hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ڡ / page 7 (10)

verb - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2016-07-02 Sat

#2623. ;ιʸο;β [impersonal_verb][reanalysis][verb][syntax][word_order][case][synthesis_to_analysis]

;ư (impersonal_verb) Ѥ;ιʸ (impersonal construction) ˤĤƤϡ#204. ;ιʸ ([2009-11-17-1]) ¾εǼ夲ƤѸʹߡ;ιʸϤͿ;ιʸؤȿܤʹߤˤϤۤȤɸʤʤäΡ;ιʸο;βפϡѸˤˤ礭ȤƤθˤĤƤϡ̾Τ褦Ƥ롥
Ѹ;ư like(n) ˼ưϸǤϡֹפȤ;Ūˡ̣äƤꡤI like thee. Τ褦ˡΤ I ǡоݤгʡŪʡ you ɽ蘆롥ѸˤϡʰϽѸǤˡư;Ūˡ̣äƤ Me liketh thee. Τ褦ˡΤͿ Me ǡоݤг thee ɽ蘆줿ʤСֻˤȤäơʤ򹥤൤סֻˤȤäƤϡʤϹޤפۤɤΤ̾Ǥгʤޤˤ줿̾ǤмʤͿʤζ̤ϤǤˤĤʤʤäƤΤǡۣ롥㤨СGod liketh thy requeste, (Chaucer, Second Nun's Tale 239) ǤϡGod ŪˤͿʤäƤȹͤ뤬ʹˤϼʤȤƲ򤵤뤫⤷ʤξ硤ʹ liketh ;ưȤƺʬ (reanalysis) 򤷤Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥;ưΤʤˤϡȤűѸ;ưȤƤѤΤ¿äΤǡ;βΥץΤȤϴʤäΤ⤷ʤShakespeare Ǥϡư like ϤޤξͤѤƤꡤWhether it like me or no, I am a courtier. (The Winters Tale 4.4.730) Ȥ뤫ȻפСI like your work, (Timon of Athens 1.1.160) ߤʰʾ塤ƣp. 106--08 ˡ
ʾ夬;ιʸο;β˴ؤ붵ʽŪŪˡѸʹߤ٤Ƥιʸˤƿ;ιʸ礷ͤɬפ롥 (155--56) 3ĤװŦƤ롥

(a) SVOȤ礬ΩOEư֤֤뤳Ȥ¿äַиԡפɽ魯Ū줬Ȳ򤵤褦ˤʤäˤOEǤǤ̾μʤгʤʤꤷФƱǤäȤ¡LOEϤޤäܼοʿˤꡤͿʡгʤȼʤƱȤʤä¤ʤ׸Ƥ롥;ιʸˤƤϡַиԡפɽŪ줬̾Ǥ뤳Ȥ⤢ΤǤξˤŪʡͿʡгʡˤȼʤϷۤʤäƤ뤫顤־ΤޤȤϹͤˤΤǤ;βθǤϤʤǤ
(b) ܼοʿˤꡤưιͿʤʤŪʤΤߤˤʤäȤʤηϤѲäᡥʤ̣ΰ㤤˴ŤƼʡгʡ°ʡͿʤȤʤͿƤΤ٤ʸι¤˴ŤƼʤŪʤͿȤѤäΤַиԡפŪȯŪͿԤȤɽ˳ʤȤʤѤ;ιʸ¤ȤȤԲǽˤʤä
(c) OE¿ư¾ư쵡ǽȯãƤäФͿʡгʡ̾ȼ¾ư;ư⤳¾ư첽Ѳˤäƽ¾ưѲη̤ȤƼ;Τ it ǤϤʤͤޤϤ˽ऺ԰ټԼȤ褦ˤʤä


(c) ˤĤƤϡ#2318. Ѹˤˤ¾ưá ([2015-09-01-1]) ⻲ȡ

ƣ ͺرѸ硡ʸˡΥ롼Ĥõ١ҡ2002ǯ106--08.
ס ˡŪˤ븽αʸˡ١罤ۡ1990ǯ.

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2016-06-28 Tue

#2619. űѸѲ2ưޤ˸ -i- ѸǤξü [inflection][verb][oe][eme][conjugation][morphology][owl_and_nightingale][speed_of_change][schedule_of_language_change][3sp][3pp]

űѸμѲ2°ưǤϡɽΤĤβս "medial -i-" (#2112. ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤ ([2015-02-07-1]) θűѸ lufian ζɽ򻲾) -i- Ѹʹߤ˼ƤüΥߥ󥰤䥹ԡɤƥȤʤɤˤäưۤʤäƤʬۤΰȤƤϡݼŪǤ -i- ٤ޤݤ졤׿ŪǤ᤯˼줿
űѸμѲ2Ǥľˡ3;ñߤζ޸ -i- Ժߤ - Ȥʤ뤬б3;ΡʣǤ -i- -iaþ Ȥʤ롥äơѸʹߤ -i- ξüʤȡ޸ˤä3;Τñʣ̤뤳ȤǤʤʤä
üʹԤƤѸβϴˤϡκ⤢äΤǤϤʤȵ롥㤨СThe Owl and the Nightingale ll. 229--32 򸫤Ƥߤ褦Cartlidge Ǥˡ

Vor eurich þing þat schuniet riȝt,
Hit luueþ þuster & hatiet liȝt;
& eurich þing þat is lof misdede,
Hit luueþ þuster to his dede.


֤ǵưϤűѸμѲ2ͳ褷3;ñμäƤ롥äơ -i- ʤϤschuniet hatiet Ǥ -i- Ƥ롥ʤ嵭 C ܤǤη֤ȿǤƤ뤬J ܤǤб֤Ϥ줾 schonyeþ, luuyeþ, hateþ, luueþ ȤʤäƤꡤ-i- ʬۤǤޤޤǤ롥
schuniet ˤĤƤϡԻ eurich þing ̣ʣȤƲᤵ줿뤤 alle þing ʤɤοʣäΤǤϤʤȤǽŦƤCartlidge (Owl 113) Ǥϡ"it seems more sensible to regard these lines as an example of the Middle English breakdown of distinctions made between different forms of Old English Class 2 weak verbs" Ȥθ򤬼Ƥ롥
Cartlidge ̤ʸǡΥƥȤˤ -i- ˤĤƽҤ٤ƤΤǡβսѤƤ

In both C and J, the infinitives of verbs descended from Old English Class 2 weak verbs in -ian always retain an -i- (either -i, -y, -ye, -ie, -ien or -yen). However, for the third person plural of the indicative, J writes -yeþ five times, as against nine cases of - or -þ; while C writes -ieþ or -iet seven times, as against seven cases of -, -ed, or -et. In the present participle, both C and J have medial -i- twice beside eleven non-conservative forms. The retention of -i in some endings also occurs in many later medieval texts, at least in the south, and its significance may be as much regional as diachronic. (Cartlidge, "Date" 238)


ˤϡ-i- ξüηˤäưۤʤäƤФǤʤɽΥåȤˤäƤ⥿ߥ󥰤䥹ԡɤۤʤäƤǽƤꡤѲΥ塼 (schedule_of_language_change) δ鶽̣

Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.
Cartlidge, Neil. "The Date of The Owl and the Nightingale." Medium Aevum 65 (1996): 230--47.

