses except that of birth is borne (I have borne with this too long; he was borne along by the wind); borne is also used, when the reference is to birth, (a) in the active (has borne no children), and (b) in the passive when by follows (of all the children borne by her only one survived). The pa.pple in the sense of birth, when used passively without by, or adjectivally, is born (he was born blind; a born fool; of all the children born to them; melancholy born of solitude; she was born in 1950).


ưβʬŪ variation õȡborn, borne ΤۤƱ bore ⤢ꤨOED "bear, v.1" 44 ˤȡ17Ⱦˤϡ3ԤΤ borne ˤ餺ͥäƱȾˤ torn, worn ʤɤȤΤᤫ born ˤ餺ͥȤʤꡤ bore ۷Ȥ٤Ƥ18Ⱦˤϡbore Ѥ졤borne 褹Ȥưꡤߤˤޤ³ˡλȤʬΩ
Ѹˤ㤷۷֤ιطʤȡǽŪ Fowler μ褦ʵϤΩطʤˤĤƤ̤Ĵborne born ξΤȯζ̤ϤʤޤֻΤߤǤ뤳ȤʸˡȤʤ館ƤͳʤΤ⤷ʤ
ơ borne of ʸ̮ΰ̣ϡּºݤηиޤ줿ƶϤȽϡפȼ뤬ޤ줿פȤѤƤΤǤ born ΤۤŬڤʤϤǤϤʤȤ䤬⤫֡Fowler OED εҤˤ⤢̤ꡤפȤʪŪ԰٤˾Ƥˤ borne ŬڤȤʤ뤳ȤϤ狼äξˤϡ³ŵŪֻϹ԰ټԤɽ魯 by Ǥꡤɽ魯 of Ϥɤˤ⿨Ƥʤof ǽƤʾ塤׹԰٤Ū˥᡼Ƥ뤳ȤϳΤǡ椨 born ǤϤʤ borne ФƤȹͤ줽ȼ򻲾ȤƤŪʤäΤǾǼʤä
ʤФ BNCWeb borne of 򸡺Ƥߤ顤10郎ҥåȡŬάǥ󥳡󥹥饤򼨤

(1) . . . with a set of expectations borne of years of reading about the Masters . . .
(2) . . . a legacy of bigotry borne of his wish to improve his family's social standing.
(3) . . . with an indifference borne of familiarity.
(4) . . . through instinct borne of experience.
(5) It was a confidence borne of a quarter-of-a century of growing medical ascendancy . . .
(6) With skill borne of long practice . . .
(7) by fears borne of self-selected memories and infused by a false jingoism . . .
(8) It was partially borne of English desperation . . .
(9) . . . ignorance through lack of education, and idleness borne of enforced unemployment . . .
(10) I have also come away with lasting friendships, borne of total trust, respect and deep affection.


borne of ˽ľ̾ˤϷ뤳Ȥ狼롥ԡǰľݡƤʤɡ˿Ѥɽ魯̾ȶƤ褦󥳡󥹥饤󤫤ͯФƤ borne of ΰ̣ϡ?פ⤦Ƨ߹ǡ?ˤä߰Ƥ줿סˤϡ?΢դ줿פȤޤɤ߹٤ǤϤʤϾʤ櫓ؽԼˤҤȤ1ԤդäˡǤ롥

Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm

Referrer (Inside): [2013-01-06-1] [2012-01-01-1]

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2011-05-31 Tue

#764. ѸưѤ3Ĥʬˡ [verb][conjugation][suppletion][plural][dental_suffix]

̤ˡѸưϲʬηˡˤ礭§ѲưԵ§Ѳưʬ롥ζʬϡñ˷ֲŪ1Τߤܤ롥ʬθ <-ed> ղä뤫ݤȤǤ롥θȤƤ /-d, -t, -ɪd/ 3ब뤬δΤˤ줫Τޤղä뤫ʵ§Ѳưˡ뤤ϤʳԵ§ѲưˤȤ绨ĤʶʬǤ롥ԤϤ˷ֲŪ˺ʬΤ̤ǤϺˤΩʤ򲾤ˡ-<ed> ̵ͭˤ붦Ūʬˡפ̾դʲΤ褦ˤޤȤ롥

TypeExamples
-ed ʵ§Ѳcalled, looked, visited
non-ed Ե§Ѳbought, came, got, made, sent, set, went


⤦1ġѸˤǤϥޥӸؤδ顤ѲưȶѲưζʬѤƤ롥ϡʬ "dental suffix" ޤफޤޤʤȤǤ롥ɽŪˤϡ-<ed> ̵ͭˤ붦ŪʬˡפƤ뤬ˤδΤˡ֤Τޤޡ dental suffix ղä뤫ɤȤϽפǤϤʤΰ̣Ǥ bought, made, sent, went dental suffix äƤꡤcalled, looked, visited ȶ̤٤ͳϤʤѲȶѲΤۤˤŪʳѤ¸ߤ뤬ǤϹͤʤȤȤ롥򲾤ˡ̻Ūʬˡפ̾դʲΤ褦ˤޤȤ롥

