־ "The History of English in Ten Minutes - for iPod/iPhone by The Open University" ʤ롤Ѹˤ饹ȤǼû˳⤹ưȯ1ʬۤɤûư褬10ܤꡤYouTubeǤİǤ롥ʲϤ줾ؤΥ
Anglo-Saxon - The History of English (1/10)
The Norman Conquest - The History of English (2/10)
Shakespeare - The History of English (3/10)
The King James Bible - The History of English (4/10)
The English of Science - The History of English (5/10)
English and Empire - The History of English (6/10)
The Age of the Dictionary - The History of English (7/10)
American English - The History of English (8/10)
Internet English - The History of English (9/10)
Global English - The History of English (10/10)
Ѹˤ˴ؤİж¿ʤMacNeil-Lehrer Productions BBC ƥӥ The Story of English (1986) VHS 䡤ITV Υƥӥ The Adventure of English (2003) VHS/DVD 䡤The Teaching Company The Great Courses 1 The History of the English Language, 2nd Edition, Parts 1 to 3 (by Seth Lerer) ιֵ DVD ɽƤ뤬ʳˤϤޤ긫ʤ̤ˤΤǤлİжϿ¤ʤΤˤȤʤ˳ΤǤ롥"The History of English in Ten Minutes" by The Open University ϤʬǤΰĤιȤ
ܥ֥ǤϤʤʤưѰդ뤳ȤϤǤʤǤɽʤɤΥ奢褦ȿƤ롥ξɽˤȤŪɽǤ륦־ΥåȤ褫
The Auchinleck Manuscript (National Library of Scotland Advocates' MS. 19.2.1) ϡɤθءʸءܡɽʸʤɤݤ˺Ǥפʼܤ1ĤȤäƤϡμܤνŦʲϡPearsall and Cunningham Υȥ "LITERARY AND HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MANUSCRIPT" (vii--xi) ȴФƥΡȤΤǤ롥
1330--40ǯȤᤤ˺Ƥꡤ͡ʥΥƥȤܤȤƤϡȴƺǽΤΤǤ롥
ǼƤƥȤ¿ƥƥȤθ¸ǸŤΥƤ롥㳰ϡnos. 4, 7, 8, 13, 19, 29, 34, 35, 40 ΤߤǤ롥
ƥȤΤۤȤɤѸǽƤ롥㳰ϡno. 20 Anglo-Norman κΤ nos. 8, 10, 36 Latin ΤߤǤ롥Auchinleck MS Ի (Jesus College, Oxford, MS. 29; British Library Cotton Caligula A.ix; Trinity College, Cambridge, MS. 323; Bodleian Library Digby 2; Bodleian Library Digby 85; British Library Harley 2253) ˤϡAnglo-Norman Latin ΥƥȤ̤˸줿
ԻμܤˤϡȤƳؼؤоݤȤƥȤޤޤƤAuchinleck MS ˤ¯ŪƤʤƥȤ¿ޤޤƤꡤפɼؤ¸ߤ⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥
ƥȤΥ44ƥȡˡno. 21 ʳϤ٤ƱʸǽƤ롥
- saint's legends: nos. 1, 4, 5, 12
- other types of religious narrative: nos. 3, 6, 8, 9, 13, 16, 29
- religious debates: nos. 7, 34
- homiletic and monitory pieces: nos. 10, 35, 39
- poems of religious instruction: nos. 14, 15, 36
- a chronicle: no. 40
- a list of names of Norman barons: no. 21 (not in verse)
- humorous tales: nos. 27, 28
- poems of satire and complaint: nos. 20, 42, 44
- romances: nos. 2, 11, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 38, 41, 43 (accounting for three-quarters of the bulk of MS)
ޥ26ƥȤΤ15ƥȤ¸ͣμ̤Ǥ롥
ޥ18ƥȤΤ8ƥȤ¸ͣμ̤Ǥꡤ9ƥȤ¸ǤŤ̤Ǥ롥Ĥ1ƥ (no. 19 = Floris ) Τߤ㳰
оɼؤ "popular" ȤޤǤϤʤ"the aspirant middle-class citizen, perhaps a wealthy merchant" (viii) äꤵ롥
ɥ "bookshop" ǡʣμ̻ƱȤǺ夲ȹͤ롥ƱȤϹ٤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤ٤ȿƤ
6ͤμ̻ʲʬۤǶƱܺ˹Ƥ롥scribe 1 Τ72%ôƤ롥
| Gatherings | Item nos. | Texts | Scribe |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1--6 | 1--9 | Religious poems (incl. King of Tars) | 1 |
| 7--10 | 10 | Speculum Gy de Warewyke | 2 |
| 11--13 | Religious poems (incl. Amis) | 1 | |
| 11--16 | 14--19 | Miscellaneous | 3 |
| 20 | Sayings of the Four Philosophers | 2 | |
| 21 | List of names of Norman barons | 4 | |
| 17(?)--25 | 22--23 | Guy of Warwick and continuation | 1 |
