ǯ⤳λäƤAmerican Dialect Society ˤ 2015ǯ The Word of the Year 18ȯɽ줿ǯμޤϡsingular "they" Ǥ롥
They was recognized by the society for its emerging use as a pronoun to refer to a known person, often as a conscious choice by a person rejecting the traditional gender binary of he and she.
. . . .
The use of singular they builds on centuries of usage, appearing in the work of writers such as Chaucer, Shakespeare, and Jane Austen. In 2015, singular they was embraced by the Washington Post style guide. Bill Walsh, copy editor for the Post, described it as "the only sensible solution to English's lack of a gender-neutral third-person singular personal pronoun."
While editors have increasingly moved to accepting singular they when used in a generic fashion, voters in the Word of the Year proceedings singled out its newer usage as an identifier for someone who may identify as "non-binary" in gender terms.
"In the past year, new expressions of gender identity have generated a deal of discussion, and singular they has become a particularly significant element of that conversation," Zimmer said. "While many novel gender-neutral pronouns have been proposed, they has the advantage of already being part of the language."
ʤ singular they ȤʤǤʤäεȹ碌 Wordorigins.org: ADS Word of the Year for 2015 εɤǤߤƹäñ̤ʤñΰ̿;̾ȤƤ they ˡϤǯ֤dzΤǧΤƤƤꡤȤ櫓2015ǯħŤˡȤ櫓ǤϤʤ˽Ȥ̤ʬˡΤΤ˵褹륷ܥ (nonbinary identifier) ȤơǯƤ줿ȤƥȤʤɤ transgender ꤬¿夲졤"nonbinary identifier" ȤƤ they λѤΩäȤȤʤsingular they ϡMOST USEFUL ƥǤޤƤ롥ΥɤǤ뤳Ȥäˤ褯狼ޤä
singular_they ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤äƤΤǡʲ˥ĥäƤ
#275. Ѹλ;ñ̾ ([2010-01-27-1])
#1054. singular they ([2012-03-16-1])
#1887. ˤͤݤ4Ĥλ ([2014-06-27-1])
#1920. singular they ޤ뵬ʸˡ (1) ([2014-07-30-1])
#1921. singular they ޤ뵬ʸˡ (2) ([2014-07-31-1])
#1922. singular they ޤ뵬ʸˡ (3) ([2014-08-01-1])
WOY μޤˤĤƤϡwoy ȡ
ؤΥߤμȤǡOED Online ˿ƤߤפꤷƹֽԤˤäơŪʻäۤͽʤΤǡʲHTMLǤǺܤƤѤPDFǤɤOED ѤĴʷ̡ˤμؤΥ¿ĥäΤǡͤˤʤС
ѸˤֻȯЪΥˤĤƤϡspelling_pronunciation_gap ¿εǼ夲ƤȤ櫓ŪװˤĤƤϡ#62. ʤ֤ȯЪΥƤ椯Τ ([2009-06-28-2]) ǤޤȤϱѸֻˤĤƸԵ§μȡ줬ŪװܤƴϢվƹϡϢ뵭Υˤ夨롥
Ե§ظˤ
(1) ե٥åȤɽʸηϤɸ֤Ƥʾ1ʸ1פ٤ (see #1024)
(2) ֻ§㳰٤餺 (see #503)
(3) 1ĤñФ1Ĥηޤäֻ٤Ȥˡ (orthographyˤȯ (see ##53,54,194)
Ե§μ ]
(1) 1ĤʸˤФʣβ: <o> ɽ蘆벻ϡ<gh> ɽ蘆벻ϡ (see ##210,1195)
(2) 1ĤβФʣʸ: /iː/ ɽ魯ʸˤϡ/k/ ɽ魯ʸˤϡ (see #2205)
(3) ۻ (silent_letter): climb, indict, doubt, imbroglio, high, hour, marijuana, know, half, autumn, receipt, island, listen, isthmus, liquor, answer, plateaux, randezvous
(4) ֲθ: city/cities, swim/swimming, die/dying (see #1284)
(5) ֻΥꥨ: color/colour, center/centre, realize/realise, jail/gaol (see #94)
Ե§Ūװ ]
(1) ѸϡηϤΰۤʤƥɽΤ˺Ŭ줿ޥե٥åȤȤʸηϤڤꤿ (see ##423,1329,2092)
(2) Ѹϡ줫äȤȤֻηϤޤǼѤ (see #2162)
(3) ֻɸ礯Ѹֻ; (see ##562,1341,1812)