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2016-06-10 Fri

#2601. ʤ If I WERE a bird ʤΤ [be][verb][subjunctive][preterite][conjugation][inflection][oe][sobokunagimon]

ʸˡΡֲˡפˤƤϡ if ΤʤưβѤΤ§Ǥ롥βȤϡŪˤľˡβƱΤΤѤФ褤1Ĥ㳰롥ɸΤ褦˼줬1;ñξ硤뤤3;ñξˤϡľˡ was ѤȤˡˡǤ were ѤʤФʤʤʸѸθˤƤ was Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬ʸˡǤ were §ǤˡϤʤ
äȤñΤǤС줬űѸˤ³ˡ13;ñζ޷äǤʸΡֲˡפΤűѸǤϡ³ˡ (subjunctive) ȸƤ֡ˡ
ε#2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1]) ǷǤűѸ bēon ζɽǡSubjunctive Preterite 򸫤ƤߤȡñǤϿ;Τˤ餺 wǣre ѤƤ롥ĤޤꡤűѸ ġif ic wǣre . . . ʤɤȸäƤ餳ѸǤ if I were . . . ʤΤǤ롥
ѸǤϡۤȤɤξ硤ˡη֤ȤơҤΤ褦ľˡη֤򤽤ΤޤѤФ褤ˡä˰ռƲˡζ޷ɽľˡȶ̤ƳФɬפʤŪˤľˡʲˤȲˡʲˤϵǽŪˤŪˤΤ˶̤٤ۤʤηϤǤꡤơư˴ؤˡ˱ۤʤ޷ȶɽѰդƤȤˤΤʤǶ޸οʿŪ䤬Ѥbe ưʳΤ٤Ƥư˴ؤ³ˡľˡƱȤʤäͣ줫ĤƤηŪʶ̤ݻӤƤΤ be äȤȤǤ롥¸μ礿ͳϡbe ޤ˹٤Ǥ뤳Ȥ
ɸΡ֤ʤ If I WERE a bird ʤΤפȤ䤤ϡѸζŪʴϼѤʵȤ롥Ѹˤδ䤤ΩľΤǤС֤ʤˤ be ưʳΤ٤Ƥưˤ³ˡľˡƱȤʤäΤפ٤Ǥ롥

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2016-06-09 Thu

#2600. űѸ be ưζ [suppletion][be][verb][conjugation][inflection][oe][paradigm][indo-european][etymology]

ѸǺǤʣʶޤ򼨤ưȤСbe ưǤ롥ޤ˿षƤ븽ѸˤäơޤʣݤäƤͣưޤ٤⤹ơԵ§ʤΥѥबĤäƤޤäΤ
űѸˤƤ⡤ζޤοθȤƤ⡤be ưζޤϤϤʣäʲˡűѸ bēon ȸѸ be ζɽǤ褦 (Hogg and Fulk 309)

OE

餫˰ۤʤ캬ͳ褹η֤ޤäơɽƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥Сbe ưζɽ佼ˡ (suppletion) κǤǤ롥be ϡӸŪˤ "athematic verb" ȸƤФư1ĤǤꡤΤʤǤǤʣˤ򤿤ɤäƤHogg and Fulk (309--10) ˤСűѸ bēon ν֤Ϥ餯4Ĥθ캬̤롥
1ܤϡPIE *Hes- ͳ褹ΤǡűѸ첻뤤 s ǻϤޤ֤ȿǤƤs ǻϤޤΤϡ *Hs- ͳ褹롨 cf. ƥ sumˡ
2ܤϡPIE *bhew(H)- ͳ褷űѸǤ b ǻϤޤ֤ȿǤcf. ƥ fuī 'I have been'ˡűѸǤϡηϽŪ뤤̤δްդȼȤ¿ä
3ܤϡPIE *wes- ̤ꡤűѸʤƸѸ˻ޤǡˤǤϤäѤη֤ȤѤ롥϶Ѳ5ưǤꡤ߷äƤűѸޤǤ˲˸ꤵ줿
4ܤϡűѸľˡ2;ñ eart ٤Ȥ PIE *er- ꤵƤcf. ƥ orior 'I rise' Ʊ캬ˡ
be ưΥѥϡűѸ褢٤ϴάƤΤΡʤĹˤΤʤݤ줿ʣϷߤǤ롥

Hogg, Richard M. and R. D. Fulk. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 2. Morphology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2016-05-06 Fri

#2566. 3ñ -s Ȥϲ [3sp][3pp][verb][paradigm][conjugation][inflection][hel_education][variation][sobokunagimon]

3ñ -s ѸءѸ˾ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ 3sp ε¿äƤˤĤƤϿǯĴ٤񤭤ƤΤ1ǯۤɤδ֤˸ƬȯɽʸȤƸɽ뵡񤬤äΤǡܥ֥ǤƤ
Ѹ˸褷ʸؤ줫αѸ춵顽Ѹ˸Ȥá١ʲջҡԡˡǤ줿Τʤǡ3ñ -s ȤϲѸ춵˴ͿѸŪפꤹ뾮ƤƤܽϡ2014ǯ525˳줿ܱʸز86ʱ̳ƻءˤǤΥݥ֥ХαѸ춵顽Ѹˤι׸פθ濴Ԥޤ줿Τǡ伫ȤϤȯɽԤǤϤʤäΤΡʸδ˺ƤȤǤʥݥطԤѸˡѸ춵鸦ԤΥ롼פƤˤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ʸΥȥ뤬̤ꡤѸˤȱѸ춵ռʤ鼹ɮ뤳ȤԤƤΤ֤ȱѸ˴ˤʤäƤޤäʢȿʡˡܥ֥Ǥϥ֥ȤǥŪˤʤä3ñ -s ˴ؤġ򡤺ʸȤκۤȤ뤳ȤˤäơΤȤޤȤ뤳ȤǤ褦˻פʸǤϡ#2112. ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤ ([2015-02-07-1]) #2136. 3ñ -s ʸˡˤʬϡ ([2015-03-03-1]) ʤɤεȯŸǡȤ櫓̻ŪѲȶŪѰ (variation) Ż뤷Ÿ
Ѹ춵Ȥ顤ˤĤä˶ĴäȤϡ˼ʲμĥǤ롥

3ñ -s ȤϡʸˡŪȤɽŪȤƲ򤹤٤ΤǤϤʤषϱѸؽԤˡ(1) γؤǤоݤɸŪŪѼǤȤ¤˰ռ(2) ظ¿ɸѼޤŪ˻ѤƤȤѸ¿θ¤˵ŤμεȤ (3) ѸѼʤ줿ܸѼˤФ봲Ƥ乥ε󶡤Ƥ롤ȤƤȤ館뤳ȤƤ


ʤʸμɮԤϰʲ̤ꡥȤ櫓Ѹ춵ȪɤǤȴ򤷤Ǥ

ϤˡѸˤȱѸ춵 ջ
ѸˤȱѸ춵ͻ硡Applied English Philology λ
Ѹ춵ˤѸë
콬μѸˤζŪ ľȥ
ѸȯãѸؽȯãءˡư쥹޷ä ¹
ХʱѸáѸˤö߷
3ñ -s ȤϲѸ춵˴ͿѸŪ δ
ѸˤȱѸ춵ꥨ󤫤鸫Ѳ ջ


δ졡3ñ -s ȤϲѸ춵˴ͿѸŪסؤ줫αѸ춵顽Ѹ˸Ȥá (Can Knowing the History of English Help in the Teaching of English?). Studies in the History of English Language 5. ջҡԡˡν2016ǯ105--31ǡ

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2016-03-13 Sun

#2512. ưŪȤ뤫ư̾뤫 (2) [gerund][infinitive][verb][semantics][aspect]

ε ([2016-03-12-1]) ˰³ɸˤĤơtry, like, start, forget ʤɤưŪȤư̾뤳ȤǤ뤬뤫ˤäƼ㴳ΰ̣ΰ㤤뤳Ȥȸ롥Quirk et al. (16.40) ˤȡưΤ魯ư "potentiality" ư̾Ϥμºݤ "performance" ްդΤ§Ǥ롥

As a rule, the infinitive gives a sense of mere 'potentiality' for action, as in She hoped to learn French, while the participle gives a sense of the actual 'performance' of the action itself, as in She enjoyed learning French. In the case of try, the double meaning is particularly clear:

     Sheila tried ----+---- ''to bribe'' the jailor.   [1]
                      |
                      +---- ''bribing'' the jailor.    [2]

[1] implies that Sheila attempted an act of bribery, but did not manage it; [2] implies that she actually did bribe the jailor, but without (necessarily) achieving what she wanted. With other verbs, the difference is more subtle, and may be overruled or neutralized by the meaning of the verb of the main clause. For example, the negative meaning of avoid and escape cancels out the sense of 'performance' in He escaped/avoided being branded as a traitor.


