hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ڡ / page 3 (10)

verb - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2022-05-31 Tue

#4782. cleanse ˺פĤư -(e)sian [suffix][etymology][oe][verb][word_formation][derivation][vowel][shortening][shocc]

ε#4781. open warn -(e)n ư ([2022-05-30-1]) ǡűѸư -(e)nian 夲űѸˤϤۤ -(e)sian Ȥư⤢äϤѲư2ब롥
ƱͤˡLass Hogg and Fulk Ѥǡ-(e)sian ˤĤƤβñ򼨤

(i) -s-ian. Many class II weak verbs have an /-s-/ formative: e.g. clǣn-s-ian 'cleanse' (clǣne 'clean', rīc-s-ian 'rule' (rīce 'kingdom'), milt-s-ian 'take pity on' (mild 'mild'). The source of the /-s-/ is not entirely clear, but it may well reflect the IE */-s-/ formative that appears in the s-aorist (L dic-ō 'I say', dīxī 'I said' = /di:k-s-i:/). Alternants with /-s-/ in a non-aspectual function do however appear in the ancient dialects (Skr bhā-s-ati 'it shines' ~ bhā-ti), and even within the same paradigm in the same category (GR aléks-ō 'I protect', infinitive all-alk-ein). (Lass 203)


(iii) verbs in -(e)sian, including blētsian 'bless', blīðsian, blissian 'rejoice', ġītsian 'covet', grimsian 'rage', behrēowsian 'reprent', WS mǣrsian 'glorify', miltsian 'pity', rīcsian, rīxian 'rule', unrōtsian 'worry', untrēowsian 'disbelieve', yrsian 'rage'. (Hogg and Fulk 289)


űѸȤƤϤ褯ư줬¿Τǰʤ -(e)nian ƱͤˡߤޤǻĤäƤưϵǤ롥1줬 cleanse Ǥ롥ƻ clean /kliːn/ бư cleanse /klɛnz/ 첻ûʤäȤˤĤƤϡ#3960. Ҳûλ ([2020-02-29-1]) 򻲾ȡ

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2022-05-30 Mon

#4781. open warn -(e)n ư [suffix][etymology][oe][verb][word_formation][derivation]

ε#4780. weaken Ф strengthen, shorten Ф lengthen ([2022-05-29-1]) ǡư -en ˿줿 (suffix) ˤĤƤϡ#1877. ưƬ en- -en ([2014-06-17-1])#3987. ťΥɸαƶ (2) ([2020-03-27-1]) εʤɤǤ夲Ƥ
ϸűѸ -(e)nian ͳ褷˥ޥˤ⤵ΤܤŤưǤǤ롥űѸǤϡ̾줢뤤Ϸƻ줫ưΤäѤ졤ưϼѲư2°롥űѸ줫 Lass (203) ȤȤ˰Ѥ롥

(iii) -n-. An /-n-/ formative, reflecting an extended suffix */-in-o:n/, appears in a number of class II weak verbs, especially denominal and deadjectival: fæst-n-ian 'fasten' (fæst), for-set-n-ian 'beset' (for-settan 'hedge in, obstruct'), lāc-n-ian 'heal, cure' (lǣce 'physician'). The type is widespread in Germanic: cf. Go lēki-n-ōn, OHG lāhhi-n-ōn, OS lāk-n-ōn.


Ʊ Hogg and Fulk (289) 󤲤Ƥ

(ii) verbs in -(e)nian, including ġedafenian 'befit' (cf. ġedēfe 'fitting'), fæġ(e)-nian 'rejoice' (cf. fæġe 'popular'), fæstnian 'fasten' (cf. fæst 'firm'), hafenian 'hold' (cf. habban 'have'), lācnian 'heal' (cf. lǣċe 'doctor'), op(e)nian 'open' (cf. upp 'up'), war(e)nian 'warn' (cf. warian 'beware'), wilnian 'desire' (cf. willa 'desire'), wītnian 'punish' (cf. wīte 'punishment') . . . .


ߤޤ¸³Ƥư¿ʤ㤨 open, warn -(e)n ˤκפǧ뤳ȤǤ롥ߤ¿ -en ưϡűѸˤΤܤ櫓ǤϤʤѸʹߤοǤ롥

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Hogg, Richard M. and R. D. Fulk. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 2. Morphology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-05-31-1]

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2022-05-28 Sat

#4779. shoe -- shod -- shod(en) [verb][inflection][vowel][participle]

¿αѸؽԤˤȤä shoe ϡַפ̣̾ȤѤΤۤȤɤǡ~˷롨ϡˤŴǤġפ̣ưȤƻȤäʹꤹ뵡ϤäˤʤưˡϤΤ餤ʤΤʤԵ§ưʤΤǤ롥ΤˤС§ shoe -- shoed -- shoed ⤢ˤϤΤԵ§ shoe -- shod /ʃɑd/ -- shod(en) /ʃɑdn/ ⤢롤ȤȤ
ʬȤƤ shod Ѥʸ򼨤

His feet were shod in slippers. (= He was shod in slippers.)
The children were well shod and happy.
She turned on her elegantly shod heel.
The horse was taken to be shod.

ܤƤưȤƤ shoe εϸŤűѸǤ⤹Ǥ scōgan ȤƸƤ롥ѲưȤƲ scōdʬ ġescōd Τ褦Ĺ첻ݤäƤѸʹߤû첻û첻ˤĤƤ OED Ǥ "anomalous" ȻŦƤ̤ꡤʤʤäΤʬäƤʤ

The doubling of the d and the consequent shortening of the vowel in Middle English schodde past tense, schodd past participle (whence the modern shod past tense and participle) are anomalous. (An Old English example occurs in Wulfstan Homilies p. 173, Unsceoddum fotum.) Compare Middle Swedish skodde past tense, and Swedish skodd past participle. The case is parallel to that of fledde, fledd < FLEE v. (where Swedish also has the corresponding gemination).


