hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 ڡ / page 26 (27)

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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2011-07-27 Wed

#821. "The History of English in Ten Minutes" by The Open University [link][youtube]

־ "The History of English in Ten Minutes - for iPod/iPhone by The Open University" ʤ롤Ѹˤ򥤥饹ȤǼû˳⤹ưȯ1ʬۤɤûư褬10ܤꡤYouTubeǤİǤ롥ʲϤ줾ؤΥ󥯡

Anglo-Saxon - The History of English (1/10)
The Norman Conquest - The History of English (2/10)
Shakespeare - The History of English (3/10)
The King James Bible - The History of English (4/10)
The English of Science - The History of English (5/10)
English and Empire - The History of English (6/10)
The Age of the Dictionary - The History of English (7/10)
American English - The History of English (8/10)
Internet English - The History of English (9/10)
Global English - The History of English (10/10)

Ѹˤ˴ؤİж¿ʤMacNeil-Lehrer Productions BBC ƥӥ꡼ The Story of English (1986) VHS 䡤ITV Υƥӥ꡼ The Adventure of English (2003) VHS/DVD 䡤The Teaching Company The Great Courses ꡼1 The History of the English Language, 2nd Edition, Parts 1 to 3 (by Seth Lerer) ιֵ DVD ɽƤ뤬ʳˤϤޤ긫ʤ̤ˤΤǤлİжϿ¤ʤΤˤȤʤ˳ΤǤ롥"The History of English in Ten Minutes" by The Open University ϤʬǤΰĤι׸Ȥ
ܥ֥ǤϤʤʤưѰդ뤳ȤϤǤʤǤɽʤɤΥ奢󶡤褦ȿƤ롥ξɽˤȤŪɽǤ륦־ΥåȤ褫

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2011-05-11 Wed

#744. Auchinleck MS ν [auchinleck][manuscript][romance][scribe][link]

The Auchinleck Manuscript (National Library of Scotland Advocates' MS. 19.2.1) ϡ󥰥ɤθءʸءܡɽʸʤɤݤ˺Ǥפʼܤ1ĤȤäƤϡμܤνŦʲϡPearsall and Cunningham Υȥ "LITERARY AND HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MANUSCRIPT" (vii--xi) ȴФƥΡȤΤǤ롥

1330--40ǯȤᤤ˺Ƥꡤ͡ʥΥƥȤ󤻽᤿ܤȤƤϡȴƺǽΤΤǤ롥
ǼƤƥȤ¿ƥƥȤθ¸ǸŤΥ󶡤Ƥ롥㳰ϡnos. 4, 7, 8, 13, 19, 29, 34, 35, 40 ΤߤǤ롥
ƥȤΤۤȤɤѸǽ񤫤Ƥ롥㳰ϡno. 20 Anglo-Norman κΤ nos. 8, 10, 36 Latin ΤߤǤ롥Auchinleck MS Ի (Jesus College, Oxford, MS. 29; British Library Cotton Caligula A.ix; Trinity College, Cambridge, MS. 323; Bodleian Library Digby 2; Bodleian Library Digby 85; British Library Harley 2253) ˤϡAnglo-Norman Latin ΥƥȤ̤˸줿
ԻμܤˤϡȤƳؼؤоݤȤƥȤޤޤƤAuchinleck MS ˤ¯ŪƤʤƥȤ¿ޤޤƤꡤפɼؤ¸ߤ⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥
ƥȤΥ44ƥȡˡno. 21 ʳϤ٤Ʊʸǽ񤫤Ƥ롥
- saint's legends: nos. 1, 4, 5, 12
- other types of religious narrative: nos. 3, 6, 8, 9, 13, 16, 29
- religious debates: nos. 7, 34
- homiletic and monitory pieces: nos. 10, 35, 39
- poems of religious instruction: nos. 14, 15, 36
- a chronicle: no. 40
- a list of names of Norman barons: no. 21 (not in verse)
- humorous tales: nos. 27, 28
- poems of satire and complaint: nos. 20, 42, 44
- romances: nos. 2, 11, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 38, 41, 43 (accounting for three-quarters of the bulk of MS)
ޥ󥹤26ƥȤΤ15ƥȤ¸ͣμ̤Ǥ롥
ޥ󥹤18ƥȤΤ8ƥȤ¸ͣμ̤Ǥꡤ9ƥȤ¸ǤŤ̤Ǥ롥Ĥ1ƥ (no. 19 = Floris ) Τߤ㳰
оɼؤ "popular" ȤޤǤϤʤ"the aspirant middle-class citizen, perhaps a wealthy merchant" (viii) äꤵ롥
ɥ "bookshop" ǡʣμ̻ƱȤǺ夲ȹͤ롥ƱȤϹ٤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤ٤ȿƤ
6ͤμ̻ʲʬۤǶƱܺ˹׸Ƥ롥scribe 1 Τ72%ôƤ롥
Gatherings Item nos. Texts Scribe
1--6 1--9 Religious poems (incl. King of Tars) 1
7--10 10 Speculum Gy de Warewyke 2
11--13 Religious poems (incl. Amis) 1
11--16 14--19 Miscellaneous 3
20 Sayings of the Four Philosophers 2
21 List of names of Norman barons 4
17(?)--25 22--23 Guy of Warwick and continuation 1
24 Reinbrun 5
26--36 25 Beues of Hamtoun 5
26--29 Arthour and Merlin plus 3 fillers 1
37 30--31 Lay le freine, Roland and Vernagu 1
38--[?] 32 Otuel (and other poems?) 6
[?]--41 33--36 Kyng Alisaunder plus 3 fillers 1
42--44 37--39 Tristrem and Orfeo plus 1 filler 1
45--47 40--42 Chronicle and Horn childe plus 1 filler 1
48--[?] 43 Richard 1
52 44 The Simonie 2

