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verb - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2020-03-31 Tue

#3991. ʤˡˤϿ;ѲʤΤǤ (2) [oe][verb][subjunctive][inflection][number][person][sound_change][analogy][sobokunagimon][conjugation][paradigm]

ε ([2020-03-30-1]) ˰³ɸˤĤƤˤ򤵤ΤܤäƤߤޤ礦ƤޤȤСѸβˡ˿;ѲʤΤϡεȤʤűѸ³ˡǤľˡ٤п;ѲǤꡤεʿ;ѲѸˤ -n ξüˤ꼺Ƥޤä顤ȤȤˤʤޤǤ⤦Ƨ߹䤦Ƥߤޤ礦űѸȤʳˤƤľˡ٤³ˡο;ѲäȤΤϡäɤͳˤΤǤ礦
űѸƱ²ΥޥɤθŤߤƤߤޤȡ³ˡˤľˡƱͤʣʿ;ѲäȤ狼ޤѸ to bear Ϣʤư³ˡߤο;ѲɽʥޥˤLass (173) ȤȤ˰Ѥޤ礦Go ϥȸ졤OE ϸűѸ졤OIc ϸťɸؤޤ

   (iii) Present subjunctive. The Germanic subjunctive descends mainly from the old IE optative; typical paradigms:

(7.24)
GoOEOIc
sg1baír-a-iber-eber-a
2baír-ai-s   "ber-er
3baír-ai   "ber-e
pl1baír-ai-maber-enber-em
2baírai-þ   "ber-eþ
3baír-ai-na   "ber-e


   The basic IE thematic optative marker was */-oi-/, which > Gmc */-ɑi-/ as usual; this is still clearly visible in Gothic. The other dialects show the expected developments of this diphthong and following consonants in weak syllables . . . , except for the OE plural, where the -n is extended from the third person, as in the indicative. . . .
   . . . .
   (iv) Preterite subjunctive. Here the PRET2 grade is extended to all numbers and persons; thus a form like OE bǣr-e is ambiguous between pret ind 2 sg and all persons subj sg. The thematic element is an IE optative marker */-i:-/, which was reduced to /e/ in OE and OIc before it could cause i-umlaut (but remains as short /i/ in OS, OHG).


鼨ΤϡŤޥǤ³ˡǤľˡƱ褦˴ʿ;Ѳꡤɽ6åȤΤˤȼθäƤȤȤǤŪ˸Ť褯ĤƤȤ뺸Υȸ줬ŵȤʤޤȤűѸǤϤȤȤʣʿ;Ѳ餫λñ㲽ޤ
Ǥϡ餫λȤϲǤ礦ΰѤǤ⿨Ƥޤ1ĤˤϤϤ겻ѲͿƤޤűѸˤˤơȸθ˼तθ첻Ҳ˼岽üȤȤޤη̡³ˡߤñ bere ؤȼ̤ޤ³ˡߤʣϡ3;Τθ˴ޤޤƤ n ʥȸθ baír-ai-na 򻲾ȡˤ (analogy) ˤä12;Τؤ礷 beren ȤѤʣޤޤ嵭ϡʶѲưΡ³ˡߤˤĤƤǤ³ˡǤ褦ѤޤѲư⤪褽Ʊ褦ʲ򤿤ɤޤ (Lass 177) ̤ȤơűѸǤΤȤƿ;Ѳ³ˡηϤǤäΤǤ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-15-1]

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2020-03-30 Mon

#3990. ʤˡˤϿ;ѲʤΤǤ (1) [oe][verb][be][subjunctive][inflection][number][person][sound_change][sobokunagimon][conjugation][3ps][paradigm]

ѸβˡǤϡƻʸߤȲˤľˡˤߤ褦ʿ;Ѳߤޤ󡥲ˡߤǤϿ;Ρʤӿˤˤ餺ưϸΤΤǤˡǤ;Ρʤӿˤˤ餺ŵŪ -ed ǽľˡƱ֤Ѥޤ
äȤ⡤ͤƤߤľˡǤ3;ñߤ -(e)s ٤ǤΤǡѸǤϿ;ѲŪ˵Ȥޤbe ưϿ;ѲʣǤľˡˤƤϿ;Ρʤӿˤ˱Ƹ߻Ǥ is, am, are ̤졤Ǥ were, were ̤뤫ǤˡˤƤϸ߻ǤѤ be Ѥ졤ȤʤѤ were ѤޤʸǤϲˡ If I were you . . . ʤ If I was you . . . Τ褦ǽǤʸˡǤ were Ѥ뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤˡbe ưᤰüˤĤƤϡ#2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1])#2601. ʤ If I WERE a bird ʤΤ ([2016-06-10-1])#3284. be ưü ([2018-04-24-1])#3812. was were δط ([2019-10-04-1])ˤ򻲾Ȥ
󡤱ѸˤδҤȤƤΤϡʤˡˤϾ嵭̤;ѲڤߤʤΤȤǤˡŪˤ³ˡ (subjunctive) ȸƤФΤǡϸԤѸȤäƤޤѸ to love ʱɽˤϢʤűѸư lufian ο;ѲɽʺɽˤįƤߤޤ礦

űѸ lufianľˡ³ˡѸ loveľˡ³ˡ
????????????????????????????????????????
߻lufielufiaþlufielufien߻lovelovelove
2人称lufast2人称
3人称lufaþ3人称loves
lufodelufodenlufodelufodenlovedloved
2人称lufodest2人称
3人称lufode3人称


űѸǤ³ˡľˡ٤п;ѲäȤʬޤºݡʰ̣Ǥο;ѲϤʤˤѲäΤߤǤñʣȤζ̤ǰƬˤ̣ǤΡֿ;ѲפͤСűѸ³ˡǤϸѸȰۤʤꡤΤȤ¸ߤޤ߻Ǥϼ줬ñǤ lufieʣǤ lufien ǤǤϼ줬ñ lufode, ʣ lufoden Ȥʤޤñ -n դΤʣȤʤäƤޤʸǤˤäñʣ̤ƤΤǤ
θ塤űѸ줫Ѹˤơʣ -n ϼޤꡤäȾäƤޤ̤Ȥơʣñ˰߹ޤ褦ˤƹ줷ƤޤäΤǤ
ʾޤȤᤷ礦űѸư³ˡˤϡˤä -n ̵ͭѤ٤Ǥ;Ѳ¸ߤƤȤޤ -n ѸˤƼ岽üˡˤ餺Ʊη֤Ѥ褦ˤʤäȤȤǤѸβˡ˿;ѲʤΤϡǯۤˤäȵäʲѲη̤äΤǤ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-15-1] [2020-03-31-1]

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2020-03-25 Wed

#3985. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (3) [mood][verb][terminology][inflection][conjugation][subjunctive][morphology][category][indo-european][sobokunagimon][latin]

2֤ε ([2020-03-23-1], [2020-03-24-1]) ˰³ɸεˤĤƵޤƥʸˡѸ modus ˤĤĴ٤ƤߤȡȻפȤޤOED mode, n. θ츻˼Τ褦ʸڤޤ

In grammar (see sense 2), classical Latin modus is used (by Quintilian, 1st cent. a.d.) for grammatical 'voice' (active or passive; Hellenistic Greek ĦάȦŦҦς ), post-classical Latin modus (by 4th-5th-cent. grammarians) for 'mood' (Hellenistic Greek ἔæʦ˦ɦҦς ). Compare Middle French, French mode grammatical 'mood' (feminine 1550, masculine 1611).