(4) ƻν̤νռʸˡ (graphotactics) (see ##91,223,446,1094,2227,2235)
(5) 츻Ūֻ (see etymological_respelling)
(6) ɽɽؤή (see ##1332,1386,1760,2043,2058,2059,2097,2312,2344)
(7) ϤҤѲ뤬ʸݼŪ (see ##15,2292)
(8) ֻɸಽδ֤ΰ (see ##1902,297,871,312)
(9) Ѽֻ֤֡ꥨ (see #ame_bre spelling)
(10) ֻפ (see spelling_reform)
ɬ
(1) ե٥åɽʸηϤñɽ뤿ˤȤ߹碌ñ̤ǤֻɽŪǤ
(2) 1ĤñФ1Ĥηޤäֻ٤Ȥˡȯۤϡ¿θˤƶʹߤħŪʹͤǤ (see #2392)
(3) ֻ§ˤ㳰¿ġ㳰¿Ū
̾ ϡرѸʸ֤ꡦȯΤߡ١ҡ2014ǯ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ݷʸ (hieroglyph) ϡʳγʸ (pictogram) ȯãȹͤ롤ʸ̾ͤ븶ʸǤ롥ʸθñ̤бƤ餺̩ˤпʸȤϤʤäơֳʸפȤƾΤΤΤμ̷ޤǤ롥ݷʸθñ̡ʺǽʸˤƤŵŪ˸ˤбƤ롤βΡɤߡפäƤ롤ȤߤΤǤ롥ݷʸ⡤¿ʤȤάƤȤϤ˻ʪɤäǤȤǡɤʸȶ̤뤬εεǽϳʸȷŪ˰ۤʤ뤳Ȥդ
ŵŪʾݷʸȤơҥ (hieroglyph) ȾΤ륨ץʸ褯ΤƤ롥ξܺ٤٤ʻϤޤ˳Ȥˤդ路η֤3000ǯĹˤ錄äƤۤȤѲƤʤȤ顤̤ˡֳʸפȾΤ뤬嵭餹ȳʸǤϤʤäʸݷʸȾΤ٤Ǥ롥ʸϤΤ褦ŵŪʾݷʸǤ뤳Ȥ顤Ѹ hieroglyph ϥץʸ˸¤餺ܸʸùʸʤɤޤơ˾ݷʸ̣ȤʤäƤ롥
ʲƣ (250--51) ǯɽȤˡݷʸ (hieroglyph)
| ץȡ | ɡ쥢 | Φ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ԻԹȤΩ3300 | ||||
| ץ첦īλϤޤꡤҥդλϤޤ3100 | ݷʸλϤޤ3100 | |||
| 3000 | ||||
| ץȸŲ2700--2200 | ||||
| ܸʸλϤޤ2600 | ||||
| ʸʸλѡ2500--1500 | ||||
| åɲ2350--2150 | ||||
| 2000 | ץ沦2000--1800ˡ쥿ʸ2000--1450 | |||
| ֲī18--1050 | ||||
| ʸA1700--1450ˡեȥס17 | Хӥ˥1830--1530 | |||
| ץȿ1570--1090 | ʥʸ16 | |||
| ҥåȾݷʸ1500--700ˡҥå1460--1200 | ||||
| ƥνס1370ˡʸB14--12 | ùʸ14--11 | |||
| ҥದʸ13 | ||||
| ī塤1120--256ˤΤȤ˶ʸλ | ||||
| 1000 | åꥢ1000--612 | |||
| ǥƥåλϤޤ700ˡץȡī663--525 | ||||
| ڥ륷6溢--330 | ||||
| ץȡץȥޥī323--30 | ||||
| 221--206ˤ˾信ʤդĤˤ俽ˤλϤޤ | ||||
| 1 | ܸʸν1 | |||
| ץʸλϤޤ200 | ܴʺδˤλϤޤʸ200ˡʸܤˤĤ200 | |||
| ҥդκǸ394 | ||||
| ǥƥåκǸ452 | ||||
| ޥʸޥʸλѡ6--10 | ||||
| 1000 | ||||
| ƥʸƥʸλѡ1220--1521 | ||||
| 1400--1533 | ||||
| ݥꥪҥդɡ1822 | ƥեȤܸʸɡ1802ˡܸʸɡ1835 | ùʸȯ1899 | ||
| ʥʸȯ1904--05ˡȥꥹʸB | ||||
| 2000 |
伫ʬѤ n-gram Ȥʬϼˡ롥ѥؤǤ⤹ǤˤߤγǰǤꡤɽ (collocation) θʤɤǤΤ褦Ѥ褦ˤʤäΥѥΥեˤƤѤƤꡤ#607. Google Books Ngram Viewer ([2010-12-25-1]) Ǥ̾˴ޤޤƤۤɤܥ֥Ǥ COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English) N-gram ǡ١Ѥơ#956. COCA N-Gram Search ([2011-12-09-1]) ƤʤαѤϡ#953. ƬƧ2।ǥ ([2011-12-06-1])#954. ӱƧ2।ǥ ([2011-12-07-1])#955. ʸϤ碌2।ǥ ([2011-12-08-1]) ȡˡBNC ǤϡExplore Words and Phrases from the BNC ѤǤ롥
ԥ塼ѤʬϼˡȤʹ뤬n-gram ιͤϻäñǤ롥ʸ٥ 2-gram (bigram) ͤƤߤ褦ĹαñȤ pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis (#63. پɤϱѸǺǤŤµ ([2009-06-30-1])) ˤȤ롥ޤƬ2ʸ1Ȥ pn Фˡ2ʸܤ˿ʤƱ褦 ne Ф3ʸܤ˿ʤ eu 4ʸܤ˿ʤ um 롥Ʊ褦ˡ1ʸıˤ餷ʤ顤Ǹ is ޤ2ʸ1ȤȽäƤ44Ȥ2ʸȤˤʤ롥ȤΤʤǡic co ȤȤ߹碌ϳơ3ꡤos, si, no, on Ȥ߹碌ϳơ2졤ʳȤ߹碌Ϥ1٤Ǥ롥äơñˤƺǹ٤2ʸ1Ȥ ic co Ȥʤ롥
n-gram ñ̤ϡΤ褦ʸǤɬפϤʤǤǤ褤礭ñ̤ǤǤǤ褯礭ʶʤɤΤ礭ñ̤Ǥ褤Ѹ쥳ѥؤǤϡȤñ̤ǹͤΤ̤Martin Luther King, Jr. I Have a Dream αΥƥȤǸñ̤ 4-gram ȡǤ¿4Ȥ߹碌ϡͽ̤ "I have a dream" 8"will be able to" Ʊ8롥"Let freedom ring from" 7Ȥ褯롤ʬϤǽȤʤ롥Ǥ4ȤפꤷΤ 4-gram ȸƤФ뤬ܤ뤤Ĥʸθ뤫ˤ 1-gram (unigram), 2-gram (bigram), 3-gram (trigram) 5-gram ʾͤ뤳ȤǤ1-gram ξ硤ꥹȤϡ¾ƸɽǤˡ