פ2ͤμ̻ scribe 1 (Τ72%ô) scribe 3 (11%) θ줬14ȾΥɥɽƤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥ƱȾʹߤ˥ɥ˴Ť񤭸դɸಽƤAuchinleck MS ϤΥɥμ֤Τǽפʾڵ󶡤Ƥ ([2010-02-27-1]) scribes 2, 4, 5, 6 Ϥ줾Τ4%, 1%, 10%, 2%ôˡ
ƱԿˤĤƤϡKyng Alisaunder, Richard, The Seven Sages ƱɥԤ˵롥ƱͤˡOrfeo Lay le freine ⤪餯1ͤԤˤΤǤꡤSt Margaret St Katherine ƱͤȤ롥
μܤϤĤ Chaucer ͭƤǽȤ̣⤬ Loomis ˤäƾƤ롥

Τ褦ˡAuchinleck MS ȤΥƥȤϿԤ̥ϤƤ롥WebΥ꥽ȤƤϡʲ򻲾ȡ

The Auchinleck Manuscript : National Library of Scotland: ä˼ܤνˤĤƤϡImportance of the Auchinleck Manuscript 򻲾ȡ
Auchinleck MS Home Page: ŻҲ줿ƥ (transcription) ؤΥ󥯤ˤꡥ

ˡThe Auchinleck Manuscript : National Library of Scotland γƥƥ (eds. David Burnley and Alison Wiggins) ؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤ

  1. The Legend of Pope Gregory (ff.1r-6v)
  2. f.6Ar / f.6Av (thin stub)
  3. The King of Tars (ff.7ra-13vb)
  4. The Life of Adam and Eve (E ff.1ra-2vb; ff.14ra-16rb)
  5. Seynt Mergrete (ff.16rb-21ra)
  6. Seynt Katerine (ff.21ra-24vb)
  7. St Patrick's Purgatory (ff.25ra-31vb)
  8. þe Desputisoun Bitven þe Bodi and þe Soule (ff.31vb-35ra stub)
  9. The Harrowing of Hell (ff.?35rb-?37rb or 37va stub)
  10. The Clerk who would see the Virgin (ff.?37rb or 37va stub-38vb)
  11. Speculum Gy de Warewyke (ff.39ra-?48rb stub)
  12. Amis and Amiloun (ff.?48rb stub-?61va stub)
  13. The Life of St Mary Magdalene (ff.?61Ava stub-65vb)
  14. The Nativity and Early Life of Mary (ff.65vb-69va)
  15. On the Seven Deadly Sins (ff.70ra-72ra)
  16. The Paternoster (ff.72ra-?72rb or ?72va stub)
  17. The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin (?72rb or ?72va stub-78ra)
  18. Sir Degare (ff.78rb-?84rb stub)
  19. The Seven Sages of Rome (ff.?84rb stub-99vb)
  20. Gathering missing (c1400 lines of text)
  21. Floris and Blancheflour (ff.100ra-104vb)
  22. The Sayings of the Four Philosophers (ff.105ra-105rb)
  23. The Battle Abbey Roll (ff.105v-107r)
  24. f.107Ar / f.107Av (thin stub)
  25. Guy of Warwick (couplets) (ff.108ra-146vb)
  26. Guy of Warwick (stanzas) (ff.145vb-167rb)
  27. Reinbroun (ff.167rb-175vb)
  28. leaf missing.
  29. Sir Beues of Hamtoun (ff.176ra-201ra)
  30. Of Arthour & of Merlin (ff.201rb-256vb)
  31. þe Wenche þat Loved þe King (ff.256vb-256A thin stub)
  32. A Peniworþ of Witt (ff.256A stub-259rb)
  33. How Our Lady's Sauter was First Found (ff.259rb-260vb)
  34. Lay le Freine (ff.261ra-262A thin stub)
  35. Roland and Vernagu (ff.?262va stub-267vb)
  36. Otuel a Knight (ff.268ra-277vb)
  37. Many leaves lost, but some recovered as fragments.
  38. Kyng Alisaunder (L f.1ra-vb; S A.15 f.1ra-2vb; L f.2ra-vb; ff.278-9)
  39. The Thrush and the Nightingale (ff.279va-vb)
  40. The Sayings of St Bernard (f.280ra)
  41. Dauid þe King (ff.280rb-280vb)
  42. Sir Tristrem (ff.281ra-299A thin stub)
  43. Sir Orfeo (ff.299A stub-303ra)
  44. The Four Foes of Mankind (f.303rb-303vb)
  45. The Anonymous Short English Metrical Chronicle (ff.304ra-317rb)
  46. Horn Childe & Maiden Rimnild (ff.317va-323vb)
  47. leaf missing.
  48. Alphabetical Praise of Women (ff.324ra-325vb)
  49. King Richard (f.326; E f.3ra-vb; S R.4 f.1ra-2vb; E f.4ra-vb; f.327)
  50. Many leaves lost.
  51. þe Simonie (ff.328r-334v)