Ĥޤꡤmodus ϸŵΥƥǤŪʡˡפΰ̣ѤƤΤΡŵƥǤϤष̤ưʸˡƥ꡼Ǥ֡ (voice) ΰ̣ѤƤȤȤˤʤޤʸˡƥ꡼ɽ魯Ѹ췲ƱƤ뤫Τ褦˸ޤϤɤ򤹤Ф褤Ǥ礦
¤ voice ȤѸ켫Τˤ褦ʻ𤬤ޤ#1520. ʤư֤Ρ֡פ voice ʤΤ ([2013-06-25-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸˤơvoice ϸŪʡ֡פΰ̣Ѥˡ̤ưʸˡƥ꡼Ǥֿ;Ρ (person) ɽ魯Ȥ⤢ޤ̾ʸˡƥ꡼Ǥֳʡ (case) ɽ魯Ȥ⤢ޤ˥ƥѸ򸫤Ƥߤޤȡ֡פɽ路Ѹ1Ĥ genus ޤθϸ gender ȯŸ̾ʸˡƥ꡼Ǥ (gender) ̣ȤʤäƤޤ
ʾ夫鸫ƤΤϡդѸ췲κƱŪˤϤäȤȤǤͤƤߤСߤǤư̾ʸˡƥ꡼ɽ魯Ѹ󤷤Ƥߤȡˡ (mood) (aspect) (voice) (gender) (case) ʤɡ鸫Ǥϰ̣ȽȤޤ󤷡ʤΤ褦ѸܸǤѸǤˤƤƤΤʤΤ¿Ȥ˵դޤŪʬ䤹Τϻ (tense)(number); (person) 餤ǤϤʤǤ礦
Ѹ mood/mode, aspect, voice, gender, case ܸΡˡסס֡ססֳʡפʤɤϡաʤȯݡˤΡˡס¦̡סּ٤̣롤̣ŪˤϤʤ¤ʷ̾ȤäƤ褯kind, type, classּסַספʤɤȸƤ褤ʪǤȤȤϡϤޤصŪʬ̾ˤ˲餫ѶŪʰ̣ǽ餫ɤ߹ޤƤ櫓ǤϤʤäȤǽޤ
ޤȤޤ礦2֤εǡˡפֵʬפ뤤ϡ֥⡼ɡפȤߤ򼨤ƤޤβϡѸεȤ餤ɬƤޤmode ϸ츻ȤƤϡˡ٤̣̾ˤϤѶŪʰ̣ϤۤɴޤޤƤʤäȹͤ뤫ǤҤ٤ȤϤޤѸεȤεǤäơդǤˤ衤䤿ˡֵʬפ֥⡼ɡפȤѶŪʰ̣ɤ߹Dzᤷ褦Ȥ뤳ȼΤ꤬櫓ǤϤޤ󡥼ºݤΤȤŪˤСˡסֵʬס֥⡼ɡפȤϤʤոƤΤǤϤʤȡ伫ȤפäƤޤ

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2020-03-24 Tue

#3984. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (2) [mood][verb][terminology][inflection][conjugation][subjunctive][morphology][category][indo-european][sobokunagimon][etymology]

ε ([2020-03-23-1]) ˰³ˡ (mood) ˤĤƤǤεϡmood mode Ϥˡפΰ̣Ѥ졤ˡȤϡֵʬפǤ֥⡼ɡפǤ⤢뤫餽Ԥȹͤ줽˻פޤºݤˤϡξñϸ츻ۤʤޤmood mode ˤ̤פȤϽҤ٤ޤ츻ƱȤϸޤǤˤϾ𤬤ޤ
mode ͤޤ礦ñϥƥ modus ̤ޤƥǤ "manner, mode, way, method; rule, rhythm, beat, measure, size; bound, limit" ʤ͡ʰ̣ɽ路ޤ̤аĸ *med- (to take appropriate measures) ˤɤĤϡּʡˡʤ֤ˡפۤɤä褦ǤΥƥñϤθե󥹸 mode Ȥʤꡤ줬Ѹ mode ȤƼѤƤޤѸǤ1400ǯ˲ѸȤơ֥ǥʤΰפΰ̣ǽФޤ1450ǯˤϸؤΡˡפΰ̣ǤѤ졤ѸȤ夷ޤν OED ˤȰʲ̤Ǥmoode ȤֻѤƤ뤳ȤդƤ

mode, n.
. . . .
2.
a. Grammar. = mood n.2 1.
   Now chiefly with reference to languages in which mood is not marked by the use of inflectional forms.
c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 38 A verbe..is declined wyth moode and tyme wtoute case, as 'I love the for I am loued of the' ... How many thyngys falleth to a verbe? Seuene, videlicet moode, coniugacion, gendyr, noumbre, figure, tyme, and person. How many moodes bu ther? V... Indicatyf, imperatyf, optatyf, coniunctyf, and infinityf.


mood θ츻ҤȤƤߤޤ礦ߡֵʬࡼɡפ̣뤳αñϼѸǤϤʤűѸǤűѸ mōd ʿʬࡼɡˤѽиȤäƤ褯#1148. űѸ˭ʸϡ ([2012-06-18-1]) Ǥߤ褦˿ʣιǤȤѤƤޤ̤аĸ *- (certain qualities of mind) ˤɤĤ mode ȤϵۤˤƤ뤳ȤʬȻפޤ
ơ mood Ѹǡˡפΰ̣Ѥ줿ΤϡOED ˤ1450ǯΤȤǡʲ̤Ǥ

mood, n.2
. . . .
1. Grammar.
a. A form or set of forms of a verb in an inflected language, serving to indicate whether the verb expresses fact, command, wish, conditionality, etc.; the quality of a verb as represented or distinguished by a particular mood. Cf. aspect n. 9b, tense n. 2a.
   The principal moods are known as indicative (expressing fact), imperative (command), interrogative (question), optative (wish), and subjunctive (conditionality).
c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 38 A verbe..is declined wyth moode and tyme wtoute case.


ŤǤ礦c1450νФʸ˵󤲤 mode ΤΤƱǤĤޤꡤƥͳ mode ȱѸ mood ־ʰֻ moode ħŪˤˤäơʸˡѸȤƱѸǻȤФΥߥ󥰤ǡ㺮ˤʤäƤޤä褦ʤΤǤOED ϼ¤ΤȤֿפ mood, n.1 ȡˡפ mood, n.2 ̸ФȤΩƤƤΤǤԤθ츻 "Originally a variant of mode n., perhaps reinforced by association with mood n.1." Ȥ褦ˡɤϤ㺮ȲᤷƤޤ̣Ūˤϡֵʬס֥⡼ɡդȤơξñ줬ӤĤȹͤޤäơˡפֵʬס֥⡼ɡפȲ᤹븫ϡθ츻ŪƱͿƤΤΡΤȤ1450ǯˤ櫓Ǥͳ郎Ȥ⤤뤷ʤȤ⤤̯ʻǤ͡εǡˡפֵʬפ뤤ϡ֥⡼ɡפȤߤ᤬֤ʤʤޤǤƤϤΤΡ¤ϼäդ褦ʲפȽҤ٤ΤϡΤ褦طʤäǤ
ǤϡɸεФϲʤΤǤ礦ܤäơƥʸˡѸȤƤ modus ɤΤ褦ʰ̣礤ǻȤƤΤʬСˡ (mood, mode) οˤĤʤꤽǤεǡ

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2020-03-23 Mon

#3983. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (1) [mood][verb][terminology][inflection][conjugation][subjunctive][morphology][category][indo-european][sobokunagimon]

