hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ڡ / page 2 (10)

verb - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2023-11-12 Sun

#5312. ֤إ饸׺ǿϡԵ§ưϤʤ¸ߤΤ [yurugengogakuradio][verb][inflection][conjugation][sobokunagimon][frequency][voicy][heldio][youtube][link][notice][numeral][suppletion][analogy]

͵ YouTube/Podcast ֤ͥإ饸κǿۿޤϱѸˤȤ⤪˴طԵ§ưϤʤ¸ߤΤڥ륷ʸˡ_Ե§ư#280Ǥ



إ饸οˤϡVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) YouTube ְͥʼδѸظإͥΤĤδϢƥĤ˸ڤƤޤȴȯϤĤإ饸ˡαѸ˾夲ƤȤƤ򤷤ǤΥȥԥḁ̊Ϥޤ褦ˡ
˷ǺܤƤƥؤΥ󥯤򡤤ˤƷǤƤޤ

رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ١ʸҡ2016ǯ
رѸˤDz򤭤ۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡ١ؽ2011ǯ
heldio #58. ʤٸˤԵ§ʤȤ¿ΤǤ
YouTube ֿ⡪ go β went ͳ (cf. #4774. go/went ϼҲŪȥޥǤ ([2022-05-23-1])
YouTube ֱѸԵ§ưΤҤ⤴ --- 󥰤о졪 (cf. hellog #4810. sing β sang Ǥ⤢ sung Ǥ⤢롪 ([2022-06-28-1])
YouTube ΤαѸԵ§ư餱 (cf. #4807. -ed ˤ뵬§ưνиϳ̿Ūä ([2022-06-25-1])
heldio #9. first -st ϺǾä
heldio #10. third three + th ѷʤΤǽ൬§Ū
heldio #11. ʤ second 2ܤΡפϼѸ졪

Ե§ưϤʤ¸ߤΤפȤѸ˴ؤѤʵ䤫⤭佼ˡ (suppletion) ʡ֥СסˤƳˡԵ§μҲŪյͳĤġΤȤƸˤֵ§פ뤤ϡԵ§פȤϲʤΤȤ礭ʵ󼨤Ƥޤٸ󡤤꤬Ȥޤ#5130. ֤إ饸׼ȥ󥯽 ([2023-05-14-1]) ⤼ҤȤ

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2023-08-01 Tue

#5209. ¾ư (transitivity) Ȥϲ (3) [transitivity][termonology][verb][grammar][syntax][construction][semantic_role][semantics]

¾ư (transitivity) ˤĤơ2ˤ錄äƤ

#5202. ¾ư (transitivity) Ȥϲ ([2023-07-25-1])
#5204. ¾ư (transitivity) Ȥϲ (2) [2023-07-27-1]

Bussmann (494--95) Ѹ켭ŵ transitivity ιѤ롥

Valence property of verbs which require a direct object, e.g. read, see, hear. Used more broadly, verbs which govern other objects (e.g. dative, genitive) can also be termed 'transitive'; while only verbs which have no object at all (e.g. sleep, rain) would be intransitive. Hopper and Thompson (1980) introduce other factors of transitivity in the framework of universal grammar, which result in a graduated concept of transitivity. In addition to the selection of a direct object, other semantic roles as well as the properties of adverbials, mood, affirmation vs negation, and aspect play a role. A maximally transitive sentence contains a non-negated resultive verb in the indicative which requires at least a subject and direct object; the verb complements function as agent and affected object, are definite and animate . . . . Using data from various languages, Hopper and Thompson demonstrate that each of the factors listed above as affecting transitivity is important for making transivtivity through case, adpositions, or verbal inflection. Thus in many languages (e.g. Lithuanian, Polish, Middle High German) affirmation vs negation correlates with the selection of case for objects in such a way that in affirmative sentences the object is usually in the accusative, while in negated sentences the object of the same verb occurs in the genitive or in another oblique case.


¾ưȤϡ(1) ǡǤ뤳ȡ(2) ˤäƤζ񸽲ˡ͡Ǥ뤳ȡʬäƤŪˤϡгŪ׵᤹롤̤ɽ魯ľˡιư줬¤ "transitive" ǤȤȤ

Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-09-23-1]

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2023-07-27 Thu

#5204. ¾ư (transitivity) Ȥϲ (2) [transitivity][termonology][verb][grammar][syntax][construction][semantic_role][semantics][philosophy_of_language]

#5202. ¾ư (transitivity) Ȥϲ ([2023-07-25-1]) Ұ³¾ư (transitivity) ˤĤơ
Halliday εǽʸˡˤȡ¾ưͤݤˤ3ĤΥѥ᡼פȤʤ롥 (process)Ϳ (participant) (circumstance) 3ĤΤȤ櫓 (process) Ūʥѥ᡼Ȥʤ롥
ֲפȾΤΤˤ礭3Ĥμब롥˾3Ĥμबդ­롥줾󤲤ȡʪŪ (material)Ū (mental)طŪ (relational) ԰Ū (behavioural), Ū (verbal), ¸Ū (existential) 6Ȥʤ롥

Transitivity A term used mainly in systemic functional linguistics to refer to the system of grammatical choices available in language for representing actions, events, experiences and relationships in the world . . . .
   There are three components in a transitivity process: the process type (the process or state represented by the verb phrase in a clause), the participant(s) (people, things or concepts involved in a process or experiencing a state) and the circumstance (elements augmenting the clause, providing information about extent, location, manner, cause, contingency and so on). So in the clause 'Mary and Jim ate fish and chips on Friday', the process is represented by 'ate', the participants are 'Mary and Jim' and the circumstances are 'on Friday'.
   Halliday and Mtthiesen (2004) identify three main process types, material, mental and relational, and three minor types, behavioural, verbal and existential. Associated with each process are certain kinds of participants. 1) Material processes refer to actions and events. The verb in a material process clause is usually a 'doing' word . . .: Elinor grabbed a fire extinguisher; She kicked Marina. Participants in material processes include actor ('Elinor', 'she') and goal ('a fire extinguisher', 'Marina'). 2) Metal processes refer to states of mind or psychological experiences. The verb in a mental process clause is usually a mental verb: I can't remember his name; Our party believes in choice. Participants in mental processes include senser(s) ('I'; 'our party') and phenomenon ('his name'; 'choice'). 3) Relational processes commonly ascribe an attribute to an entity, or identify it: Something smells awful in here; My name is Scruff. The verb in a relational processes include token ('something', 'my name')) and value ('Scruff', 'awful'). 4) Behavioural processes are concerned with the behaviour of a participant who is a conscious entity. They lie somewhere between material and mental processes. The verb in a behavioural process clause is usually intransitive, and semantically it refers to a process of consciousness or a physiological state: Many survivors are sleeping in the open; The baby cried. The participant in a behavioral process is called a behaver. 5) Verbal processes are processes of verbal action: 'Really?', said Septimus Coffin; He told them a story about a gooseberry in a lift. Participants in verbal processes include sayer ('Septimus Coffin', 'he'), verbiage ('really', 'a story') an recipient ('them'). 6) Existential processes report the existence of someone or something. Only one participant is involved in an existential process: the existent. There are two main grammatical forms for this type of process: existential there as subject + copular verb (There are thousands of examples.); and existent as subject + copular verb (Maureen was at home.)