祳ѥ줿 2-gram 3-gram ΰϡ켫ΤɽθʤɤǤϴܥǡȤʤ뤿ᡤ־Ǥ⤤ȸƤ롥ܸǤN-gram ѥ - ܸ쥦֥ѥ 2010뤷ѸǤ COCA n-gram ǡ١ 롥ޤBigram Plus Ǥϡ˱Ѹ쥳ѥޤƼѸ쥳ѥ N-Gram Search Ԥʤ뵡ǽƤ롥ۤˤǤդΥƥȤ䥳ѥоݤ n-gram ƼΥġ䥽եȤ⡤־ǽ
n-gram ʬϤθʬؤαϰϤϹʲʸˤϲȤͽ¬ǽȤطᡤˤ벻ǧʬϡȽꡤưڥåõΡʸѥǥåκʤɤ˳Ѥ롥ɽθǤϡܤˤԲķμʤȤʤäƤ롥n-gram ϤäѤȤɽ̲줿ƥȤоݤȤؤˤ빽¤ˤޤä뤳ȤʤᡤʸˡΤ褦ʸ̤Ƚ褦ܤϡn-gram in Wikipedia ȡ
n-gram ϹǡޤޤȤƻꤽ˱ѸƥȤˤ⡤ѤƤ
ʸ嵭2015/09/12(Sat) Sketch Engine N-grams ⻲ȡ
ǯ11ΤȤˤʤ뤬Joe Gilbert ˤ20ʬΥɥ "English 3.0 on Vimeo" 줿饤ǴվޤǤ롥Tom Chatfield, David Crystal, Robert McCrum, Fiona McPherson, Simon Horobin Ȥä̾ΩбؤˤꡤͥåȻαѸθ⤵롥
netspeak ɽ롤ͥåȾѤαѸäơ֤ˤ͡ʤȤ館롥ѸϤȤŪʸΩĤ嵭νбԤϸ·ơǤϤʤˤˤƤĤλˤ֤ⷫƤѲˤʤȸڤ롥ͥåȤоˤѲ®ȤȤ䡤#1664. CMC (computer-mediated communication) ([2013-11-16-1]) Τ褦ʿ (medium) ȤϳΤΤ褦ʤȤ˾¾εѳκݤˤ⤪褽ƤȤǤꡤˤȤ鸫̤ǤϤʤȡ
μĥϡ褽4
(1) ͥåȤоˤѲ®Ƥ
(2) ͥåȱѸ˸άɽˤѸꤶƤ뤬ºݤˤϱѸڵϤʤ
(3) 礭ʵѳλˤϸ䤹ºݤƤ뤳Ȥϡ˿ʼդäȤȤǤꡤѶŪɾ٤
(4) 塤ŪʵϼȡޤĤĤ꼫ͳʸѤȤΤ襤
⤳μĥˤϤܻۤ롥1ĵˤʤΤϡ(1) θѲβ®ȤˤĤƤǤ롥ƱδѻԤȤơŪˤߤƤѸѲ® (speed_of_change) ȤľϤ뤬Ѳ®٤ȤϤ⤽ɤΤ褦˵ҴŪ˷¬ǤΤʤΤ®٤Ȥñ̻դѲ̤ΤȤǤ뤫顤ޤѲ̤¬뤳ȤǤʤФʤʤǤϡѲ̤¬ȤäȤˡ¬оݤϲˤʤΤѸθѲȰˤäƤ⡤ѸȤñ̤ɤɤޤǤʤΤɸѼ˸¤ΤԥޤǴޤΤҲŪƬˤ꤬뤷ޤѲɶäʤΤʤΤʸˡʤΤȤ⤢롥ˡѲ®٤ޤäƤʤɤȷ뤿ˤϡӤΤ˲ΤĤλˤѲ®٤˳ФƤʤФʤʤ
ƱǤ뤫餳ľäƤϤʤȤΤǤСˤѲβ®Ȥ̿ϡ䤹ȤƼƤϤʤʤΤ⤷ʤƱɥФ Wordorigins.org Υӥ塼Ǥ⡤̤γ٤Ѳ®٤ˤĤȽŪ˹ͻƤΤǡȤ줿
Ѹˤؤ־ͭѤϿ25ĤǷǺܤƤ륦֥ڡߤĤΤǾҲ𤷤25 maps that explain the English language ǤϡϿޤɽ魯ȤΤǤѸ˾νפ꤬夲Ƥꡤ줬褽¤٤Ƥ롥25ܤ̾ȴФƤߤ褦
1. Where English comes from
2. Where Indo-European languages are spoken in Europe today
3. The Anglo-Saxon migration
4. The Danelaw
5. The Norman Conquest
6. The Great Vowel Shift
7. The colonization of America
8. Early exploration of Australia
9. Canada
10. English in India
11. Tristan da Cunha
12. Countries with English as the official language
13. Which countries in Europe can speak English
14. Where people read English Wikipedia
15. Where new English words come from
16. How vocabulary changes based on what you're writing
17. Vocabulary of Shakespeare vs. rappers
18. Where English learners speak the language proficiently
19. Scores on the Test of English as a Foreign Language
20. Immigrants to the US are learning English more quickly than previous generations
21. Where Cockneys come from
22. Dialects and accents in Britain
23. North American vowel shift
24. American dialects
25. You guys vs. y'all
ܥ֥Ǥ⤳¿夲ƤΤǡϢ뵭ɤǸ줿ϿޤɽΤ褦ʻлˤĤƤ⡤ܥ֥ǤѶŪ˷ǺܤƤmap γƵ⤴
2֤ε#2251. Ullmann ˤ̣Ѳʬ ([2015-06-26-1])#2252. Waldron ˤ̣Ѳʬ ([2015-06-28-1]) ǰѡȤ Waldron ϡStern Ullmann ʤɤμפԸƧޤʤ顤̣ѲθˤĤƤƤ롥ˤĤƤβ餫οƶդäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ뤳ȤʤΤȤˤĤơ˻ͤˤʤŸƤ롥