| 24 | Reinbrun | 5 | |
| 26--36 | 25 | Beues of Hamtoun | 5 |
| 26--29 | Arthour and Merlin plus 3 fillers | 1 | |
| 37 | 30--31 | Lay le freine, Roland and Vernagu | 1 |
| 38--[?] | 32 | Otuel (and other poems?) | 6 |
| [?]--41 | 33--36 | Kyng Alisaunder plus 3 fillers | 1 |
| 42--44 | 37--39 | Tristrem and Orfeo plus 1 filler | 1 |
| 45--47 | 40--42 | Chronicle and Horn childe plus 1 filler | 1 |
| 48--[?] | 43 | Richard | 1 |
| 52 | 44 | The Simonie | 2 |
Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia ꡤѸˤ˴ϢͭפʸϿޤĤȤǤ롥ǤΤǥץ쥼ʲ˥ĥäƤ
Approximate locations of Indo-European languages in contemporary Eurasia ʴϢư²ηޤϡ[2009-06-17-1], [2010-07-26-1]ȡ *
Distribution of the Germanic languages in Europe ʴϢƥޥɤηޤϡ[2009-10-26-1]ȡ *
Distribution of Romance languages in Europe *
Distribution of the Slavic languages in Europe *
The distribution of Old English dialects *
The distribution of Middle English dialects ѸʬˤĤƤϡ[2009-09-04-1]ȡ *
English Language Imperialism: The English Language Across the World ˤѸιˤĤƤϡ[2010-05-08-1]ȡ *
Ѹο쥦åˤ Paul McFedries ˤ륵 Word Spy ܤͤ롥1996ǯ衤줬ɲäƤꡤ2750ʾο줬ϿƤ롥ħϡۤȤɤοΤ85%ˤˤĤȽŵͿƤꡤ¿Τ73%ˤϽǯƤ뤳Ȥ
ȤǯεܤΤ2019ĤˤĤƽǯȤ˿夲ƤߤΤդǤ롥Ϣ³50ĶƤΤ1987--2006ǯ20ǯ֤ǡä1990ǯؤ
1962 ( 1) 1963 ( 1) 1964 ( 1) 1970 ( 1) 1972 ( 2) * 1973 ( 3) * 1975 ( 5) ** 1976 ( 8) **** 1977 ( 11) ****** 1978 ( 14) ******* 1979 ( 16) ******** 1980 ( 24) ************* 1981 ( 33) ****************** 1982 ( 32) ***************** 1983 ( 39) ********************* 1984 ( 38) ********************* 1985 ( 54) ****************************** 1986 ( 47) ************************** 1987 ( 59) ******************************** 1988 ( 66) ************************************ 1989 ( 67) ************************************* 1990 ( 77) ****************************************** 1991 ( 78) ******************************************* 1992 ( 83) ********************************************** 1993 ( 72) **************************************** 1994 (100) ******************************************************* 1995 (101) ******************************************************** 1996 (101) ******************************************************** 1997 ( 87) ************************************************ 1998 ( 78) ******************************************* 1999 (109) ************************************************************ 2000 ( 85) *********************************************** 2001 (111) ************************************************************* 2002 ( 87) ************************************************ 2003 ( 66) ************************************ 2004 ( 57) ******************************* 2005 ( 56) ******************************* 2006 ( 61) ********************************** 2007 ( 32) ***************** 2008 ( 33) ****************** 2009 ( 14) ******* 2010 ( 9) *****
츦ˤ corpus ֥ѥפ͡Ƥ뤬McEnery et al. ʷǤ롥
. . . a corpus is a collection of (1) machine-readable (2) authentic texts (including transcripts of spoken data) which is (3) sampled to be (4) representative of a particular language or language variety.