ؤǤϡˡ (mood) ȸƤФưʸˡƥ꡼ (category) פȤʤޤ¾ưʸˡƥ꡼ȤƤϻ (tense) (aspect) (voice) ޤŪ˴طȤǤ̾ʸˡƥ꡼Ǥ (number) ; (person) ⤢ޤΥƥ꡼Ươưη֤ޤȤΤħǤκѤϡưγ (conjugation)뤤ϤŪˤưζ (inflection) ȸƤФƤޤ
ĸˡȤƤϡ#3331. ĸ줫饲ޥĸؤưʸˡƤκ ([2018-06-10-1]) Ǥߤ褦ľˡ (indicative mood)³ˡ (subjunctive mood)̿ˡ (imperative mood)ˡ (optative mood) 4郎̤ƤޤäȸޥɤǤϺǽ3˽̸˸űѸޤǤˤϺǽ2ؤȽ󤵤Ƥޤʸˤ̿ˡΰˤĤƤϡ#3620. ̿ˡפǧָ᤺̿ˡפȤФ褤 (1) ([2019-03-26-1])#3621. ̿ˡפǧָ᤺̿ˡפȤФ褤 (2) ([2019-03-27-1]) 򻲾ȡˡˡűѸʹߡ³ˡϿΰӤéꡤޤǤ󸽼Ūʲɽ魯ɽƤϤޤѤʤʤäƤޤΤ褦ʻ𤫤顤αʸˡǤŪʡ³ˡפȤƤ³⡤ֲˡפȾΤΤŪȤʤäƤޤʤ뤤ϡֽˡפȤƤ̾򹥤ʸˡȤ⤤ޤˡ
ơѸˡȤƤϡľˡ (indicative mood) Ȳˡ (subjunctive mood) 2ζ̤ߤ뤳ȤˤʤޤΩܼϲǤ礦̤ˤϡǽŪ˥ǥեȤľˡФơˡüԤ̿Ф벿餫οŪ٤ɲ줿ΤȤޤ餫οŪ٤ȤΤۣʸǤ˿줿ǤʤС󸽼ŪʲפŵǤIf I were a bird, I would fly to you. ˤ벾ˡ were ϡüԤֻĻǤפȤ󸽼ŪʲοŪ٤äƤ뤳Ȥ򼨤ޤäƤߤСۥɤäƤ뤳ȤɸǤ
Ʊͤˡˡ߷ go Ѥ I suggest that she go alone. ȤʸˤƤ⡤üԤƬΤʤǴ˾ȤƤˤʤͤǤפȤ̿ꡤޤäƤʤ줫μ¤˵뤫ɤ狼ʤ̿Ǥ뤳Ȥư֤ˤäƼƤޤۤɥѥȤ϶ʤΤΡۥɤɸǤ
ˡפȤѸֿŪ١פȤⲿȤפ碌֤ɽǤѸȤƤ mood Ǥ顤üԤΡֵʬפǤȤȤ館Τ⤢٤ͭʲǤĤޤꡤˡȤüԤ̿ɤΤ褦ʡֵʬפǽҤ٤ƤΤʤƤϡŪʵʬסˤɸΤǤ롤ȤǤ뤤 mood mode ֥⡼ɡ֡פˤ̤ºݤξñȤѸȤƤˡΰ̣ѤޤΤǡüԤΡ֥⡼ɡפȸƤ褵Ǥˡϡۥ⡼ɤɸΤȤȤǤ
ˡˤĤƤϾ嵭Τ褦ʡֵʬפ뤤ϡ֥⡼ɡפȤ礭ְ㤤ϤʤȻפޤβϡѸˤ򿶤֤äƤߤȡʤʤޤǤƤϤΤΡ¤ϼäդ褦ʲȤȤʬäƤޤˤĤƤεǡ

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2019-10-17 Thu

#3825. quoth 첻 (2) [vowel][verb][preterite][old_norse][phonetics][sound_change][analogy][inflection][spelling_pronunciation]

[2019-10-07-1]εǼ夲ˤĤơĴ٤ƤߤѸ줫Ѹˤơưʲˤ첻ʻˤˤ͡ʤΤǧ줿褦ä <a> <o> ֤줿ΤˤĤơûäΤĹäΤȤ꤬ʸɸŪ quoth /kwoʊθ/ ĹפǤˡ
ˤĤ Dobson (II 339) äƤߤ1򻲾ȡ

It is commonly assumed, as by Sweet, New English Grammar, §1473, that ME quod and quoth are both weak-stressed forms with rounding of ME ă; but they should be distinguished. Quod, which occurs as early as Ancrene Wisse and its group, undoubtedly has ME ŏ < ME ă rounded under weak stress (though its final d is more simply explained from the OE plural stem than, with Sweet, as a special weak-stressed development of OE þ. Quoth, on the other hand, is not a blend-form with a ModE spelling-pronunciation, as Sweet thinks; the various ModE forms (see §421 below) suggest strongly that the vowel descends from ME long_o_with_polish_hook.png, which is to be explained from ON á in the p.t.pl. kváðum. Significantly the ME quoþ form first appears in the plural quoðen in the East Anglian Genesis and Exodus (c. 1250), and next in Cursor Mundi.


ΰѤʤ˲᤹ȡ̤Ȥʤ롥Ѹ衤ñ˴ؤûĹξ¸Ƥ줬ͳ褹ȤϡԤˤĤƤϸűѸ1û첻 (cf. cwæþ) ǤꡤԤˤĤƤϸťΥɸ kváðum Ǥ롥Ҳʻˤ th d ȤˤĤƤ⡤Dobson ͡ʰ۷֤κ硦ƱϡŪʷ³ԤϸűѸ1ͳ褷Ԥ2ͳ褹ˤȤƲᤷȤΩΤ褦

Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 1st ed. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1957.

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2019-10-15 Tue

#3823. show θΰ̣ϡָפǤϤʤָ [verb][semantic_change][causative][passive][voice]

show 濴Ūʸϡָ롤פűѸǤϴŪˡָ ̣Hall θűѸ켭 scēawian ߤȡ"look, gaze, see, behold, observe; inspect, examine, scrutinize; have respect to,look favourably on; look out, look for, choose; decree, grant" ʤɤ줬ͿƤ롥Ǹ "decree, grant" ˤϸθε̣ⴶ뤬űѸμ礿̣ϡָפä
줬ѸˤơָפָפʤɡưŪʸ (passive) Ūʸ (causative) ȯŸƤָ͡סָ͡סָʪפȤưΰ̣˴ؤ뻲Ϳ (participants) 3ԤȤ (voice) 괬ѲȤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤬ʤΤ褦ȯŸ뤳ȤˤʤäΤϤ褯ʬäƤʤ캬ϰĸˤΤܤꡤޥǤ⤹٤ơָפ̣ƤΤǡѸǤȯŸȼΤΤǤ롥OED show, v. ˡηˤĤƲ⤬롥

In all the continental West Germanic languages the verb has the meaning 'to look at' (compare sense 1), and the complex sense development shown in English, in particular the development of the causative sense 'to cause to be seen' (which may be considered the core meaning of all the later sense branches), is unparalleled. Evidence for this development in Old English is comparatively late (none of the later sense branches is attested before the first half of the 12th cent.); however, similar uses are attested earlier (albeit rarely) for the Old English prefixed form gescēawian, especially in the phrase āre gescēawian to show respect or favour (compare quot. OE at sense 26a(a)), but also in senses 'to present, exhibit' (one isolated and disputed attestation; compare sense 3a) and 'to grant, award' (compare sense 18). The details of the semantic development are not entirely clear; perhaps from 'to look at' to 'to cause to be looked at or seen' (compare branch II.), 'to present, exhibit, display' (compare branches II. and IV.), 'to make known formally', 'to grant, award' (compare branch III.), although all of the latter senses could alternatively show a development via sense 2 ('to look for, seek out, to choose, select'). Compare also quot. OE at showing n. 2a, but it is uncertain whether this can be taken as implying earlier currency of sense 24.