TypeExamples
Ѳbought, called, looked, made, sent, set, visited, went
Ѳcame, got


ޤǤϤ褯ΤƤ뤬 (42) ˡֲѰۤ羮פˤʬȤͤƤꡤؿäϡ-<ed> ̵ͭˤ붦ŪʬˡפʤΤȶŪȯۤǡʬɤΤ餤ֲŪɸƤ뤫Ȥ顤ư礭3ʬΤǤ롥Ѱۤ¸ߤʤ̵Ѱۡץפϡ̵ѲȸƤФѤбcut, hit, hurt, put, set ʤɤ°롥жˤȤơִѰۡץפư졤佼ˡ ( suppletion ) ˤѤư줬롥be ư went Ȥʤ롥ơξˤ֤Ȥơܼˡ ( called, looked ) 첻Ѱ ( came, sang ) ҲѰ ( sent ) ˤԴѰۡץפ롥򲾤ˡֲѰۤ羮ˤ붦ŪʬפȸƤӡʲΤ褦ˤޤȤ롥

TypeExamples
̵Ѱset
ԴѰcalled, looked, visited; bought, came, got, made; sent
????????went


ֲѰۤ羮ˤ붦ŪʬפǤϡΡ-<ed> ̵ͭˤ붦Ūʬˡפ̻ŪʬˡפǤϻפĤʤäset פ went פηŪ֤롥ˤꡤ佼ˡñʤ㳰Ūʿ񤤤Ȥư뤳Ȥ졤ηϤΤʤΤʰ֤ŤäƸľȤǤ褦ˤʤ롥佼ˡθˡյդ줿Τ褦
̾ʣʬ˱ѤΤ⤪⤷ñʵ§Ե§Ωˤʬࡤ뤤̻Ūʷ֥饹ˤʬȤϰۤʤ3ʬबʲǡǽˤʤ ( cf. [2009-05-11-1] )

TypeExamples
̵Ѱcarp, fish, hundred, sheep
ԴѰbooks, dogs, watches; children, oxen; feet, men; alumni, phenomena
????????people (for persons)


ס佼ˡˤĤơסرѸʸѡ7עʸܱѸʸԽԡˡ1935ǯ39--49ǡ1935ǯ

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2011-03-18 Fri

#690. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule LAEME Ǹ [laeme][me_dialect][personal_pronoun][verb][nptr]

ε[2011-03-17-1]ǵǼ夲 The Northern Personal Pronoun Rule (NPPR) 󥰥ɤѸ˹Ԥʤ줿쵬§Ȥ롥ѸǼºݤʸڤ뤫ɤLAEME dzǧƤߤ
Laing and Lass (26--27) ˤСLAEME ΥѥǤ NPPR ư˥դƤȤȤʤΤǡñ˽ФȤǤ롥Tasks ڡʲΤ褦˥˥塼򤿤ɤꡤɽȤ "(-)vps2%apn(%)" ̾ľ˸ưθ߷ʣˤ "(-)vps2%bpn(%)" ̾ľ˸ưθ߷ʣˤǤ줾측Ƥߤɽ٤פ뤳ȤϤǤ뤬̤Ѥ­롥

[LISTS] -> [Make an Item List] -> [Inflections] and [Search by TAG] -> ( [(-)vps2%apn(%)] or [(-)vps2%bpn(%)] ) and Frequency Counts


Ϥ줿ɤ߲򤯤ˤ⾯μȷи뤬ƹԤϡָоݤȤʤäƥֹס֤ΥƥȤθ줬֤ŤƤ뽣ά̾סθμ١פʤäƤ롥NPPR Ǥϡʣ;̾ưθ߷ -e -en ⤢ꤦ뤬˥ȤΤǤ⸲ħʤΤǡȤ "0" ޤޤƤԤõФФ褤ιԤʲȴФ

[for "(-)vps2%apn(%)"]
188DUR+E [2] 0 [2]
285NFK+E [7] +En [4] +ETH [3] +N [2] 0 [2] +EN [1]
295YWR+>I>Ey [17] 0 [9]
296YCT+E [16] 0 [14] +E [2]
297YER0 [36] +E [10] +IEy [2]
298YNR+E [43] 0 [31]
300NFK0 [31]

[for "(-)vps2%bpn(%)"]
119[-]0 [2]
173WOR+Ay [1] +E [1] +Ey [1] 0 [1]
247HRF+E [2] +ET [1] +T [1] 0 [1]
295YWR0 [4]
296YCT0 [5] +E [3]
297YER0 [8] +E [4]
298YNR0 [22] +E [10] 0+ [2]
2000WOR+E [6] 0 [3] +Ed [1] +IE [1]
2001WOR0 [3]


̾ȡDurham, Yorkshire, Hereford, Worcester, Norfolk ʤˤʬۤƤ뤳Ȥʬ롥ä˥ƥֹ295--298 Cursor Mundi ȤĹʻؤ14ȾɽƥȤȤΤƤ롥
ƥ298 (Edinburgh, Royal College of Physicians, MS of Cursor Mundi, hand B, fols. 16r-36v: Extracts from the Northern Homily Collection) ȴФȡ㤨мΤ褦 NPPR 򼨤Ԥ롥ưֻǵ

- Yef þai lef her rihtwislie
- For in hali bok find we
- For if we schrif us clen of sinne
- Ye wen ful wel nou euerilkan
- Þan sau þai in vs goddes sede
- Of his offering today spec we


Tasks ڡ CONCORDANCING ǽˤΥ󥳡󥹡饤Ϥ뤳ȤǤ뤬ߵϤ˹⤤TAGGED TEXTS ƥȥեФƼʬǸۤưפ⤷ʤ

Laing, Margaret and Roger Lass. "Tagging." Chapter 4 of "A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English: Introduction." Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme1/pdf/Introchap4.pdf .