ϡưˤƤȤ櫓Ūʰ̣ط6ӼäΤȤäƤ褤ůŪˤСΥѥ᡼ɤޤǺŪʸ쥫ƥ꡼ΤʬʤͤĤǤ롥
ǽʸˡŪˤ̤Ȥơֲפ졤ˤС¾ưפ٤ޤäƤ롤ȤȤˤʤäƤ롥¾ưȤϤŪʳǰѸǤϤ뤬Τ褦ʸѡʸˡѤȤߤФƤȯۤǤ뤳ȤΤäƤ

Pearce, Michael. The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-09-23-1] [2023-08-01-1]

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2023-07-25 Tue

#5202. ¾ư (transitivity) Ȥϲ [transitivity][termonology][verb][mood][grammar][syntax][construction]

ؿѸؼŵ (1267) ˤȡ¾ư (transitivity) Halliday ʸˡˤѸǡˡ (mood) ȼ (theme) ȤȤ Halliday ʸˡˤ3Ĥ礭η֤롥¾ưȤϡ¾ư (transitive verb) ȼư (intransitive verb) ζ̤б복ǰȤ⡤ष˻ͿǴ֤ΡִͿפȤȤ館ۤŬڤ
Sir Chirstopher Wren built this bridge. ȤäŵŪ SVO ʸˤƤϡ԰ټԡɸ3Ԥߤ˴ͿäƤꡤ¾ưŪǤȤ롥ñŵŪˤʤĤλͿԤɤΤ褦˴ͿäƤ뤫Υѥ͡ǤꡤʬƤȺǽŪˤϰĤҤȤĤθ̶Ūʲ̤ʤФʤʤʤκʬμ٤ delicacy ȸƤǤ롥¾ưϡäơư줬Ĥι뤫Ȥ䡤ʸˡˤʸפȤϢƤ롥
ʸˡ˰Ĥƹͤ뤿ˡCrystal θؼŵ transitivity ơȤȤ򤷤Ƥ

transitivity (n.) A category used in the grammatical analysis of clause/sentence constructions, with particular reference to the verb's relationship to dependent elements of structure. The main members of this category are transitive (tr, trans), referring to a verb which can take a direct object (as in he saw the dog), and intransitive (intr, intrans), where it cannot (as in *he arrived a ball). Many verbs can have both a transitive and an intransitive use (cf. we went a mile v. we went), and in some languages this distinction is marked morphologically. More complex relationships between a verb and the elements dependent upon it are usually classified separately. For example, verbs which take two objects are sometimes called ditransitive (as opposed to monotransitive), as in she gave me a pencil. There are also several uses of verbs which are marginal to one or other of these categories, as in pseudo-intranstive constructions (e.g. the eggs are selling well, where an agent is assumed --- 'someone is selling the eggs' --- unlike normal intransitive constructions, which do not have an agent transform: we went, but not *someone went us). Some grammarians also talk about (in)transitive prepositions. For example, with is a transitive preposition, as it must always be accompanied by a noun phrase complement (object), and along can be transitive or intransitive: cf. She arrived with a dog v. *She arrived with and She was walking along the river v. She was walking along.


¾ưˤĤƤϡͤƤ

⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.

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2023-06-12 Mon

#5159. Ѹˤ̤ƻϤɽƤ [sobokunagimon][tense][future][preterite][progressive][perfect][verb][aspect][grammaticalisation]

Ѹˤˤƻƥ꡼бɽϤФѲƤ㤨С̤ΤȤؼΤˤɤΤ褦ɽѤƤˤ˱äƤɤäƤߤȡűѸ줫ѸˤƤϸ߻ѤƤѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤ shall/will ʤɤѤŪɽѤ褦ˤʤä
Görlach (100) ϡƥ꡼ᤰѸ˾ѲγάɽˤޤȤƤ롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥

Tense Expressions in HEL by Goerlach



äȤޤȤƻͤˤ줿

Görlach, Manfred. The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-06-01-1]

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2023-06-01 Thu

#5148. ޥĸζѲư̿ˡζ [germanic][imperative][inflection][paradigm][verb][person][number][subjunctive][mood][reconstruction][comparative_linguistics]

Ѹư̿ˡη֤ϡ˰פ롥űѸ̤ȡ̿ˡǤϸˤȤϰۤʤ֤ꡤ2;ñʣȤǸ§Ȥưۤʤ޸ä
ˤ򴬤ᤷƥޥĸˤޤ̤ȡƷǤϤˤ衤;Τ˱ơ¿ΰۤʤ޸äƤȤ롥ʲˡޥĸ¿ζѲưˤĤƺƷƤ޸򼨤 (Ringe 237)

 indicativesubjunctiveimperative 
active   infinitive -a-ną
sg.1 -ō-a-ų---participle -a-nd-
 2 -i-zi-ai-zø 
 3 -i-di-ai-ø-a-dau 
du.1 -ōz(?)-ai-w--- 
 2 -a-diz(?)-a-diz(?)-a-diz(?) 
pl.1 -a-maz-ai-m--- 
 2 -i-d-ai-d-i-d 
 3 a-ndi-ai-n-a-ndau 