Pearsall, Derek and I. C. Cunningham, eds. The Auchinleck Manuscript: National Library of Scotland Advocates' MS. 19.2.1. London: Scholar P, 1979.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-05-18-1] [2012-11-10-1]

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2011-04-12 Tue

2011-01-16 Sun

#629. Ѹο쥵 Word Spy [lexicology][neologism][link][web_service]

Ѹο쥦åˤ Paul McFedries ˤ륵 Word Spy ܤͤ롥1996ǯ衤줬ɲäƤꡤ2750ʾο줬ϿƤ롥ħϡۤȤɤοΤ85%ˤˤĤȽŵͿƤꡤ¿Τ73%ˤϽǯ⵭Ƥ뤳Ȥ
ȤǯεܤΤ2019ĤˤĤƽǯȤ˿夲ƤߤΤդǤ롥Ϣ³50ĶƤΤ1987--2006ǯ20ǯ֤ǡä1990ǯؤ

	1962 (  1) 
	1963 (  1) 
	1964 (  1) 
	1970 (  1) 
	1972 (  2) *
	1973 (  3) *
	1975 (  5) **
	1976 (  8) ****
	1977 ( 11) ******
	1978 ( 14) *******
	1979 ( 16) ********
	1980 ( 24) *************
	1981 ( 33) ******************
	1982 ( 32) *****************
	1983 ( 39) *********************
	1984 ( 38) *********************
	1985 ( 54) ******************************
	1986 ( 47) **************************
	1987 ( 59) ********************************
	1988 ( 66) ************************************
	1989 ( 67) *************************************
	1990 ( 77) ******************************************
	1991 ( 78) *******************************************
	1992 ( 83) **********************************************
	1993 ( 72) ****************************************
	1994 (100) *******************************************************
	1995 (101) ********************************************************
	1996 (101) ********************************************************
	1997 ( 87) ************************************************
	1998 ( 78) *******************************************
	1999 (109) ************************************************************
	2000 ( 85) ***********************************************
	2001 (111) *************************************************************
	2002 ( 87) ************************************************
	2003 ( 66) ************************************
	2004 ( 57) *******************************
	2005 ( 56) *******************************
	2006 ( 61) **********************************
	2007 ( 32) *****************
	2008 ( 33) ******************
	2009 ( 14) *******
	2010 (  9) *****

[2011-01-10-1]ε American Dialect Society ˤ2010ǯήԸޤ夲ΥΥߥ͡ȸ¿ Word Spy ȯǤʤäMOST LIKELY TO SUCCEED ǥΥߥ͡Ȥ줿 hacktivist telework ϤäȷǺܤƤ
ǺܴʤɾܤȤʬʤAmerican Dialect Society Ի American Speech ο쵭 "Among the New Words" ȹ碌ơľǯοηõȤƳѤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-13-1] [2011-09-21-1]

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2010-11-16 Tue

#568. ѥȱѸ쥳ѥ [corpus][link][representativeness]

츦ˤ corpus ֥ѥפ͡Ƥ뤬McEnery et al. ʷǤ롥

. . . a corpus is a collection of (1) machine-readable (2) authentic texts (including transcripts of spoken data) which is (3) sampled to be (4) representative of a particular language or language variety.


(1) (2) ˤĤƤϤ褽Դ֤˥󥻥󥵥뤬(3) (4) ˤĤƤϲä "sampled" 뤤 "representative" ȤߤʤˤĤ͡ʰո롥ڤˤƤ뤳ȤǤ
ڤ˱Ѹ쥳ѥˤϡ饤ΤΤǤ롥ʲϡϿɬפʤΤ⤢뤬˥饤ǴؤѤǤѸ쥳ѥ

British National Corpus ʤĤΥ󥿡ե󶡤Ƥ

* BNC ( The British National Corpus )
* BNCweb ̵Ͽ
* BYU-BNC ̵Ͽ

BYU Corpora Brigham Young University, Mark Davies 󶡤Τ¾Υ饤󥳡ѥ

* COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) ̵Ͽ
* COHA ( Corpus of Historical American English ) ̵Ͽ
* TIME Magazine Corpus of American English ̵Ͽ

Cobuild Concordance and Collocations Sampler

¾ܥ֥Ǥϥѥطε򤤤ȷǺܤƤΤǡͤˤ줿

hellog Υѥν󵭻: [2010-09-15-1]
hellog ΥѥϢ: corpus
hellog BNC Ϣ: bnc

McEnery, Tony, Richard Xiao, and Yukio Tono. Corpus-Based Language Studies: An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge, 2006.