ʬ shod ؤƻȤ slipshod ֤ȤΤĤ֤줿ʷϤˡ餷ʤ󤶤ʡʡפ󤲤Ƥֳ롨äꤹפ̣ư slip Ȥ߹蘆äʣǤ롥ФϽѸ1580ǯŪslipshod shoes ֤ȤΤĤ֤줿סa slipshod piece of work ֤󤶤ʺʡסslipshod management ֤ʷбġפʤɤ򻲾ȡ

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2022-05-23 Mon

#4774. go/went ϼҲŪȥޥǤ [sociolinguistics][suppletion][verb][inflection][solidarity][inoueippei]

ְʼδѸظإͥϤ3ۤɤФޤѸ졦˴ؤؤιֵݤΤǤϤʤޤǸԤɤϭǤΩäŪʡΤ٤ܻؤơ轵ȿ18:0010ʬư򥢥åץɤƤޤ¿˥ͥϿ򤷤ƤƤޤ꤬Ȥޤꤤޤ
25Ƥޤֿ⡪ go β went ͳǤYouTube ȤڤޤơΥȥǥⲾ⡪ĤƤޤʾСˡȿڲǽʲǤϤʤޤǻˤȤɤޤΤǤϤޤĹ餯ƤͤǤ



λñ㲽ƤСgo/went ˸¤餺ѸʤҤƤϸ̡ˤ˴ѻԵ§ʸܤϡޥƤʤĿͤϱѸüԽĤ֤Ƥʤ衤ȤҲؾΥȥޥȤƵǽƤΤǤϤʤȤȤǤgo Ȥ goed ǤϤʤ wentפȤ֤Τߤ˶ͭƤ礤դ򡤤ȽƤ뤫ɤΤȥޥʤΤǤϤʤȡ
󤽤Τ褦ʥȥޥ椬ΩƤ go/went ΥڥǤɬפϤޤ󡥤ۤΤɤʥڥǤɤäϤǤǤѸˤƤϡޤԵ§ŪθƤ go/went ҲŪʥȥޥȤФ졤ѤƤ롤ȤȤʤΤȹͤƤޤ
֤ʤ go β went ʤΤפȤѤʵˤϡ2Ĥ¦̤ޤ1Ĥϡʤˤä went ȤʤΤǤȤ䤤ǤؤβϱѸˤդȤȤǤ#43. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 ([2009-06-10-1])#4094. ʤ go β went ˤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-07-12-1])#4403. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ3֤ʤ go β went ˤʤΡס ([2021-05-17-1])
ʤĤޤǤäƤ go βȤ goed ѤʤΤȤ䤤ФƤϡۤʤǤ褦˻פޤ嵭μҲŪʴβǤˤĤơ#1482. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 (2) ([2013-05-18-1]) 䡤رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ٤ p. 78
դˤϤԵ§Ȥ櫤ФƤΤǤ

δ졡رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ١ҡ2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-11-12-1] [2022-12-02-1]

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2022-05-09 Mon

#4760. ʬȸʬͳ礭ۤʤ [infinitive][germanic][morphology][inflection][verb][oe][germanic][indo-european][etymology][suffix]

#4349. ʤʬˤԵ§ʤΤ¿Τ˸ʬ -ing ǵ§ŪʤΤ ([2021-03-24-1]) ȤѤʵȴϢơ⤽ξԤͳ褬礭ۤʤˤĤơLass βѤ褦ޤʬˤĤơȤ櫓Ѳưͳ˾Ƥ (Lass 161)

. . . its [= past participle] descent is not always very neat. To begin with, it is historically not really 'part of' the verb paradigm: it is originally an independent thematic adjective (IE o-stem, Gmc a-stem) formed off the verbal root. The basic development would be:
IE PGmc
*ROOT - o - nó->*ROOT - α -nα-


Ѳư˴ؤ¤ꡤʬư캬ˤϤʤȤưѥȤ߹ޤƤʤäȤȤŪˤϡư줫Ωưζΰ㤤ˤ¸
ʬˤϡŪưζΰ㤤˰¸ʤȤ𤬤ä (Lass 163) ˤĤƤϤǤˡ#4345. űѸޤǤθʬȯã ([2021-03-20-1]) ǰѤȤǤ롥
֤ʤʬˤԵ§ʤΤ¿Τ˸ʬ -ing ǵ§ŪʤΤפȤ˸礦äơ⤽ʬȸʬͳ褬礭ۤʤäƤפȤʤ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2022-05-08 Sun

#4759. to εˬ [infinitive][gerund][germanic][morphology][inflection][verb]

to εˤĤơ#2502. ʤˤ to ȸ2बΤ ([2016-03-03-1]) ǤϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤

to פΤۤϡűѸֻ to ˡҤͿʤ˶ޤ -anne Ȥķ֡ϰ̾ȤäƤ褤ΤʤΤǡ̾줵ʤ˶ޤˤ³


ϡѸˤζʽʤɤǤ褯ŪʵҤ󤷡󼨤ΤǤ롥ȤɬΤǤϤʤ褦Los (144) ˰ۤʤ᤬󼨤ƤꡤΤۤӸŪϤ롥

The etymology of the to-infinitive is often given as a bare infinitive in the complement of a preposition to, but this leaves the gemination ('doubling') of the -n- in the to-infinitive unexplained. The gemination points to the presence of an earlier -j-, probably part of a nominalising suffix. This parallells (sic) the origin of the gerund . . . , and indicates that the to-infinitive is not built on the bare infinitive, which was a much earlier formation, but on a verbal stem, like any other nominalisation:

(57) to (preposition) + ber- (verbal stem) + -anja (derivational suffix) + -i (dative sg) Common Germanic *to beranjōi, Old English: to berenne, Middle English: to beren/bere, PDE: to bear.


Τ˸űѸθ beran ̤̾ȸΩƤͿʤ˶ޤƤ *berane ˤʤ berenne ˤϤʤʤ첻ۤʤ뤷ҲνŤ (gemination) θˤʤФʤʤȤˡƵŤ

Los, Bettelou. A Historical Syntax of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2015.

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2022-01-24 Mon

#4655. ưΡפäƲǤ [aspect][tense][category][sobokunagimon][verb][terminology][perfect][progressive]

¿θˤϡ (time) ˴Ϣ복ǰɸ뵡ǽޤޤܸˤѸˤ⤢äʬ䤹Τ (tense) Ȥ (category) Ǥ͡ߡ̤ȤּΥݥȤ򼨤Ǥ
⤦1ġ褯ʹΤ (aspect) Ǥaspect Ȥñϡֶ̡¦̡֡¡פۤɤ̣Ƥ褵ǤǤʬˤפȤʤäƤΤǺޤ񤷤ʤۤؽѸȤƤ꤬ȤäΤǤ礦͡ޤ괶Ǥޤ󤬡夷ƤޤäΤ̵뤹櫓ˤ⤤ޤΤǡϡפ̤ޤ
ơaspect פˤĤƻͽĴ٤Ƥߤȡ͡⤬󤲤Ƥޤߤ˼ݤ礭ۤʤޤ