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2011-03-17 Thu

#689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ [me_dialect][personal_pronoun][verb][celtic][contact][nptr][do-periphrasis][celtic_hypothesis]

The Northern Personal Pronoun Rule (NPPR) ϡѸ Scotland Ȥιնᤫ饤󥰥عäȤֵ§Ǥ롥ϡLaing and Lass (26--27) ˤ The Northern Present Tense Rule ȸƤФƤΤƱǤ롥3;ʣ̾ "they" ܤ븽߷ưˤäưۤʤ뤬̾ -s -eth ˤ졤 -en, -e, -ø θȤ§Ǥ롥ε§ϡѸˤ The Wash ̤Υ󥰥Ǥ褽ΩƤꡤƱνޤǤˤϡ̳Ūʵ§ǤϤʤΤ1ĤȤƥɥؤãƤ ( Wright 147 )
Wright ˤϡ14θ Rosarium theologie ȤƼ㤬󤲤Ƥ롥

whiche is giffen to al sentis or holy men, þat cleueþ togeder in charite, weyþer þei knowe þam bodily or noȝt (qtd in Wright 147 as from Rosarium theologie)


ֻǼǽ cleueþ ̾3;ʣ򼨤 knowe þei Τ³Ƥ뤿 NPPR ŬѤ -e ȤäƤ롥
ơΥ󥰥ưθ߷ϤɤΤ褦˶ޤ뤫ȤСο;Τˤ餺 -s Τ§Ǥ ( ex. I walks, you walks, Betty walks, we walks, Betty and Shirley walks ) 3;ʣˤĤƤϡ̾ they ѤȤˤΤ they walk ̵ˤʤΤħޤѸ NPPR ΰ仺Ǥ롥
NPPR ˴ؤƶ̣Τϡֵ§ȸȤܿ˵ΤȵƤ뤳ȤǤ롥ȸƶ򶯤ĥ̾ͤ McWhorter 롥McWhorter (48--51) ϡ NPPR θƾΤǤ Northern Subject Rule ˤϡWelsh Cornish ȤäȽư޵§ʿŪʴطˤȻŦ롥Welsh Ǥϡ"she learned" "Betty and Shirley learned" Ϥ줾 dysgodd hi, dysgodd Betty a Shirley Ȥʤ궦̤ -odd Ȥ뤬"they learned" dysgon nhw Τ褦˰ۤʤ -on ȤȤ(1) ޥϤƤ⥤󥰥 NPPR Τ褦˴̯ʵ§äƤ¾˸ʤȡ(2) 󥰥ɤδؤˤ륱ȽʿŪֵ§ǧ뤳ȡ2ͤ碌 NPPR ϶λʪȤϹͤ줺ȸȤθܿˤ̤ǧᤶʤȤǤ롥McWhorter ¾ˤѸˤˤ do-periphrasis ʹԷʸȯã򥱥ȸαƶȸƤ롥
ϥȸΤʤΤǶŪ뤳ȤϤǤʤѸǤϸ߷˴ؤ뵬§Ǥˤ⤫餺McWhorter Welsh äƤӤƤΤääޤɤԤν̸ǥȥǥŪĴҤǤ뤳ȤϤʬ뤬ɤޤdzؽŪɾǤ뤫ϵǤ롥ʸˡΤĤħطʤˤϡ̤˱Ѹ˸ԤƤʾ˼սȤܿͿƤ˰㤤ʤȤӤǰϡ伫ȤιͤȰפƤꡤ⤷ɤळȤϤǤԤθѲ "why" ˤǽϤ䤦뤵ʹ "why" 򹵤ˤʤѸ˸θؤȽʤΤª顤ä˲ɤ᤿
[2009-08-31-1]εǾ줿褦ˡظȤƤΥȸ줬ʸˡͿƶˤĤƤϡǯĵ褦ˤʤäƤ褦Ǥ롥

Wright, Laura. "The Languages of Medieval Britain." A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture: c.1350--c.1500. Ed. Peter Brown. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 143--58.
McWhorter, John. Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue: The Untold History of English. New York: Penguin, 2008.