(1) (2) ˤĤƤϤ褽Դ֤˥뤬(3) (4) ˤĤƤϲä "sampled" 뤤 "representative" ȤߤʤˤĤ͡ʰո롥ڤˤƤ뤳ȤǤ
ڤ˱Ѹ쥳ѥˤϡ饤ΤΤǤ롥ʲϡϿɬפʤΤ⤢뤬˥饤ǴؤѤǤѸ쥳ѥ
British National Corpus ʤĤΥեƤ
* BNC ( The British National Corpus )
* BNCweb ̵Ͽ
* BYU-BNC ̵Ͽ
BYU Corpora Brigham Young University, Mark Davies Τ¾Υ饤ѥ
* COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) ̵Ͽ
* COHA ( Corpus of Historical American English ) ̵Ͽ
* TIME Magazine Corpus of American English ̵Ͽ
Cobuild Concordance and Collocations Sampler
¾ܥ֥ǤϥѥطεȷǺܤƤΤǡͤˤ줿
hellog Υѥν: [2010-09-15-1]
hellog ΥѥϢ: corpus
hellog BNC Ϣ: bnc
McEnery, Tony, Richard Xiao, and Yukio Tono. Corpus-Based Language Studies: An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge, 2006.
Helsinki ؤ VARIENG ( Research Unit for Variation, Contacts and Change in English ) ץȤ˴ؤŻҥӥΰĤȤơѸ˥ѥʤȱѸѼ拾ѥˤξȤޤȤ CoRD ( Corpus Resource Database ) ʤ륵ӥ롥Ǥ51ΥѥϿƤꡤ³Υѥ͡ʷ֤Ǹ졤ܳŪɬפ褦ˤʤäƤΤǡCoRD Τ褦ʥϥ֤ФƤȽ롥Ͽѥä˴Ԥ
List of Corpora: ޤϤΰ
Corpus Finder: ϿƤѥξɽΥǡ١ˤʤäƤ롥"Corpus", "Start", "End", "Periods", "Word Count", "Text Samples", "Spoken/Written", "Annotation", "Format", "Availability" γǥȤե륿ǽʤǡ١ʤȻפäƤ
ƥѥΥˤϡޤǤξ褯ޤȤޤäƤ롥ä "Basic structure of the corpus" ϿɽդΤΤ¿ͭѡ"Reference lines and copyright" ʤɤ⡤äȤȤʤΤʸȤʤɤ˥ԡǤФƤ»Ϥʤ HP
CoRD ¾ˤ⡤Ѹ쥳ѥؤ˴Ϣפ HP ĤǺܤƤġΥѥδϢڡϤФХڤˤʤäƤΤǡʣΥϥ֤Ƥɬפ롥
ѥشطΥ: ջΥȤꡥ
Ѹ˴طΥѥŻҥƥ: Ʊ塥
Ѹ˴طΥѥ: ߤ A Gateway to Studying HEL ꡥ
JAECS Ѹ쥳ѥزΥ: رѸ쥳ѥءǡ١, 2005ˤ˷ǺܤƤΤޤȤ
ѥϢ: ؼѥء٤Ԥΰܲ͡עΥ
ICAME Corpus Manuals: ICAME ѥΥޥ˥奢뤬ޤȤޤäƤ롥
ʱѸؽȤĤEnglish Language: All about the English languageμΥȤ¿뤬ȥåפ˱ѸˤȱѸñˤޤȤޤäƤΤܤ
English language History
English language Statistics
ԤαѸˤβʸ "Middle English" ǡѸαѸ ( see reestablishment_of_english ) Υޥȸ50ǯ餤ȻϤޤäƤȤҤä
Various contemporary sources suggest that within fifty years most of the Normans outside the royal court had switched to English, with French remaining the prestige language largely out of social inertia. For example, Orderic Vitalis, a historian born in 1075 and the son of a Norman knight, said that he only learned French as a second language.