Ȥ櫓 imperative ̿ˡˤܤƤñξʣ3Ĥοƥ꡼ˤĤơ23;Τ˶Ūʶ޸ߤ롥;Τ˱ưۤʤޤԤʤƤȤŪ˺ƷƤΤ
ѸˤޤᡤθΥޥˤϡ̿ˡη֤ζ̤˼ޤꡤƤˤȤäƤ褤ѸǤ̿ˡη֤䡤ȴϢˤĤƤϡʲε򻲾ȡ

#2289. ̿ʸ˼줬ʤ ([2015-08-03-1])
#2475. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ ([2016-02-05-1])
#2476. Ѹˤˤư̿ˡ³ˡŪǽŪͻ礷 ([2016-02-06-1])
#2480. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ (2) ([2016-02-10-1])
#2881. Ѹʣ2;̿ξü ([2017-03-17-1])
#3620. ̿ˡפǧָ᤺̿ˡפȤФ褤 (1) ([2019-03-26-1])
#3621. ̿ˡפǧָ᤺̿ˡפȤФ褤 (2) ([2019-03-27-1])
#4935. ³ˡ̿ˡζ ([2022-10-31-1])

Ringe, Don. From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. Oxford: Clarendon, 2006.

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2023-05-13 Sat

#5129. ʹԷ˴ؤ֥ȸ첾 [celtic][borrowing][syntax][contact][substratum_theory][celtic_hypothesis][progressive][verb][irish_english][aspect]

#4595. Ĵʸ˴ؤ֥ȸ첾ס ([2021-11-25-1]) ǻȤ Filppula and Klemola ʸɤƤ롥ƱʸǤϡѸˤ be + -ing ΡֿʹԷ (progressive form) ȯãʤλѸȤˤؤΥȸαƶˤΤǤϤʤȤ֥ȸ첾 (celtic_hypothesis) Ƥ롥
ޤ̣¤ȤơΥȷǹԤʤƤѸѼǤϡɸѸ⹭Ϥ˿ʹԷѤȤŪˤ Irish English, Welsh English, Hebridean English, Manx English ˤơɸŪˤϿʹԷˤȤư줬ФпʹԷѤ뤳ȡưưʹԷˤ뤳Ȥˤ꽬꤬뤳ȡwould used (to) ˿ʹԷ³Ūưɽ蘆뤳ȡdo will ˿ʹԷ³ˡߤ뤳Ȥ𤵤Ƥ롥Filppula and Klemola (212--14) ꡤ줾ʸ򼨤

There was a lot about fairies long ago [...] but I'm thinkin' that most of 'em are vanished.
I remember my granfather and old people that lived down the road here, they be all walking over to the chapel of a Sunday afternoon and they be going again at night.
But they, I heard my father and uncle saying they used be dancing there long ago, like, you know.
Yeah, that's, that's the camp. Military camp they call it [...] They do be shooting there couple of times a week or so.


ϸΥѼαѸ˸ʹԷ¿ѤȤݤ򼨤ΤǤꡤ¤ȤƼ롥ȸ첾ϡѸˤʹԷȯãΤΤؤΥȸαƶˤΤȤȤԤȸԤܤƤ¦̤ۤʤäƤ뤳ȤդǤ⡤Filppula and Klemola (218--19) ϡ5Ĥ󤲤ʤ顤ȸ첾ٻʰ PF "progressive forms" ؤˡ

(i) Of all the suggested parallels to the English PF, the Celtic (Brythonic) ones are clearly the closest, and hence, the most plausible ones, whether one think of the OE periphrastic constructions or those established in the ME and modern periods, involving the -ing form of verbs. This fact has not been given due weight in some of the earlier work on this subject.
(ii) The chronological precedence of the Celtic constructions is beyond any reasonable doubt, which also enhances the probability of contact influence from Celtic on English.
(iii) The socio-historical circumstances of the Celtic-English interface cannot have constituted an obstacle to Celtic substratum influences in the area of grammar, as has traditionally been argued especially on the basis of the research (and some of the earlier, too) has shown that the language shift situation in the centuries following the settlement of the Germanic tribes in Britain was most conductive to such influences. Again, this aspect has been ignored or not properly understood in some of the research which has tried to play down the role of Celtic influence in the history of English.
(iv) The Celtic-English contacts in the modern period have resulted in a similar tendency for some regional varieties of English to make extensive use of the PF, which lends indirect support to the Celtic hypothesis with regard to early English.
(v) Continuous tenses tend to be used more in bilingual or formerly Celtic-speaking areas than in other parts of the country . . . .


ȸ첾Ϥǯδ֤󵯤ŪȤʤäƤޤɤβˤȤɤޤȤäƤ褤ŪʱѸ˵Ҥ˰ФꤸܿνܤƤ줿Ǥϡس˹׸ƤɾǤ롥

Filppula, Markku and Juhani Klemola. "English in Contact: Celtic and Celtic Englishes." Chapter 107 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1687--1703.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-23-1]

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2023-02-22 Wed

#5049. ư¿ͤʷ [phrasal_verb][syntax][word_order][verb][adverb][preposition][particle][idiom]

Ѹˤϡư (verb) Ⱦ (particle) Ȥ߹碌ʤư (phrasal_verb) ¿¸ߤƤ롥Ȥ櫓ѽФŪŪʰ̣ĤΤ¿칽¤¿ͤʷ뤿ᡤФбѸؽξɤȤʤ롥
run up Ȥ߹碌ɽͤƤߤ褦Ūˤ4ĤΥѥ˶ʬ롥

(1) A girl ran up. ֤뾯äƤ
ran up ΤȤ1Ĥμư롥
(2) The spider ran up the wall. ֤ΥɤФäƤä
ư ran ֻ up the wall Ȥ߹碌Ǥ롥
(3) The soldier ran up a flag. ֤ʼΤϴǤ
ran up Ȥ߹碌ˤ1Ĥ¾ưŪ롥ξ硤 up ̾Ū a flag ΰ֤ϥС֥ǡThe soldier ran a flag up. θǽŪ줬 it Τ褦̾ξˤϡष The soldier ran it up. θΤߤƤ롥
(4) Would you mind running me up the road? ƻϩޤǼ֤˾褻ƤäƤޤ󤫡
¾ư run ֻ up the road Ȥ߹碌Ǥ롥

run up Ȥ߹碌Τߤ˸ꤷƤ⡤Τ褦4Ĥηǧ롥¾ư¾ξȤ߹碌ΤθСȤƤ8ĤηꡤʣȤʤ롥

Cowie, A. P. and R Mackin, comps. Oxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. Oxford: OUP, 1993.