ư˴ؤʸˡƤΰĤǡưɽ魯ư֤ΤȤ館Ӥ򼨤ʸˡ򤤤ʡؿѸؼŵ, p. 96


The grammatical category (expressed in verb forms) that refers to a way of looking at the time of a situation: for example, its duration, repetition, completion. Aspect contrasts with tense, the category that refers to the time of the situation with respect to some other time: for example, the moment of speaking or writing. There are two aspects in English: the progressive aspect ('We are eating lunch') and the perfect aspect ('We have eaten lunch'). (McArthur 86)


A grammatical category concerned with the relationship between the action, state or process denoted by a verb, and various temporal meanings, such as duration and level of completion. There are two aspects in English: the progressive and the perfect. (Pearce 18)


ȾǯۤΤȤǤ饤ȤκˡꥺХפäƲǤȤ䤬åȤǴ󤻤ޤΤȤ˼¨ʤβ򤷤ȤפФޤΤǡ˺ƸޤȤȤ⤢ꡤξǤʬ䤹Ż뤷奢ǻŪʲˤϤʤäƤޤäʬ䤹⤷ޤ

꤬Ȥɤ㤦ȤƤǤ礦͡Ȥä񤷤ΤǤ褯Τϡפưɽ魯ư֤ꡤֻפưɽ魯ưγ֤Ȥޤ
㤨 jump ķ֡פγ֤ʬ䤹ơķסķ֡סķ֤פǤ֤͡ȤΤϡķ֡פȰǤäƤ⡤ӤζĥķӻϤ褦ʤȤʳʡˤ⤢СºķӻϤƤȤʳʡˤ⤢뤷ķǤƶˤʳʡˤ⤢Сķӽäʳʡˤ⤢Сķӽääʳʡˤ⤢Ȥ褦ˡǤϾʤȤ5ʳ餤櫓Ǥ⡼βΤɤǻߤ褦ȤäǤκ٤ʳɽ魯ΤפǤ֤ؤäƤǤ϶̤ƤޤֻפȤ̼λ֤ªǤ͡


ˤפγǰΰΤߤĤޤβˤޤ󤬡ͤˤʤС
⤦ܳŪˤϡ#2747. Reichenbach λ ([2016-11-03-1]) ⻲ȡ

⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
Pearce, Michael. The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-19-1]

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2022-01-04 Tue

#4635. "Great Complement Shift" ʸܡ [gcs][gvs][syntax][verb][complementation][terminology][gerund][infinitive]

Ѹˤκǽץɤ1ĤǤ "Great Vowel Shift" ʡ첻ܡ; gvsˤˤĤƤܥ֥Ǥ¿夲Ƥˤʤ̾դ줿 "Great Complement Shift" ʡʸܡ; gcsˤˤĤƤϡ#860. ѸѲѰۤΰ ([2011-09-04-1]) Ǥ̾˸ڤ٤ǤۤȤɼ夲ƤƤʤäϡѸ˾塤ưʬ¤ (complementation) 礭ѲƤݤؤʬͼԤǤ Rohdenburg (143) פʸƬǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Over the past few centuries, English has experienced a massive restructuring of its system of sentential complementation, which may be referred to as the Great Complement Shift.


ʸ¤ѲȤäƤ⡤ºݤˤ͡ʼѲޤޤƤ롥餬ߤˤɤΤ褦ʴطĤΤ餫ˤƤʤRohdenburg ϤޤȤ GCS ȸƤǤ롥Rohdenburg (143--45) ϡΤ褦̻ŪѲʤ뤤Ϥ򼨺붦ŪѰۡˤ󤲤Ƥ롥

(1) She delighted to do it. She delighted in doing it.
(2) She was used/accustomed to do it. He was used/accustomed to doing it.
(3) She avoided/dreaded to go there. She avoided/dreaded going there.
(4) He helped (to) establish this system.
(5) They gave us some advice (on/as to) how it should be done.
(6) a. He hesitated (about) whether he should do it.
b. He hesitated (about) whether to do it.
(7) a. She was at a loss (about) what she should do.
b. She was at a loss (about) what to do.
(8) a. She advised to do it in advance.
b. She advised doing it in advance.
c. She advised that it (should) be done in advance.
(9) a. He promised his friends to return immediately.
b. He promised his friends (that) he would return immediately.

夳1ĤΥפȤळȤ񤷤ưʸȤư̾졤졤that ᡤֻʤɤΤΤ˴ؤ̻ŪѲƤȡƸߤǤ⤷ФжŪѰۤߤȤȤGCS μݤǤ롥

Rohdenburg, Günter. "The Role of Functional Constraints in the Evolution of the English Complement System." Syntax, Style and Grammatical Norms: English from 1500--2000. Ed. Christiane Dalton-Puffer, Dieter Kastovsky, Nikolaus Ritt, and Herbert Schendl. Bern: Peter Lang, 2006. 143--66.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-07-05-1] [2022-01-05-1]

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2021-11-02 Tue

#4572. ¾ưסּưפȤѸˤĤ [verb][terminology][prototype]

ͤƤꡤȤ褯Ƥ뤳ȤʤΤ¾ư (transitive verb) ȡּư (intransitive verb) ȤѸʶ路
ưΤȤ¾ưפּưפʬह⡤ưˤϡ¾ưŪˡ (transitive use) ȤּưŪˡ (intransitive use) ȤξˡȤΤ褦ѸȤΤۤʬ䤹ΤǤϤʤȻפ
Τˡ̾ϼưŪˡ⤿ʤ exist, fall, matter Τ褦ưּưפȸƤǤΤϰ츫ʬ䤹Ʊ̤ͤ¾ưŪˡ⤿ʤ greet, have, visit Τ褦ư¾ưפȾΤΤʤ褦˻פ롥eat, write, move ʤ¿ư줬¤ξˡĤΤǤꡤưġζŪʸ̮ˤˡܤ°פȤơ¾ưפּưפʬषƤޤΤŬڤǤϤʤeat ϴŪˤϡ¾ưפˤäƤŪ줬άּưפȤʤ롤Ȥ褦ʸϺΤȤǤ롥
褦ʤȤϡֲĻ̾ (countable noun) ԲĻ̾ (uncountable noun or mass noun) ˤĤƤ뤷ָƻ (attributive adjective) ֽҷƻ (predicative adjective) ˤĤƤѸϡư졤̾졤ƻΥפȤƤΡּ̡פɽ魯ѸǤϤʤŪ˼¸ȡȤƤΡˡפɽ魯ѸȲᤷƤΤ˻פ롥
׼̤Ȥ A B ˸̩˥ƥ饤ǤʤΤϡʳѸˤξǤ롥褽AŪBŪǤ⤢Ȥ˱AŪˤBŪˤʤȤΤ褦ʥΤۤ¿ݤѸ⤿Ƥץȥ (prototype) δߤƤΤ褤
Τ褦ͻϡ Taylor ɤˤ#1258. ʤ¾ưפ "transitive verb" ʤΤ ([2012-10-06-1])

Taylor, John R. Linguistic Categorization. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2003.