ѸˤȤˤäդդ̱٥뤫²٥뤫ѤξŪŪʤɡˤäλ٤ѤäƤΤαѸˤǤϥեΤӤλ夬ΤŪĹ³ȵҤ뤳Ȥ¿ä褦˻פ¤ȤƤϾβʸˤȤꡤɤǤϽ̱μѾ塤ѸϰŪʸäΤǤꡤλ¤ĴƤȤϽפȻפ
ѸפˤĤƤܥ֥Ǥ statistics γƵǼ夲ƤʲΤΤ϶äʤˤȤäƽ鼪ä
English is the language of navigation, aviation and of Christianity; it is the ecumenical language of the World Council of Churches
Five of the largest broadcasting companies in the world (CBS, NBC, ABC, BBC and CBC) transmit in English, reaching millions and millions of people all over the world
Of the 163 member nations of the U.N., more use English as their official language than any other. . . . After English, 26 nations in the U.N. cite French as their official tongue, 21 Spanish and 17 Arabic.
People who count English as their mother tongue make up less than 10% of the world's population, but possess over 30% of the world's economic power
ŪŵϼƤʤޤ2010ǯߤιϢ192Ǥꡤ嵭3ܤ163˴Ťפ1990ǯ餤λǤοͤ⤷ʤ see United Nations member States - Growth in United Nations membership, 1945-present )
ΥȤˤ¾ˤ English Dictionaries English Literature ʤɤΥڡ롥
ϸ츻ͿƤ륪饤Ҳ𤷤Ūʥ饤αѸ츻 Online Etymology Dictionary ̤Υ饤θ츻ˤʤΤ롥Ѹ츻̤CGIʰǡɤ
(1) ͣܳɥ饤츻
Online Etymology Dictionary: Douglas Harper ˤܳŪʸ츻ǯꡥѸ츻̤CGIʰǡǤ⤪äˤʤäƤޤᡥ
(2) 츻ٶˤʤ뤪μ
Dictionary.com: ǯꡥThe Random House dictionary Collins English Dictionary ʤɤʣμεҤ٤Τᡥ
The Free Dictionary: American Heritage Dictionary of the English Dictionary Collins English Dictionary ˴Ťʷʸ츻٤ޤthesaurus ξäƤͭѡñʤǤʤϢ줬ΤǡˤΩġᡥ
Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary: Ϸθ츻Ȥͭѡǯꡥ
ڡ륯θ츻ŵ: ܸʬ䤹ϢΰФΤǡѤǤ롥
(3) ̣ʤɤΤĤǤ˸츻ڤΤꤿȤ
Oxford Dictionaries Online - English Dictionary and Thesaurus: Ϸޤμ˴ʷʸ츻ꡥOrigin ɤߤ䤹
Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913 + 1828): ܳɼʵǡˤθ츻
HyperDictionary.com: Ʊ Webster (1913) θ츻thesaurus ξäƤΤʤȤ⡥
Wiktionary: ʷʸ츻Ƭ˸츻롥
MSN Encarta Dictionary: ʷʸ츻
(4) 츻˴ؤɤʪ
Etymologically Speaking: 츻Ʀŵ228줷ʤơǫꡤȤƤɤʪȤ
hellog θ츻: ܥ֥Ǥⲿȸ츻Ū˰äƤΤǡܥå "etymology " ʡϱñˤʤɤȤȰäΤ뤫⤷ʤ
ޤɽŪѤ뤳ȤäȥäȤϤʤäꥫϷǼ Merriam-Webster Merriam-Webster Online ν¿˶äUnabridged Dictionary ͭӥʲΤΤϥեѤǤ롥
Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary
Thesaurus
Medical Dictionary
Learner's Dictionary: 2008ǯǤΥꥫȯΥꥫѸ EFL Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's English Dictionary ( MWALED ) б륪饤ǡʲθܥå鸡ǽǶᡤϷޤΥꥹ EFL LDOCE5 OALD7 ) ϸ츻ϤƤ뤬MWALED ϸ츻ϽŻ뤷Ƥʤ褦
ε[2010-08-10-1]ǡtoilet նɽ˭٤Ǥ뤳Ȥʣμ٤ƤƴǶΡä˳ؽѡ˱ѱѼ֤λȤʬˡβ⤬ܤ켭ŵ ( thesaurus ) ʤ餺Ȥ⤽˽ऺŪꥹȤͭѤǤ롥Ǥ⡤ꥹȤò thesaurus ˤϤʤʤ