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2010-11-29 Mon

#581. ache --- ʤֻȯ [etymology][spelling_pronunciation_gap][etymological_respelling][verb][conjugation][johnson][sobokunagimon]

ֻȯδطˤĤơ<ch> ̾ /tʃ/ б뤬/k/ б뤳Ȥ⤢롥/k/ ؤбϥꥷƥ줫μѸŵŪ˸졤ȤǤϤʤ ( ex. chemistry, chorus, chronic, school ) Ѹ <ch> = /k/ бache /eɪk/ ѤԤǤ롥
θϸűѸ acan ˤפ̤뤬Ūˤϰĸ *ak- ֱԤפˤޤ̤ꤦ ( cf. acid, acrid, acute, vinegar ) űѸư acan ϶ѲưVI°4׷ acan -- ōc -- ōcon -- acen ä14ϼѲ⸽졤˴˶ܹԤФʢθݤֶܹԡפȸƤ֤褦ǡѸˤϤʤ¤˴ؤܸɽˡ
űѸư acan ϻҲ̾ æce ˤߡפƤ see [2009-06-16-1] ) ʹߡѸޤǤưֻ̾ȯ϶̤Ƥ1700ǯդ꤫麮ƱƤ롥ȯǤ̾줬ư˵ۼ /eɪk/ 줵줿ֻǤư줬̾˵ۼ <ache> 줵줿ȤƤϤޤ <ch> = /k/ бϡư̾κƱ˴ŤΤäȤˤʤ롥
κƱбŤΤϡDr Johnson Ǥ롥1755ǯμǡto ake θФ˼Τ褦롥

to ake by Johnson

Johnson Ϥθθ츻򥮥ꥷȸ򤷤Ƥ褦ǡ椨 <ache> ֻȤεҤ˱ƶϤڤܤߤֻȯΤͤ줿طꤷƤޤä
ʤߤˡܸΡˤáפȱѸ ouch ȯƤʤʤ ouch ϡ18˥ɥĸ ( Pennsylvania Dutch ) δ autsch 饢ꥫѸäȤ뤬ܸΡ֤פˤɥĸ autsch ˤѸ ouch ˤ ache ˤεüȯΤǤϤʤȵ롥ouch ˤĤơܸΡ֤פ򻲾ȤƤ Online Etymology Dictionary ε⻲ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-22-1]

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2010-10-30 Sat

#551. ͭɸ̵ɸԵ§§ [markedness][verb][conjugation]

ε[2010-10-29-1]ͭɸˤϡ鼡Τ褦ʼ䤬äȤͭɸˤĤƲĴ٤ɬפäǤ롥μȤϡͭɸ̵ɸȤΩԵ§§ȤΩƱΤȹͤƤ褤Τ⤷ƱΤǤΤʤСͭɸ̵ɸȤѸФ̣ʤΤǤϤʤפȤΤǤ롥μطʤˤϸѸԵ§ưȵ§ưΩ꤬ꡤͭɸλȤȤʤΤݤȤ䤬ä
Τͭɸ̵ɸԵ§§Ȥǰϸߤ˴ط褦˻פ롥餤 (1) ͭɸ̵ɸԵ§§Ωϸߤܤۤʤ롤(2) ͭɸ̵ɸΩ̸ŪռΩǡŪѤ뷹롤ȤȤǤϤʤ
(1) ѸԵ§ư ( ex. sing ) ȵ§ư ( ex. walk ) ˤĤ markedness ˽äƥե饰ΩƤȤСԵ§ư줬ͭɸǡ§ư줬̵ɸȤʤꤽʤȤưפ򤵤ľŪˤäơ§ưΤ̡ۤפǡּפǤ롥Ե§ưȵ§ưΩϡ̾ markedness δ褦ΩȤϰۤʤäƤ롥εǤߤ褦ˡͭɸ̵ɸϤܤΩڥꤢơΰͭɸ¾̵ɸȤ뤳ȤǤ롥sing walk ǤԤԵ§ư졤Ԥ§ưξͭɸδǡΩڥפȤȤ館뤳ȤϤǤʤˤͭɸȤΡΩڥפȤϡdog dogsprince princess, sing sang, walk walked Τ褦ʥڥΤȤǤꡤsing walksang walked Τ褦ʥڥΤȤǤϤʤ褦˻פ롥
Ե§§ȤΩܤƤΤϡʬȤ˷Ūͽ¬ǽ ( predictability ) 뤫ݤǤ롥ǡͭɸ̵ɸȤΩܤƤΤϡΥåȤȲʬΥåȤ٤Ȥˤɤ餬̤ǼȤȤǤ롥ǽϰ´ʤʹƤԵ§ư줬ͭɸǡ§ư줬̵ɸפȤΤĤΰۤʤʪѤ̯ɽʤΤǤϤʤ
(2) Ե§§ȤΩϸ̸ηֵ§˴ؤƤΩͭɸ̵ɸȤΩϡɤ餫Ȥ naturalness universality ʤɤȤ̸ŪʳǰȷӤĤ䤹褦˻פ롥ϺεǸ褦ͭɸγǰȯŸƤаޤȤϢƤ褦Ǥ롥ѸȤ̸ưγѤε§ˤˤϡͭɸ̵ɸȤѸȤϤʤޤʤΤǤϤʤ
ͭɸ̵ɸԵ§§Ȥ2ĤΩϤȤˡ̤פּפܤȤǶ̤Ƥ뤬Ƥ뤳Ȥ򼨤ƤѸˤȤ̤˴ѤȤΤ⤢ΤǡΤ˻ȤʤȤΤϤʤʤ񤷤ΤǤ롥