We have now considered a number of factors which may contribute to change of meaning and it is not difficult to see why so many different schemes of semantic change have been proposed over the last 150 years and why there is so little agreement among scholars as to the correct classification of the phenomena. For behind every change of meaning there lies a chain of causation which can be analysed at a number of different levels --- e.g. material, social, psychological, logical --- and at each level we should get a different answer to the question 'Why did this word change its meaning?' The position of a statistician analysing (let us suppose) the causes of death in a certain community would be somewhat similar, unless he decided beforehand what sort of causes he was going to pay attention to. For at one level of analysis, every death might presumably be regarded as a case of heart stopped beating; at different levels of analysis such categories as drowning, overwork, carbon-monoxide poisoning, typhoid, and smoke-polluted atmosphere might all be acceptable as causes; but there would be no guarantee that each death would fit into one and only one aetiological category, unless the causes were all analysed at more or less the same level. The doctor who has to insert a cause of death on a death certificate uses one of a set of terms which classify the causes on a fairly consistent level of medical diagnosis; and in matters of such complexity no system of classification for causes is serviceable unless consistency of level is observed. This, of course, is a consequence of the indeterminateness of our concept of cause: every event has many different causes.
It is quite futile, therefore, for us to attempt to distinguish which sense-changes are due to linguistic causes and which to non-linguistic causes, or which are due to material causes and which to social causes; while it would perhaps be an exaggeration to contend that any change of meaning could be regarded as the consequence, immediate or remote, of any of the recognized causes, the various causal schemes undoubtedly show a good deal of overlapping.
̣Ѳθθͤλεˤʤ館Ǥ롥ʬϤΥ٥뤬͡ˤꤦʾ塤Ф븶ΤΤ¿¿ͤǤꡤޤФиߤ˽ŤʤäƤ뤳ȤǤ롥ɬŪ multiple causation ꤻʤȤˤʤ롥
ΤȤϡ̣ѲθˤȤɤޤ餺Ѳ̤θˤĤƤ⤤ػˤˤƤ⡤ѲθͳưŤʤõ뤳ȡˤˤĤƤϴࡹε롥ˤĤƤϡܥ֥ cat:language_change causation γƵȤ줿Ǥ⡤Ȥ櫓طΤȤưʲƤ (##442,1123,1173,1282,1549,1582,1584,1986,2123,2143,2151,2161)
#442. Ѳθ ([2010-07-13-1])
#1123. Ѳθ˸ء ([2012-05-24-1])
#1173. Ѳɬȶ ([2012-07-13-1])
#1282. ꥦˤ3ΰۤʤѲθ ([2012-10-30-1])
#1549. Why does language change? or Why do speakers change their language? ([2013-07-24-1])
#1582. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (2) ([2013-08-26-1])
#1584. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (3) ([2013-08-28-1])
#1986. Ѳ multiple causation 뤤 "synergy" ([2014-10-04-1])
#2123. Ѳڤ ([2015-02-18-1])
#2143. ѲˡָפϤʤ ([2015-03-10-1])
#2151. Ѳθ3ء ([2015-03-18-1])
#2161. Ҳ¤Ѳϸ칽¤ľܤȿǤʤ ([2015-03-28-1])
Waldron, R. A. Sense and Sense Development. New York: OUP, 1967.