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2010-09-15 Wed

#506. CoRD --- Ѹ˥ѥξ󥻥󥿡 [corpus][link]

Helsinki ؤ VARIENG ( Research Unit for Variation, Contacts and Change in English ) ץȤ˴ؤŻҥӥΰĤȤơѸ˥ѥʤȱѸѼ拾ѥˤξȤޤȤ CoRD ( Corpus Resource Database ) ʤ륵ӥ롥Ǥ51ΥѥϿƤꡤ³Υѥ͡ʷ֤Ǹ졤ܳŪɬפ褦ˤʤäƤΤǡCoRD Τ褦ʥϥ֤ФƤȽ롥Ͽѥä˴Ԥ

List of Corpora: ޤϤΰ
Corpus Finder: ϿƤѥξɽΥǡ١ˤʤäƤ롥"Corpus", "Start", "End", "Periods", "Word Count", "Text Samples", "Spoken/Written", "Annotation", "Format", "Availability" γǥȤե륿ǽʤǡ١ʤȻפäƤ

ƥѥΥˤϡޤǤξ󤬤褯ޤȤޤäƤ롥ä "Basic structure of the corpus" ϿɽդΤΤ¿ͭѡ"Reference lines and copyright" ʤɤ⡤äȤȤʤΤʸ񤯤Ȥʤɤ˥ԡǤФƤ»Ϥʤ HP
CoRD ¾ˤ⡤Ѹ쥳ѥؤ˴Ϣפ HP 򤤤ĤǺܤƤġΥѥδϢڡϤФХڤˤʤäƤΤǡʣΥϥ֤򲡤Ƥɬפ롥

ѥشطΥ󥯽: ջΥȤꡥ
Ѹ˴طΥѥŻҥƥ: Ʊ塥
Ѹ˴طΥѥ: ߤ A Gateway to Studying HEL ꡥ
JAECS Ѹ쥳ѥزΥ󥯽: رѸ쥳ѥءǡ١, 2005ˤ˷ǺܤƤΤޤȤ᤿󥯽
ѥϢ: ؼѥء٤Ԥΰܲ͡עΥ󥯽
ICAME Corpus Manuals: ICAME ѥΥޥ˥奢뤬ޤȤޤäƤ롥


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2010-09-06 Mon

#497. 5ʬʬѸˤ [link][statistics][reestablishment_of_english][dictionary][elf]

ʱѸؽȤ򸫤ĤEnglish Language: All about the English languageμΥȤ¿뤬ȥåפ˱ѸˤȱѸ׾󤬴ñˤޤȤޤäƤΤܤ

English language History
English language Statistics

ԤαѸˤβʸ "Middle English" ǡѸαѸ ( see reestablishment_of_english ) Υޥ󡦥󥯥ȸ50ǯ餤᡹ȻϤޤäƤȤҤä

Various contemporary sources suggest that within fifty years most of the Normans outside the royal court had switched to English, with French remaining the prestige language largely out of social inertia. For example, Orderic Vitalis, a historian born in 1075 and the son of a Norman knight, said that he only learned French as a second language.


ѸˤȤˤäդ񤭸դ̱٥뤫²٥뤫ѤξŪŪʤɡˤäλ٤ѤäƤΤαѸˤǤϥե󥹸ΤӤλ夬ΤŪĹ³ȵҤ뤳Ȥ¿ä褦˻פ¤ȤƤϾβʸˤȤꡤ󥰥ɤǤϽ̱μѾ塤ѸϰŪʸäΤǤꡤλ¤ĴƤȤϽפȻפ
ѸפˤĤƤܥ֥Ǥ statistics γƵǼ夲ƤʲΤΤ϶äʤˤȤäƽ鼪ä

English is the language of navigation, aviation and of Christianity; it is the ecumenical language of the World Council of Churches
Five of the largest broadcasting companies in the world (CBS, NBC, ABC, BBC and CBC) transmit in English, reaching millions and millions of people all over the world
Of the 163 member nations of the U.N., more use English as their official language than any other. . . . After English, 26 nations in the U.N. cite French as their official tongue, 21 Spanish and 17 Arabic.
People who count English as their mother tongue make up less than 10% of the world's population, but possess over 30% of the world's economic power


ŪŵϼƤʤޤ2010ǯߤιϢ192Ǥꡤ嵭3ܤ163˴Ťפ1990ǯ餤λǤοͤ⤷ʤ see United Nations member States - Growth in United Nations membership, 1945-present )

ΥȤˤ¾ˤ English Dictionaries English Literature ʤɤΥڡ롥

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2010-08-25 Wed

#485. 츻Τ뤿Υ饤󼭽 [web_service][link][dictionary][etymology]

ϸ츻ͿƤ륪饤󼭽Ҳ𤷤Ūʥ饤αѸ츻 Online Etymology Dictionary ̤Υ饤󼭽θ츻ˤʤΤ롥Ѹ츻̤CGIʰǡɤ

(1) ͣܳɥ饤츻

Online Etymology Dictionary: Douglas Harper ˤܳŪʸ츻񡥽ǯꡥѸ츻̤CGIʰǡǤ⤪äˤʤäƤޤᡥ

(2) 츻ٶˤʤ뤪μ

Dictionary.com: ǯꡥThe Random House dictionary Collins English Dictionary ʤɤʣμεҤ٤Τᡥ
The Free Dictionary: American Heritage Dictionary of the English Dictionary Collins English Dictionary ˴Ťʷʸ츻٤ޤthesaurus ξäƤͭѡñʤǤʤϢ줬ΤǡˤΩġᡥ
Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary: Ϸ޼θ츻Ȥͭѡǯꡥ
ڡ륯θ츻ŵ: ܸʬ䤹ϢΰФΤǡѤǤ롥

(3) ̣ʤɤΤĤǤ˸츻ڤΤꤿȤ

Oxford Dictionaries Online - English Dictionary and Thesaurus: Ϸޤμ˴ʷʸ츻ꡥOrigin ɤߤ䤹
Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913 + 1828): ܳɼʵǡˤθ츻
HyperDictionary.com: Ʊ Webster (1913) θ츻󡥤thesaurus ξäƤΤʤȤ⡥
Wiktionary: ʷʸ츻Ƭ˸츻롥
MSN Encarta Dictionary: ʷʸ츻