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2010-10-07 Thu

#528. ˵§ư wed !? [verb][conjugation][dental_suffix]

ε[2010-10-06-1]ǾҲ𤷤 Lieberman et al. ʸǵ⤦1Ĥä׻˴Ťͽ¬ˤȡǤᤤ̤˵§ưٻɸ餤ä wed Ǥǽ⤤ȤΤȤȤϤѲͽ¬ǤǽȤΤϼ¤˶̣

What will be the next irregular verb to regularize? It is likely to be wed/wed/wed. The frequency of 'wed' is only 4.2 uses per million verbs, ranking at the very bottom of the modern irregular verbs. Indeed, it is already being replaced in many contexts by wed/wedded/wedded. Now is your last chance to be a 'newly wed'. The married couples of the future can only hope for 'wedded' bliss. (715)


ͽ¬ΤϤ褤Ȥơ򾷤ɽΤǻŦƤ⤽ wed ϸűѸμѲưʵ§Ѳư weddian ͳ褷 dental suffix ȼä wedded 䤽ΰ۷֤̾βʬäѸǤ wede 뤬ǡԵ§ưȤƳѤ뤳ȡ֤פäȤΤΤǤ롥ξ⡤̩ˤԵ§ư첽Ȥ weded ʤɤ첻άñҲβФ̤ȹͤΤ⤷ʤ
Ե§Ѳ wed Ϥθ塤ѹ䥢ꥫǰŪˤʤäwedded ʤɤε§Ūʷ֤ϢʤȤ³ƤΤǤꡤwed wedded regularize Ȥͽ¬ϡθη֤ˤľŪŪˤªƤʤȤˤʤ롥the modern irregular verbs ɽƤ뤳ȡĴоݤȤ177θűѸζѲư wed äƤʤȤ顤Lieberman et. al ʾλ¤ޤäΤʤäȤȤǤϤʤȻפ롥ޤͽ¬ʸκǸΤۤǼƤꡤ餫ʸݿ褦Ȥտޤ졤äȤդ­ΤĤʤΤȤפ(1) ưη֤ѲɬǤϤʤȡ(2) §Ե§ζ¸Ƥ֤ɾɬפ뤳ȤϡŦƤ

Lieberman, Erez, Jean-Baptiste Michel, Joe Jackson, Tina Tang, and Martin A. Nowak. "Quantifying the Evolutionary Dynamics of Language." Nature 449 (2007): 713--16.

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2010-10-06 Wed

#527. Ե§Ѳưε§®٤ٻɸ2ȿ㤹? [verb][conjugation][statistics][lexical_diffusion][speed_of_change][frequency]

ʲΩ줫ζä٤ʸɤűѸζѲưԵ§Ѳưˤ֤ȤȤ˸ߡ̤˸äƵ§Ƥ椯®٤ϡưٻɸ2ȿ㤹ȤΤǤ롥Ե§ε§٤شط뤳Ȥ¿δϢ餫ˤƤƤ뤬θǶäΤ϶Ūʿ󤲤ƤȤǤ롥
űѸ줫Ф177Ե§ưʸߤˤޤѸȤʤäƤʤΤΤߡˤΤѸǤԵ§Τޤ޻ĤäΤ145ġѸǤԵ§ΤޤޤʤΤ98ĤȤޤ̤˷׻ƤϤ2500ǯޤǤԵ§Τޤ޻ĤäƤΤ83ĤǤͽ¬Ƥ롥
ʸˤϷ׻˴ؤƤ뤬٤ߤФȵ來ФƤ롥

Ѹˤư٤򥳡ѥǵƤΤϤ褤ȤơűѸѸˤ٤εŬڤԤѸ˴ؤƤ The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English ѤȽҤ٤Ƥ뤬Ѹ٤ήѤƷ׻Ƥս⤢ääȤ⡤ήѤˤͤ礭ʤȤʸŸƤϤ뤬
ѸˤĤƤɸѼꤷưƤ뤬αѸˤĤƤϤɤѼǤΤ餯ϻ¿Ѽޤ᤿ѥоݤȤƤΤ
űѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤ褽®٤ǵ§äƤȤ̤ʹߤϡּʡ׸Ѳ˴Ĥä뵬ʸˡΩ䶵ڤȤҲŪʽäͤ碌ǰ®٤ǤȤȤϲ̣Τ
§ǤϤʤԵ§Ǹ˸줿ʤΤˤ⤦ʤȤˤʤ˻򥫥ȤδˤƤ뤬ξ¸ƤĹˤĤƤϲ뤳ȤϤΤ