ΰ̸§ˤ뺹ϡƤϤޤ褦ʸ̮ˤäƤϺ㤬¤뤳Ȥ⤢Τǡ줫ư̾줫λȤʬ˴ؤŪʴȤϤʤˤȤ롥
Quirk et al. Ϥθ塤ư (dread, hate, like, loathe, love, prefer)ư (start, continue, cease)ư (forget, remember, regret) γơˤĤơɤΤ褦ʰ̣Ūʺ㤬Τ뤤ϤɤΤ褦ʾˤκ㤬¤ΤͻƤ롥ä˶̣Τϡư start ˤĤơʣưؤˤư̾줬򤵤䤹ȤȤ顤He began opening all the cupboards Ǥ to open Ѥ뤳ȤǽǤϤ뤬ư̾Τۤդ路ȤˤŪɽ魯ưȤ꤬ؤäƤ褦ư˴ؤƤ⡤Ϳ뤳ȤΤƤ롥

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-12-1]

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2016-03-12 Sat

#2511. ưŪȤ뤫ư̾뤫 (1) [gerund][infinitive][verb][phrasal_verb]

ѸǤϡ¾ưŪȤƼꤦưȤơư̾줬롥¾ưˤäƤϡɤ餫դʤΤ⤢СξդΡޤξդ뤬̣ߤ˰ۤʤΤʤɡޤޤǤ롥ˤĤ33դǷǼĤ˼䤬󤻤줿ѸؤǤưʸηʸȤ͡˸椵Ƥ褦ŪˤϤɤʤΤޤϢʸʤɤɤȤʤΤǡľʤȤޤʬʤ̡ʲΤ褦ʲǤʤä

ưŪȤȤ뤫ư̾Ȥ뤫ȤǤ͡ѸǤϡָ̤ư̾ϲָȸ뤳Ȥޤɬ⤭줤ˤǤʤ褦ǤŪˤϤ䤹ʤ椹٤פȻפޤѸǤ⤹ǤˡġưˤäƤŪˤȤ뤫ηꡤΤȤƤΤۤ¿ä褦Ǥܤ̤ĴǤŪˤϡŪΥפˤĤ߾줷ꡤ¾ؾ괹ȤФư⤢äΤǤϤʤȻפޤߤ⤽Τ褦ѲκȤ뤫⤷ޤŪʴưʬषʬξΩäŪɤäƤɬפꤽǤΤФȤǤޤ󤬡Ĵ٤Ȼפޤ


ˤĤĴ٤Ƥ椯ϤȤơѸξޤȤƤޤϡQuirk et al. (16.38--40) 򻲾ȤơŪȤ뤳ȤΤǤư򡤰̣ƤȤ˶ʬʤ롥Ƭ * դƤưϡư̾뤳ȤǤΤǤ롥ޤƹԤǥߥθˤưϡ̾ŪֻפΤǤ롥

[ư졡]

(i) *dread, *hate, *like, *loathe, *love, *prefer; long [for], ache [for], aim [for], aspire [to], burn [for], burst [for], (not) care [for], clamour [for], itch [for], yearn [for]
(ii) *begin, *cease, *commence, *continue, *start;
(iii) *forget, *remember, *regret; *bother [about], condescend [to], *delight [in], *hesitate [about]
(iv) *choose, hope, *intend, *mean, *need, *plan, *propose, *want, wish;
(v) deign, *disdain, *help, *scorn, *venture
(vi) ask, beg, decline, demand, offer, promise, refuse, swear, undertake, vow; agree [to/on/about], consent [to]
(vii) affect, claim, *profess; pretend [to]
(viii) *afford, *attempt, contrive, endeavour, fail, learn, manage, neglect, omit, *try; strive [for], seek [for]
(ix) *arrange [for], *decide [on], *resolve [on], *prepare [for], *serve [for]

ˡư̾ư롥Ƭ * դƤưϡ뤳ȤǤΤǤ롥(vi) ֻȼư졤(v) ϶ư졤(vi) ֻȼưǤ롥

[ư̾ư졡

(i) (can't) bear, begrudge, detest, dislike, *dread, *enjoy, (not) fancy, *hate, *like, *loathe, *love, (not) mind, miss, *regret, relish, resent, (can't) stand
(ii) *cease, *commence, *continue, quit, resume, *start, stop
(iii) admit, avoid, confess, consider, deny, deserve, discourage, envisage, escape, *forget, (can't) help, imagine, involve, justify, *need, permit, *propose, recall, recommend, *remember, repent, require, risk, save, *try, *want
(iv) bank on, count on, decide on, delight in, play at, resort to, see about, shrink from
(v) break off, give up, leave off, put off, take up
(vi) do away with, get around to, go in for, look forward to

Τߤ˽äư̾ΤưˤĤơΰ̣ŪʺˤĤƿ줿

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-12-1] [2016-03-13-1]

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2016-03-03 Thu

#2502. ʤˤ to ȸ2बΤ [infinitive][verb][inflection][syntax][causative][terminology][sobokunagimon]

219դǷǼĤˡɸ˴ؤ뵿䤬󤻤줿ǼľƤ١ˤƵȤƤޤȤƤʲάˤ򵭤
Ѹˤ to (to-infinitive) ȸ (bare infinitive) 2ब뤬ŪˤϤ褽ʪǤ롥θŤΤϸΤۤǤꡤϱѸΤߤʤ餺ǤϹ롥ȤäƤ褤űѸǤŵŪưθ촴 -(i)an դ֤פȸƤФƤꡤ줬ѸƱͤˡȤƻưγưŪθ֡ӽưθ֤ѤƤθűѸδŪƯϡư̾첽뤳ȡĤޤ̾Ūˡפäθ塤Ѹˤ޸οʿˤ -(i)an 졤촴ΤΤη֤ؼ̤ƤޤäΤǡߤǤϡָפȸƤľ褦ˤʤäư졤γư졤ưθ֤֤ȤƤεǽϡΤޤ޸ߤޤǰѤ줿
to פΤۤϡűѸֻ to ˡҤͿʤ˶ޤ -anne Ȥķ֡ϰ̾ȤäƤ褤ΤʤΤǡ̾줵ʤ˶ޤˤ³Τǡ㤨 to ganne ȤСֹԤȤ˸ơפĤޤֹԤˡפۤɤäĤޤꡤűѸǤϡǤŪˡפ to ɽ蘆ƤΤǤ롥ŪˤϡϤͿʸޤ᤿Τ˿ʿüɡto + ưθפȤ夯ȤˤʤäǽˤĤƤСto ѸѸˤƤ˳ĥűѸΡŪˡפΤߤʤ餺μϰϤǤä̾Ūˡפؤ⿯¾νεǽȯãƤä
ȯ to 줬ȯθɤĤɤۤƤ椯Ȥˤ򳵴ѤºݤˤѸʹߤξԤμϰϤ褤ξܺ٤ʣǤꡤɤǤѲǽʡɤפξФи줿줾μϰϤٷꤹޤǤˡĹλ夬äΤǤ롥㤨Сư make ˡǤСǽư֤ˤƤϸȤ뤬ư֤Ǥ to ȤȤΤⶦŪˤ̯ʸݤˤߤ뤬2μϰ褤η̡Τ褦ʤϤʬۤˤʤäƤޤäȤȤǤ롥ºݡŤѸǤ make ǽư֤Ǥ⸶¤ to ѤƤդλˤĤƤϡ#970. Money makes the mare to go ([2011-12-23-1])#978. Money makes the mare to go (2) ([2011-12-31-1])#971. help + פε ([2011-12-24-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿

ס ˡŪˤ븽αʸˡ١罤ۡ1990ǯ.

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2016-02-10 Wed

#2480. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ (2) [imperative][exclamation][inflection][speech_act][verb][interjection][sobokunagimon]

[2016-02-05-1]ε˰³̿ưθѤˤĤơεΰˤäMustanoja (473--74) ̿ȴ (interjection) ζ˸ڤƤ롥βսѤ褦

There is a striking functional resemblance between the imperative and the interjections. Both are functionally self-contained exclamatory expressions, both are little articulate (the singular imperative has no ending or has only -e, and the subject-pronoun is seldom expressed), and both are greatly dependent on intonation. In fact many interjections, primary and secondary, are used to express exhortations and commands (a-ha, hay, hi, harrow, out, etc. . . .), and many imperatives are used as interjections (abide, come, go bet, help, look . . . cf. present-day interjections like come on, go away, hear hear, say, say there, etc.)


ˡMustanoja (630--31) Ǥϡư̿¾δȤʤäƤ㤬¿󤲤Ƥ롥

Brief commands, exhortations, and entreaties are comparable to interjections. Thus in certain circumstances the imperative mood of verbs may serve as a kind of interjection: --- abyd, Robyn, my leeve brother (Ch. CT A Mil. 3129); --- come, þou art mysbilevyd (Cursor App. ii 823); --- go bet, peny, go bet, go! (Sec. Lyr. lvii refrain); --- quad Moyses, 'loc, her nu [is] bread' (Gen. & Ex. 3331); --- help, hooly croys of Bromeholm! (Ch. CT A Rv. 4286; in this and many other cases help might equally well be interpreted as a noun). Somewhat similar stereotyped uses of the imperative are herken and listen, which occur as conventional opening exclamations in numerous ME poems (herkneþ, boþe yonge and olde; --- lystenyþ, lordynges . . . .


ưˤ̿򤢤δȯϪȤƤȤ館СưȤʻ°Ȥü𤬤ǡϳΤ˴ȵǽŪ˻Ƥ롥ѲǤ뤫Τ褦ưθѤȤΤϡԻ׵ĤǤϤʤ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-06-01-1]

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2016-02-06 Sat

#2476. Ѹˤˤư̿ˡ³ˡŪǽŪͻ礷 [imperative][subjunctive][verb][inflection][speech_act]

ε#2475. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ ([2016-02-05-1]) Ƥ̩ܤ˴ؤΤȤơɸ꤬롥ѸˤǤϡưñ̿³ˡ߷Ūͻ礷Ƥаޤ롥¹ԤơξԤεǽʤ̿ȤȤ櫓ȯù԰ (speech_act) ⤬ͻ礷ƤȤаޤꡤѸˤƤϡϤ֤ˤƤⵡǽˤƤ⡤ĤƤä̤ƤȤʤ˻äƤ롥ξԤͻؤƻڤϡ1ĤˤϴŪʴ鵭Ҥ뤳ȤǤ롥̿ϡεǽҤ٤褦ˡ캬̵޷ˤظ䤹ä³ˡߤϷ֡ǽŪ˿ष̤Ȥľˡߤݤ߹ޤ줿
̿³ˡ߷ͻϡľŪξԤεǽŪˤä¥ʤ줿Ȥ뤫⤷ʤȤ櫓𡦾ɽ魯ΤѤ³ˡˤĤƤϡ줬ǽ̿Ȥȯù԰٤˶Ƥ뤳ȤưפǤ
εǰѤ Fischer (249) ϡ嵭ˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

In Middle English the forms of the imperative singular and the subjunctive present singular coalesced . . . . In function, the hortatory subjunctive and the imperative were practically similar already in Old English, where one finds them used side by side . . . . In the plural there was still a morphological distinction . . . when the subject pronoun did not immediately follow the verb. This situation was not to last, as the hortatory subjunctive was on its way out. . . . By the middle of the fifteenth century the plural imperative ending disappears.


Fischer ȯϡ2;Τñʣξˤ̿ˡ³ˡͻ礬֥١ǤȤȤ˵ǽ١Ǥ⤢äȤ򼨺Ƥ褦ɤ롥
ʣ̿ˤĤƤ⡤ñƱͤˡ15ȾФޤǤˤ̵ȤʤäƤȤ뤬Τˤʳ Chaucer դǤϡŪñʣηṲ̄Ǥ˻¾μͳѰۤȲƤ롥㤨СChaucer (CT III.186--7 [2:186--7]) Ǥ "Telle forth youre tale, spareth for no man,/ And teche us yonge men of youre praktike." ʤɤȸ̵ͭܤޤ뤷ڤؤäƤ롥
˻̤äƸűѸͻҤߤƤߤȡTraugott (185) ϡ̿ˡ³ˡεǽṲ̄ϡ9ޤǤˤϤ褽ĤĤäȤƤ롥

Because the imperative and subjunctive contrast morphologically, we assume that there was a difference in meaning, at least in early OE times, between more and less directive, more and less wishful utterances. By the time of Alfredian OE this difference was losing ground in many registers; charms, medical prescriptions and similar generalised instructions are normally in the subjunctive.


θ礹ȡͻϡϤ֥١ǤƱͤ˵ǽ١Ǥ⤢äȹͤΤ⤷ʤ

Fischer, O. Syntax. In The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Ed. N. Blake. Cambridge, CUP, 1992. 207--398.
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. Syntax. In The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 168--289.

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2016-02-05 Fri

#2475. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ [imperative][exclamation][inflection][speech_act][verb][interjection][sobokunagimon]

ɸϡѸ̿ʸ˴ؤơ#2289. ̿ʸ˼줬ʤ ([2015-08-03-1]) ¤ǡĹ餯˴Ƥ뤳ȤǤ롥
Ūˤϡ̸̿ĤΤΤǤ롥㤨СűѸΡֹԤפɽ魯ưˤĤơ2;ñؤ̿ 2;ʣؤ̿ gāþ gān Ǥꡤ줾֤ϰۤʤäƤѸʹߡζ޸ʿŪ˸¤ go ؤȼ̤
Τ褦ŪطʤϤˤ衤Ѹ򶦻ŪʴįСŵŪ̿Ѥưη֤ϡ븶ˤη֤ȴ˰פƤ롥äơ̻Ūʴȴ˵ҤΤǤСʤƤüԤʸˡȿǤƤȻפ뤬ˡ̿ȸȤѸ̤ɬפϤʤ̿ˤưθѤפȸäƺ٤ʤ⤷줬üԤζŪФȤСɽ魯̿εǽƱη֤Τʤ˶¸Ƥ뤳Ȥ˴ؤơǧξɤΤ褦ˤȤ館ƤΤ
ˤĤơ (83) ǻȤƤ Fischer (249) ΥȤäƤߤ

The imperative has a tendency to become invariant in form (this happened also in other Germanic languages), because it functions like a self-contained, exclamatory expression. Mustanoja (1960: 473) compares its function to that of (invariable) interjections. In an example like,

   (109) Help! Water! Water! Help, for Goddes herte! (CT I.3815 [1:3807])

help is as much an interjection as an imperative.