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2023-01-17 Tue

#5013. When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the gentleman? ư֤Ѹˤ [proverb][verb][conjugation][rhyme][vowel][rhythm]

ε#5012. When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the gentleman? --- John Ball ưޤ줿 ([2023-01-16-1]) ǾҲ𤷤˴ޤޤưβ delved span ˤĤơѸˤδͤƤߤ

(1) ѸɸŪʲȤƤϡ§ư delved Ϥ̤Ǥ褤Ե§ư span ˤĤƤϱ¼ǤϡָפȤ졼٥뤬ĤƤʳؽɽѱѼǤϵܤʤˡưɸŪʳѤ spin -- spun -- spun Ǥꡤ span ϤޤŪʷ֤ȤȤǤ롥ޤܤĴ٤ƤʤѸޤ span ̤äΤΡѸʹߤ˸ɸϢʤ spun Ϥ򿭤ФƤ褦դλˤĤƤϡ¾A-B-CA-B-BԵ§ưȹ碌ƹͤƤߤ뤳ȤɬפϢơ#2084. drink--drank--drunk win--won--won ([2015-01-10-1]) 򻲾ȡ

(2) θǸŤ span ѤƤΤϡޤ1˵θŤ̤˸ǤϸŷĤ䤹ǤϹ碌Ƶӱ (rhyme) Թͤɬפ롥θϱΧŪˤ2ԤʤäƤꡤŪʬϢư When Adam delved and Eve Span / who was then the gentleman? ʬ䤵롥2 gentleman ȵӱƧिˡ1 spun ǤϤʤ span ǤʤФʤʤѸϱΧǰƬ man : span εӱƧޤƤ櫓Ѹʹߤư spun ɸಽȤäơ spun ˺ؤƤޤä顤äεӱ̵ˤʤ롥̩ˤСѸǤ gentleman man ۣ첻 /mən/ ȯ졤span ϶첻ȼä /spæn/ ȯΤǡˤӱƧޤʤΤʤȤб (eye rhyme) ƧΤǡ٤ΥϵƤȤȤ

(3) delved ϺǤ§ưʼѲưˤԵ§ưʶѲưˤäűѸǤ delfan -- dealf -- dulfon -- dolfen 4׷򼨤ƤꡤζѲޤѸǤݤƤºݡSpeake θŵˤȺǤᤤǤϼ̤ dalfe ѤƤ롥

c 1340 R. Rolle in G. G. perry Religious Pieces (EETS) 88 When Adam dalfe [dug] and Eue spane ... Whare was than the pride of man?


Ȥ14ȾѲϤᡤ䤬ƶˤʤȡθǤ delved ѤϤ᤿

(4) ɸθɸθΥꥺ (rhythm) 򼨤ȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥

x/x/x//
whenAdamdelvedandEvespan
/x/x/x/
whowasthenthegentleman

ɬ⤭줤ǤϤʤ(2) ǤҤ٤褦˸̩ˤϵӱƧޤʤѸΥꥸʥθƷʤС̤ΥꥺȤʤǤеӱԥä·ä
x/x/x/x/
whenAdamdalfandEvespan
(x)/x/x/x/
 whowasthenthegentleman


ʾ塤ɸθѸˤƤߤ

Speake, Jennifer, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. 6th ed. Oxford: OUP, 2015.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-01-18-1]

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2022-12-26 Mon

#4991. -ise -ize --- 2Ĥ [spelling][suffix][z][greek][latin][french][verb][oed][academy][orthography]

ε#4990. ư -ize/-ise ˡ ([2022-12-25-1])ӰΡ#305. -ise -ize ([2010-02-26-1])#314. -ise -ize (2) ([2010-03-07-1]) εȹ碌ơ -ise -ize ˤĤƹͤʸȤ̤2Ĥۤɲä롥
εǡOED -ize ֻܤȤƺѤƤݤҲ𤷤<z> Ѥۤꥷθ츻¤Ǥꡤ <z> /z/ δطȥ졼Ȥ顤ȤΤѤͳǤ롥 OED μĥˤĤơCarney (433) -ise/-ize ⤷Ƥսǵ褷Ƥ롥ͭѤʤΤDzΤѤƤ

17 /aɪz/ in verbs as <-ise>, <-ize>

The <-ize> spelling reflects a Greek verbal ending in English words, such as baptize, organize, which represent actual Greek verbs. There are also words that have been made up to imitate Greek, in later Latin or in French (humanise), or within English itself (bowdlerise). Some printers adopt a purist approach and spell the first group with <-ize> and the second group with <-ise>, others have <-ize> for both.
   Since this difference is opaque to the ordinary speller, there is pressure to standardize on the <s> spelling, as French has done. To standardize with a <z> spelling as American spelling has done has disadvantages, because there are §Latinate verbs ending in <-ise> which have historically nothing to do with this suffix: advertise, apprise, circumcise, comprise, supervise, surmise, surprise. If you opt for a scholarly <organize>, you are likely to get an unscholarly *<supervize>. The OED argues that the pronunciation is /z/ and that this justifies the <z> spelling. But this ignores the fact that <s>/z/ happens to be the commonest spelling of /z/. To introduce more <z> spellings would probably complicate matters for the speller.


⤦1ĤϡꥹѸ -ise ϥե󥹸켰ֻ򿿻Τ򤷤Ƥ褤Ūʾܺ٤ˤĤƤĴɬפȤȤΤϡե󥹸ǤĹ餯 -ize ϻȤƤ褦ǡե󥹸ǤĤɤΤ褦 -ise ֻ̲ΤȤʤ롥ޤʥꥹ˱Ѹ줬ĤɤΤ褦ˡΤ褦ʥե󥹸Ǥ -ise ؤΰ̲˹碌-ise 򹥤褦ˤʤäΤפ䤤Ȥʤ롥Upward and Davidson (170--71) βΰҥȤˤʤ롥

          The suffix -IZE/-ISE

There are some 200 verbs in general use ending in the suffix -ISE/-IZE, spelt with Z in American usage and s or z in British usage. The ending originated in Gr with z, which was transmitted through Lat and OFr to Eng beginning in the ME period.