礭ʻθʤΤǡޤ٤ФɾΤɤȤϻפǡ٤ȤȴˤƤΥޥʸ̤򹥰Ū˼Ƥߤ뤳ȤˤơˤθθϤ礭ʲͤƤߤʸˤä further studies ƤʤäΤǡˡ
ֵ§®٤ưٻɸ2ȿ㤹פȤ̤ФθϱѸưε§ŬѤñȯθȹͤƤ褤Τ¾ΤĤΡ˾餯¿Ρ˸Ū§ˤŪŬѤǤΤǤФȤƤͭյ餯ۤɤޤϹԤʤȡΤ褦˸ƳФŪʡ׵§ϡդ˸ȤɤΤ褦ʾƤΤξ̲뤳ȤϤǤΤޤ̣Τ
ŪʸѲοܡפˤϴؿꡤѲ slow-quick-quick-slow ΥѥSȤóȻ ( lexical diffusion ) ȤܤƤ뤬嵭ƱƤ롥¤ˤϡŪʸѲοܤε뤳ȤϵǤ롥ˤĤƤϺ⤸äͤƤ

Lieberman, Erez, Jean-Baptiste Michel, Joe Jackson, Tina Tang, and Martin A. Nowak. "Quantifying the Evolutionary Dynamics of Language." Nature 449 (2007): 713--16.

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2010-09-01 Wed

#492. ѸζѲưɤ [emode][verb][conjugation][variation][corpus][ppceme]

Ѹˤϡưβʬ˿ΰ۷֤äȤΤƤ롥ä첻Ѳ ( ablaut, or vowel gradation ) ˤäƲʬäűѸζѲưͳ褹ưϡ-ed ؤε§ηȤؤäѰۤμब¿ä
ѸǤʬѰۤΤưϤʤ櫓ǤϤʤ㤨 bid -- bid / bade / bad -- bid / bidden, prove -- proved -- proved / proven, show -- showed -- shown / showed, sow -- sowed / sown -- sown / sowed ʤɤ롥Ѹΰ۷ִ֤ɤϸѸǤϤʤ18̾ʵʸˡ Robert Lowth (1710-87) ǤɤƤƤۤɤ顤ĤʤäȤȤ ( Nevalainen, pp. 93--94 )
Ϥ˴ؤơ[2010-03-03-1]ǾҲ𤷤 PPCEME ( Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English, second edition ) ˤꡤפưʤȤʣưˤβˤĤư۷֤򤶤äȸƤߤñ˰֤ȹͤΤ⤢뤬餫˸촴첻βΰۤʤΤ⤢ꡤɤη㤷ʬå١

awake : awaked (1), awoke (3)
bear : bar (6), bare (133), barest (2), beare (1), bore (24)
begin : be-gane (12), be-gayne (1), began (281), began'st (1), begane (13), begann (1), beganne (27), begannyst (1), begayn (1), begayne (1), begon (1), begun (10)
break : brak (6), brake (60), brakest (2), break (2), broake (7), brok (4), broke (49), brokest (1)
come : bacame (1), becam (5), became (79), become (1), cam (475), came (2170), camest (11), camst (4), com (27), come (55), comst (1), ouercame (4), ouercome (2), over-cam (1), overcame (2), overcome (1)
drink : drancke (3), dranckt (1), drank (19), dranke (21), dronke (3), drunk (1), drunke (2)
eat : ate (15), eat (11), eate (12), ete (2)
fall : befel (1), befell (6), fel (15), fele (1), fell (306), felle (4), ffell (1)
find : fande (4), ffond (1), ffonde (1), ffound (1), find (1), fond (2), fonde (2), found (344), founde (63)
get : begat (67), begate (60), begot (3), begott (2), forgat (3), forgate (2), forgot (8), forgote (1), forgott (2), gat (10), gate (15), gatt (4), gatte (1), got (101), gote (23), gott (23)
give : forgaue (2), gaue (261), gauest (9), gave (364), gavest (12), gayff (4), gayffe (2), geve (1), misgaue (1)
help : help'd (2), help't (1), helped (5), helpt (1), holp (1), holpe (1)
know : knew (419), knewe (88), knewest (3), knewyst (1), know (1), knowe (1), knowethe (1), knue (1), knwe (1)
ring : rang'd (1), rong (1), rung (1), runge (1)
run : ran (77), rane (7), rann (3), ranne (38), run (12), rune (1), runn (1)
see : saw (627), saw (1), sawe (237), sawest (14), sawiste (1), see (5)
sing : sang (7), sange (5), song (11), songe (3), sung (13)
sink : sanke (1), sunke (1)
speak : bespake (2), spak (2), spake (318), spoak (1), spoake (8), spock (1), spoke (61), spokest (2)
spring : sprang (1), sprange (5), spronge (1), sprung (3), sprunge (1)
swear : sware (55), swoare (1), swore (56)
take : betoke (1), betook (4), betooke (4), mistook (1), mistooke (2), ouer-tooke (1), ouertoke (2), ouertooke (3), overtook (2), overtooke (2), take (1), taked (3), tok (2), toke (333), tokened (1), tokest (2), took (296), tooke (333), tooke (1), undertook (8), undertooke (2), vnd=er=tooke (1), vndertooke (2)
write : wrat (1), wrate (7), wret (32), wrett (49), writ (19), write (2), writt (8), writte (1), wrot (21), wrote (106), wrote (1), wrott (7), wrotte (3), wryt (1), wryte (1), wrytt (2)


ѸζѲưβʬɤ͡˸椵Ƥ뤬Nevalainen References ʲ2θ򸫤ĤΤǥ⤷Ƥ

Nevalainen, Terttu. An Introduction to Early Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006.
Gustafsson, Larisa O. Preterite and Past Participle Forms in English, 1680--1790. Studia Anglistica Upsaliensia 120. Uppsala: Uppsala U, 2002.
Lass, Roger. "Proliferation and Option-Cutting: The Strong Verb in the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries." Towards a Standard English, 1600--1800. Ed. Dieter Stein and Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1993. 81--113.