̿ȴòϤδȯϪȤƵǽŪ˻̤äƤꡤ椨θ캬ΤΡʱѸξˤϡʤˤѤȲǤٹ (157) òʸȤδϢǽҤ٤ƤդڤСΤ褦ʸ캬ϡָ줬ʸˡŪˤȤ줺ξεޤʤޤޤ˸ŪθԸ줿פΤȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥

ʡ"May the Force Be with You!"Ѹ may ʸˤĤơסطضס642015ǯ77--84ǡ
Fischer, O. Syntax. In The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Ed. N. Blake. Cambridge, CUP, 1992. 207--398.
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ

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2015-12-14 Mon

#2422. Ѹˤư̾졤ʬ졤θβŪƱ [gerund][participle][infinitive][verb][inflection][suffix]

űѸ줫Ѹˤơ̾ʸư̾-ing ȸʬ -inde (or -ende or -ande) ŪͻŪʺФȤϡε#2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1]) Dz⤷ȤǤ롥ŪˡѸʹߡ-ing Ȥͣη֤ư̾줪Ӹʬξǽ̤ƤȤˤʤä
Ѹˤơ嵭 -ing -inde ˲ä -en(ne) ⲻŪʺ˻ͿƤΤǤϤʤȤ롥θϤ夤첻ȼ夤ɡħŤ졤ʬ -inde d æ뷹äꤹ (cf. #2121. Ѹˤˤ /t/ æ ([2015-02-16-1])) Τˤ٤Ƥ /-ən/ ۤɤ˼̤Ƥޤäǽ롥Mustanoja (569--70) ϡθκˤޤؤˤĤơ󤲤ʤҤ٤Ƥ롥

One has to take into consideration . . . certain phonological and morphological processes which seem to have brought about a confusion between the verbal noun, the present participle, and the infinitive. . . . [T]he present participle occasionally ends in -en instead of -end, as in he saȝ þe roke And þe brinfires stinken smoke (Gen. & Ex. 1164), probably also in þat heo heora wil-daȝes wælden weoren (Lawman A 1799), and the inflected infinitive may end in -ende, as in to flende (Lawman B, to fleonne, A) and suffraunce may aswagend hem (Patience 3; cf. also Purity 1291). In the North and N Midlands, in the 15th century even in the South, -ng may occur as -n (e.g., drynkyn for drynkyng, Norfolk Gilds). Cf. also unknowen for unknowyng (Deonise 5, MS Kk) and, conversely, I am moche beholdyng [for beholden] unto hym (Malory MD 86).
   While admitting that the examples here given are uneven with regard to their chronology and dialectal distribution, it is difficult to believe that this confusion of forms did not bring the noun in -ing into close connection with the present participle and the infinitive and thus promote its use as the gerund.


ϤޤϲŪʼ岽Ȥʾ׷äΤ⤷ʤ줬Ūͻ߽Ф쵡ǽξͶȯȤʥꥪΤǤСޤ˸첻μ岽ޤοƤӡSVOؤθȤѸ˾ΥʥߥåѲ⤦1ĤλȤʤ롥ѲˤƤϡΤ褦ˡְưפȤ롥
Mustanoja ε󤲤ƤǤϿʤ嵭ɾˤϡƱͻäȽɬפ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2015-09-01 Tue

#2318. Ѹˤˤ¾ư [verb][syntax][case][reanalysis][impersonal_verb][passive][reflexive_pronoun]

Ѹˤˤϡ絬Ϥ¾ư첽 (transitivization) Ĭήǧ롥űѸǤŪ¾ưʤȤѤưˤϼư⾯ʤäѸˤơƤȤ櫓Ѹˤơοä¾ư첽Ȥϡưΰ̣ˡˤ뤳ȤषŪװ礭ͿƤ롥 (100) ˤС3װꤵ롥
1ĤϡѸ˶޸οबʹԤ̾̾ˤƳʤηŪʶ̤ĤʤʤäȤ롥ˤꡤűѸǤͿŪ°ŪȤäƤư줬γʤȷ־ͻ礷ŪгʤȤ뤳ȤˤʤäĤޤꡤŪϤ٤гʤǤʬϤ졤ư줽ΤΤ¾ưǤǧ褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥1200ǯͿʤȤưֹʸ褦ˤʤ뤳Ȥ⡤κʬϤ̩ܤʴطˤȹͤ롥
2ܤȤơűѸưˤФղä줿 ġe- ʤɤƬѸޤǤ˾üȤ롥űѸǤϡ㤨мư restan ʵ٤ˡgrōwan ˤФơƬղä ġerestan ʵ٤ޤˡġegrōwan ߽Фˤ¾ưȤƵǽʤɡܼˤäƼ¾ڤؤ礬äƬüξηṲ̄ȡμưη֤¾ưεǽդä뤳Ȥˤʤä
3ܤˡűѸưˤϸ촴첻ѰۤˤäƼ¾ˡ̤Τäbrinnan / bærnan (burn), springan / sprengan (spring), stincan / stencan (stink) ʤɤǤ롥θѲˤξ줬Ū˰פ˵ڤǡäͣθ¾ξˡô褦ˤʤä
嵭ϡŪѲǡ2Ūưΰ̣ˡѲȤʥꥪư켫ΤŪ˰̣ˡѲȤľŪʥʥꥪäǽǤʤषȵǽξ¦ΰϤˤäơư¾ưƤȹ̵ͤۤϤʤ褦˻פ롥līcian Τ褦;ư (impersonal_verb) ο;βʤɤ⡤ư¾ư첽ȤĬήΤʤ˰֤Ť뤳ȤǤϲ֡졤̣ѤΤ٤Ƥ˴ؤ븽ݤǤꡤװѲΰȤʤꡤϤȤʤäΤ̤뤳ȤưפǤϤʤޤ#995. The rose smells sweet. The rose smells sweetly. ([2012-01-17-1]) ǿ줿Ѹˤˤ linking verb γȤ⡤ưȤޤѲỌ̇̄ѲȤͻ礷褦褹롥
ˤ衤¾ư첽ĬήѸ˽װ椷ƤȤϸ
ưμ¾žˤĤƤϡư (passive) ȯãƵư (reflexive_pronoun) ο񤤤ϢƤԤˤĤƤϡ#2185. Ƶ̾Ѥưɽο ([2015-04-21-1])#2206. Ƶ̾Ѥưɽο (2) ([2015-05-12-1])#2207. Ƶ̾Ѥưɽο (3) ([2015-05-13-1]) ⻲ȡޤ¾ưȤѸˤĤƤϡ#1258. ʤ¾ưפ "transitive verb" ʤΤ ([2012-10-06-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

ס ˡŪˤ븽αʸˡ١罤ۡ1990ǯ.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-07-02-1]