Three factors interfered with the straightforward adoption of z for all the words ending in /aɪz/:
   - The increasing variation of z/s in OFr and ME.
   - The competing model of words like surprise, always spelt with s (-ISE in those words being not the Gr suffix but part of a Franco-Lat stem).
   - Developments in Fr which undermined the z-spelling of the Gr -IZE suffix; for example, the 1694 edition of the authoritative dictionary of the Académie Française standardized the spelling of the Gr suffix with s (e.g. baptiser, organiser, réaliser) for ModFr in accordance with the general Fr rule for the spelling of /z/ between vowels as s, and the consistent use of -ISE by ModFr from then on gave weight to a widespread preference for it in British usage. American usage, on the other hand, came down steadfastly on the side of -IZE, and BrE now allows either spelling.


Ѹ -ise/-ize α˥ǥߡե󥻡ƯäȤΤϤ⤷ɵᤷƤߤ

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-10-10-1]

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2022-12-25 Sun

#4990. ư -ize/-ise [spelling][suffix][z][greek][latin][french][consonant][diphthong][verb][oed][ame_bre]

ư -ize/-ise ˤĤơΥڥ󥰤Ѥ뤫Ȥ顤#305. -ise -ize ([2010-02-26-1])#314. -ise -ize (2) ([2010-03-07-1]) ˤƤ OED εҤ󤷤ʤ顤ˤ⤹롥
-ize/-ise ϥꥷư -ƦŦɦ ̤롥̱ͤ²ɽ魯̾ˤĤơ~̱͡²ˤȤơʤΤ褦ˡ˿񤦡פΰ̣ư뤳Ȥ¿äѸбǤ barbarianize, tyrannize, Atticize, Hellenize Τ褦
34ˤϥƥ -izāre ȤƼޤ졤Ϥ夷ƤäꥹȶůؤѸȤ baptizāre, euangelizāre, catechiizāre, canōnizāre, daemonizāre ʤɤ߽Ф줿䤬ơꥷưѤꡤ路ư¤줹ݤΰŪʷȤ夷
ϡƥʥ顼ˤơ䤬ưŪ˥ƥηƻ̾줫ư뵡ǽȯãεǽΰ̲Ϥ餯ե󥹸ˤƺǽǤ -iser ֤褦ˤʤäciviliser, cicatriser, humaniser ʤɤǤ롥
ѸѸե󥹸줫 -iser ưѤݤˡե󥹸켰˴Ť -ise ֤뤳Ȥ¿äϡ˱ѸǤȼ᤿κݤ˥ƥե󥹸ǤΤȤưˤ -ise 򡤥ꥷǤ˴Ťˤϥꥷ츻ºŤ -ize Ѥʤɤη⸽줿ηϤޤȾüʤΤäˡ-ize -ise Τ䤳꤬˻롥OED ˤȤƤϡ츻ŪǤꡤ /z/ ʸ̤ɽ魯ڥ󥰤Ȥ -ize 줷ƤȤ
ʤѸΤ2첻뤳ȤˤĤơOED ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

In the Greek -ιζ-, the i was short, so originally in Latin, but the double consonant z (= dz, ts) made the syllable long; when the z became a simple consonant, /-idz/ became īz, whence English /-aɪz/.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-10-10-1] [2022-12-26-1]

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2022-11-01 Tue

#4936. ʤŪֻŪ줬ȤʤưʸǽʤΤ [passive][syntax][inflection][verb][me][sobokunagimon][word_order]

Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǡꥹʡ󤫤󤻤줿˲#517. Ū줬ˤʤư֤Ѹȯ --- He was given a book.ۿޤҤİ



§ȤƸűѸǤưľŪ줬Ȥʤưʸ¸ߤޤǤȤ³ѸˤʤꡤưδŪֻŪޤǤ⤬ȤʤưʸǽȤʤäƤޤʳפ (125--31) ˡϤۿؤ­Ȥʤޤ
Fischer ˤСѸǤϼΤ٤ƤμưʸǽǤ

1 The book was selected by the committee
2 Nicaragua was given the opportunity to protest
3 His plans were laughed at
4 The library was set fire to by accident


Ѹ˸Ǥϡμưʸγ˴ؤ¿ʤƤޤĤιͤΤΡͼư (passivisation) ˴ؤ쵬§ŬϰϤѲƤȤȤ館¿褦Ǥפˡưоݤ֤ȤȤưľŪ줫ŪءֻŪس礷ƤȤǤ
1ĤβǤ⤷ȤƤ⡤ʤʤΤȤŪɬפޤưȤϰۤʤ뤱ɤⲿ餫Ǵط츽ݤˤƤѲ礬äƤȤСȹ碌ƹͻɬפޤդλ Fischer (384) ˸äƤ餤ޤ礦

There are two general paths along which one could look for an explanation of these developments. One can hypothesise that there was a change in the nature of the rule that generates passive constructions . . . Another possibility is that there was a change in the application of the rule due to changes having taken place elsewhere in the system of the language . . . The latter course seems to be the one now more generally followed. Additional factors that may have influenced the spread of passive construction are the gradual loss of the Old English active construction with indefinite man . . . (this construction could most easily be replaced by a passive) and the change in word order . . . .


ѲβȸڤϡʤʤưפǤϤޤ󡥤Τ˱ѸˤȤʬꡤ椬³ƤΤǤ

ס ˡŪˤ븽αʸˡ١罤ۡ1990ǯ.
Fischer, Olga. "Syntax." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 207--408.