(4) 츻˴ؤɤʪ

Etymologically Speaking: 츻Ʀŵ228줷ʤơǫꡤȤƤɤʪȤ򤤡
hellog θ츻: ܥ֥Ǥⲿȸ츻Ū˰äƤΤǡܥå "etymology " ʡϱñˤʤɤȤȰäΤ뤫⤷ʤ

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2010-08-23 Mon

#483. Merriam-Webster Online ¤Ƥ [dictionary][web_service][link]

ޤɽŪѤ뤳ȤäȥäȤϤʤäꥫϷ޼Ǽ Merriam-Webster Merriam-Webster Online ν¿˶äUnabridged Dictionary ͭӥʲΤΤϥե꡼ѤǤ롥

Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary
Thesaurus
Medical Dictionary
Learner's Dictionary: 2008ǯǤΥꥫȯΥꥫѸ EFL Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's English Dictionary ( MWALED ) б륪饤ǡʲθܥå鸡ǽǶᡤϷޤΥꥹ EFL LDOCE5 OALD7 ) ϸ츻ϤƤ뤬MWALED ϸ츻ϽŻ뤷Ƥʤ褦



Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
Visual Dictionary Online: ǸɴʼŵȤä֥ŽդǤΤǡܥ֥Ǥѵ뤫⤷ʤ㤨Сε[2010-08-22-1]ǰä ox Ȱäƥ֤Ҳ

examples of ungulate mammals - Visual Dictionary Online

Referrer (Inside): [2011-07-29-1] [2010-08-24-1]

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2010-08-11 Wed

#471. toilet ˭٤նɽ WordNet Visuwords Ǥߤ [web_service][thesaurus][synonym][link]

ε[2010-08-10-1]ǡtoilet նɽ˭٤Ǥ뤳Ȥ򸫤ʣμ٤ƤƴǶΡä˳ؽѡ˱ѱѼ֤λȤʬˡβ⤬ܤ켭ŵ ( thesaurus ) ʤ餺Ȥ⤽˽ऺŪꥹȤͭѤǤ롥Ǥ⡤ꥹȤ󼨤ò thesaurus ˤϤʤʤ
ǶWebˤ thesaurus ˭٤žäƤꡤ㤨 the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia Thesaurus.com ʤɤڤѤǤ롥WebĴ٤Ƥʤäɲä٤֥ȥɽĤ褦Ǥ롥
WebܳŪ thesaurus Ȥͭ̾ʤΤϡPrinceton University George A. Miller λشˤäԻƤ WordNet Ǥ롥Ǥ WordNet Ϣʤ͡ʱѤޤƤ褦Ǥ Version 3.0 Υǡ١鸡ǽȤʤäƤꡤ㤨 toilet θ̤Ϥ̤ Ǥ롥̸ ( hypernym ) 䲼̸ ( hyponym ) ؤ֤Τ˥ǤѸΰ̣ڤ˰褦ˤʤäȤ´Ǥ롥ޤWordNet 3.0 database statistics ˤϱѸ̾ʿѸ1.24ʤΤФưʿѸ2.17ǤʤɡͭѤʾ󤬤롥
ΰ̣вͥåȥޤڤ褦WebΥӥФƤVisual Thesaurus 1Ĥͭե꡼ǤʲΤ褦ʴؤʥͥåȥޤ롥

toilet on Visual Thesaurus

Visual Thesaurus ͭʤΤǡ˻䤬ޤ˻ȤäƤե꡼ΤΤ Visuwords嵭 WordNet Υǡ١ϢƤ롥Ϥͥåȥޤϰʲ̤ꡥʲΥ᡼򥯥åƸ뤤 Visuwords ľ toilet 򸡺ǡܺ٤ΤƤߤƤۤ

toilet on Visuwords

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2010-08-03 Tue

#463. Ѹ١Υԥȥ쥪ΰ [pidgin][creole][link][tok_pisin][post-creole_continuum]

ˤϱѸ١Υԥ䥯쥪줬30ʾ¸ߤȤƤ롥[2010-07-15-1], [2010-07-16-1]Ǹ褦ˡԥ䥯쥪䵯ۣΤΤ˿뤳Ȥ񤷤̾ĤƤΤ󤲤30ʾˤʤȤMcArthur (177) ꤽΰƸ褦

(1) Africa

Gambian Creole or Aku; Krio and pidginized Krio in Sierra Leone; Liberian Creole; Ghanaian Pidgin; Togolese Pidgin; Nigerian Pidgin (creolized in urban areas); Kamtok in Cameroon (creolized in urban areas; see [2010-06-13-1], [2010-06-14-1]); Bioku Pidgin on Fernando Po.


(2) North America (All in the United States)

Afro-Seminole Creole; Amerindian Pidgin (most varieties now extinct); Black English Vernacular (status controversial); Sea Island Creole, or Gullah; Hawaii Pidgin and Creole.