ǶWebˤ thesaurus ˭٤žäƤꡤ㤨 the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia Thesaurus.com ʤɤڤѤǤ롥WebĴ٤Ƥʤäɲä٤֥ȥɽĤ褦Ǥ롥
WebܳŪ thesaurus Ȥͭ̾ʤΤϡPrinceton University George A. Miller λشˤäԻƤ WordNet Ǥ롥Ǥ WordNet Ϣʤ͡ʱѤޤƤ褦Ǥ Version 3.0 Υǡ١鸡ǽȤʤäƤꡤ㤨 toilet θ̤Ϥ̤ Ǥ롥̸ ( hypernym ) 䲼̸ ( hyponym ) ؤ֤Τ˥ǤѸΰ̣ڤ˰褦ˤʤäȤ´Ǥ롥ޤWordNet 3.0 database statistics ˤϱѸ̾ʿѸ1.24ʤΤФưʿѸ2.17ǤʤɡͭѤʾ롥
ΰ̣вͥåȥޤڤ褦WebΥӥФƤVisual Thesaurus 1ĤͭեǤʲΤ褦ʴؤʥͥåȥޤ롥

Visual Thesaurus ͭʤΤǡ˻䤬ޤ˻ȤäƤեΤΤ Visuwords嵭 WordNet Υǡ١ϢƤ롥Ϥͥåȥޤϰʲ̤ꡥʲΥåƸ뤤 Visuwords ľ toilet ǡܺ٤ΤƤߤƤۤ
ˤϱѸ١Υԥ䥯쥪줬30ʾ¸ߤȤƤ롥[2010-07-15-1], [2010-07-16-1]Ǹ褦ˡԥ䥯쥪䵯ۣΤΤ˿뤳Ȥ̾ĤƤΤ30ʾˤʤȤMcArthur (177) ꤽΰƸ褦
(1) Africa
Gambian Creole or Aku; Krio and pidginized Krio in Sierra Leone; Liberian Creole; Ghanaian Pidgin; Togolese Pidgin; Nigerian Pidgin (creolized in urban areas); Kamtok in Cameroon (creolized in urban areas; see [2010-06-13-1], [2010-06-14-1]); Bioku Pidgin on Fernando Po.
(2) North America (All in the United States)
Afro-Seminole Creole; Amerindian Pidgin (most varieties now extinct); Black English Vernacular (status controversial); Sea Island Creole, or Gullah; Hawaii Pidgin and Creole.
(3) Central America, the Caribbean, and the neighbouring South America
Bahamian Creole; Barbadian Creole; Belizean Creole; Costa Rican Creole; Guyanese Creolese (sic) (see [2010-05-17-1]); Jamaican Creole or Nation Language or Patwa; Leeward Island Creole(s); Nicaraguan Creole; Surinamese Djuka or Aukan, Saramaccan, and Sranan (see [2010-06-05-1]); Trinidad and Tobago Creole(s) or Trinibagianese or Trinbagonian; Virgin Islands Creole; Windward Island Creole(s).
(4) Australasia-Pacific Ocean
Bislama (Vanuatu), Hawaii Pidgin and Creole, Pijin (the Solomon Islands), Kriol or Roper River Pidgin/Creole (northern Australia), Pitcairnese and Norfolkese (Pitcairn Island and Norfolk Island), Tok Pisin/Neo-Melanesian (Papua-New Guinea), Torres Straits Broken/Creole.
ˤʤʬۤƤȤϡƤο̱ϻˤȿǤƶŪʬۤƤ뤳Ȥ褯狼롥αġֱѸפῴɸѸ (World Standard EnglishˤɸѼʤɤμפɸѼФƺɤΤ褦˰֤ŤƤ椯ܤ롥ȤΤϡΡֱѸüԡפϺ³ȶڤʤɤˤä post-creole continuum γʤꡤɸѼäդǤʤѸüԤȤʤ뤳Ȥޤ뤫⡤«ˤʤʿǤ롥
Υԥ䥯쥪줬äϰΤߤι顤ѸѤѤäƤ뤫⤷ʤʡ
ԥ䥯쥪˴ؤĤĥäƤ
Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics: زΥ
Pidgin and Creole Languages: ԥ졦쥪
Tok Pisin Translation, Resources, and Discussion: Tok Pisin/English
Jamaican Creole Texts: 쥪ȥԥط⤢
McArthur, Tom. The English Languages. Cambridge: CUP, 1998.