Ѥˤ⤢̤ꡤűѸˤָ롨Ϳפϳ̵ǤϤʤOED 餤ĤäƤߤȡǡǤ롥

[OE Genesis A (1931) 1581 Þær he freondlice on his agenum fæder are ne wolde gesceawian.]
lOE Extracts from Gospels: John (Vesp. D.xiv) xiv. 9 in R. D.-N. Warner Early Eng. Homilies (1917) 77 Se mann þe me gesicð, he gesicð eac minne Fæder. Hwu segst þu, Sceawe us þone Fæder?
lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1048 Þa..sceawede him mann v nihta grið ut of lande to farenne.


ѸˤʤȡMED sheuen v.(1) ̤ꡤΡָפθĤĤġָפθ⹭äƤ롥Ѹ줫ϵ󤬤äƤ褦
˽פưʤˡ̣ѲθΤꤿȤǤ롥ʤߤˡshow ϡ̣Ǥʤڥ󥰡ȯѤˤĤƤŪ˶̣ѲФƤưʲε򻲾ȡ

#1415. shew show (1) ([2013-03-12-1])
#1416. shew show (2) ([2013-03-13-1])
#1716. shew show (3) ([2014-01-07-1])
#1806. ARCHER shew show ([2014-04-07-1])
#1727. /ju:/ ε ([2014-01-18-1])
#3385. Ѹ˼嶯ܹԤư ([2018-08-03-1])

Hall, John R. C. A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Rev. ed. by Herbert T. Merritt. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1996. 1896.

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2019-10-08 Tue

#3816. quotha [etymology][interjection][verb][comment_clause][subjectification][discourse_marker]

ε#3815. quoth 첻 ([2019-10-07-1]) ǡ̯ʿ򼨤ư quoth Ҳ𤷤quoth he Ȥ礬ޤäƴȤƵǽ褦ˤʤä quotha /ˈkwoʊθə/ ʤ롤äѤʸ¸ߤ롥ϤŤᤫɽѤθǷΤ򤳤Ѥ졤֤줿ޤäۤȤˡեե󡪡פۤɤ̣롥
OED quotha, int. ˤȡФϼΤ褦?1520ȤʤäƤ롥

?1520 J. Rastell Nature .iiii. Element sig. Bvjv Thre course dysshes qd a.


Τ褦ˡѸǤ qd a qda ʤɤȾάɽƤ褦Ūʸ̤ḽ夫򡤤⤦󤲤Ƥ

1698 Unnatural Mother iv. 33 Hei, hei! handsom, kether! sure somebody has been rouling him in the rice.
1720 W. Congreve Love for Love v. i. 115 Sleep quotha! No, why you would not sleep o'your wedding night!
1884 R. Browning Mihrab Shah in Ferishtah's Fancies 99 Attributes, quotha? Here's poor flesh and blood.
1997 T. Pynchon Mason & Dixon 507 It's Emerson and that lot. Ragged children. Swarms, quotha.


quoth he Ȥ礬ɸ (discourse_marker) ؤȼѲ (subjectification) Ȥơ˸Ūˤ⤷ȥԥåǤ롥

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-10-07 Mon

#3815. quoth [vowel][verb][preterite][verners_law][phonetics][sound_change][analogy][inflection][old_norse]

#2130. "I wonder," said John, "whether I can borrow your bicycle." ([2015-02-25-1])#2158. "I wonder," said John, "whether I can borrow your bicycle." (2) ([2015-03-25-1]) Ǿ줿quoth /kwoʊθ/ ϡ?ȸäפ̣ʸǤ롥1;ñ3;ñľˡΤߤǡʤɤʳη֤¸ߤʤ̯ưǤ롥űѸѸǤϤŪĹ٤ưǤꡤűѸ쥦ȥǤ϶Ѳ5ưȤơ4׷ cweðan -- cwæþ -- cwǣdon -- cweden äʡ#3812. was were δط ([2019-10-04-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ȥ cweðan θ촴첻ȤȡθβѲˤ queath ʤɤȤʤϤǤꡤºݤˤη֤16ޤѤƤθѤȤʤäʤ bequeath ʰǾˤ򻲾ȡˡäơߤ quoth θ촴첻 cweðan μβѲη̤ȤϹͤʤ
OED quoth, v. queath, v. 򻲾ȤƤߤȡo 첻ϡNorthumbrian ʤ󥦥ȥˤ߿첻򼨤Ʊΰ۷ͳ褹ȤΤȤطʤˤʣʲѲѤƯƤ褦OED ϡquoth, v. βǼ3Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥

(i) levelling of the rounded vowel resulting from combinative back mutation in Northumbrian Old English (see discussion at queath v.); (ii) rounding of Middle English short a (of the 1st and 3rd singular past indicative) after w; (iii) borrowing of the vowel (represented by Middle English long open ō) of the early Scandinavian plural past indicative forms (compare Old Icelandic kváðum (1st plural past indicative)); both short and long realizations are recorded by 17th-cent. orthoepists (see E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500--1700 (ed. 2, 1968) II. §§339, 421).


Ѹˤ۷ˤĤƤ MED quēthen v. ⻲ȡڥ󥰤Ȥ hwat ʤ̯ʤΡMED "reverse spelling" ȤƤˤ⸫Ĥꡤ̣Ԥʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-10-17-1] [2019-10-08-1]

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2019-10-04 Fri

#3812. was were δط [be][verb][preterite][subjunctive][inflection][verners_law][rhotacism][subjunctive][sobokunagimon]

Ѹˤ be ư줬ŪˤüưǤ뤳ȤˤĤơŪʴ#2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1]) Dz⤷üŪˤС4Ĥΰۤʤ캬ʤ󤻽ӤȤȤ
be ưζ޷ΤʤǤܤȡw- ǻϤޤ֤Ƥ롥ľˡˤƤϿ;Ρˤä was were ̤졤³ˡʸߤβˡˤˤƤѤ were Ȥʤ롥űѸǤϡΤߤʤ餺߷ wes, wesað wesanʬ wesende ʤɤѤ줿ϸ˿षƤޤä̿βФȤƤϡ#3275. ա wassail ([2018-04-15-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ơwas were 2Ĥζ޷ϡűѸ줫鸽Ѹ˻ޤǡ;ΡˡˤäƻȤʬʤƤȤˤʤ뤬ʤ s r ǻҲۤʤäƤΤ¤ϡϱѸˤǤϤ褯ΤƤ Verner's Law (verners_law) rhotacism ΤޤΤǤ롥/s/ ϡͭ˰Ϥޤ줿ĶǤͭ /z/ Ȥʤꡤľ˶ʤĶǤ /r/ ؤѲΤǤʳפϡ#36. rhotacism ([2009-06-03-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
was, were ǤȤʤ wesan (to live, remain) ȤưϡŪ˶Ѳ5ưȤʬव뤬ϡָפ̣űѸιٸ cweðan Ʊ񤤤򤹤롥Ԥ4׷ cweðan -- cwæþ 1-- cwǣdon 2 -- cweden ʲʬˤȤʤ褦ˡԤ wesan -- wæs 1-- wǣron 2ˤȤʤʲʬϷ»Hogg and Fulk 246)
ݥȤϡűѸľˡޤˤƤϿ;Ρˤä wæs, wǣre, wǣron Ȥʬ졤s r ¸Ƥ³ˡޤˤƤϿ;ΤǤꡤñʤ wæreʣʤ wæren Ȥ褦 r ʤäǤ롥ľˡ³ˡ̯ʺۤߤˤޤǶƤꡤʤ *If I WAS a bird ǤϤʤ If I WERE a bird ʤΤȤȤˤʤʡ#2601. ʤ If I WERE a bird ʤΤ ([2016-06-10-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
΢ߤСۤܤ٤ƤưǤϷŪʶ̤Ƥޤäľˡ³ˡޤˡָˡ׶̤ƤΤϡbe ưˤΤ߻ĤƤ was were λҲΰ㤤椨ʤΤǤ롥űѸ Verner's Law rhotacism ȤäȤѲΤΤʤ뵻Ȥ櫓
ʤ嵭狼Ȥꡤbe ưϤĤƤ12ζ̤ĤͣưǤ롥䡤sing βȤơեޥˤ sang ȸʤ饤եޥˤ sung ȸѸüԤΤäƤ뤬Ϥ̣Ǥ12ʸűѸȤ̤ΤǤϤ뤬˶̤ƤȤʤʤʡ#2084. drink--drank--drunk win--won--won ([2015-01-10-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ

Hogg, Richard M. and R. D. Fulk. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 2. Morphology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2019-08-31 Sat

#3778. ʬǤΰ -t 촴˼Ǥޤäư [etymology][verb][participle][-ate][analogy][reanalysis][metanalysis]

Ȥ̾դˤɸʣʷֲФƷ줿ư줬롥˶󤲤С t graft hoist ΤȤ
ε#3777. set, put, cut Τۤˤ⤢ä̵ѲѤư ([2019-08-30-1]) Ȥط뤷#438. ƻӵ餫ưؤž ([2010-07-09-1])#2731. -ate ưϤɤΤ褦 ([2016-10-18-1])#3763. ƻ -ate εȯã ([2019-08-16-1])#3764. ư -ate εȯã ([2019-08-17-1]) Ȥ̩ܤ˴ؤ롤θǤ롥
graft ܤڤ롤ܿˤϥե󥹸 grafe ̤ꡤȤȸ t ϤʤäѸ˼Ѥƺ줿ʬ graftset, put, cut ʤɤθ촴 -t ̵ѲưǥȤơΤޤ޸ȤƲᤵ줿Ȥ櫓ꥸʥ˶ᤤ graff ȤԸդǤϤ뤬˳ǧ롥
Ʊͤ hoist Ȥ롤夲ˤ⡤ hyssen ѤΤѸƳ줿ǡ t դȺƲᤵ줿ȹͤ롥ꥸʥ˶ᤤ hoise ⡤ߡȤ¸ߤ롥
ʾ Jespersen (38) ľܰѤƤ

graft: earlier graft (< OF grafe). The ptc. graft was mistakenly interpreted as the unchanged ptc of an inf graft. Sh has both graft and graft; the latter is now the only form in use; it is inflected regularly. || hoist: originally hoise (perhaps < Middle Dutch hyssen). From the regular ptc hoist a new inf hoist sprang into use. Sh has both forms; now only hoist as a regular vb. The old ptc occurs in the well-known Shakespearean phrase "hoist with his own petard" (Hml III. 4.207).


Ƭ̾դˤֲȽҤ٤ʬ (metanalysis) Ȥʬ (reanalysis) ΰȤƸƤФ褤

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.

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2019-08-30 Fri

#3777. set, put, cut Τۤˤ⤢ä̵ѲѤư [verb][conjugation][inflection][-ate][analogy][conversion][adjective][participle][conversion]

set, put, cut त̵ѲѤưˤĤơ#1854. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. ([2014-05-25-1])#1858. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. (2) ([2014-05-29-1]) εǼ夲ƤǤϡưο񤤤Ѹβˤ˾Ȥ餻СϤΤͿ뤳Ȥߤ
t d ñǤ롤ȤΤưζ̹ŪˤϡξƤ¤ˤơۤưƱ̵ͤѲѤ򼨤ƤȤäȤСfast, fret, lift, start, waft ʤɤǤ롥Jespersen (36) Ƹ褦

   4.42. The influence of analogy has increased the number of invariable verbs. Especially verbs ending in -t tend in this direction. The tendency perhaps culminated in early ModE, when several words now regular had unchanged forms, sometimes side by side with forms in -ed:
   fast. Sh Cymb IV. 2.347 I fast and pray'd for their intelligense. || fret. More U 75 fret prt. || lift (from ON). AV John 8.7 hee lift vp himselfe | ib 8.10 when Iesus had lift vp himselfe (in AV also regular forms) | Mi PL 1. 193 With Head up-lift above the wave | Bunyan P 19 lift ptc. || start. AV Tobit 2.4 I start [prt] vp. || waft. Sh Merch. V. 1.11 Stood Dido .. and waft her Loue To come again to Carthage | John II. 1.73 a brauer choice of dauntlesse spirits Then now the English bottomes haue waft o're.


Jespersen Τ褦ˡŪˡ뤤ϲѲˤäǤ륿פ̵ѲưȤϡޤ set ʤɴ¸Ū̵Ѳư˿ȯ줿 (analogy) η̤Ȥ̵ѲưȤߤ٤Ǥ2Ū̵ѲưȸƤǤ褤⤷ʤϸޤǤˤɸѸ줫ϾäȤϤʤ櫓ǤϤʤȤΤϡ餬ΥǥȤʤäơʤƤǽ⤢뤫Ĥޤꡤ촴 -t ǽ뤬θΤ褦ñǤʤХޥͳǤʤΤˤ顤Ʊݤĥܤ뤫ǰƬ֤ƤΤϡεǤꤢ -ate ưʤɤǤʡ#3764. ư -ate εȯã ([2019-08-17-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
Ʊ Jespersen (36--37) ꡤλݤ˴ؤսѤ褦

4.43. It was thus not at all unusual in earlier English for a ptc in -t to be = the inf. The analogy of these cases was extended even to a series of words of Romantic origin, namely such as go back to Latin passive participle, e. g. complete, content, select, and separate. These words were originally adopted as participles but later came to be used also as infinitives; in older English they were frequently used in both functions (as well as in the preterit), often with an alternative ptc. in -ed; . . . A contributory cause of their use as verbal stems may have been such Latin agent-nouns as corruptor and editor; as -or is identical in sound with -er in agent-nouns, the infinitives corrupt and edit may have been arrived at merely through subtraction of the ending -or . . . . Finally, the fact that we have very often an adj = a vb, e. g. dry, empty, etc . . ., may also have contributed to the creation of infs out of these old ptcs (adjectives).


ѤθȾǡΥǥ뤬ۤˤ2Ĥ˿ƤΤפǤ롥corruptor, editor פε (back_formation) dry, empty פư졦ƻѤñ¸ߤǤ롥#1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1])#438. ƻӵ餫ưؤž ([2010-07-09-1]) ⻲ȡ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-31-1]

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2019-08-19 Mon

#3766. ʤ send -- sent -- sent ʤΤ [verb][conjugation][inflection][consonant][tense][preterite][participle][sobokunagimon][degemination]