(3) Central America, the Caribbean, and the neighbouring South America

Bahamian Creole; Barbadian Creole; Belizean Creole; Costa Rican Creole; Guyanese Creolese (sic) (see [2010-05-17-1]); Jamaican Creole or Nation Language or Patwa; Leeward Island Creole(s); Nicaraguan Creole; Surinamese Djuka or Aukan, Saramaccan, and Sranan (see [2010-06-05-1]); Trinidad and Tobago Creole(s) or Trinibagianese or Trinbagonian; Virgin Islands Creole; Windward Island Creole(s).


(4) Australasia-Pacific Ocean

Bislama (Vanuatu), Hawaii Pidgin and Creole, Pijin (the Solomon Islands), Kriol or Roper River Pidgin/Creole (northern Australia), Pitcairnese and Norfolkese (Pitcairn Island and Norfolk Island), Tok Pisin/Neo-Melanesian (Papua-New Guinea), Torres Straits Broken/Creole.


ˤʤʬۤƤȤϡƤο̱ϻˤȿǤƶŪʬۤƤ뤳Ȥ褯狼롥αġֱѸפῴɸѸ (World Standard EnglishˤɸѼʤɤμפɸѼФƺɤΤ褦˰֤ŤƤ椯ܤ롥ȤΤϡΡֱѸüԡפϺ³ȶڤʤɤˤä post-creole continuum γʤꡤɸѼäդǤʤѸüԤȤʤ뤳Ȥޤ뤫⡤«ˤʤʿ͸Ǥ롥
Υԥ䥯쥪줬äϰΤߤι顤ѸѤѤäƤ뤫⤷ʤʡ
ԥ䥯쥪˴ؤ󥯤򤤤ĤĥäƤ

Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics: زΥ
Pidgin and Creole Languages: ԥ졦쥪
Tok Pisin Translation, Resources, and Discussion: Tok Pisin/English 񤢤
Jamaican Creole Texts: 쥪ȥԥط

McArthur, Tom. The English Languages. Cambridge: CUP, 1998.

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2010-04-23 Fri

#361. Ѹ츻̤CGIʰǡ [etymology][dictionary][link][cgi][web_service]

[2010-04-03-1]θ츻ȴCGIβǡ󸻤Ʊ Online Etymology DictionaryΡְǡפʣθθ츻Ȥ11Ϥ줿ñꥹȤѰդʲΥƥȥꥢ Go 1ǤȤΤǡ¾塤Ǥξ̸ߴ¿Ȼ֤뤷ФôΤա
ƤޤޤݤˤʤäƤ椯


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2010-04-03 Sat

#341. Ѹ츻̤CGI [etymology][dictionary][link][cgi][web_service]

ŻҼϤΤȡǤWebѤǤѸ켭ڤʤۤɽФƤꡤμ˰äΤȤƤ϶äˤʤäޤWebΤʤǤ⡤ĿŪ˻Ȥ¿ѱѼ Dictionary.com Ǥ롥ʣμǤƤΡֶɤפǽǤ롥ޤؤʸ츻 "Word Origin & History" ȤΤǡΤ˻Ȥ뤳Ȥ⤢롥츻ʸäͭѤʤΤǡñưۿƤ륵ӥ "Word of the Day" ˤϿƤ롥
äȤ⡤츻򻲾ȤΤǤС"Word Origin & History" 󶡸Ǥ Online Etymology Dictionary ľܸΤϤ䤤(c) 2001-2010 Douglas Harper ˤѸ츻ΥȤǡñǤ⽽ʬ˴ñʤΤּλ¿ʾϤʤȤꤢ츻򺣤ߤ᤯᤯פȤʻΡ˵ʶۤΥˡбȯץȤäƻȤäƤ롥ä˽ǯɤθ줫Ƥ뤫¨¤ΤꤿȤ˽Ƥ롥
ΥץȤCGIǤʲ˺äƤߤñ Online Etymology Dictionary θ̤츻Ҥʬ̤ΤΡŻҸǽˤʤȡɤɤݤˤʤäƤ椯

  

Referrer (Inside): [2011-12-05-1] [2010-04-23-1]

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2010-03-01 Mon

#308. Ѹκѱñꥹ [lexicology][corpus][link][academic_word_list][alphabet][frequency][statistics][letter_frequency]

ѸκѱñϲˤĤƤϥѥءء׻ȯŸˤꡤ͡ɽƤ־Ǥñ˼ΤǡĤɽŪʥꥹȤ󸻤ؤΥ󥯤ǤƤø˳Ѥ

μפɽ

GSL ( General Service List ): 2000ǤꥹȡǤ1953ǯȸŤߤǤ⹭ȤƤꥹȡ
AWL ( Academic Word List ): ؽѥƥȤ˸ꤷѸꥹȡ2000ǯ˽Ǥ졤GSL˴ޤޤȽʣʤ褦Ф줿570Ǻܡ10Υ֥ꥹȤʬƤ롥AWL ȤȤʤ롤1984ǯ˽Ǥ줿808Υꥹ UWL ( University Word List ) ⻲ȡ
BNC Word Frequency Lists: BNC ( The British National Corpus ) ˤ6318Υꥹȡɽľܥɤ
Top 1000 words in UK English: 18ͤԡ29ʡ460ΥѥФꥹѸκ1000ꥹȡ
Brown Corpus List: Brown Corpus ˤ륢ե٥åȽꥹȡ
The Longman Defining Vocabulary: LDOCE 1988ǯǤåꥹȡ2000ʾ塥