[2010-04-03-1]θ츻ȴCGIβǡƱ Online Etymology DictionaryΡְǡפʣθθ츻Ȥ11Ϥ줿ñꥹȤѰդʲΥƥȥꥢ Go 1ǤȤΤǡ¾塤Ǥξ̸ߴ¿Ȼ֤뤷ФôΤա
ƤޤޤݤˤʤäƤ椯
ŻҼϤΤȡǤWebѤǤѸ켭ڤʤۤɽФƤꡤμ˰äΤȤƤ϶äˤʤäޤWebΤʤǤ⡤ĿŪ˻Ȥ¿ѱѼ Dictionary.com Ǥ롥ʣμǤƤΡֶɤפǽǤ롥ޤؤʸ츻 "Word Origin & History" ȤΤǡΤ˻Ȥ뤳Ȥ⤢롥츻ʸäͭѤʤΤǡñưۿƤ륵ӥ "Word of the Day" ˤϿƤ롥
äȤ⡤츻ȤΤǤС"Word Origin & History" Ǥ Online Etymology Dictionary ľܸΤϤ䤤(c) 2001-2010 Douglas Harper ˤѸ츻ΥȤǡñǤ⽽ʬ˴ñʤΤּλ¿ʾϤʤȤꤢ츻ߤפȤʻΡ˵ʶۤΥˡбȯץȤäƻȤäƤ롥ä˽ǯɤθ줫Ƥ뤫¨¤ΤꤿȤ˽Ƥ롥
ΥץȤCGIǤʲ˺äƤߤñ Online Etymology Dictionary θ̤츻Ҥʬ̤ΤΡŻҸǽˤʤȡɤɤݤˤʤäƤ椯
ѸκѱñϲˤĤƤϥѥءءȯŸˤꡤ͡ɽƤ־Ǥñ˼ΤǡĤɽŪʥꥹȤؤΥǤƤø˳Ѥ
μפɽ
GSL ( General Service List ): 2000ǤꥹȡǤ1953ǯȸŤߤǤȤƤꥹȡ
AWL ( Academic Word List ): ؽѥƥȤ˸ꤷѸꥹȡ2000ǯ˽Ǥ졤GSL˴ޤޤȽʣʤ褦Ф줿570Ǻܡ10Υ֥ꥹȤʬƤ롥AWL ȤȤʤ롤1984ǯ˽Ǥ줿808Υꥹ UWL ( University Word List ) ⻲ȡ
BNC Word Frequency Lists: BNC ( The British National Corpus ) ˤ6318Υꥹȡɽľܥɤ顥
Top 1000 words in UK English: 18ͤԡ29ʡ460ΥѥФꥹѸκ1000ꥹȡ
Brown Corpus List: Brown Corpus ˤ륢ե٥åȽꥹȡ
The Longman Defining Vocabulary: LDOCE 1988ǯǤåꥹȡ2000ʾ塥
¾ΥꥹȤؤΥ
Work/Frequency List: ͡ɽؤΥ2010/09/10(Fri)ߥڤ
Famous Frequency Lists: ͡ɽؤΥ
Basic English and Common Words: MLκѸɽˤĤƤε
Υե٥åȤʸɽ
Letter Frequencies (rankings for various languages): ĤΥɽ롥BNCǤ "etaoinsrhldcumfpgwybvkxjqz" νȤ롥
ʸ嵭2010/03/07(Sun)American National Corpus ˴ŤɽĤWritten Spoken ʬ̤ɽ⤢ꡥ
ʸ嵭2010/04/12(Mon)COLT: The Bergen Corpus Of London Teenage Language ˴Ť1000ΥꥹĤ
ʸ嵭2011/02/14(Mon)Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) ˴Ť Corpus-based word frequency lists, collocates, and n-grams ĤTop 5,000 lemma, Top 500,000 word forms ʤɡ
Ѹ츦Ϥ츦˥ѥѤ褦ˤʤäơǤ˵פѸˤʬǤ⡤Ū The Diachronic Part of the Helsinki Corpus of English Texts νǰ衤͡ʼˡ̻ѥФƤ롥
ˤ礤˥ѥѤѥѸʥȤĤǡ˵Ƥ (McEnery et at. 121)
(1) ѥ negative evidence Ƥʤɤ뤫϶Ƥ뤬ߡߤʤȤ϶ƤʤʤŪˤä¸ߤʤ⤷ʤȤ椹뤳ȤΤǡϥѥؤ˸¤äǤϤʤ
(2) ѥϻ¤Ƥ뤬λ¤ϤƤʤʳΤˡ켫ȤϸԤλŻǤ롥
(3) ѥϡϰϤꤹ롥ʥѥǤϤǤʤ⤿롥ѥϡŬڤꤹФŪΤˤϾͭǤ롥ǽγˤ꤬äƤ뤳Ȥ˺ƤϤʤ
(4) ѥƳ줿̲ݤˤϺٿդפ롥ʤʥѥǤ⡤ޤоݤȤ¤ʬǤ롥
ʾ4αƤߤƤդΩߤޤäͤƤߤС4ϥѥѤʤ餺Ȥ˵ĤʤФʤʤǤ롥Ѹˤޤ˸ؤθϡüԤľ뤳ȤǤʤʾ塤Ĥ줿¡ʡᥳѥˤʬϤȤϤޤ餶ʤΤ顤ŻŪ˰ݤˤ餺äƤ뤳ȤϥѥؤˤۤʤʤŻŪפܤ뷹ΤǯΡʥԥ塼˥ѥؤǤϡ嵭4ˤĤ;פդ٤ȤȤϸ
(3) ˴Ϣơ˾ʥѥؤɽŪˤȸʸؤʬϤɽŪˤȤ̣ѥѤ뤫ݤˤ餺ŪǽפȤȤ