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2015-08-24 Mon

#2310. 3ñΥ [3sp][3pp][verb][paradigm][conjugation][inflection][contact][do-periphrasis][lmode]

Ѹ˾3ñ -s 3ʣ -s ˤĤơ3sp 3pp ¿εǤ줾ƤǡޤΩʤ3ñΥȤ꤬롥褯ΤƤΤϡ#1885. AAVE ʸˡŪħȵ ([2014-06-25-1])#1889. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s (2) ([2014-06-29-1]) Ǽ夲褦 AAVE Ǥ -s æȤݤ뤷󥰥ɤǤ East Anglia ߻Υѥˤƿ;Ρˤ餺¤ߥȤȤ㤬롥
Wright (119) ˤ3ñΥ˴ؤˤγάˤСEast Anglia ˤ3ñΥε15ˤΤܤꡤŪʲˤС¾ο;θΥ3ñŪ˳ĥΤȤ뤬ܿαƶǤϤʤȤ⤢롥16ȾޤǤˤϡNorfolk β²41--77%ȤΨ -th ˥ѤƤȤ𤬤ꡤEast Midland Ϥθ3ñΥ򼨤濴ϤǤ³Ƥ롥Helsinki Corpus ĴˤСŪˤߤ3ñΥ2%Ȥ㤤Ψʤ East Anglia ˸¤餺ʬۤƤΤ¤ǤꡤŤѸʸˤƤޤ˽в񤦤ȤϤ롥
Wright κǿʸϡ19Ⱦ West Oxfordshire пȤΤ뽾ͤˤ򥳡ѥȤĴ21%Ȥͽ۰ʾι⤤Ψ3ñΥѤƤ뤳Ȥͤߤ᤿Wright ϡEast Anglia ȤŪˤΥ줿ϰǡ餯λ˸ꤷơ3ñΥʬۤƤΤǤϤʤȿ¬ޤΰŪʬۤϡľ do ˡ (do-periphrasis) षľɸŪ -s 礷Ƥäޤ˰ܹԴκˤߤ줿ĤʤŪʬۤȷŤ
Wright εϹäƤ뤬ʤȤѸΤϤ¤ꡤ˱͡ʥѥबƤϾäƤäȤϳΤǤꡤ19Ⱦ West Oxfordshire ˸Ū˾嵭Τ褦ʾäȤƤ⡤äˤϤʤ

Wright, Laura. "Some More on the History of Present-Tense -s, do and Zero: West Oxfordshire, 1837." Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 1.1 (2015): 111--30.

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2015-08-23 Sun

#2309. ưο;θε [category][person][verb][inflection][personal_pronoun][agreement][linguistic_relativism]

ܥ֥Ǥ3ñ -s (3sp) 3ʣ -s (3pp) ۤѸˤˤưο;θ˴ؤ¿夲Ƥ; (person) Ȥʸˡ (category) ¿θ²˳ǧ졤ѸޤˤƤ⸲ƤȤʤäƤ롥⤽ˤƿ;Τưζ޸ˤɸȤεϲäΤο;Τư줬פʤФʤʤȤϤɤ褿Τ
ˤĤơӸؤǤ͡ʵ깭Ƥ褦ʬŪȤ1 Szemerényi (329) ˤС12;θˤĤƤϡб;̾η֤ޤƤȹͤƺ٤ʤȤ

The question of the origin of the personal endings has always aroused much greater interest. Since Bopp's earliest writings, indeed since the eighteenth century, it has been usual to find in the personal endings the personal pronouns. In spite of frequent dissent this theory is universally accepted; it is, however, also valid for the 1st pl., where the original form of the pronoun was *mes . . ., and for the 1st dual, whose ending -we(s) similarly contains the pronoun. And the principle must be expected to operate in the 2nd person also. This is suggest by many other language families. . . .


3;ΤˤĤƤϡ12;ΤƱͤͿ뤳ȤϤǤñˤäƤϻؼ *so/*to ͳ褷ʣˤäƤư̾ȴطʣʻ褹Ȥ (Szemerényi 330) 줬¤ȤȡŤΰĸüԤϡ12;Τʡֿ;ΡפȤߤơ3;Τ;ΡפȤߤƤΤ⤷ʤȿǤƤѡʤȶ޸ʬۡˤϸΰ¿˺פĤƤꡤ޸षѸˤ顤3ñ -s ȤƤäƤ롥
Ǥϡ⤽ˤƿ;ΤȤʸˡƤΤϰ̤ۤƤΤϤʤȤΤϡ¾¿θǤϡ;ΤȤʸˡƤϤ̣⤿ʤ㤨СܸǤϷƻˡˤ;¤ʤɤȤʤ٤ǤꡤƤȤƤο;Τ¸ߴפ;ΤȤѸλؤΤäܶ򤹤СäΤȤƤΡֻפȡäʹƤ֤ʤפȡȤʤꤦ֤ʳפΰڤǺȤ̤븶ˤۤʤʤ#1070. Jakobson ˤưԲķ6Ĥιǡ ([2012-04-01-1]) ѸǤСäʡ1;Ρˡʹʡ2;Ρˡʪݡʡ3;ΡˤȤʬǤ롥餬ŪʹǤΤ3ĤǤȤȤǤСʤ⡤ζʬɤٳΤʸˡƤȤɸ뤫̤ȤơδŪѤ񤷤ƤϤǤ롥ĸϡŪϤäɸ륿פθäΤ
ʤεϡθ (linguistic universal) ȤǤ롥ܸüԤȤƤϡ;ΤȤʸˡƤľŪˤ褯ʬʤΤ¤Ǥ뤫顤 (linguistic_relativism) Ȥ򤷤⤹롥

Szemerényi, Oswald J. L. Introduction to Indo-European Linguistics. Trans. from Einführung in die vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft. 4th ed. 1990. Oxford: OUP, 1996.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-11-05-1] [2018-10-20-1]

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2015-05-31 Sun

#2225. hear -- heard -- heard [verb][conjugation][inflection][high_vowel_deletion][i-mutation][analogy][sobokunagimon][dental_suffix]