¾ΥꥹȤؤΥ󥯽

Work/Frequency List: ͡ɽؤΥ󥯽2010/09/10(Fri)ߥڤ
Famous Frequency Lists: ͡ɽؤΥ󥯽
Basic English and Common Words: MLκѸɽˤĤƤε

Υե٥åȤʸɽ

Letter Frequencies (rankings for various languages): ĤΥ󥭥ɽ롥BNCǤ "etaoinsrhldcumfpgwybvkxjqz" νȤ롥

ʸ嵭2010/03/07(Sun)American National Corpus ˴Ťɽ򸫤ĤWritten Spoken ʬ̤ɽ⤢ꡥ
ʸ嵭2010/04/12(Mon)COLT: The Bergen Corpus Of London Teenage Language ˴Ť1000Υꥹ򸫤Ĥ
ʸ嵭2011/02/14(Mon)Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) ˴Ť Corpus-based word frequency lists, collocates, and n-grams 򸫤ĤTop 5,000 lemma, Top 500,000 word forms ʤɡ

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2010-02-28 Sun

#307. ѥѤ [corpus][link]

Ѹ츦Ϥ츦˥ѥѤ褦ˤʤäơǤ˵פѸˤʬǤ⡤׿Ū The Diachronic Part of the Helsinki Corpus of English Texts νǰ衤͡ʼˡ̻ѥФƤ롥
ˤ礤˥ѥѤѥѸʥȤĤǡ˵󤲤Ƥ (McEnery et at. 121)

(1) ѥ negative evidence 󶡤Ƥʤɤ뤫϶Ƥ뤬ߡߤʤȤ϶ƤʤʤŪˤä¸ߤʤ⤷ʤȤ򸦵椹뤳Ȥ񤷤Τǡϥѥؤ˸¤äǤϤʤ
(2) ѥϻ¤󶡤Ƥ뤬λ¤ϤƤʤʳΤˡ켫ȤϸԤλŻǤ롥
(3) ѥϡϰϤꤹ롥ʥѥǤϤǤʤ⤿󤢤롥ѥϡŬڤꤹФŪΤˤϾͭǤ롥ǽγˤ꤬äƤ뤳Ȥ˺ƤϤʤ
(4) ѥƳ줿̲ݤˤϺٿդפ롥ʤʥѥǤ⡤ޤоݤȤ¤ʬǤ롥

ʾ4αƤߤƤդΩߤޤäͤƤߤС4ϥѥѤʤ餺Ȥ˵ĤʤФʤʤǤ롥Ѹˤޤ˸ؤθϡüԤľ뤳ȤǤʤʾ塤Ĥ줿¡ʡᥳѥˤʬϤȤϤޤ餶򤨤ʤΤ顤ŻŪ˰ݤˤ餺äƤ뤳ȤϥѥؤˤۤʤʤŻŪפܤ뷹ΤǯΡʥԥ塼˥ѥؤǤϡ嵭4ˤĤ;פդ٤ȤȤϸ
(3) ˴Ϣơ˾ʥѥؤɽŪˤȸʸؤʬϤɽŪˤȤ̣ѥѤ뤫ݤˤ餺ŪǽפȤȤ

If it is ridiculous to criticize a telescope for not being a microsope, it is equally pointless to criticize the corpus-based approach for not doing what it is not intended to do (McEnery et al. 121)


Ѹ쥳ѥȤơʲɼʥ󥯤򻲾ȡ

ѥؤ: ջΥȤꡥѸ˸ͭѡ
Ѹ˴طΥѥŻҥƥ: ջΥȤꡥ
Ѹ˴طΥѥ: ߤ A Gateway to Studying HEL ꡥ
ѥͭѤWebȰ
JAECS Ѹ쥳ѥز

ʸ嵭2010/03/21(Sun)
ᥳѥ: ؼѥء٤Ԥΰܲ͡עΥ󥯽

McEnery, Tony, Richard Xiao, and Yukio Tono. Corpus-Based Language Studies: An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge, 2006.

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2010-02-24 Wed

#303. äѸȯΥץ벻 [elf][link]

Υ֥Ǥ⤿ޤ EIL ( English as an International Language ) ˼夲뤬 ( see elf )ѸȯʹƤߤȤȤˤ˥ץ벻ȻפWebΥ꥽õƤߤäõɼΤΤäȤȻפȤꤢΤߤ

The International Dialects of English Archive: IDEA 󶡡˥塼ΡDialects & AccentפαѸΥץ벻ءtranscript Ĥ
the speech accent archive: ϰѼ郎濴ʳ¿ꡥƱƥȤɤ߾夲ƤꡤӤ
Listen to English around the World: αѸ饸֤ؤΥ󥯡ENL ESL ι񤬥ᥤ
Sample Sound Files from International Corpus of English: ICE 󶡤Υץ롥Australia, East Africa (Kenya & Tanzania), Great Britain, Hong Kong, India, Jamaica, The Philippines äѸΥץ벻뤬û

Referrer (Inside): [2012-11-18-1]

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2010-02-11 Thu

#290. Chaucer ˴ؤ Web resources [chaucer][link]

[2009-11-08-1] Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources Ҳ𤷤 Chaucer θΩĥ󥯤򽸤ƤߤChaucer ˤĤƤ⥦־ˤʾ¸ߤΤǡ󥯤åꤹǰŻǤ롥