ɸ bend -- bent -- bent, lend -- lent -- lent, rend -- rent -- rent, wend -- went -- went ʤɤȤȤ˸ -nd -- -nt -- -nt Ȥʤ륿פԵ§ưʤʬˤ̵ -t ΤϡŪˤɬ餫ˤƤʤfeel -- felt -- felt, keep -- kept -- kept ʤɡʬȤ -t 򼨤¾ư줫 (analogy) ˤΤ⤫뤳Ȥ⤢뤬ۤϤ櫓Ǥʤ
Ūˤϡsend βʬ sent ȤʤͳϤʤűѸˤơsendan βŵŪ sende Ǥ sent(en) ˤȯŸʤƱͤˡʬ (ge)send(ed) ǤꡤϤ sent ˤϤʤʤΤäơ -t ϲη̤Ȥߤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ겿ʤηֲˤäƤ⤿餵줿ȤȤˤʤ롥
º -t 򼨤ʬΤϡ13ˤʤäƤΤȤǤ롥űѸǤ3ñ sendeþ (contraction) 򵯤 sent Ȥʤ륱ˤˤäϤޤ3ñǤꡤǤʬǤʤJespersen (33--34) ϰʲΤ褦ˡѤ줿3ñη֤ʬˤžѤ줿ΤǤϤʤȤ˾öŪͿƤ롥줷ȸ虜ʤ褦˻פ롥ΤȤȤۤʤ

In the send--sent group OE suppressed the d of the stem before the ending: sendan, sende, gesend(ed). I have often thought that the ME innovation sent(e) may originally have stood for sendd with a long, emphatic d to distinguish it from the prs form. This explanation, however, does not account for felt, meant, left, etc.
   There is a remarkably full treatment of Origin and Extension of the Voiceless Preterit and the Past Participle Inflections of the English Irregular Weak Verb Conjugation by Albert H. Marckwardt in Essays and Studies in English and Comparative Literature by Members of the English Department of the Univ. of Michigan (Ann Arbor 1935). He traces the beginning of these t-forms back to the eleventh century and then follows their chronological and geographical spreading from century to century up to the year 1400, thus just the period where the subject-matter of my own work begins. There is accordingly no occasion here to deal with details in Marckwardt's exposition, but only to mention that according to him the first germ of these 't'-forms lay in stems in -nd, -ld and -rd. The third person sg of the present of such a verb as OE sendan was often shortened into sent from sendeþ. On the analogy of such very frequently occurring syncopated presents the t was transferred to the prt and ptc. It must be admitted that this assumption is more convincing than the analogy adduced by previous scholars, but it is rather difficult to explain why the t-forms spread, e.g., to such verbs as leave : left. From the point of view of Modern English Grammar, however, we must be content to leave this question open: we must take forms as we find them in the period with which we are concerned.

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.

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2019-08-17 Sat

#3764. ư -ate εȯã [suffix][-ate][adjective][participle][verb][word_formation][loan_word][latin][french][conversion][morphology][analogy]

ε#3763. ƻ -ate εȯã ([2019-08-16-1]) ˰³ -ate ꡥư -ate ˤĤƤϡ#2731. -ate ưϤɤΤ褦 ([2016-10-18-1]) Ǽ夲ϤεȯãˤĤơOED -ate, suffix1 򻲾Ȥʤ顤⤦ܺ٤˹ͤƤߤ褦
Ҥ٤褦ˡ-ate ϥƥ1ưβʬܼ -ātus, -ātum, -āta ̤뤫顤ưθȤϡʲʬ˷ƻθȤ٤ΤǤ롥ư -ate εȤƤΤϡ-ate ˴ؤƷƻ줫ưؤʻž (conversion) äȤȤǤ롥ƻ줫ưؤʻž¿θǧ졤ºݤ˸űѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤˤȤޤʤȤСűѸǤ hwít hwítian, wearm wearmian, bysig bysgian, drýge drýgan 졤줾Ԥư϶Ѹˤƶ޸򼺤ԤȷŪͻ礷Ȥаޤ롥
ƥǤƱͤˡƻ줫ưؤʻžӤäȤСsiccus siccāre, clārus clārāre, līber līberāre, sacer sacrāre ʤɤ줿˥ե󥹸Ǥǡsec sècher, clair clairer, content contenter, confus confuser ʤɤ줿Ѹϥƥե󥹸줫餳θѤηƻưϤ޸οˤ15ޤǤͻ礷
ήΤʤǡ16ˤϥƥβʬƻ򤽤ΤޤưȤѤ륿פʻžŪˤߤ褦ˤʤädirect, separate, aggravate ʤɤ㤬롥ѸǤΤ褦㤬Ƥȡƥ -ātus ŪˤϲʬбƤϤŪˤϤФбѸưθˤҤŤ褦ˤʤäĤޤꡤʬƻŪʵǽβߤʤˡ-ate ľܤưθȷӤĤ褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥
ηդޤȡƥʤե󥹸ˤư촴ڤƤơ -ate ĤСѸ¦ǿưñƳǤȤ1θˡȯã16ˤ fascinate, concatenate, asseverate, venerate ޤɴ -ate ư줬߽Ф줿
ä󤳤ˡΩƤޤСºݤ˥ƥʤե󥹸ˤ¸ߤɤ鷺֥ƥʤե󥹸ŪǡפǤСäƤ -ate դ뤳ȤˤꡤȤ⤿䤹ưǤ褦ˤʤä櫓ˤ nobilitate, felicitate, capacitate, differentiate, substantiate, vaccinate ʤ¿ -ate ư줬ḽ߽Ф줿
ΤȤ -ate ȯãϡȤ̤ȤƤ -ate ư췲Ȥδ֤Ρ䤨֤ʤѤȵ§ĥˤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-31-1] [2019-08-30-1]

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2019-07-23 Tue

#3739. Ѥʵ [sobokunagimon][link][y][do-periphrasis][verb][lexicology][phrasal_verb]

عֺ¡ֻŪءʤǤ˽λˤιֺ¤֤ƤꡤѤʵ򤤤ĤƤޤ¸Υ֥غ¿ΤǤäǤΤǤβ򤳤˥ץˤƤޤ

[ 1Ѹ Y/N ʸϤɤƺ㤦ΤǤ be ư줬 be ư줬Ƭơʤ do does Ƭˤ ]
[ 2. 嵭 do ϤɤƤΤ褦˻Ȥ褦ˤʤäΤǤdo ϤɤäƤΤǤ ]

2ĤѤʵˤĤƤϡ814ȯͽ罤ۡرѸ춵9ˡХꤳǵƤƤޤΤǡԤϢܤˤĤƤֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ򻲾ȡˡhellog ȤƤϡ#486. Ū do ȯã ([2010-08-26-1])#491. Stuart ī˿षʿʸˤ뱪Ū do ([2010-08-31-1])


[ 3. ե٥åȤ Y ϲΥ磻ɤΤǤ ]

Ĥ⤬褦ǤȤꤢ#1830. Y ̾Ρ ([2014-05-01-1]) 򻲾Ȥ


[ 4. Ե§ưϤɤԵ§ΤޤޤǺȤƤΤǤ ]
[ 5. ɤưˤϵ§ѲưԵ§Ѳư줬ΤǤ ]

2ĤѤʵˤĤƤϡ#3670.رѸ춵٤Ϣ3֤ʤԵ§ưѤΤס ([2019-05-15-1]) εǾҲ𤷤ε䡤رѸ춵٤λﵭˤ򤴻Ȥ


[ 6. Ʊ褦ʰ̣ʣñ줬ΤϤɤƤǤrequire need Ȥ ]

ѸäˤϡֳءפޤŵŪ3ع¤ʤޤˤĤƤϡ#2977. Ϣ6֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥ󥹴Υƥ줫֤ȥס ([2017-06-21-1]) ϤȤơ˥󥯤ĥäƤ뵭򤴻Ȥrequire ϥե󥹸줫μѸ졤need αñȤʤޤ


[ 7. ưֻȤ߹碌ɽɽϤɤƻȤϤ᤿ΤǤư1ǻȤñ2ʾȤ߹碌ñϤɤ餬˽ФƤΤǤ ]