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2010-07-10 Sat

#439. come -- came -- come ʤΤ welcome -- welcomed -- welcomed ʤΤϤʤ [verb][conjugation][etymology][sobokunagimon]

űѸ¿ζѲư줬λ˼Ѳʵ§ˤƤäȤˤ򸦵ơޤȤä򤷤ƤȤˡcome ϸűѸ줫鸽Ѹ˻ޤǶѲԵ§ˤΤޤޤ welcome ϸǤϼѲʵ§ưˤʤäƤΤԻ׵ĤȤˤʤäΤˡñȹưѲϰפΤ̤Ǥ ( ex. come -- came -- come Ф overcome -- overcame -- overcomeget -- got -- got(ten) Ф forget -- forgot -- forgot(ten) ) welcome ϥɥĸ Willkommenե󥹸 bienvenue ǤʬȤꡤwell + come ΤϤʤΤˡʤ *welcame ˤʤʤΤ
褷褦 welcome θ츻Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡ⤽ welcome θ츻פ㤤ƤȤʬäޤ wel ϡ well ǤϤʤ̾ will "desire, pleasure, will" б롥 come ϡư come ǤϤʤ "comer" ̣ OE ̾ cuma б롥OE cuma ȤϳΤư cuman "come" ͳ褹뤬ư줽ΤΤǤϤʤư̾͡ҿ͡פбȤΤääơwelcome OE ̾ wilcuma ˾ޤҿ͡Фˬԡפ̤ȤȤˤʤ OE ư -a ˲вƻĤäƤȤƤ welcome ϵŤǤˡҿͤ˸ä wilcuma! ȸƤӤȤ顤ȤƤΡ֤褦פΰ̣˷ƻȤƤΡ֤褯褿ޤ롤Фפȯã OE 鸫ˡǤ롥ճʤȤˡThank you ФȤƤ You're welcome 20ˤʤäƤ˿ɽǤ롥
ơOE ʳǤǤ wilcuma ˾ޤҿ͡פϡ˾ޤҿͤȤƷޤ롤褦ȰפȤ̣ưƤOE ŵŪư -ian ǤꡤΤ褦줿ưɬѲȤƳѤwilcumian ϡζѲư cuman "come" ȸ츻ŪˤϴϢŤʤ⡤ˤäƤǤưʤΤǼѲưȤߤϤ᤿ΤǤ롥äơOE Ǥβ wilcumodewelcomed ȤƼѤƤ
ޤȤȡѸư come 궯Ѳưäwelcome ư̾줫ѲưäȤȤˤʤ롥衼åѤζ٤νб줬Τϡ줾Ωȯȹͤ⡤ߤδ֤˼Ѥäȹͤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-22-1] [2019-05-15-1]

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2009-10-22 Thu

#178. ưε§Ѳά [verb][conjugation][analogy][oe][statistics][sobokunagimon][dental_suffix]

Ѹưϡ§ư ( regular verb ) Ե§ư ( irregular verb ) ̤롥
§ưϸ§Ȥưθ -ed ȤղäƲʬ롥ȯϸ촴βˤä /d/, /ɪd/, /t/ Τ줫Ȥʤ뤬 ( dental suffix ) ޤǤ ex. played, wanted, looked )ϥޥ˶̤ʬηǤ롥
Ե§ư ϤȲ̶ʬǤ뤬¿ ( ablaut or gradation ) ˤäƲʬ롥swim -- swam -- swum, give -- gave -- given, come -- came -- come Ǥ롥
Ե§ưˤϴư줬¿ˡԵ§ư줬뤫Τ褦˺Фºݤˤ70Ĥۤɤʤʳ̵ư -ed Dzʬ§ưǤ롥
Τ餳Τ褦ʬۤä櫓ǤϤʤűѸǤϡ褽§ưΤѲư ( weak verb ) ȸƤӡ褽Ե§ưΤѲư ( strong verb ) ȸƤԤ270ۤ¸ߤΤǤ롥ʹ1000ǯδ֤Ե§ưϷ㸺270줬ɤäѥϰʲΤ줫Ǥ롥