[Portals to Chaucer]
Chaucer MetaPage: ȤƤĤʤʾ󸻤ؤ
The Geoffrey Chaucer Website: ⤦Ĥ
geoffreychaucer.org: Web resources ؤĤ󥯽Ȥ٤ڡ

Baragona's Chaucer Page: ѥڡȤȤǡ󥯤˭١
Duncan's Chaucer Course: ѥڡ䤹
The Chaucer Scriptorium by Michael Hanly

Jane Zatta's Chaucer: ƺʤطʤΤΤˡ
Luminarium Chaucer Page: Ѹʸؤι Chaucer
The New Chaucer Society: ز񥵥ȡ󥯽

[Texts and Translations]
Librarius's The Canterbury Tales and Other Works: Ѹե졼Ѥå꡼ⴰCanterbury Tales
Interlinear Translations of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales: Դ֤ǸѸɤ롥
The Electronic Canterbury Tales: Tale Ȥ˾ܡCanterbury Tales ΥƥȤñ
Chaucer Texts: ƥȥեǽѸ顤HTMLPDFǤǽ
The General Prologue - An Electronic Edition: General Prologue òڡ˥塼äإסѸ
The Canterbury Tales: Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse ˤ󶡡
The Canterbury Tales and Other Poems of Geoffrey Chaucer, Edited for Popular Perusal from Project Gutenberg: Gutenberg ƥȥեȤ롥
General Prologue and the Miller's Tale: University of Glasgow 󶡤 Miller's Taleå꡼ȥȤĤ

The Canterbury Tales - Reader-Friendly edition in PDF: PDFȤѸֻǤäɤߤͤˡ
The Canterbury Tales: 饤ɤ븽Ѹ
Canterbury Tales and Other Poems -- Hypertext and eBooks: Literature Project ˤ󶡤θѸ

[Glossaries, Concordancers, and Other Research Tools]
A Basic Chaucer Glossary: Ķʰץå꡼
A Glossarial DataBase of Middle English: Canterbury Tales ܳɸϥå꡼
A Glossary for the Works of Geoffrey Chaucer (in the Riverside Edition): 1ڡͭѤʥå꡼
Chaucer Concordance: Υ󥳡󥵡
Chaucer Bibliography Online: Ϥ Chaucer Ϣʸġ롥

[Others]
Canterbury Tales Project μܥ᡼Υץ롥Hengwrt Chaucer Digital Facsimile, Miller's Tale, Nun's Priest's Tale ʤɡ
Audio Files of Chaucer's Works: ʸϯɤ᤭ޤ줿
The Chaucer Studio: ƥϯ CD Ǥڡ
ʸ嵭2013/03/10(Sat)Ellesmere Chaucer: ܲ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-04-25-1] [2018-12-27-1]

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2010-02-01 Mon

#280. Τ˴Ϣ륵 [language_death][link][linguistic_right]

εǼ夲Ƥ "endangered languages" ˴ϢơWebǤʣεؤ󶡤Ƥ롥ʲϡäȤؤΥ󥯽

Committee on Endangered Languages and Their Preservation (CELP)
Endangered Language Fund
Ethnologue
European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages (EBLUL)
Foundation For Endangered Languages
Gesellschaft für bedrohte Sprachen (GBS)
The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas
Terralingua: Unity in Biocultural Diversity
The International Clearing House for Endangered Languages ʢεءܸǤˡ2010/09/10(Fri)ߡξڡȤڤ
UNESCO Culture Sector - Intangible Heritage - 2003 Convention: Safeguarding endangered languages
Universal Declaration of linguistic rights

Τ뤿μηäѤ뤳ʬϤޤ夷̾ΤͿƤʤ20ǯ­餺ΤǾĴؿޤäƤȤϻ¤Τ褦Ǥ롥ʤߤˡCrystal "preventive linguistics"Matisoff "perilinguistics" ȸƤǤ (Crystal 93)
ؤ The International Clearing House for Endangered Languages ϡΤʤǤŪᤤ1995ǯΩ夬ä˴Ϣ뵡ؤǤ롥2010/09/10(Fri)ߡڤ

Crystal, David. Language Death. Cambridge: CUP, 2000.

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2010-01-03 Sun

#251. IPAΥ㡼 [ipa][phonetics][chart][link]

ε[2010-01-02-1]˰³Ǥޤޤ򤬲äƤΤǷڤ⤦ġ
IPA ݲɸʸפοޤThe International Phonetic Association ΥȤPDFǥɤǤľܤˤˡA4ѻ1˰ǤΤǡOE Inflection Magic Sheet΢̤˰Ƥߤ
ʤߤˡ[2009-05-17-1]ǤҲ𤷤PCIPAȯǤˤΥǤ롥

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2010-01-02 Sat

#250. űѸζɽΥ祳 [oe][inflection][chart][link]

Ǥ򤬲äƤΤǷڤġ
OE Inflection Magic Sheet顤˥ѥȤˤޤȤޤäűѸζɽPDFȤȤǤľܤˤˡA4ѻ1˥顼ǰǤΤǡΥ祳Ȥƿʬʤ̾졤ƻ졤̾졤ưμפʶޤǤƤ롥  *
ѸηʸΰȤƤΤǸűѸζޤϽΤƤʤФʤʤϤʤΤʤʬȴƤޤäƤ롥ǯǤ⤢뤷ƳФʤƼĢ˶߹ǤȤˤ롥

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