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2022-09-06 Tue

#4880. ưסưפȤѸϤ䤳 [category][verb][finiteness][article][terminology][agreement][tense][number][person][mood][adjective]

Ѹư (verb) ˴ؤ륫ƥ꡼1Ĥ (finiteness) ȤΤ롥ư (finite form) ȤϡI go to school. She goes to school. He went to school. Τ褦ư go Ρޤä׸ؤư (nonfinite form) ȤϡI'm going to school. Going to school is fun. She wants to go to school. He made me go to school. Τ褦ư go ΡޤäƤʤ׸ؤ
פȤѸ줬䤳㤨С(to) go ȤѤ뤳ȤΤʤηʤΤ顤餳פǤϤʤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ̾¤ȤˡפȸΤgoes went ư go Ѳʤؤ󤲡ˤΤȤơˤפ餷ߤ뤬ष餳פʤΤǤ롥
ʬˤ finiteness פȤˤ롥finite θϡŪפȤΤ˸ꤵ줿פǤꡤnonfinite ϡŪפȤΤ˸ꤵƤʤפǤ롥㤨 He () to school yesterday. ȤʸˤƳ̤ go Ŭڤʷ硤ʸˡỌ̇̄δ went ηˤΤդ路դ路Ȥϡʸ̮ˤäƤʳηϵʤȤǡΤ˸ꤵ줿׸ʤΤǤ롥
̤ιͤȤƤϡưˤϤޤ GO GOING Τ褦ŪǥŪʷꡤ줬ºݤʸ̮ˤƤ go, goes, went ʤɤζŪʷȤƸΤȤȤ館Ƥ褤üŪˤ finite ϡֶŪפǡinfinite ϡŪפȤȤ
Ūˤ⤦ǫˤСưȤϡư줬;Ρˡ˱1Ĥη˹ʤޤƤ뤫ݤȤΤȤǤ롥Crystal (224) Ѥ褦

The forms of the verb . . . , and the phrases they are part of, are usually classified into two broad types, based on the kind of contrast in meaning they express. The notion of finiteness is the traditional way of classifying the differences. This term suggests that verbs can be 'limited' in some way, and this is in fact what happens when different kinds of endings are used.
The finite forms are those which limit the verb to a particular number, tense, person, or mood. For example, when the -s form is used, the verb is limited to the third person singular of the present tense, as in goes and runs. If there is a series of verbs in the verb phrase, the finite verb is always the first, as in I was being asked.
The nonfinite forms do not limit the verb in this way. For example, when the -ing form is used, the verb can be referring to any number, tense, person, or mood:

I'm leaving (first person, singular, present)
They're leaving (third person, plural, present)
He was leaving (third person, singular, past)
We might be leaving tomorrow (first person, plural, future, tentative)

As these examples show, a nonfinite form of the verb stays the same in a clause, regardless of the grammatical variation taking place alongside it.


ʤѸˤϴˤꡦȤ̤뤷űѸˤϷƻˤꡦζ̤äΥƥ꡼դ줿٥ "finiteness" ǤϤʤ "definiteness" Ǥ롥γѸϸ򾷤䤹ΤդǤ롥

Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.

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2022-08-20 Sat

#4863. ưΰ̣ʬϤ3Ĥδ [verb][semantics][semantic_role][aspect]

ε#4862. ưΡפ3Ĥΰ̣ ([2022-08-19-1]) ˰³ư (verb) ΰ̣ˤĤơ (135) ˤСưΰ̣ʬϤݤ3Ĥνפʴ롥

1. ̣ (semantic_role)
2. óǰ¤ (lexical conceptual structure)
3. ڥ (aspect)

1Ĥΰ̣Ȥϡưΰ̣Ωǡʡ (argument)ˤ줾˳꿶줿̣εǽǤ롥ư (Agent)о (Theme) (Location) (Source) (Goal) ʤɤĤꤵƤ롥㤨 Marvin traveled from Boston to San Francisco. Ȥʸˤơư traveled 濴ȤƼϤۤΰ̣ߤƤߤȡMarvin ư礫ġʰưΡоݡfrom Boston to San Francisco Ȥʤ롥Τ褦˰̣δबФ¤칽¤Ȥ϶̤ơ๽¤ (argument structure) ȸƤ֡ʾp. 137ˡ
2Ĥθóǰ¤ȤϡỤ̄ʬʬ (componential analysis) ˡǤ롥㤨 ride, swim, run Ȥưˤϡ [GO+MANNER PATH] Ȥ̣ʬͭƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ζ̹ΤȤǡMANNER ξܺ٤ȤƤ줾־ʪ˾äơסֱˤǡסäơפȤȼղỤ̄񤭹ޤΤȹͤʾp. 139ˡ
3ĤΥڥȤϺ夲̤Ǥ롥
ư˸̤ΰ̣뤳ȤϳΤð̣Ω줫ϡʤ٤¿ưΰ̣Ū˵Ҥ뤿ˡʤ٤Υѥ᡼ꤹΤ˾ޤ嵭3Ĥδϡλߤ1ĤǤ롥

ס5ϡð̣סоȡѸؤδá١ʻ 졦⸫ ˡ ס 򹯡 ס ʡ¼ ҡˡˡǡ2013ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-25-1]

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2022-08-19 Fri

#4862. ưΡפ3Ĥΰ̣ [aspect][verb][semantics]

ư (verb) ˴ؤ (category) Ȥơ (tense) Ȥ̤ (aspect) 롥#4655. ưΡפäƲǤ ([2022-01-24-1]) Dz⤷̤⤦1ľ (141--42) ˤҲ𤷤

ڥȤȤϡưɽּ֤˱äƤɤΤ褦Ÿ뤫ۤʤ鸫븫Ǥ롥򤹤뤿ˡ㤨ХӥǥΥΤ褦ʤΤƤߤȤ褤ŻߤΤϥˤƤ⥳ޤȤξѲϤʤưΤѲΡ㤨ХåפƳ륷ʤɤϡޤȤ˰ä̤ǤϤǤ롥Ʊͤˡưɽּ֤˱äŸʬ򤷡ɤΤ褦Ÿ򤹤뤫ȤʬषΤڥȤȤ


ʬ͡ˤʤ뤬Ūˤϰʲ3Ĥΰ̣ȤȤ߹碌ˤΤΤƤ롥ޤ3Ĥΰ̣򼨤ʾp. 142ˡ

a. [dynamic]ưŪ (dynamic) / Ū (static)
b. [punctual]ִŪ (punctual) / ³Ū (durative)
c. [telic]Ū (telic) / 󴰷Ū (atelic)


ˡ3Ĥΰ̣Ȥ߹碌ư4ʬषƤߤ롥 (142) ɽʸäΤ򼨤

 dynamicpunctualtelicex.
a. (State)---Marvin resembled his mother.
b. ư (Activity)+--Marvin walked.
c. 達 (Accomplishment)+-+Marvin built a house.
d. ã (Achievement)+++Marvin arrived.