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2021-09-14 Tue

#4523. --- ޸ο򤯤̤ĤäưΥƥ꡼ [inflection][conjugation][ilame][verb][noun][category][tense][mood][person]

űѸʰˤ˻ϤޤѸ򤫤Ƥܴۤ뤷޸οϡѸˤ˾νäȤäƤ褤ˤѸθȤƤ෿Ҥä֤äƤޤäȤäƤǤϤʤȤ櫓̾졤ư졤ƻη絬Ϥʺ;ʤ졤ʻȷӤĤƤʸˡƥ꡼ (category) Ȥؤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
̾ˤĤƤСűѸǤ (gender) (number) (case) 3ƥ꡼λ̰ΤȤ٤ǽƤѸǤϤ褽ȳʤΥƥ꡼岽üˤ餵졤ͥȤʤäƺ˻롥
ưˤĤƤϡűѸǤϿ; (person) (number)ˡ (mood) (tense) ǽŪä޸οιȤ졤ʳΥƥ꡼θ礬ޤä٤ƤΥƥ꡼ޤӤƤȤϤṲ̄ͥΤϻǤ롥
Lass (161) ϡḽѸưΥƥ꡼Ūʶ̤ȤΤ褦˿޼

TENSE  pres.  MOOD  ind.  NUM.  sing.   PERS.   1, 2      -0
                                                                         
                                                                          3     -s
                                                                           
                                                  pl.    
                                                                       
                              subj./imp. 
        
        
         past   -d

ưꤹǽץƥ꡼ȤƻפˤƤˡ̤ʤȤʤäƤ롥Lass (159--61) ˸űѸ졤Ѹ졤Ѹбޤ⤢롥Ӥȷκ褯ʬ롥

Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-06-01-1]

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2021-09-01 Wed

#4510. §Ȥ¾ưǤʤŪά륱 [verb][syntax][semantics][reflexive_pronoun][ellipsis]

§Ȥ¾ưȤѤư줬Ūȼʤޤޤ롥ʸ̮Ū줬餫ʾ礬¿ˡ̤ˤʤȡϤָ§Ȥ¾ưפȤ٥Ķơּưˡ⤢פذܹԤȤȤ館ۤʾ⤢դϾήưŪǤ롥
Quirk ʡ10.4) ꡤŵŪ¾ưȤѤưˤŪ줬ά4פ󤲤褦

(1) A specific object is recoverable from the preceding linguistic context:

   A: Show me your essay. B: I'll show you later.
   Let's do the dishes. I'll wash and you dry.

In such instances the verb may be analysed as genuinely transitive with ellipsis of the direct object.

(2) A specific object is understood from the situational context:

   Keep off [sign on grass]
   Shake well before use.
   Watch!
   Don't touch.
   The tie doesn't fit.

(3) A specific reflexive object is understood when the verb allows such an object . . . .:

   I'm shaving.
   They're dressing.

Some verbs allow omission of either a reflexive or a nonreflexive object: She's washing (herself or the clothes).

(4) A nonspecific object is semantically entailed . . .:

   Are you eating again?
   Do you drink?
   He teaches.
   I don't want to catch you smoking again.
   They can't spell.
   I can't come now, because I'm cleaning.
   I don't want to read.

The range of understood nonspecific objects is restricted with some verbs when they are used intransitively. For example, Do you drink? refers to the drinking of alcoholic drinks, I'm cleaning refers to domestic cleaning and not (say) to cleaning teeth or cleaning a pipe, and to catch you smoking again normally excludes (say) smoking fish.


Τ褦ʿ񤤤򼨤Ū¾ưˤϡŪʸ줬¿ȤդŪǤФɤפȤä鲿ɤΤŵŪʤΤְפȤä鲿ΤŵŪʤΤȤҲŪʥե졼䥹ץȤƱ춦ƱǼΤΤȤƶͭƤ뤫դ˸СɤŪ줬άƤ뤫Ĵ̤ơҲΥץȥŪʹư򤢤֤Ф뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫⤷ʤ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2021-08-01 Sun

#4479. Ե§ưβľܵ¸Ƥ [frequency][suppletion][verb][inflection][be][preterite]

ŪԵ§򼨤Ϲٸ˽椷Ƥ롥ŵԵ§ưǤ롥§Ū -ed դƲ밵Ū¿ưФơԵ§ưϿʤƤŪ٤ι⤤ưǤ롥Ե§Ե§Ȥ go be β went, was/were ʤɤϡ佼ˡ (suppletion) ˤΤǤꡤŵƤʤǤǤʤϡĶٸǤ뤳ȤطƤ롥դλϰʲεǤ夲Ƥ

֤ʤٸˤԵ§ʤȤ¿ΤǤ ʵ729դֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸ˤƲ
#3859. ʤˤԵ§ʸݤΤǤ ([2019-11-20-1])
#43. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 ([2009-06-10-1])
#1482. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 (2) ([2013-05-18-1])
#3284. be ưü ([2018-04-24-1])

Ǥϡʤ٤ι⤤ưˤԵ§Ѥ򼨤Τ¿Τ (memory) ֤οŪɽ (mental representation) ʤŪǤ롥Smith (1535) βѤ롥

The relationship between high frequency and irregularity has to do with memory in so far as those verbs that are used frequently have strong mental representations such that the irregular past forms are stored autonomously and thus accessed independently of the present stem. Such items are said to have become "entrenched" in storage . . . . On the other hand, a low frequency form does not necessarily have its past form stored autonomously and does not allow for direct access to that past form. Thus, its use in the past involves access to the present stem and rule application . . . .