ֶư (phrasal_verb) ¸ߤˤĤƤμ䤫Ȼפޤ#2351. ե󥹸줫ζưμѡ ([2015-10-04-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡѸ˥ե󥹸ζư (loan_translation) ȤȤ⤢ޤ#3606. ֺ¡̲󥰤ȱѸס ([2019-03-12-1]) 14. ưؤαƶ Ǥߤ褦ˡ󥰤ʸťΥɸˤαƶˤȤ礭ȹͤޤäĴ٤ɬפꤽǤ


[ 8. 3ʸ4ʸ騤ǽǤɤ2ĤΥѥΤǤ ]

ܥ֥Ǥ夲ȤΤʤ䤤Ǥ񤷤ʤȤƤɤ䤤Ǥ͡塤ͤƤȻפޤ


ȤȤǡԽʬʤƤߤޤѤʵ䡤Ƥ꤬Ȥޤ

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2019-06-07 Fri

#3693. ˤȤϲ [tense][category][preterite][future][verb][conjugation][historic_present][sobokunagimon]

ε#3692. Ѹˤϲ2Ĥʤ ([2019-06-06-1]) ơϸˤ (tense) Ȥʸˡ (grammatical category) ˤĤƹͤƤߤ롥
ؿѸؼŵ٤ˤСtense ȤϡưˤŪط򼨤ʸˡƤ򤤤ŪˤϡδطüԤäƤ濴Ȥΰ򸽺ߤȤơ̤ʬפȤ롥
ˤͤݤ1դƤΤϡεǤҤ٤褦ˡ¤ˤֻפȸƤȤƤΡֻפȤϡɬ⤭줤б櫓ǤϤʤȤȤŪˤϡֲפѤƤʤ顤̣ŪˤϡָߡפؤƤ What was your name? ʤɤ㤬뤷εդδطΩŪ (historic_present) ʤˡΤƤ롥Τ褦ʥϥˤߤȻȤбطϡ礦ɸűѸ stān (= stone) ŪˤǤǤʤȤ٤ʸˡ̾ȤȤˤʤäƤ롤ʸˡ (grammatical gender) θݤ˻Ƥ롥ȸƤϡɬб櫓ǤϤʤΤǤ롥ޤɽ塤Ƥ֤ζܡȤиߤȲߤ̤ȤζܤɬϤäȶ̤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤȤˤդפ롥
ʬˡˤ͡ʤΤ뤬Ѹλ˴ؤƤСŪʴΩ (preterite tense) ȸ߻present tense) ʤ뤤(non-preterite tense) 2Ȥߤ븫򤬸Ť餢롥¾ΥޥʤΤưηѲˤäɸǤΤϡȤ sing ʸ߷뤤ˤФ sang ʲˤʤ츫ȡ̤פǤ뤫Τ褦ˤߤ will/shall sing ưηѲˤΤǤϤʤ顤̤ǧʤȤΩ
̣ŪʴΩĤΤǤСsing, sang Ф will/shall sing ȼλؤƤΤ顤1ĤȤǧ٤Ȥͤ⤢롥ĤޤꡤѸλϡΩˤä2Ȥ3Ȥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ѸλˤĤʤΤϡưΤȤϡФн˻ɸ櫓ǤϤʤ (aspect) ˡ (mood) Ȥä¾ʸˡƤεǽ碌ɸ뤳Ȥơεǽߤ߹äƤꡤ򤭤줤ʬ뤳ȤǤʤȤ𤬤롥
ѸλϡʸˡʤɤŪʬϤƤƤʤ̤ȤäƤ褤ҤȤĽפŪ׸Ȥơ#2747. Reichenbach λ ([2016-11-03-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

⿮ ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.

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2019-05-28 Tue

#3683. ư lie ¾ư lay Ʊ (2) [verb][prescriptive_grammar][conjugation][preterite][participle][lowth]

ε ([2019-05-27-1]) ˰³ư lie ¾ư lay ˤĤơɸѸˤơξԤκƱ֡ŪȤäƤۤ뤵褦ˤʤäΤϡʸˡȤ18θ塤19ʹߤΤȤ18ˤΤ褦ʼ򼬤ʸˡȤɽ꤬ Robert Lowth (1710--87) Ǥ롥
Lowth (56) ϡ#3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡľܤˤ2ĤưκƱˤĤƸڤƤcf. #2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1])ˡΤ褦 Pope Ρָѡ򼨤Ĥġ餫ɼԤմ򤷤Ƥ롥

   This Neuter Verb is frequently confounded with the Verb Active to lay, [that is, to put or place;] which is Regular, and in the Past Time and Participle layed or laid.
         "For him, thro' hostile camps I bent my way,
         For him, thus prostrate at thy feet I lay;
         Large gifts proportion'd to thy wrath I bear." Pope, Iliad xxiv. 622.
Here lay is evidently used for the present time, instead of lie.


Lowth ξưκѤ˥ФȤϱѸ˾褯ΤƤ뤬ճȻŦƤʤȤ롥ΰѤʬ̤ꡤξưμ¾ζ̤ȻλȤʬˤĤƤմƤ뤬layed laid δ֤ηֻ֡ɤˤĤƤä뤷ƤͻҤϤʤȤ
Ϣ Lowth ϼư lie Τ˽о줵Ƥսǡ"Lie,lay,lien, or lain" ȳѤ򼨤Ƥ롥ʬɤ줬Ф꤫lien ȤɸŪˤϺ˴֤Τۤष˵󤲤ƤΤäLowth ɤդ˲𤷤ƤͻҤϤޤäʤʸˡܻؤȤͣפǤȤʤСlie Lowth εϤˤ⼫Ƶ˴٤äƤ褦ˤߤ롥
ȽǤˡʸˡ Lowth ܻؤȤϡͣפǤϤʤäȤȤ館٤18εʸˡȤϡФи褦ˤۤɥä櫓ǤϤʤʴƤ򼨤ƤΤǤ롥ʸˡȤɤΤ褦ɾƤ뤤ѤƤȤΤۤäȽפʤΤ⤷ʤ
ºݡǯ18εʸˡȤˤĤƺɾεƤƤ롥#3035. Lowth ϤޤǤиƤʤä ([2017-08-18-1])#2815. 18εϼκɾˤĤ (1) ([2017-01-10-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Lowth, Robert. A Short Introduction to English Grammar. 1762. New ed. 1769. ʱѸʸݹ亮꡼13Ʋ1968ǯ9--113ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-02-04-1]

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2019-05-27 Mon

#3682. ư lie ¾ư lay Ʊ (1) [verb][prescriptive_grammar][conjugation][preterite][participle][taboo][complaint_tradition][lowth]

ư lie ʲˤ¾ư lay ʲˤζ̤Ĥ٤ȤʸˡդϡܤμѸ쳦Ǥͭ̾Ǥʡ#124. Ѹʸˡε ([2009-08-29-1]) 򻲾ȡˡư lie -- lay -- lain ȳѤ¾ư lay -- laid -- laid ȳѤ롥ԤΤβȸԤθƱˤʤΤǡ򾷤ΤɬǤ롥⤳ŵƤѸؽԤ1ͤѸѤˤƤμѤ뵡˷äޤ줿Ȥϡޤʤ
ѸǤξԤκƱФ˶Ȥʬʤȡ̵ܡפȤΥåƥŽۤɤʤΤǡȴʤʤȤְ㤨Ƥʸ̮λ٤ˤۤȤɸʤȻפ뤬äƤޤä饢ȤȤNGɤФƤޤäƤΤǤ롥¾ˤäȸͶڥ¿ϤΤ褦ˤơΥڥФƤ褦˻פ롥ζ̤Ѹ춦ƱΤˤƶܤ̵ͭʬȥޥȤʤäƤΤlie lay ΥڥϡʹߡΤ褦ʸΤФƤˡɽȤäƤ褤
ߤǤȥޥȤƺѤȤȤϡǤ⺮ƱԤפ䤿ʤȤȤǤ롥Ūˤ17, 18ˤ⺮ѤӤǤꡤä˳ʤȤߤʤƤ櫓ǤϤʤäˤƵϼĬޤˤĤơ٤ѤȤƤȤаޤ롥
Fowler (445) ˡФ lay and lie ȤܤΩƤƤΤǡѤƤ