(1) Ե§ưʶѲưˤȤƤȤɤޤä
(2) Ե§ưʶѲưˤȵ§ưʼѲưˤδ֤ǸߤɤƤ
(3) §ư첽ʼѲư첽ˤ
(4) ѸȤƱѸ줫ä

줾ϰʲ̤Ǥ롥ޤˤäơűѸζѲư1/3Ѥ졤1/3ϵ§ư첽1/3Ե§ưˤȤɤޤäȤ롥

PDE Reflexes of OE Strong Verbs

ʲ˴ñ˶󤲤뤬塤(1) ϸѸ˻ĤäƤԵ§ưǤꡤ(4) ϸѸ˻ĤäƤʤʤΤǾά롥
(3) Υѥˤϡhelp 롥ưϸűѸǤ helpan -- healp / hulpon -- holpen ˤäƳѤƤѸǤϵ§ưȤʤäƤ롥¾shave, step, yield ʤɤ⤫ĤƤԵ§ưä
(2) Υѥˤϡmow -- mowed -- mowed / mown, show -- showed -- showed / shown, prove -- proved -- proved / proven ʤɤ롥ȤƤϡ-ed դ§ͥǤ롥Υѥ°ưǤϡԵ§ѤƤΤ֤꤫⤷ʤ

Görlach, Manfred. The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997. 69--75.

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2009-06-10 Wed

#43. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 [preterite][verb][suppletion][sobokunagimon]

ѸˤԵ§Ѳư줬250ʾ夢Ȥ뤬ΤʤǤäԵ§㤷ư gogo -- went -- gone ȳѤ롥ʬ gone Ϥޤʬ뤬 went go ȤδϢޤääƸʤ¾Ե§ưϡmake -- made -- made ˤ([2009-06-09-1])夲 drive -- drove -- driven ˤȤδϢ롥teach -- taught -- taught Ǥ顤go ٤дϢꤽȤȤϸȴ롥
ºݡwent ϸ츻Ū go ȤϤޤäطʤwent wend ָ롤פȤ̤ưβǤ롥ֹԤפȤ̣˶ᤤȤϤ狼뤬Ȥä go βΥåȤˤ褽 went äƤȤΤϤɤȤ
ưγѤˤָߡʬפΤ褦˰ΥѥबȤΤ줫ΥåȤˡޤä츻ΰۤʤ֤ळȤ롥佼ˡ ( suppletion ) ȸƤ֡go βȤƤ went ϸѸ˸佼ˡΰǤ롥
佼ˡ¾ȤƤϡƻѲ롧good -- better -- bestbad -- worse -- worstޤ§ŪʷƻΥڥ quick -- quickly Τ褦Τۤ -ly ĤΤ̾([2009-06-07-1])good -- well Τ褦̸촴Ѥ⤢롥ξ⡤well 佼줿ȹͤ롥
ѸˤƺǤ⤭ä佼ˡϡbe ưǤ롥I amyou areshe is ʤɡ٤ưۤʤ촴ȤäƤ롥
ʤ went 佼줿ȤͿ뤳Ȥ񤷤뤳Ȥϡ佼ˡϹٸΥѥ˵뤳Ȥ¿ȤȤǤ롥ֹٸ̯ʤȤ򤹤װȤ褦

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2009-06-09 Tue

#42. űѸˤϲθ촴ढä [oe][inflection][conjugation][verb]

ѸԵ§ưФȤָ߷ -- -- ʬפλĤ򾧤ΤǤ롥drive -- drove -- driven Ȥäˤ
ȤűѸζѲưʸѸԵ§ѲưˤǤϻͤĤη֤ŵɬפ롥λͤĤȤϡ -- -- -- ʬפǤꡤƱưǤߤ drīfan -- drāf -- drifon -- drifen Ȥʤ롥
Ѹβ drove ϡűѸ drāf ͳ褷 drifon ϼƤޤä
⤽ȤϤɤȤʬƤΤ̾ñȲʣȤȤ狼Ȥꡤ줬ñʣˤäƤɤθ촴Ф뤫ޤä촴Ȥ̤ˡȿ;ΤǶޤ뤳ȤαդĤġľˡζɽߤƤߤ褦

Preterite Indicative of drīfan
PersonSg.Pl.
1stdrāfdrifon
2nddrife
3rddrāf


ɽߤȡʣζޤ;ñζޤˤθ촴졤;ñȻ;ñζޤˤθ촴Ƥ뤳Ȥ狼롥;ñʣƱ촴ĤΤǡ̩ˤСֲñפȡֲʣפȤ̤λϸ򾷤ǻʤפȡפȸƤǤΤǤ롥;ñ㳰ǰƬ֤Ƥ¤ϡֲñסֲʣפȤƤ򤷤䤹Τǡ褯Ѥ롥
ѸλˡѸΤ褦˲η֤ĤˤޤȤޤäƤäκݤ졤ΤɤβѤ줿ϡưˤäưۤʤ롥˷ޤäȤäƤϴˤξ֤¸褷ͻҤ롥
ŪˡѸǤϲϸ§ȤưĤꤨʤȤȤʤäŤ̾Ĥư˲Ū˻¸Ƥ롥be ưǤ롥ʲñˤ was ǡʲʣˤ were Ǥ롥ޤűѸʬۤľܤȿǤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ̤ŪаޤǤϤΤ;ñ you ֤ʤ͡פʲʣˤ were ȤΤ⤷Ū˸űѸξʬۤƱʬۤȤʤäƤ롥
űѸζѲưǤϡưǤ⸽ߤ be ưΤ褦Ĥβ֤äƤȤȤ򵭲ˤȤɤƤ

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