ɸγѤϸѸǤԵ§Ȥ뤬ʬǻ (dental suffix) 뤳Ȥ顤Ե§٤㤤ȤߤƤ褵Ǥ롥ưϸűѸǤϼѲ1°ޤ˵§ŪưǤꡤ hīeranñ˷ hīerdeʬ (ge)hīered ȳѤ
űѸưζηϤȤդ٤ϡѲ1ưΤʤ hīeran פΤΤϲλľ첻礱Ƥ뤳ȤǤ롥Ʊ1° fremman (to perform) fremede 첻ȼnerian (to save) nerede 첻ȼϡűѸΩĻ hīeran פ fremman פ nerian פȤϰۤʤ벻ФƤǤ롥Ѹ *heared ʤ heard βʬθˤϡűѸ̤ǤϽʬǤʤ˸ŤޤʤФʤʤ
Ѳ1ư˶̤Ūطʤϡ⤫ĤƲʬΤ *-ida Τ褦 i ղäȤǤ롥 i Ȥʤäơ촴첻 i-mutation 뤳ȤȤʤä i ϡܺ٤Ͼά뤬 fremman ФƲ fremede Τ褦 m ñҲȤʤäƤ뤳ȡ nerian ФƲ nerede Τ褦 i üƤ뤳ȤȤط롥
ˤȤäƽפʤΤϡhīeran פ fremman nerian פȰۤʤꡤĹ첻˻Ҳ³촴äƤȤΤĹ̵ι첻 (/i/ /u/) ³ˤϡι첻æȤ "High Vowel Deletion" (high_vowel_deletion) űѸλƤʤ*hauzida > *hīridæ > hīerde ȤȯãꤵƤ (Hogg, Vol. 1 222--23) High Vowel Deletion θ̤ˤĤƤϡ#1674. Ѳȶ޸οʿˤĤƤŪͻ ([2013-11-26-1])#2017. foot ʣϤʤ feet (2) ([2014-11-04-1]) Ǥ̤󤲤ʤ鿨ƤΤǡȤ줿
ƸűѸβ hīerde Ϥ줿衤Ʊϩ򤿤ɤϤäʬϡͽۤ *(ge)hīerd ǤϤʤʸڤΤ첻줿 (ge)hīered Ǥ롥ϡfremman nerian פη̤ȹͤ (Hogg, Vol. 2 263)
ơűѸѸˤơʤƲʬˤˤƤϡĹ첻2ҲפȤŤäƤȤ顤#1751. ʣ1Ǥβû̡ ([2014-02-11-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡĹ첻û礿븽߶޷Ǥϡ d 礱Ƥ뤿˲ϽŤʤ餺ûƤʤˤꡤߤ hear heard 첻㤬롥
ʤƱṽ¤ hīeran פ¾ư줬űѸʹߡhīeran Ʊ褦˿äƤȤȡǤϤʤdēman ƱפǤϤ뤬ˤʬ deemed ǤꡤŪ˴˵§ŪǤ롥ϡѤƯ̤Ǥ롥
Ѳ1γѤˤĤƤϡ#2210. think -- thought -- thought γѡ ([2015-05-16-1]) ⻲ȡ

Hogg, Richard M. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 1. 1992. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Hogg, Richard M. and R. D. Fulk. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 2. Morphology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2015-05-23 Sat

#2217. űѸ춯Ѳư෿ΤޤȤ [oe][verb][inflection][paradigm]

űѸζѲưŪ7˶ʬ롥Mitchell and Robinson (37, 40) ɽ䡤򻲾ȤơޤȤɽ2äƤߤޤ绨ĤʶʬɽǡɽŪư夲ƳѼ׷ (principal parts) 򼨤Ρ

ClassInf.1st Pret.2nd Pret.Past Ptc.
Iscīnan 'shine'scānscinonscinen
IIcrēopan 'creep'crēapcruponcropen
brūcan 'enjoy'brēacbruconbrocen
IIIbreġdan 'pull'bræġdbrugdonbrogden
IVberan 'bear'bærbǣronboren
Vtredan 'tread'trædtrǣdontreden
VIfaran 'go'fōrfōronfaren
VII(a) healdan 'hold'hēoldhēoldonhealden
(b) hātanhēthētonhāten


ˡ촴첻ȻҲȤ߹碌˱Ʒޤ gradation (Ablaut) Υѥ򼨤ŪǤϤ뤬ʬϹ⤤

ClassExampleConsonant StructureInf.1st Pret.2nd Pret.Past Ptc.
Iscīnanī + one cons.īāii
IIcrēopanēo + one cons.ēoēauo
brūcanū + one cons.ūēauo
IIIbreġdane + two cons.eæuo
weorpaneo + r + cons.eoeauo
feohtaneo + h + cons.eoeauo
helpane + l + cons.eeauo
ġieldanpalatal + ie + 2 cons.ieeauo
drincani + nasal + cons.iauu
IVberane + one cons. (usu. a liquid)eæǣo
Vtredane + one cons. (usu. an obstruent)eæǣe
VIfarana + one cons.aōōa
VIIhealdan V1ēoēoV1
hātan V2ēēV2


⤤ȤäƤ⡤ѲưˤϤ˵󤲤ܥѥ󤫤æԵ§פΤΤ⾯ʤʤűѸ˻ޤǤʳˤ¿βѲäФзŪƯƤ

Mitchell, Bruce and Fred C. Robinson. A Guide to Old English. 8th ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-03-22-1] [2018-06-14-1]

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2015-05-16 Sat

#2210. think -- thought -- thought γ [verb][inflection][i-mutation][oe][morphology][phonetics][compensatory_lengthening][sobokunagimon]

ɸ think γѤΤߤʤ餺bring, buy, seek, teach ʤɤγѤǤϡʬ˷˸Ȥϰۤʤ첻롥ۤʤ첻˲äơֻξ ght ʤҲϢ³졤Ե§פȤΰݤϷŪǤ롥Ūˤϵ§ŪưǤꡤ-ed դƲʬ˷¿ư֤Ǥ롥¿ΤΤ¿βѲŪ˷иƤˡ̤ȤơԵ§ޤʤɤΤѤ򼨤ȤˤʤäƤ롥
Mitchell and Robinson (48--49) ˽äơŪаޤ⤷褦ޤthink ưθűѸǤηɽ˼ߤޤǤѸȤʤäΡʵ§ѲؤȰܹԤΤޤޤƤ롥

Inf.Pret. Sg.Past Ptc.
brenġan 'bring'brōhtebrōht
bycgan 'buy'bohteboht
cwellan 'kill'cwealdecweald
reċċan 'tell'rōhterōht
sēċan 'seek'sōhtesōht
sellan 'give'sealdeseald
streċċan 'stretch'strōhtestrōht
tǣċan 'teach'tǣhte, tāhtetǣt, tāht
þenċan 'think'þōhteþōht
þynċan 'seem'þūhteþūht
wyrċan 'work'worhteworht


ưϡűѸʬˤмѲ1°롥Υ饹ưħϡΩĥޥĸλˡ֤Ⱦ첻 j äƤȤǤ롥ˤ촴첻 i-mutation κѤꡤꤢ뤤Ϲ⤤첻ؤѲi-mutation j ϡθ塤üꡤ첻 i ȤưѤ줿ꤷ
Ѳ1ʬưˤƤϡ嵭 i-mutation κѤߡʬޤޥѥΤ˸줿촴 l 뤤ŪҲġ˰ưˤƤϸ߷ζޤˤΤߺѤΰưǤϡʬˤ i-mutation Ⱦ첻 j 礱ƤΤǤ롥̤ȤơűѸˤ븽ߴȲʬ˴ӤȡԤԤʸꤢ뤤㤤첻ʤȤ⤽κפ򼨤Ȥˤʤäɽ e vs o y vs u Ωǧ줿
cwellann, sellan ˤĤơߤȲʬˤǤ e vs ea Ω򼨤Ūˤ e vs æ ε§ŪΩȤߤƤ褤æ ʬ˷ˤΤҲ ld dz (breaking) 򵯤ea Ѳˤʤ
ޤþenċċan, þynċan, brenġan ˴ؤơʬ˷ ht λҲ򼨤 *nċt η礬§ŪȯãΤǤ롥˻Ū ċ th ؤѲn ϾüȤȤĹ (compensatory_lengthening) ˤԤ첻Ĺ
bycgan, wyrċan ˤĤƤϡͽۤ y vs u Ω򼨤y vs o ȤʤäƤ롥ʬ˷ o Τϡ u βĶˤƲФ i-mutation äˡ߷Ǥͽۤ y Ƥ뤬ʬ˷ˤƤϲη̤Ǥ u ߤȤ櫓
Τ褦ΩĻ͡ʲѲˡűѸζ֤ȤƤϡ⶯ѲưΤȤ첻 gradation (Ablaut) 򼨤褦ˤߤ뤬̤ȤƤΤ褦ˤߤƤˤ򤿤ɤл (dental suffix) դƲʬ˷̾μѲưˤʤȤ롥
ưξܤˤˤĤƤϡHogg and Fulk (273--75) ⻲ȡseek ˤĤƤϡ#2015. seek beseech θҲ ([2014-11-02-1]) Ǥ⿨줿