ס5ϡð̣סоȡѸؤδá١ʻ 졦⸫ ˡ ס 򹯡 ס ʡ¼ ҡˡˡǡ2013ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-20-1]

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2022-08-09 Tue

#4852. ;Τˤ餺ư -s դ [3sp][3pp][conjugation][verb][inflection][historic_present]

ư -s ˤĤơhellog ǤŪʴ͡˼夲Ƥ
ɸѸǤ3ñ (3sp) ˤΤ -s դȤȤˤʤäƤ뤬ŪʱѸѼ䡤Ǥϰ衦ҲѼˤơ3ñʳΥåȤ -s դȤϷ褷ʤդˡ3ñǤäƤ -s դʤѼȤΤ⡤ŪˤⶦŪˤäʤư -s ȤΤϡ¤ϻפƤ⡤ʤʤʤΤǤ롥
Ϣ뵭䲻ۿ󤲤Ƥ

#2857. Ϣ2֤ʤ3ñ -s դΤ ѼȤס ([2017-02-21-1])
#3557. Ѹˤ3ñѰۡ ([2019-01-22-1])
#2566. 3ñ -s Ȥϲס ([2016-05-06-1])
#3542. CNN English Express2αѸýǺܤޤ ([2019-01-07-1])
#2310. 3ñΥ ([2015-08-24-1])
heldio #177. 3ñΥ򼨤󥰥
#4693. YouTube 2ơʣ3ñEbonics ([2022-03-03-1])

;Τˤ餺ľˡ߷Ǿ -s ȤȤƤϡ󥰥륺륺ν󤲤롥Ǥ I likes it., We goes home., You throws it. ʤɤ -s Ѥ롥do Ȥư졦ưˤĤƤС󥰥ǤϡưȤƤϾ dos /du:z/ ưȤƤϾ do ȤȤ褦ˡˡʬƤȤ (ex. He dos it every day, do he?) ʤߤˡǤưȤƤβ doneưȤƤβ did ѤȤ顤ʤ餪⤷ (ex. He done it last night, did he?)
嵭Ȥ̤ˡåȥɤ̥ɤ¿Ǥϡ12;Ρ3;ʣˤơνȽҤ٤Ūߡ (historic_present) ˡȤơư -s (ex. I goes down this street and I sees this man hiding behind a tree.)
ʾ塤Hughes et al. (28--29) ˰͵򤷤ƵҤ

Hughes, Arthur, Peter Trudgill, and Dominic Watt. English Accents and Dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of English in the British Isles. 4th ed. London: Hodder Education, 2005.

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2022-07-15 Fri

#4827. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ17֤ʤֻɽפǤ̤ΤȤ⸽߷ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][subjunctive][verb][tense][link][conditional][be][mood][future]

δñѸ in English٤8椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפ17ϡ֤ʤֻɽפǤ̤ΤȤ⸽߷פǤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ8



If it is fine tomorrow, I will go shopping. Τ褦ʸǡ餫ˡפȤ̤ΤȤʤΤˡ*If it will be fine tomorrow, . . . . Τ褦 will ѤʤȤˤʤäƤޤϡعʸˡΥإƥʵ§κǤΤ1ĤǤ礦Ѹϰ̤˸ߡ̤Ȼ (tense) ˤ뤵ʤΤǤγˤϡֻɽפ̰Ƥ褦˶줷ߤޤ
εϡѸˤδȸѤޤŤϡֻפȤϡˡ (mood) äǤѸޤǤϾ嵭ʸ If it be fine tomorrow, . . . . Τ褦ˡֲˡߡפѤƤޤθ塤ˡʸߡˤοबʤߡľˡʸߡˤ֤줿 If it is fine tomorrow, . . . . ȤʤäƤ롤ȤΤŪаޤǤηаޤˤϡȤȻιθäƤ;ϤϤʤäȤȤǤ
ϰʲ̤ꡤhellog, heldio ʤɤǤ֤ⷫ夲ƤޤϢܵǤϽˤ򤷤䤹褦פ⤷Ƥߤޤʸˡ˱Ѹˤδ뤪⤷̣äƤ館ФȻפޤ

hellog #2764. رѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ٤Ǥޤ ([2016-11-20-1])
- 4.1.1ˤơֻǤ̤ΤȤǤ will ѤʤפȤ夲Ƥޤ
hellog #2189. ˤ will Իѡ ([2015-04-25-1])
hellog #4408. ̤ΤȤʤΤ˸߷ɽ魯 ([2021-05-22-1])
heldio #33. Ǥ̤Ǥ⸽߷Ѥ롩2021ǯ704

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2022-06-28 Tue

#4810. sing β sang Ǥ⤢ sung Ǥ⤢롪 [youtube][notice][sobokunagimon][verb][inflection][gradation][vowel]

YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥϤ4Фޤ35ƤޤֱѸԵ§ưΤҤ⤴ --- 󥰤о졪Ǥ



ɸŪˤABC sing -- sang -- sung ȶޤ¤ABB sing -- sung -- sung ɸŪʤ⸽ѤƤޤϡָѡפǤϤʤűѸ줫³ǤűѸǤԵ§ưŪʡֶѲưסˤβˤϼο;Τ˱2Ĥꡤ줾12ȸƤФƤޤ2ʬϡɸѸǤĶٸǤ be ưΤߤ˻ĤäƤꡤ줾 was were ȤʤޤűѸǤϡwas -- were Τ褦2ʬ¾Ե§ưˤ⤪ʤ٤¸ߤȤ櫓Ǥ
sing ξˤ1 sang2 sungon Ǥθˤǡ1Ĥ˽󤵤뤳Ȥˤʤޤġư˱ơɤη֤˽󤵤뤫ϰۤʤäƤޤư1̲ޤ̤ưǤ2̲ޤξԤɤϼ¤˽Ѹ1500--1700ǯˤޤ³12ɤŪǤ
Ѹ1700--1900ǯˤˤ褦䤯ϲʤߡ줫פ줿ΤǤȽǴϥɥۥåǡɬͳ餫ǤϤޤsing ξˤϡűѸ1˴Ť sang ޤɸȤޤĿˡȤƤϡθ2˴Ť sung ʻѤ³ᡤߤαѸüԤˤ sung ѤͤΤǤ
ϡʬ sung ˤŬѤȤ̣ǤζŪʡָѡפ (analogy) Ȥߤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ޤ󤬡ˤη³Ż뤹ʤСűѸ2λ¸Ȥߤ٤ݤʤΤǤ
ˤĤƤϡʲ hellog Ǥ夲ƤޤΤǤȤ