Verbs. In intransitive uses, coinciding with or resembling those of lie, except in certain nautical expressions, lay 'is only dialectal or an illiterate substitute for lie' (OED). Its identity of form with the past tense of lie no doubt largely accounts for the confusion. In the 17c. and 18c. the alternation of lay and lie seems not to have been regarded as a solecism. Nowadays confusion of the two is taken to be certain evidence of imperfect education or is accepted in regional speech as being a deep-rooted survival from an earlier period. . . .
   The paradigm is merciless, admitting no exceptions in standard English. Incorrect uses: She layed hands on people and everybody layed hands on each other and everybody spoke in tongues---T. Parks, 1985 (read laid); Laying back some distance from the road . . . it was built in 1770 in the Italian style---Fulham Times, 1987 (read lying); Where's the glory in . . . leaving people out with their medals all brushed up laying under the rubble, dying for the glory of the revolution?--New Musical Express, 1988 (read lying); We are going to lay under the stars by the sea---Sun, 1990 (read lie); They may have lost the last fight [sc. the final of a ruby tournament], but how narrow it was, and they can still be proud of all the battle honours that will lay for ever in their cathedral in Twickenham--(sport column in) Observer, 1991 (read lie).


ξưκƱ˥֡ŪǤ뤫ϡ"The paradigm is merciless, admitting no exceptions in standard English." Ȥ1ʸˤä䤫˼Ƥ롥˻ޤǡΡָѡפפ䤿ʤ褦
Υ֡ϻϤΤϡRobert Lowth (1710--87) ϤȤ18εϼʸˡȤȤcf. #2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1])#3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1])ˡ餬ϻϤȤƤ⡤줬ѤƤʤСפȤϤʤʤѤǤ͡ƺѤǤ͡ΤΥ֡ݻƤΤǤ롥ε#3681. βͤŤμΤüԤǤ ([2019-05-26-1]) #3672. ȥꥢ50ɥ뻥 responsibility Υڥ󥰥ߥ (2) ([2019-05-17-1]) ε˽С⤽1ͤ⤷ʤʤ⤽1ͤ⤷ʤ

Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-02-04-1] [2019-05-28-1]

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2019-05-15 Wed

#3670.رѸ춵٤Ϣ3֤ʤԵ§ưѤΤ [notice][hel_education][elt][sobokunagimon][verb][conjugation][tense][preterite][participle][rensai][link]

رѸ춵٤6ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱܵѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ3ܤȤʤ֤ʤԵ§ưѤΤפǺܤƤޤ󤴰ɤ

رѸ춵2019ǯ6



ŪñۤԵ§ʿ񤤤򼨤ȤΤϡˤߤŪǤϱѸưβʬˤĤƤ⤤ޤ¿ưϵ§Ūʸ -ed դƲʬޤŪʾưϡbuy -- bought -- bought, cut -- cut -- cut, go -- went -- gone, sing -- sang -- sung, write -- wrote -- written ʤɤΤ褦˸̤˰ŵʤФʤʤԵ§Ѳ򼨤ޤϢܵǤϡԵ§ưѤˤ򤿤ɤޤơԵ§ư¿Ūˤϡֵ§ưǤꡤεդޤʤꡤȤä٤¤餫ˤʤޤ
ưԵ§ѲˤĤƤϡܥ֥ǤϢ񤭤ƤޤΤǡʲ򤴻Ȥ

#3339. ѸδŪԵ§ư ([2018-06-18-1])
#178. ưε§Ѳά ([2009-10-22-1])
#527. Ե§Ѳưε§®٤ٻɸ2ȿ㤹? ([2010-10-06-1])
#528. ˵§ư wed !? ([2010-10-07-1])
#1287. ưζܹԤ١ ([2012-11-04-1])
#3135. -ed ε ([2017-11-26-1])
#3345. ѲưƳ෿γ̿Ǥ ([2018-06-24-1])
#3385. Ѹ˼嶯ܹԤư ([2018-08-03-1])
#492. ѸζѲưɤ ([2010-09-01-1])
#1854. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. ([2014-05-25-1])
#1858. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. (2) ([2014-05-29-1])
#2200. ʤ *haves, *haved ǤϤʤ has, had ʤΤ ([2015-05-06-1])
#1345. read -- read -- read γѡ ([2013-01-01-1])
#2084. drink--drank--drunk win--won--won ([2015-01-10-1])
#2210. think -- thought -- thought γѡ ([2015-05-16-1])
#2225. hear -- heard -- heard ([2015-05-31-1])
#3490. dreamt dreamed ء ([2018-11-16-1])
#439. come -- came -- come ʤΤ welcome -- welcomed -- welcomed ʤΤϤʤ ([2010-07-10-1])
#43. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 ([2009-06-10-1])
#1482. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 (2) ([2013-05-18-1])
#764. ѸưѤ3Ĥʬˡ ([2011-05-31-1])

ϢܤΥХåʥСȤơ1󵭻֤ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤ2󵭻֤ʤԵ§ʣΤΰ⤴

δ졡ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ3󡡤ʤԵ§ưѤΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ6桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ51362--63ǡ

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2019-02-14 Thu

#3580. ԥȶο [bible][shakespeare][emode][verb][preterite][register]

Shakespeare νʤȶ (Authorized Version; King Jame Bible) ϤۤƱ˽񤫤Ƥʤ⡤줾αѸϽ¦̤ˤưۤʤäƤcf. #492. ѸζѲưɤ ([2010-09-01-1])#1418. 17 its μơ ([2013-03-15-1])#3491. dreamt dreamed ˡκ ([2018-11-17-1])ˡŪˤ Shakespeare ϳ׿ŪݼŪʸո¿Ȥ롥Crystal (275) ꡤκۤ㼨Ƥߤֵפȡֿפδ֤ɤƤư֤Ѱۤ濴ˡŵŪ򽸤᤿ΤǤ롥

King JamesFirst Folio
old formnew formold formnew form
bare 175bore 1bare 10bore 25
clave 14cleft 2clave 0cleft 8
gat 20, gotten 25got 7gat 0, gotten 5got 115
goeth 135goes 0goeth 0goes 166
seeth 54sees 0seeth 0sees 40
spake 585spoke 0spake 48spoke 142
yonder 7yon 0, yond 0yonder 66yon 9, yond 45


ϡʸ "The old Ecclesiastical Words to be kept, viz., the Word Church not to be translated Congregations, &c." ʤɤȽҤ٤Ƥ뤳Ȥͽ̤ۤꡤݼŪʸո褯ĤƤ롥θƤƸŤᤫȡޤ Tyndale ɽ줿1ۤαѸǥȤƤ뤳Ȥʤɤ顤ΤηˤĤäԻ׵ĤϤʤcf. #753. ʤθϸŤᤫ ([2011-05-20-1]
Shakespeare Τ褦ûҷȤθո̱̽ο͡θո˶ƤϤȤȤ⡤ưפǤƱǤ⡤Ѱ (register)ǥ󥹡ŪʤɤۤʤСޤǸΰ㤤ФΤȤȤ򼨤Ƥ롤ѸˤιǤ롥

Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.

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