٤ι⤤ưβϡˤ˻Ѥ뤿ˡΤʤľܥǤФˤޤäƤΤǤ롥go Ȥ߷­ˤ went ˤɤ夯褦Ǥϡ٤Ωʤgo ͳˡľ went ΰФˤɤ夭٤㤤ưǤС߷­ˤơ -ed դȤ§ŬѤη׻⡤ޤΤȤˤʤΤѤ롥ĤޤꡤФ٤˱ľܥȴܥ2ʬƤΤΨŪǤ롥
Ǥϡ-ed դƲ뵬§ưϾ˷׻ȼܥʤΤȤȡɬ⤽ǤϤʤ褦Smith (1535) ǾҲ𤵤Ƥ뤢븦ˤȡƱǤ kneaded needed ︳ԤȯƤäȤŪ٤㤤Ԥ -ed Τۤ٤ι⤤Ԥθ⡤ʿѤƿߥĹȯ줿Ȥϡneeded ΤۤưפǤ뤳ȡ餯ľܤ˵¸Ƥ뤳Ȥ򼨺롥

Smith, K. Aaron. "New Perspectives, Theories and Methods: Frequency and Language Change." Chapter 97 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1531--46.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-12-02-1]

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2021-07-31 Sat

#4478. ٤Ǥߤ be λο [perfect][be][verb][aspect][tense][auxiliary_verb][frequency]

ѸˤǤϡ᤯űѸꡤλɽ魯Τ have λ be λ2बԤʤƤbe λϼư졤褽ưư˸ꤵ졤have λ٤ФȤΩʤ¸ߤǤϤäѸˤ have λޤޤˤӡưư have λؤȾ괹Ƥä
嵭ϡbe λοˤζʽŪʳѤǤ롥Ϣ뵭Ȥơ#1653. be λˡ ([2013-11-05-1])#1814. 18--19 be λο CLMET dzǧ ([2014-04-15-1])#3031. have λ be λ --- Auxiliary Selection Hierarchy ([2017-08-14-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Ƕ be λ have λΨ̻Ūܤ餫ˤ Smith (2012: 1537) ĴߤĤΤǡҲ𤷤Ƥ头Ȥ type ٤ token ٤Ψʤӳ١ˤƤʴȤʤäƤΤ Smith ̤2001ǯ "Role" ʸˡ

TypeToken
BehaveBehave
OE16% (11)84% (57)21% (18)79% (85)
EME11% (12)89% (92)24% (69)76% (214)
LME11% (9)89% (70)11% (12)89% (96)
EModE8% (10)92% (115)4% (13)96% (319)
19th C3% (8)97% (311)4% (38)96% (839)


have λȤưμ٤⡤Ȥ갵Ū¿ɤäȤʬ뤬夬ˤĤƽƤȤ褯ʬ롥ޤǽƤȤפǤ롥դߤСȤ be λȤäƤư줬have λˤ趯񹳤ƤȤȤˤʤ뤫
ޤǤ be λ be gone Τ褦귿ȤѤˤȤɤޤꡤ¾ܴۤ˿षƤޤäȤäƤ褤ʤߤˡHe is gone. He has gone. ΰ㤤ˤĤƤԤ be λǤϡԤäƤޤäߤη̡ʤֺϤ⤦ʤפȤ¦̤˾ƤȤ롥Ԥ have λϡŪԤԤȤưΤΡӤθߤؤδͿȤ¦̤˾Ƥ졤褽ֹԤäȤפ˶ᤤ̣Ȥʤ롥λΤȤȤΰ̣ϡַ̡פǤꡤǤϷŪ˸Ť be gone ̣Ū˸Ťַ̡פôäƤꡤŪ˿ have gone ̣Ū˿פôäƤȤʿϤ⤷ (Smith, "New" 1537--38) Ϣơ#3631. ʤ?˹ԤäȤפ have gone to . . . ǤϤʤ have been to . . . ʤΤ ([2019-04-06-1]) ⻲ȡ

Smith, K. Aaron. "New Perspectives, Theories and Methods: Frequency and Language Change." Chapter 97 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1531--46.
Smith, K. Aaron. "The Role of Frequency in the Specialization of the English Anterior." Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure. Ed. by Joan Bybee and Paul Hopper. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2001. 361--82.

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2021-07-12 Mon

#4459. ʤ drive βʬ driven ϥɥ饤ǤϤʤɥʤΡ [sobokunagimon][participle][spelling_pronunciation_gap][verb][conjugation][v][vowel]

ɸѤʵ䤬󤻤ޤΤ2첻ĸ drive /draɪv/ ǰƬ֤Сʬ driven */ˈdraɪv(ə)n/ ȤʤꤽʤΤǤñ첻 /ˈdrɪv(ə)n/ Ȥʤޤʤߤ˲ drove /droʊv/ 첻βؤޤƱ褦2첻äƤޤʬñ첻򼨤ΤϤʤʤΤǤ礦
ѸˤδߤƤޤűѸǤϡư϶ޡʤѤΤȡˤλˤä͡ʬवƤΤǤư˴ؤƤжѲ1Ȥ롼פ°ƤޤѸǤ driveʸ-- droveʲ-- drivenʲʬˤ3Ĥμ׷ǧޤűѸǤ4Ĥμ׷ꡤưǤ drīfan-- drāf1-- drifon 2-- drifen ʲʬˤΤ褦Ѳޤ <v> ʸϤʤ <f> ѤƤޤˡǡ1פȡ2פΤ褦ʶ̤äȤ˶ä⤷ޤ󤬡ζ̤ϼ¤ be ư was were ˻ĤäƤޤcf. #3812. was were δط ([2019-10-04-1]
ơ drīfan 1 drāf ˤ첻ξ˲ĹˤޤĹ첻Ѹˤ븶 drive 2첻Ӳ drove 2첻ϢʤޤűѸǤ⸽ѸǤ⡤2⡼ĹǤ뤳ȤѤϤޤ󡥤ơűѸβʬ drifen ñ첻ΤۤϡΤޤ޸ޤƱñ첻ݤ driven ȤʤäƤޤѸˤ̤ơ1⡼ûä櫓Ǥ
Ѳ1° drīfan ֤⡤ŪˤƱ褦ߤФƸ˻äƤޤ㤨иѸ ride -- rode -- ridden, write -- wrote -- written ϡűѸǤϳơ rīdan -- rād -- ridon -- riden, wrītan -- wrāt -- writon -- writen Ȥʤꡤʬˤñ첻ޤ
äơɸѤʵˤϡΤ褦Ǥ礦űѸλ夫鸽˻ޤǡdrive ʤ֤ưˤˤĤƤϡ֤Ͼ2⡼Ĺ첻äƤʬϾ1⡼û첻äƤȤȤǤ
äȵˤʤϻĤޤridden, written ˤĤƤϳơ <d>, <t> λҲŤʤäƤꡤˤä첻û /ɪ/ Ǥ뤳ȤŪ˼ƤޤҲνŤʤäƤʤ ride, write Ȥϡֻ夢餫˰ۤʤäƤޤȤ driven ˤĤƤ *drivven Ȥ֤Ƥ餺ޤǸ drive ˻ driven ȤֻǤҲŤʤäƤʤΤǤ
ϡѸˡˤϻҲ <v> Ťͤ뤳ȤǤʤȤüʵ§뤫ǤϽŤͤ *drivven ȤȤǤε§椨ˤ driven ˴Ť󤸤Ƥ롤ȤȤǤǤϡʤ <v> ϽŤͤƤϤʤΤǤ礦ϤʤʤʣʷаޤꡤDz⤹뤳ȤϤǤʤΤǤȤ <v> <u> ѰۻΤȤ٤ȯãƤȤͿƤޤϢơҡ#1827. magic <e> Ȥ̵ط <-ve> ([2014-04-28-1])#4069. ʤ live ȯưǤϡ֥סƻȡ֥饤פʤΤǤ ([2020-06-17-1]) ɤߤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-07-13-1]