ʥ University of British Columbia dzŤ줿 SHEL-9/DSNA-20 Conference (The 9th Studies in the History of the English Language Conference) ˻äƤȯɽ1ĤˡDCHP-2 ץȤ˴ؤ𤬤äDCHP-2 ȤϡŪ§ˤäԤޤ줿ʥˡμ Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles 2ǤǤ롥Ǥ1967ǯ˽ǤƤꡤ2013ǯˤŻҲ줿Τ DCHP-1 Ȥƥ־ǸƤ롥DCHP-2 UBC ΤȤʤäԻʤƤꡤ˶ŤƤ褦ʤΤǡ餺뤳ȤˤʤȯɽǤϡԻ˴ؤ UBC γʬŪ DCHP-2 ΥǥƤ줿ʤʤ¤ƤΤ褦
ȯɽǤϡʶˡ̣ˡ Canadianism ǤȤȤä Canadianism ȤߤʤΤȤˤĤơˤƤ绨ĤˤСʥǻѤѸǤʤꥫѸ졤ꥹѸ졤¾αѸѼΥѥоݤȤѤʥѤѸŪ˻ѤФäƤΤ Canadianism ȤߤʤȤˤӤƤ롥줾οͤϥդDzĻ벽졤ʣѥѤĹ꤬¤˳褫Ƥ褦Τ褦ʥդưפ褦ˤʤСѸѼ֤¿ŪӤ¥ʤ
ŪŪ Canadianism ȤߤʤƤˤĤƤϡ嵭ˤβǤȤ櫓ȽŪʸƤä졤ˤäƤ Canadianism ȤߤʤȤϤǤʤȤ뤳Ȥ⤢ȤCanadianism Ȥǧꤵ줿ΤˤĤƤϡѥŵηǺܤϤŪطʤˤĤƤܤҤܤ롥
DCHP-2 СʥѸ츦ƤߤĤȤϴְ㤤ʤʥѸ˸¤餺Ѹμ䥳ѥԻޤޤ赤ŤƤСѼ֤Ӥ⤷䤹ʤꡤʱѸ츦ƻϤǤ롥21ŪʱѸؤη1Ĥ
ޤΥץȤϡѼȤϲȤܼŪƸƤ뤹ƤƤ褦ˤפ롥 Canadianism ȤϲŪǤΤ뤤ϤҤȤ˼ҲŪǥŪˤǤʤΤLilles Τ褦˥ʥѸֿáפȤߤԤ⤤СºߤȼĥԤ⤤롥ϡCanadianism ˸¤餺Americanism, Britishism ʤɡ֡ˡפؤ -ism Τ٤Ƥ˴ؤǤ롥Ѽ (variety) ͤˤĤƤϡ#415. All linguistic varieties are fictions ([2010-06-16-1])#1373. variety Ȥϲ ([2013-01-29-1])#2116. ֱѸפεۣ ([2015-02-11-1]) ʤɤȤ줿
äơʥѸˤȳפˤĤƤϡ#313. Canadian English ([2010-03-06-1])#1733. Canada ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-24-1]) ⻲ȡ
Lilles, Jaan. "The Myth of Canadian English." English Today 62 (April 2000): 3--9, 17.
Ρ#2186. Webޥε֥ѥõѸαƺԡס ([2015-04-22-1]) ˰³520դǡּԡפޤWEBޥ Lingua ꡤ *
ϡʣΥѥѤ뤳Ȥ䤪⤷ФޤޤѸαƺȤ츫Ūˤ⡤ưŪ뤤̻Ū뤳ȤˤꡤʸĴޤ
ΤʤǤޤºݤˤϺΡּԡפǽҤ٤˻ˤϡäȾܤĴʤФʤޤѥѤơ㤨ФΤ褦ʸѲħȤ館뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤȤǽäƤ館СȤǼɮޤԡԤǻμɮôϴǤʹߤ³WEBޥ Lingua εˤܤХåʥСͭѤǤʲWEBޥ Lingua γƵؤΥʺǿǡˤĥäƤޤ
1. ʤѥ ֿܡ
2. Ѹ쥳ѥθĥ BNCweb Ƥߤ ԡ а桡
3. Ѹ쥳ѥθĥ BNCweb Ƥߤ ʸԡ а桡
4. Google ѥ˸ΩƤ ʿβʡ
5. פδáԡˡ ٺθ ʾӡͺϺ
6. פδáʸԡˡ ʾӡͺϺ
7. ѥѤŤƿΰ衧ե쥤 ʰ塡͡
8. ѥѤŤƿΰ衧ե쥤 ʰ塡͡
9. ؽԥѥȤϲ ʳҡΡ
10. ؽԥѥDzǤΤ ʳҡΡ
11. ѥ륳ѥβǽ ʿβʡ
12. ܸ쥳ѥ˸봷Ѷˡ ġץꥷ
13. ܸ쥳ѥ˸봷ѶѲǽ ġץꥷ
14. COCA Ȥäθ ġ͡
15. COCA Ȥäθ ġ͡
16. ѥäդõ롡 ڡ
17. ѥäդõ롡 ڡ
18. ؽԤäեѥȤäʬϡ1ɸ well, I mean, kind of, like λȤ ʻ
19. ؽԤäեѥȤäʬϡ2㤤ʪǤɽ ʻ
20. ǧθؤѤƥѥ̣õ롽 ëľ
21. ǧθؤѤƥѥ̣õ롽 ֻ졦ư ëľ
22. ѥõѸαƺԡ ġδ
23. ѥõѸαƺԡ ġδ
ʤμԤܤ gorgeous ˴ؤƤϡܥ֥ǤʲεǰäƤޤΤǤȤ
#476. That's gorgeous! ([2010-08-16-1])
#477. That's gorgeous! (2) ([2010-08-17-1])
#607. Google Books Ngram Viewer ([2010-12-25-1])
ޤѸʸˤ˽ˤĤƤ gender_difference γƵǰäƤޤä˸˽ȥѥѤȤơ#913. BNC ˤä˽Ĵ ([2011-10-27-1])
Ρ#2186. Webޥε֥ѥõѸαƺԡס ([2015-04-22-1]) ˰³520դǡּԡפޤWEBޥ Lingua ꡤ *
ϡʣΥѥѤ뤳Ȥ䤪⤷ФޤޤѸαƺȤ츫Ūˤ⡤ưŪ뤤̻Ū뤳ȤˤꡤʸĴޤ
ΤʤǤޤºݤˤϺΡּԡפǽҤ٤˻ˤϡäȾܤĴʤФʤޤѥѤơ㤨ФΤ褦ʸѲħȤ館뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤȤǽäƤ館СȤǼɮޤԡԤǻμɮôϴǤʹߤ³WEBޥ Lingua εˤܤХåʥСͭѤǤʲWEBޥ Lingua γƵؤΥʺǿǡˤĥäƤޤ
1. ʤѥ ֿܡ
2. Ѹ쥳ѥθĥ BNCweb Ƥߤ ԡ а桡
3. Ѹ쥳ѥθĥ BNCweb Ƥߤ ʸԡ а桡
4. Google ѥ˸ΩƤ ʿβʡ
5. פδáԡˡ ٺθ ʾӡͺϺ
6. פδáʸԡˡ ʾӡͺϺ
7. ѥѤŤƿΰ衧ե쥤 ʰ塡͡
8. ѥѤŤƿΰ衧ե쥤 ʰ塡͡
9. ؽԥѥȤϲ ʳҡΡ
10. ؽԥѥDzǤΤ ʳҡΡ
11. ѥ륳ѥβǽ ʿβʡ