If it is ridiculous to criticize a telescope for not being a microsope, it is equally pointless to criticize the corpus-based approach for not doing what it is not intended to do (McEnery et al. 121)
Ѹ쥳ѥȤơʲɼʥȡ
ѥؤ: ջΥȤꡥѸ˸ͭѡ
Ѹ˴طΥѥŻҥƥ: ջΥȤꡥ
Ѹ˴طΥѥ: ߤ A Gateway to Studying HEL ꡥ
ѥͭѤWebȰ
JAECS Ѹ쥳ѥز
ʸ嵭2010/03/21(Sun)
ᥳѥ: ؼѥء٤Ԥΰܲ͡עΥ
McEnery, Tony, Richard Xiao, and Yukio Tono. Corpus-Based Language Studies: An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge, 2006.
Υ֥Ǥ⤿ޤ EIL ( English as an International Language ) ˼夲뤬 ( see elf )ѸȯʹƤߤȤȤˤ˥ץ벻ȻפWebΥõƤߤäõɼΤΤäȤȻפȤꤢΤߤ
The International Dialects of English Archive: IDEA ˥塼ΡDialects & AccentפαѸΥץ벻ءtranscript Ĥ
the speech accent archive: ϰѼ郎濴ʳ¿ꡥƱƥȤɤ߾夲ƤꡤӤ
Listen to English around the World: αѸ饸֤ؤΥENL ESL ιᥤ
Sample Sound Files from International Corpus of English: ICE Υץ롥Australia, East Africa (Kenya & Tanzania), Great Britain, Hong Kong, India, Jamaica, The Philippines äѸΥץ벻뤬û
[2009-11-08-1] Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources Ҳ𤷤 Chaucer θΩĥƤߤChaucer ˤĤƤ⥦־ˤʾ¸ߤΤǡåꤹǰŻǤ롥
[Portals to Chaucer]
Chaucer MetaPage: ȤƤĤʤʾؤ
The Geoffrey Chaucer Website: ⤦Ĥ
geoffreychaucer.org: Web resources ؤĤȤ٤ڡ
Baragona's Chaucer Page: ѥڡȤȤǡ˭١
Duncan's Chaucer Course: ѥڡ䤹
The Chaucer Scriptorium by Michael Hanly
Jane Zatta's Chaucer: ƺʤطʤΤΤˡ
Luminarium Chaucer Page: Ѹʸؤι Chaucer
The New Chaucer Society: زȡ⡥
[Texts and Translations]
Librarius's The Canterbury Tales and Other Works: Ѹե졼ѤåⴰCanterbury Tales
Interlinear Translations of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales: Դ֤ǸѸɤ롥
The Electronic Canterbury Tales: Tale Ȥ˾ܡCanterbury Tales ΥƥȤñ
Chaucer Texts: ƥȥեǽѸ顤HTMLPDFǤǽ
The General Prologue - An Electronic Edition: General Prologue òڡ˥塼äإסѸ⡥
The Canterbury Tales: Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse ˤ
The Canterbury Tales and Other Poems of Geoffrey Chaucer, Edited for Popular Perusal from Project Gutenberg: Gutenberg ƥȥեȤ롥
General Prologue and the Miller's Tale: University of Glasgow Miller's TaleåȥȤĤ