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2021-06-08 Tue

#4425. ջ̤ǤϤʤñ̤ɽ魯̤ʹԷ [aspect][tense][future][progressive][semantics][verb][functionalism][bleaching][grammaticalisation][auxiliary_verb]

will be doing ηɽ蘆̤ʹԷ (future progressive) ˡˤĤơǤ̤λȤϡ̤ΤˤƿʹνɽȤΤǤ롥߿ʹԷλ߻ǤꡤʹԷλǤΤȤޤäʿŪˡ̤ξѤΤ̤ʹԷȤȤWe'll be waiting for you at 9 o'clock tomorrow morning. When you reach the end of the bridge, I'll be waiting there to show you the way. Τ褦ʸǤ롥ˡ礭褷ʤ
̤ʹԷΤ⤦1ĤˡϡŪñ̤ʡԤ̤סˤˡǤ롥ñ̤ will do η̤ˤäƤɽǤ뤬Ȱջ̤ɤߤȶ̤ĤʤʤȤ롥㤨 I'll talk to him soon. ǤϡüԤΰջ֤ΤäֶᤤäĤפΰ̣ñʤԤΡֶᤤä뤳Ȥˤʤפۤɤΰ̣ʸ̮λ٤ʤ¤ξŪȤʤ롥Τ褦ʾ I'll be talking to him soon. ̤ʹԷˤ뤳ȤˤꡤԤɤߤŪ˼ȤǤ롥
Ʊͤ Will you come to the party tonight? ϡ֤ʤեѡƥʤפȤͶΰ̣ʤΤ֤ʤեѡƥ뤳ȤˤʤäƤ͡פۤɤνʵ䤢뤤ϳǧΰ̣ʤΤξŪȤʤꤦ롥Ԥΰ̣Ūɽ路ˤϡWill you be coming to the party tonight? Ѥ뤳ȤǤ롥
Ūˤ will do ̤ɽϡ˾ջ֤ɽ路ư줬ΰ̣ɺ (bleaching) ɽ魯νưؤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ΤȤcf. #2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ ([2015-05-14-1])#2317. Ѹˤ̤ȯã ([2015-08-31-1])ˡνư will ȤƤäñ̤פɺ򤷤櫓ǤϤʤ򤢤ٻĤְջ̤פʿԤƹԤʤƤ롥ʸˡˤФز (layering) λǤ롥زη̡ξŪȤʤäƤޤä櫓ʤΤǡΰ̣Ƥǡ̤򻲾ȤʹԷפȤȯãƤ will be doing η򡤡ñ̤פΤˤήѤȤȯۤޤ줿ʸˡζͤΤ褦ʤȤäƤ褦Ƕ̣
嵭Τ褦ʻ𤬤뤿ᡤ̾ϸߡʹԷȤʤư줬̤ʹԷȤƤѤǽФƤ롥He'll be owning his own house next year. Τ褦ʸ򻲾ȡ
ʾ塤Ȥ Quirk et al. (4.46) 򻲾ȤƼɮʤ̤ʹԷȯã19ʹߤŪݤǤ롥

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2021-05-27 Thu

#4413. ưŪȤƤ̵̣ it [personal_pronoun][verb][phrase][conversion][idiom]

ֱѸƳ2021Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡˤֱDzإޥȥå٤ѸˤΤΡǤϲΤȤʬʤȻפޤƱDz褫ޤ줿 the red pillthe blue pill Ȥɽ˾ƤƥĤǤƱƥĤˤСblue pill Ȥϡο¤Τ뤳ȤʤʬȤ򿮤뤳ȤǤ뤳Ȥħred pill ¿ˤߤȼ褦ʡĤ餤ο¤Τ뤳ȤξħפȤΤȡμˤ̤ǺܤǤΤǡΤ˿ʵˤΤ褦Ǥ
ˤ̾礬ʻžˤư첽We need to red pill it Canadians. ʤĤ餤¤ܤɬפΤʥͤ补ˤΤ褦˻ȤȤΤǡäޤto blue pill it ⤢褦ǤĤ#4405. ݥåפȤƤΡֶưʻžס ([2021-05-19-1]) ꤹ뵭ˤơֶư̾졦ƻؤʻžפλ夲ФǤϡ̾ưؤʻžפȤդλȤȤˤʤޤΥƥĤΤʤȤФٶˤʤޤ
to red/blue pill it Ȥɽ򸫤ƤդȻפäΤǤŪʴѶ (idiom) ˤФи롤ưŪȤƤ̵̣ it ȤΤϲʤΤǤ礦͡I made it. Ȥ Take it easy. Ȥ Damn it. ȤΥΤ褦˸Ūʸ̮ǿư첽ξˤϡΤޤǻȤ夭ΤǡȤʤ it źơ¾ưäݤФƤߤȤ褦ʴǤ礦
Ѹ˼¼Ūʰ̣⤿ʤ it ˡ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤޤprop/dummy/empty/expletive/introductory/ambient it ʤɤ͡˾ΤƤޤפ˲餫ʸˡŪʵǽϲ̤Ƥ뤱ɤ⡤¼Ūʻؼоݤ⤿̣äݡʤ˶ᤤˤȤ٤ it ˡΤȤǤΤʤǤ to red/blue pill it Τ褦ưŪȤʤ it ̵̣褦˻פޤºݡQuirk et al. (6.17n) ǤϤμ it ˿졤ִ˶äݡפɽƤޤ

Perhaps the best case for a completely empty or 'nonreferring' it can be made with idioms in which it follows a verb and has vague implications of 'life' in general, etc:

   At last we've made it. ['achieved success']
   have a hard time of it ['to find life difficult']
   make a go of it ['to make a success of something']
   stick it out ['to hold out, to preserve']
   How's it going?
   Go it alone.
   You're in for it. ['You're going to be in trouble.']