12. ܸ쥳ѥ˸봷Ѷˡ ġץꥷ
13. ܸ쥳ѥ˸봷ѶѲǽ ġץꥷ
14. COCA Ȥäθ ġ͡
15. COCA Ȥäθ ġ͡
16. ѥäդõ롡 ڡ
17. ѥäդõ롡 ڡ
18. ؽԤäեѥȤäʬϡ1ɸ well, I mean, kind of, like λȤ ʻ
19. ؽԤäեѥȤäʬϡ2㤤ʪǤɽ ʻ
20. ǧθؤѤƥѥ̣õ롽 ëľ
21. ǧθؤѤƥѥ̣õ롽 ֻ졦ư ëľ
22. ѥõѸαƺԡ ġδ
23. ѥõѸαƺԡ ġδ
ʤμԤܤ gorgeous ˴ؤƤϡܥ֥ǤʲεǰäƤޤΤǤȤ
#476. That's gorgeous! ([2010-08-16-1])
#477. That's gorgeous! (2) ([2010-08-17-1])
#607. Google Books Ngram Viewer ([2010-12-25-1])
ޤѸʸˤ˽ˤĤƤ gender_difference γƵǰäƤޤä˸˽ȥѥѤȤơ#913. BNC ˤä˽Ĵ ([2011-10-27-1])
420դǡWEBޥ Lingua 졼Ϣܡdzؤ֥ѥѽˡμɮ֥ѥõѸαƺԡεǺܤޤϡΥ졼ϢܤȻεˤĤƾҲ𤷤ޤ *
Ϣܡּdzؤ֥ѥѽѡפϥѥѽ鿴ԸΥ˥Хǡ͡ʸظԤо줷פļŪ˥ѥѤˡ⤷Ƥ椯ǤǤ20εǺܤƤꡤѥδܤϤޤꡤƼΥѥξҲѤΥġ㸦桤˻ޤǡѥ˴Ϣ͡ʻǫ˲⤵ƤޤʲˡƵؤΥĥäƤޤ
1. ʤѥ ֿܡ
2. Ѹ쥳ѥθĥ BNCweb Ƥߤ ԡ а桡
3. Ѹ쥳ѥθĥ BNCweb Ƥߤ ʸԡ а桡
4. Google ѥ˸ΩƤ ʿβʡ
5. פδáԡˡ ٺθ ʾӡͺϺ
6. פδáʸԡˡ ʾӡͺϺ
7. ѥѤŤƿΰ衧ե쥤 ʰ塡͡
8. ѥѤŤƿΰ衧ե쥤 ʰ塡͡
9. ؽԥѥȤϲ ʳҡΡ
10. ؽԥѥDzǤΤ ʳҡΡ
11. ѥ륳ѥβǽ ʿβʡ
12. ܸ쥳ѥ˸봷Ѷˡ ġץꥷ
13. ܸ쥳ѥ˸봷ѶѲǽ ġץꥷ
14. COCA Ȥäθ ġ͡
15. COCA Ȥäθ ġ͡
16. ѥäդõ롡 ڡ
17. ѥäդõ롡 ڡ
18. ؽԤäեѥȤäʬϡ1ɸ well, I mean, kind of, like λȤ ʻ
19. ؽԤäեѥȤäʬϡ2㤤ʪǤɽ ʻ
20. ǧθؤѤƥѥ̣õ롽 ëľˡʢ2015/05/18(Mon)˥ɲá
21. ǧθؤѤƥѥ̣õ롽 ֻ졦ư ëľˡʢ2015/05/18(Mon)˥ɲá
22. ѥõѸαƺԡ ġδ
23. ѥõѸαƺԡ ġδˡʢ2015/05/21(Thu)˥ɲá
νϡѥѤƱѸαƺˤĤƹͤ褦Ȥݤǡߤϸ奤ꥹѸȸ奢ꥫѸζŪӤǤ2ѼоȤäƤŪطʤ̻Ūʻ礫ʤȤȤĴƤޤϡִԡפǤäơѸαƺäƤνƺĴѤǤ륳ѥҲ𤷤Ƥޤ
ʲΥ졼Ϣܤεȹ碌ɤͭѤȻפܥ֥ε˥ĥޤۤˤ⥳ѥѤˤĤƤ corpus εѸαƺˤĤƤ ame_bre ε⤴Ȥ
#1730. AmE-BrE 2006 Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-21-1])
#1739. AmE-BrE Diachronic Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-30-1])
#1743. ICE Frequency Comparer ([2014-02-03-1])
#428. The Brown family of corpora Ѿա ([2010-06-29-1])
#607. Google Books Ngram Viewer ([2010-12-25-1])
#517. ICE 7ϰѼ拾ѥ ([2010-09-26-1])
#1278. BNC 濴Ȥ륳ѥϢΥ ([2012-10-26-1])
#307. ѥѤ ([2010-02-28-1])
#367. ѥѤ (2) ([2010-04-29-1])
#368. ѥϸβǽ ([2010-04-30-1])
#240. ֻαƺ礭 ([2009-12-23-1])
#244. ֻαƺΥꥹȡ ([2009-12-27-1])
#312. ʸˡαƺ ([2010-03-05-1])
#315. ꥹѸϥꥫѸ٤ݼŪ ([2010-03-08-1])
#357. American English or British English? ([2010-04-19-1])
#627. 2Ѽ֤̻ӤˤäŪۤ ([2011-01-14-1])
#628. 2Ѽ֤̻ӤˤäŪۤ (2) ([2011-01-15-1])
#677. Ѹˤˡưο ([2011-03-05-1])
#880. ˤ⥤ꥹѸ졤ˤ⥢ꥫѸñ ([2011-09-24-1])
#1010. ѸαƺˤĤ Martinet ΰ ([2012-02-01-1])
#1221. ˡ ([2012-08-30-1])
#1304. ꥫѸΡݼס ([2012-11-21-1])
#1331. äαƺ뤿νѸ ([2012-12-18-1])
#1343. ѸαƺʼȤȯȸáˡ ([2012-12-30-1])
Υ졼ϢܵϡִԡפǤϡּԡפǺܤͽǤ
ߥꡦ饤俷ʹˡؤȯ˥塼 Chuo Online 롥Τʤ Chuo Online شƤ֥ʸΩŪ˻ꤹε2014ǯ1016դǸ줿ΤǡؿΤϤȤ礦ɺαѸ˳μȤǡαѸǤȤ⤤ѸΥ (inkhorn_term) ˤĤƼ夲äΤǡȤƤ⥿ָ˵αѸǤͽꡥ *
Ƶ˴ϢƤܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤夲ƤΤʤΤǡط볰ȹ碌ơε˥ĥäƤ
ʸģˤʿ25ǯֹ˴ؤĴ
#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1])
#296. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ ([2010-02-17-1])