Mitchell, Bruce and Fred C. Robinson. A Guide to Old English. 8th ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
Hogg, Richard M. and R. D. Fulk. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 2. Morphology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2015-05-14 Thu

#2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ [verb][conjugation][tense][auxiliary_verb][indo-european][grammaticalisation][category][language_change][causation][future][sobokunagimon]

ɸμݤμ䤬󤻤줿ΤǡˤĤŪʴͤƤߤѸưˤϡνɽ魯ΤŵŪѤ롥Ʊͤˡߡʤ뤤סˤνŪɽ魯ˤϡưŵŪ˸߷dzѤ롥̤ν˴ؤƤϡư̤Ȥƶޤ褦ˡ¸ߤʤ will, shall, be going to ʤɤΡʽ˽ưѤȤŪˡȤƤ롥ĤޤꡤѸˤṲ̄Ϥˤ衤Ṳ̄ϤʤȤäƤ褤ñˡ̤פȤѸǤϡ졤֤ΤΥ٥ˤַפˤĤƸ򾷤ǽ뤳Ȥ顤ѸʸˡǤϤѸ줬򤱤뷹ΤǤϤʤ
ʽ˽ưѤŪ뤤ϱṲ̄ɽϡ餯űѸʹߤ will shall ʤɤŪˡŪʵǽĽư줬ջ֤̳ΰ̣ᡤñ˻֤ȤƤ̤ɽ魯ˡؤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) Ȥˤλˤϡñ̤ɽ魯ΤòɽϡŪˤŪˤʤˡŪʰ̣ȼ鷺̤ɽʤϷ礱ƤȤäƤ褤űѸǤϡŪˤϸ߷ʤ뤤ΤˤˤѤ뤳ȤǸߤΤߤʤ餺̤ΤȤɽ魯ȤǤΤǤꡤƥ꡼ˤơ丽ߤȶ̤٤ʬȤƤ̤Ȥȯۤϴäθ will ʤɤѤ̤ɽиǤ⡤夫λƥ꡼ΤȤ館礭Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤѸǤ̤Ȥʬ⤤Ƥ봶롥Ѹ̤Ȥǰ¸ߤʤȸڤΤϡŪˤϸ᤮Τ餤褦˻פ
嵭Τ褦ˡűѸλƥ꡼ϡŪˤСʤФСָߡפȸƾΤˤ2ʬʤäƤǸѸδ뵿ʤƼºݤ˴󤻤줿ˤϡʤűѸǤ̤ʤäΤʤư̤ζޤȯãʤäΤȤ䤤Ǥ롥μľΤϤ䤹ʤŪʳ٤4ŦƤ
ޤμˡߡ̤3ʬˡȤḽŪʻ֤δǰȻפ뤬֤ΤȤ館뤤ϤθؤȿǤǤƥ꡼ǡɬ⤳ȤƤ褤Ϥʤܿͤޤ᤿¿θͤˤȤäơ3ʬˡλִФ϶ˤƼ˻פ뤬줬ˤȤäƤ̵ͣλִѤǤȤߤʤȤϤǤʤޤ˷3ʬˡλִѤѤ줿ȤƤ⡤3ʬˡ줤ˤΤޤ޸ξˡƥ꡼ȤȿǤΤʤΤɤǤ롥ϥԥᥦդβ (sapir-whorf_hypothesis) ˴ؤǤꡤ̤ǤȽҤ٤ˤȤɤƤ
2ܤˡ¾ΰˤ⡤ܸˤߤ褦ˡ̤ɽϡƤջ֤̳ʤɤˡŪʵǽķʸˡ뤳Ȥˤȯ뤳Ȥ¿Ҥ̤ꡤϱѸˤˤƤѻ줿Ǥꡤɤ̸ŪˤߤΤΤ褦Ǥ롥ߡ̤3ʬˡǤϡ̤Ťߤäξˤ֤Ƥ뤫Τ褦ˤߤ뤬⤷ȸ첽ǤξԤνŤߤϡФаۤʤΤ⤷ʤʤȤ⤤Ĥμ׸ˤ򻲾Ȥ¤ꡤ̤ϲ椷ƸȯŪǤꡤŪǤ뤳Ȥ¿
3ܤˡ#182. ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡȤ2ʬˡϡʸš˱Ѹ˸¤餺ޥ˶̤פħ1ĤǤ롥ޤƱ²ϸŤҥåȸƱ2ʬˡäƤꡤĸˤƥ꡼Ʒä褷Ƥ롥̤ưĸ̤ȸƤӤΤäΤʤäΤ뤤ϡäȤơŪʤΤʤΤŪΤʤΤĤޤꡤ嵭μϡűѸФ٤ˤȤɤޤ餺ĸФƤ٤Ǥ⤢롥ĸ餫餭줤ʲߡ̤3ʬˡλäƤΤɤȤδ֤褬롥
Ǹˡ׿ʤȤ뤳Ȥ餬󥸥󥰤ʲǤȤǡ׿ʤȤʤä뤳Ȥ϶ˤ񤷤ΰ̣ǡűѸˤƤʤ̤ȯãʤäΤ򼨤Ȥϡ˾ŪʺȼѲŪΩ줫ϡϤפǤϤ롥#2115. ݻȸѲؤ񹳡 ([2015-02-10-1]) Milroy θѲ˸ڤʤ󵯤褦ˡʤѲΤƱͤˤʤѲʤäΤȤ⡤ä٤

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2015-05-13 Wed

#2207. Ƶ̾Ѥưɽο (3) [reflexive_pronoun][verb][personal_pronoun][passive][voice]

#2185. Ƶ̾Ѥưɽο ([2015-04-21-1]) ȡ#2206. Ƶ̾Ѥưɽο (2) ([2015-05-12-1]) ˰³ƤꡥѸʹߡƵ̾ȼưɽषƤƤ롥θݤϢɽȤζȤĴˡ (118--48) 롥ϡcontent oneself with ʤɤΡưܺƵֻ̾פȤѥȤδϢɽŪʤäơOED 1700ǯʹߤ줾ʬۤä
content oneself with ǤСΥѥϸѸǤϸƤƤꡤäƳƼζȤ櫓 be content to V be content with NP ƤƤȤbe contented with NP be contented to V Ȥ٤ʤѤƤꡤΤȤƺƵ̾ѤɽϳƼζޤޤΩʤʤäƤƤȤcontent oneself with Τۤˤ⤤ĤɽƤꡤ㤨 apply oneself to Ϥ¤˸ƤƤꡤäƼưˡ apply to NP ư֤ be applied to NP ƤƤ褦8ưˤĤ󤲤̤ϡʲ̤Ǥʽp. 134) ̤ǤϤʤҤä᤿ͤƵɽǤϤʤŪͥǤ뤳Ȥ褯狼롥

  reflexivepassiveintransitiveother rival forms
(1)content oneself with10830 136
(2)avail oneself of144  
(3)devote oneself to70191  
(4)apply oneself to42653548 
(5)attach oneself to93100171 
(6)address oneself to6220711 
(7)confine oneself to69592  
(8)concern oneself with/about/in69822  


ƺƵ̾ѤɽϳΤ٤㤯ʤäƤƤ뤬ظˤϼư֤¾ζʤȤ⤦ĤθѲͿƤȤȤ

¼䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ҤĤ˼2014ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-09-01-1]

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