OED it, pron., adj., and n.1 ˤȡ8aΤȤˡ夲ƤޤФϰʲ̤16ȾΤ褦Ǥ

8.
a. As a vague or indefinite object of a transitive verb, after a preposition, etc. Also as object of a verb which is predominantly intransitive, giving the same meaning as the intransitive use, and as object of many verbs formed (frequently in an ad hoc way) from nouns meaning 'act the character, use the thing, indicated'.
     Through verbs having corresponding nouns of the same form, as to lord, the construction seems to have been extended to other nouns as king, queen, etc. There may have been some influence from do it as a substitute, not only for any transitive verb and its object, but for an intransitive verb of action, as in 'he tried to swim, but could not do it', where it is the action in question.
   ?1520 J. Rastell Nature .iiii. Element sig. Eviv And I can daunce it gyngerly..And I can kroke it curtesly And I can lepe it lustly And I can torn it trymly And I can fryske it freshly And I can loke it lordly.
   . . . .


Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2021-05-17 Mon

#4403. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ3֤ʤ go β went ˤʤΡ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][verb][suppletion][conjugation][preterite][hellog_entry_set]

οǯ٤˸ƻϤޤäNHK饸ֺ¡δñѸ in EnglishפΥƥȤˡѸΥܥʵ˴ؤϢܵƤƤޤɼؤǤ˰פߤƼɮɬפꡤˤȤäƤʤʤβǤƤϱѸˤĶǤؿΤƥȤˤȤäƤߤƤ6ΥƥȤȯޤ3Ȥʤ뺣ϡɬΡ֤ʤ go β went ˤʤΡפǤ

δñѸ in English2021ǯ6



ʤ go β *goed ǤϤʤ went ȤޤäۤʤˤʤäƤޤΤǤ礦üŪС츻ΰۤʤ wend βǤ went Ȥ⤢ go βʤ˳ǤǤϢܵǤѸ줳ФƤޤ󤬡Ūˤ佼ˡ (suppletion) ȸƤФ븽ݤǤɤθˤѻ븽ݤǡȤ櫓Ķٸ¿ߤȤ̤ħޤ佼ˡϰ츫Ի׵Ĥ˻פޤ¤ϸˤŬäƤΤǤϢܵǤϡդפ⤷ޤ
佼ˡ̡Ȥ櫓 go/went 佼ˡˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ͡ʷǰäƤޤΤǡʲ˥󥯤ĥäƤޤ쵤ɤߤεåɤ

#43. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 ([2009-06-10-1])
#1482. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 (2) ([2013-05-18-1])
#4094. ʤ go β went ˤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-07-12-1])
#3859. ʤˤԵ§ʸݤΤǤ ([2019-11-20-1])
#764. ѸưѤ3Ĥʬˡ ([2011-05-31-1])
#765. 佼ˡϸͤμŪŪñŪʴǰɽ ([2011-06-01-1])
#3254. ٤⤿餹̤̾¸̡ ([2018-03-25-1])
#694. ٸԵ§ʣ ([2011-03-22-1])
#67. ˤ佼ˡ ([2009-07-04-1])
#2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1])
#2090. 佼ˡ餱ο;̾ηϡ ([2015-01-16-1])
#1580. 佼ˡθ³Ȳǽ ([2013-08-24-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2022-12-02-1] [2022-05-23-1]

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2021-05-16 Sun

#4402. ʹԷεȯã [verb][participle][gerund][syntax][aspect][contact][latin][french][celtic][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

ֱܲѸƳ2021꺣Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡɽ줿ʹԷ ing äƸʬʤΡư̾ʤΡǤưοʹԷˤҤȤϸʬιʸήǤ뤬ǽư̾ιʸήǤ뤳ȤŦƥĤǤ
be + -ing ȤɽʹԷ (progressive form) εȯãˤĤƤϡѸ˾¿εʤƤޤʶȤƤꡤʤȸƤ٤Τ뤫ɤǤˤˤĤƤ Mustanoja (584--90) ˤ褯ޤȤޤäƤޤʲ˰͵򤷤ƳάҤ٤ޤ礦
űѸˤϡѸ be + -ing ΤȤ٤ʸȤ wesan/beon + -ende ޤθʬ -ende Ȥ֤äƤꡤ˹ä -ing ֤줿Ȥаޤޤcf. #2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1])#2422. Ѹˤư̾졤ʬ졤θβŪƱ ([2015-12-14-1])ˡűѸ wesan/beon + -ende ϡΤ˷³ްդʸ̮Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤǤʤȤ¿ǽŪˤϸοʹԷľܤĤʤΤɤԳΤǤޤȤƤϥƥб빽ʸǤȤƤޤѸȡιʸϤषΩʤʤޤˤäƤ٤Ф꤬ߤޤѸˤ¤ĹϤᡤḽѸοʹԷϢʤήФޤŵŪ˷³ɽ魯ŪˡȯãΩΤϡ16ʹߤΤȤǤ
ʹԷεȯã򤶤äȳѤޤξܺ٤ϼ¤ʣǡѸ˸塤ε깭ƤޤűѸбʸ³ȯãǤȤ⤢СΡon + ư̾פιʸǤȤ⤢ޤ2ĤȤ߹碌3ƤƤꡤ줬ƤȤʤäƤ褦Ǥ
¾줫αƶˤȯãȤ¿ޤҤ̤ꡤűѸ wesan/beon + -ende ϥƥбʸ路ΤǤȤΤͭϤǤѸǤλѤˤĤƤϡťե󥹸бʸαƶ⵿ƤޤˡȸƶޤƤƤޤcf. #3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤơ ([2019-08-07-1]
ʹԷϡΤ褦˱Ѹ˸̥ŪǤ³Ƥޤ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2021-04-26 Mon

#4382. غʹʤѸءѸ춵ءʸء --- 2ڡ1ơޡơõˤ [review][hel_education][terminology][verb][subjunctive][imperative][infinitive]