#492. ѸζѲưɤ ([2010-09-01-1])
#860. ѸѲѰۤΰ ([2011-09-04-1])
#2084. drink--drank--drunk win--won--won ([2015-01-10-1])
#3343. drink--drank--drank Ω ([2018-06-22-1])
#3812. was were δط ([2019-10-04-1])

Voicy heldio Ǥ夲Ȥޤ#35. sing β sang sung 򡤤Ҥİ


Referrer (Inside): [2023-11-12-1]

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2022-06-25 Sat

#4807. -ed ˤ뵬§ưνиϳ̿Ūä [youtube][notice][sobokunagimon][germanic][indo-european][verb][inflection]

3622ʿˤˡYouTube ְʼδѸظإͥ 34ƤޤΤαѸԵ§ư餱Ǥ



-ed Ĥвˤʤ롤ȤΤñʬ䤹Ǥ͡¿ưŬѤ뵬§ʤΤǡΤ褦ưֵ§ưפȸƤǤޤŪǹ٤ΰ찮ưϤε§˱鷺Ե§ưפȸƤФƤޤsing -- sang -- sung come -- came -- come Τ褦ʡŵʤФʤʤǤ͡촴첻ѲΤħǤ
嵭 YouTube äȤϡŪˤԵ§ưΤۤ¸ߤƤꡤ§ưˤΤʤ٤ʳ˽Ƹ줿ԤǤ롤ȤȤǤ§ưϿԤȤƸ줿ϡ㳰ŪʤΤȤ뤵Ƥǽ⤤ΤǤι줿ΤǤ礦֤֤¿ư߹ǤűѸϤޤޤǤˤϤäֵ§Ūפϰ̤ΩƤޤդˡꥸʥθ촴첻Ѳ륿פϡǤˡԵ§Ūפʷϵ˻äƤȤ櫓Ǥ
Τ褦ưѲϡޥɤͭΤΤǤĤޤꡤѲϱѸ졤ɥĸ졤ɸʤɤˤޤե󥹸졤졤ꥷʤɤˤƤʤΤǤʤޥɤˤΤ̿Ȥ٤Ǥ
YouTube ˤؿäϡŪäˤϤʤޤνˤĤơҼε̤ƿؤǤߤƤѸˤΤ⤷˥ϥޤ뤳ȴְ㤤ʤǤ

#3345. ѲưƳ෿γ̿Ǥ ([2018-06-24-1])
#182. ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1])
#3135. -ed ε ([2017-11-26-1])
#3339. ѸδŪԵ§ư ([2018-06-18-1])
#764. ѸưѤ3Ĥʬˡ ([2011-05-31-1])
#178. ưε§Ѳά ([2009-10-22-1])
#3385. Ѹ˼嶯ܹԤư ([2018-08-03-1])
#3670.رѸ춵٤Ϣ3֤ʤԵ§ưѤΤס ([2019-05-15-1]) ȡ˼Ƥ뵭

Referrer (Inside): [2023-11-12-1]

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2022-06-15 Wed

#4797. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ16֤ʤˡǤ if I were a bird ȤʤΡ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][subjunctive][verb][link][conditional][tense][be][mood]

δñѸ in English٤7椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפ³Ƥޤ16ϡѸؽԤˤ˴󤻤֤ʤˡǤ if I were a bird ȤʤΡפ夲ޤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ7



ѤʵϡѸ˴ϢܤʤɤǤˤ˼夲Ƥޤ伫Ȥ hellog 䤽¾ΤǷ֤ܤƤޤرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ١ʸҡ2016ǯǤ4.2ˤơ֤ʤ If I were a bird ȤʤΤˡοȻ¸פȤƲäƤޤ
ޤŪˡפɼؤ򥿡åȤ˿˥ȥ饤ȤϤʤäΤǡɤޤǽҤ٤٤ˤϿʤۤ褤Τʤɡʤʤ忴ޤʤʤϾĩŪƧ߹ߡ⤽ֲˡפȤϲ䡤ȤܼäƤߤޤϤƤޤäƤǤ礦ͤˤȽǤƤۤޤ
ʲϡޤǸɽƤ if I were a bird ˴ؤ hellog 䲻ưǥǤΥƥĤǤ͡ʥ٥ǽ񤤤ƤޤΤǡϢܵȹ碌ƤʤˤĤƤϽФԤޤ͡ˡ

#2601. ʤ If I WERE a bird ʤΤ ([2016-06-10-1])
#3812. was were δط ([2019-10-04-1])
#3983. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (1) ([2020-03-23-1])
#3984. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (2) ([2020-03-24-1])
#3985. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (3) ([2020-03-25-1])
#3989. űѸǤȿŪˤϲˡѤ줿 ([2020-03-29-1])
#3990. ʤˡˤϿ;ѲʤΤǤ (1) ([2020-03-30-1])
#3991. ʤˡˤϿ;ѲʤΤǤ (2) ([2020-03-31-1])
#4178. ʤˡǤ If I WERE a bird Τ褦 WERE ȤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-10-04-1])
#4718. ˡľˡ were ˤĤƤޤȤ ([2022-03-28-1])

#30. ʤˡǤ If I WERE a bird Τ褦 WERE ȤΤǤhellog-radio: 2020ǯ104
#36. was were --- 2Ĥͣưheldio: 2021ǯ77
#301. was were δطˤĤƤޤ礦heldio: 2022ǯ328
#102. ʤ as it were ֤Сפΰ̣ˤʤΡheldio: 2021ǯ911
I wish I were a bird. were Ϥ were Ȥ̤Ρ--СڰʼδѸظإͥ #9 YouTube: 2022ǯ327

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