#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])
#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1])
#609. 켭17 ([2010-12-27-1])
#845. Ѹθäεȳ ([2011-08-20-1])
#1067. Ѹȸܸθüѡ ([2012-03-29-1])
#1202. Ѹθäεȳ (2) ([2012-08-11-1])
#1408. ([2013-03-05-1])
#1410. Ƚ ([2013-03-07-1])
#1411. Ѹä "oversea language" ([2013-03-08-1])
#1493. Ѹʤ̱ ([2013-05-29-1])
#1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ ([2013-07-01-1])
#1606. Ѹ캹̡ѸƸ ([2013-09-19-1])
#1615. 礹ߡ2 ([2013-09-28-1])
#1616. ʸ礹ߡ2 ([2013-09-29-1])
#1617. ܸˤ볰 ([2013-09-30-1])
#1624. Ѹΰ ([2013-10-07-1])
#1629. ([2013-10-12-1])
#1630. 졤ʸ졤ץ ([2013-10-13-1])
#1645. ܸθʬۡ ([2013-10-28-1]) Ȥĥä
#1869. ܸˤʩá ([2014-06-09-1])
#1896. ܸäθ ([2014-07-06-1])
#1927. ʩ ([2014-08-06-1])
ʸ嵭2014/10/30(Thu)ѸǤε *
߷ΡǤɤѸˡ٤Ͽ (195--96) ˡطΥ֥ȤؤΥܤäƤΤǡʲ˥ȤȤȤĥĤƤ
Anglo-Saxon Bible: űѸ줿ΥƥȤΡʤȯӾˡ
StudyLight.org: إٰʹߤ40ĶΥƥȤ
Bible Study Tools.com: ΤۤʩʤɤƥȽޤޤʸǤ롥
oremus Bible Browser: إॺ١ؿɸ٤ʤɤΥƥȽ
BibleGateway.com: 40ĶΥƥȤޤѸʳϥ磻ԥѸƤ롥
Schoenberg Center for electronic Text & Image: ƹΥڥ˥ؿۤ Schoenberg Center for Electronic Text & Image Υȡ1611ǯ˴Ԥ줿إॺ٤β뤳ȤǤ롥
Bible: King James Version: إॺ٤ˤĤƤޤޤʸǤ롥
Bible Search: ꥫΥȡƹϤƥȽ
The Holy Bible --- Bible in Basic English: إ١åå٤ΥƥȽ
ۤˡ#1429. Ѹˤ˴Ϣ BL μ ([2013-03-26-1]) ڤӡ#1847. BL ȤDZǤѸܤβ ([2014-05-18-1]) Υ⻲Ȥ줿طΤΤƷǤƤ
Cotton MS Nero D IV, Lindisfarne Gospels
Cotton MS Claudius B IV, Old English Hexateuch (imperfect)
The Lindisfarne Gospels: ܲܤäɤ륵ӥ⤢ꡥ
William Tyndale's New Testament: ܲ
King James Bible: ܲܤäɤ륵ӥ⤢ꡥ
Bible in Basic English: #1705. Basic English ǽ줿ä ([2013-12-27-1]) ⻲ȡ
߷ ⡡ǤɤѸˡ١罤۽Ź2013ǯ
ε#1846. Pearl Υ֡ ([2014-05-17-1]) ܤ˴ؤ륪饤õƤǡBritish Library Digitised Manuscripts Search our Catalogue Archives and Manuscripts ˹ԤäؿΤѸμܲƤߤȡ⤳ƤΤȯ롥
BL ˤ⤦1ĤκǿμܲؤΥȤƤϡBL Medieval and Earlier Digitised Manuscripts Master List 10.04.13. (XLS) ͭΥ顤Ȥ櫓ѸμܤȤƽפȻפΤؤΥȴФΤǡʲˤޤȤƤ
Add MS 40165 A, Cyprian epistles and Old English Martyrology fragments
Add MS 59678, Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur
Add MS 60577, Miscellany of verse and prose (the 'Winchester Anthology')
Add MS 61823, The Book of Margery Kempe
Arundel MS 57, Michael of Northgate, Ayenbite of Inwyt
Cotton MS Claudius B IV, Old English Hexateuch (imperfect)
Cotton MS Cleopatra C VI, Ancrene Riwle; songs and prayers; a leaf from a Book of Hours
Cotton MS Nero D IV, Lindisfarne Gospels
Cotton MS Vespasian A I, The Vespasian Psalter
Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, Augustine of Hippo, Soliloquia; Marvels of the East; Beowulf; Judith, etc.