ܱѸʸز30ǯǰȤơܤǤƤޤܤޤơطˤϴտ夲ޤˡ

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嵭ܼǤޤѸءѸ춵ءʸؤγʬ顤פʥɡȥԥåơޤƤޤڡ줤˶·äƤ뤳ȤǤ̤ꡤ٤Ƥ꤬ڡǴʷ˵ҤƤȤΤܽκħȻפޤꤽǤʤäߤȤơιפˤϴƤޤޤơεҤϴʷǤϤΤΡ¾ʸؤλȤ¿ܤƤꡤ´ʸݡȤʤɤθơõˤ⤿ؤΩĤΤǤϤʤȻפޤʻ伫Ȥ⤵äʤɤ˾Ҳ𤷤ޤˡ
ѸʬǼ夲ƤȡԤʬ˱ŪʤΤʸŪΤޤСƤޤǤϱѸˤδ2ĤۤɥԥååפƤߤޤ
¼ˤסʡ52ˤϡư (finite form) (non-finite form) ȤѸ졦ǰ˴ؤƳȤʤäƤޤѸˤˤưθ߷³ˡʤ뤤ϲˡˡ̿Ϸ֤褽ָפ˼̤Ƥаޤޤ֤ƱȤäƵǽƱ櫓ǤϤʤȤŪʿפ˲⤵Ƥޤޤ˰ѤʤΤˡפȤƤϤΤǤϤʤȤï⤬ˤפƤޤ
ȤȤͤ줽˾Ρ³ˡߡפˤĤơ¼ޤɤ᤬ֲˡסʡ64ˤǼ夲ƤΤǡҲ𤷤ޤI demand that the student go to school regularly. Τ褦ʸˤ go η֤ϢǤˤĤƤĤλʸ󤲤ʤ⤷ˡˤƤ that ᤬άˤʤɤζ̣¤ŦƤޤѸ˾νǤ
嵭2ĤȴϢ hellog εåȤˤޤȤޤΤǡؿΤϤɤ
ܽǻȤƤ뻲ʸѤƻ򹭤ƤС褤ơޤˤɤ夯ǽޤŪθιԤϤȤƤᤷޤ

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2021-03-24 Wed

#4349. ʤʬˤԵ§ʤΤ¿Τ˸ʬ -ing ǵ§ŪʤΤ [sobokunagimon][participle][verb][infinitive][gerund][verb][conjugation][suffix]

1ǯۤˡѸ˴ؤѤʵ򤿤󶡤ƤäȤ롥Τʤ1Ĥˡɸμݤε䤬äʤʤθʸϡ֤ʤʬ -ing ˤϲʬΤ褦Ե§ư줬¸ߤʤΤסˡĤǶᤳεˤĤƹͤϤƤߤΤޤääѤǤϤʤǤ뤳Ȥ˵Ť⤷ȻפܲưʡˤƵƤǤ롥
εβ⤷ȤС1ˡʵϻפĤ⤷ʤä顥ѸؽԤϳưγѤǺޤƤϤγˤϡʬư̾ƱͤˤϤʤ -ing ǰӤƤ롥ϴ򤷤¤ǤϤ뤬äȴɤƤʤΤȤϢλ׹ͲϩʤΤȻפ-ing ˤֻˤĤƤϼ㴳Ե§ϤΤ̵뤷Ƥ褤٤Ǥcf. #3069. Ϣ9֤ʤ try tried Ȥʤꡤdie dying ȤʤΤס ([2017-09-21-1]
Τ褦餷ȯȴäĩ路Ϥ᤿ΤϤ褤¤䡥ɤˤФʤǡʤε䤬񤷤Τ᥿Ū˹ͤƤߤ2ۤɥȤ

(1) Ф줿Ѥʵ䡥֤ʤ A Ե§ʤΤ B ϵ§ŪʤΤפȤȤʤäƤ뤬褯ͤƤߤȡϡѤʡ׵䤫ȴФषʤ٤䤤ǤϤʤѸؼԤȯ褦ʵϡƤ֤ʤ B ϵ§ŪʤΤ A Ե§ʤΤפȤʤΤǤ롥ΥǤС֤ʤʬ -ing ǵ§ŪʤΤ˲ʬˤԵ§ʤΤ¿ΤפȤȯΤ̤ۤǤϤʤԤεǤСʬ -ing §ŪǤ뤳ȤäפʬԵ§ʤΤ¿ͳФ褤餯ΤۤˤϤפȤʤʤȤƷ褷ưפϤʤˡ

(2) ȤȸʬȲʬ2Ԥ椷Ȥȯ뵿Ǥ롥ΤξԤȤ̾ˡʬ (participle) ޤߡоݤˤʤ䤹櫓оݤ򤳤2˸ꤻ깭 non-finite verb forms Ȥȡ⤦볦ƤΤǤϤʤŪˤСʬȲʬ˲äơư̾θƤߤΤϤɤʬư̾ϷϾ˰פƤΤǡºݾϿ˹θ˲ä٤ȤȤˤʤ롥ȤΤϸѸȤƤϸˤۤʤ餺줬Ȥ٤¸ߤʤΤǡԵ§ⲿʤʤ be ư̤ˤۤ褵ǤˡȤȡ4ढ non-finite verb forms Τʤǡ3ޤǤ§Ūǡ1ΤߡĤޤʬΤߤԵ§ȤȤˤʤ롥Ūˤߤ¤ꡤ嵭 (1) ǼȤȹ碌ơ֤ʤʬΤߤԵ§ʤΤפ䤤ľۤʤȤΤˤͭפΤ褦˹ͤ롥

ȤȤǡȯڤ̣˴äơܤޤƤȤ뤬ʤȤͻˤäƤϸۤȯȤΤ褤ȻפäƤ롥󤽤ˤƤ񤷤ǡ伫Ȥ⤢륢ǥϻäƤ뤬ޤäʤΤǡäȵĴ򿼤ƤȻפäƤ롥ܥ֥ɼԤγˤ1ĤȤȤ󶡤Ǥ
ͤޤǤˡʬ˴ؤεȤơʲ󤲤Ƥ

#790. Ѹˤư޸ʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1])
#2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1])
#2422. Ѹˤư̾졤ʬ졤θβŪƱ ([2015-12-14-1])
#4345. űѸޤǤθʬȯã ([2021-03-20-1])
#4344. -in' -ing ξάǤϤʤ ([2021-03-19-1]

Referrer (Inside): [2022-05-09-1] [2021-05-12-1]

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