The Canterbury Tales - Reader-Friendly edition in PDF: PDFȤѸֻǤäɤߤͤˡ
The Canterbury Tales: 饤ɤ븽Ѹ
Canterbury Tales and Other Poems -- Hypertext and eBooks: Literature Project ˤθѸ
[Glossaries, Concordancers, and Other Research Tools]
A Basic Chaucer Glossary: Ķʰץå
A Glossarial DataBase of Middle English: Canterbury Tales ܳɸϥå
A Glossary for the Works of Geoffrey Chaucer (in the Riverside Edition): 1ڡͭѤʥå
Chaucer Concordance: Υ
Chaucer Bibliography Online: Ϥ Chaucer Ϣʸġ롥
[Others]
Canterbury Tales Project μܥΥץ롥Hengwrt Chaucer Digital Facsimile, Miller's Tale, Nun's Priest's Tale ʤɡ
Audio Files of Chaucer's Works: ʸϯɤޤ줿
The Chaucer Studio: ƥϯ CD Ǥڡ
ʸ嵭2013/03/10(Sat)Ellesmere Chaucer: ܲ
εǼ夲Ƥ "endangered languages" ˴ϢơWebǤʣεؤƤ롥ʲϡäȤؤΥ
Committee on Endangered Languages and Their Preservation (CELP)
Endangered Language Fund
Ethnologue
European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages (EBLUL)
Foundation For Endangered Languages
Gesellschaft für bedrohte Sprachen (GBS)
The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas
Terralingua: Unity in Biocultural Diversity
The International Clearing House for Endangered Languages ʢεءܸǤˡ2010/09/10(Fri)ߡξڡȤڤ
UNESCO Culture Sector - Intangible Heritage - 2003 Convention: Safeguarding endangered languages
Universal Declaration of linguistic rights
Τ뤿μηäѤ뤳ʬϤޤ夷̾ΤͿƤʤ20ǯ餺ΤǾĴؿޤäƤȤϻ¤Τ褦Ǥ롥ʤߤˡCrystal "preventive linguistics"Matisoff "perilinguistics" ȸƤǤ (Crystal 93)
嵭ؤ The International Clearing House for Endangered Languages ϡΤʤǤŪᤤ1995ǯΩ夬ä˴Ϣ뵡ؤǤ롥2010/09/10(Fri)ߡڤ
Crystal, David. Language Death. Cambridge: CUP, 2000.
ε[2010-01-02-1]˰³ǤޤޤäƤΤǷڤ⤦ġ
IPA ݲɸʸפοޤThe International Phonetic Association ΥȤPDFǥɤǤľܤˤˡA4ѻ1˰ǤΤǡOE Inflection Magic Sheet̤˰Ƥߤ
ʤߤˡ[2009-05-17-1]ǤҲ𤷤PCIPAȯǤˤΥǤ롥
ǤäƤΤǷڤġ
OE Inflection Magic Sheet顤˥ѥȤˤޤȤޤäűѸζɽPDFȤȤǤľܤˤˡA4ѻ1˥顼ǰǤΤǡΥ祳Ȥƿʬʤ̾졤ƻ졤̾졤ưμפʶޤǤƤ롥 *
ѸηʸΰȤƤΤǸűѸζޤϽΤƤʤФʤʤϤʤΤʤʬȴƤޤäƤ롥ǯǤ⤢뤷ƳФʤƼĢ˶߹ǤȤˤ롥
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