Harley MS 2253, Miscellany of English, French, and Latin works ('The Harley Lyrics')
Harley MS 4866, Thomas Hoccleve, The Regiment of Princes
Harley MS 7334, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales
Royal MS 14 C IX, Ranulph Higden's Polychronicon
Royal MS 7 D X, The Prayerbook of Princess Elizabeth
ϡ#1429. Ѹˤ˴Ϣ BL μ ([2013-03-26-1])#1431. Gelderen αѸ˳Υ ([2013-03-28-1])#1293. Sir Orfeo δϢȡ ([2012-11-10-1])#744. Auchinleck MS ν ([2011-05-11-1]) ˤĥäƤΤǡ碌ƻȤ줿
ʸ Pearl Andrew and Waldron ǤɤǤ롥Cleanness, patience, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ȤȤ̵̾λͤˤä14Ⱦǽ줿ʤǤ롥 British Library MS Cotton Nero A.x ˤΤ߸¸̾ʤ
ܤʤɴϢ¿뤳ȤǤ뤬ʲǤϼȤƥ־ΥإĥäƤ
[ Żҥƥ ]
Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse ꡤ1953ǯ (Pearl. Ed. E. V. Gordon. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953) ˴Ť Digitised Text of Pearl ǽ
TEAMS: Middle English Texts Υƥ Pearl by Robbins Library Digital Projects ǤϡʸȤȤ˸դƤ롥Pearl: Introduction ΥڡǤϡȥȴϢ롥
Pearl by Bill Stanton ǤϡȥΤۤʸȸѸŻҥƥȤǤ롥
[ ܲ ]
The Cotton Nero A.x Project ΥȤ Browse the Manuscript Images ꡤPearl Manuscript βեDZ뤳ȤǤ롥
[ Ϣ ]
Entry for "Pearl" in Middle English Compendium HyperBibliography
ˤ Cotton Nero A.x. Project ꡤWeb Resources for Pearl-poet Study: A Vetted Selection Ȥͭѡ
Pearl (poem) by Wikipedia Ǥϡ郎Ωġ
Ǹˡ饤 MED ѤơPearl ΰѤޤȥؤΥֹ¤٤ƤΤǡƥȤɤߤʤθȤƻȤ롥A Pearl Glossary Derived from MED Entries ꥢ
Andrew, Malcolm and Ronald Waldron, eds. The Poems of the Pearl Manuscript. 3rd ed. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2002.
ɸƤˡϢεإĥäƤ
#251. IPAΥ㡼ȡ ([2010-01-03-1])
#669. ȯɽȱѸˡ ([2011-02-25-1])
#822. IPA άˡ ([2011-07-28-1])
#1376. ﴱοޡ ([2013-02-01-1])
#31. ѸλҲβǡ ([2009-05-29-1])
Ǥϡءʲ IPA 2005ǯ (PDF; 58KB) ٵήʡ#1672. ή ([2013-11-24-1]) ȡˤˤҲɽǡԤϤ줾첿ɽ路Ƥ

ޤĴ (place of articulation) ɽ路üο鱦üޤǡƻγƴﴱб롥βȤȤ館Ф褤
ԤĴͼ (manner of articulation) ɽ路夫鲼ء褽ƵФ˸٤ι⤤Τ¤Ǥ롥˸μ8Ĥ˶ʬƤ뤬ˤ¤ϰ롥ϡƣ (21) ˤޤߤаʬμ˱ѸĤĤġοޤƸ褦
θϲ (plosive)
ˡ
ɡ (nasal)
ĺĤΡդ뤨դ뤨 (trill)
ϤϤ (tap or flap)
Ū (fricative)
ࡡ
¦̡Ū (lateral fricative)
˷֤ĤΡ
Ūܶ (approximant)
ܡᡡ
¦̡Ūܶ (lateral approximant)
#485. 츻Τ뤿Υ饤 ([2010-08-25-1]) ǿ줿American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed. (AHD) Ȥ¾μ˴Ť The Free Dictionary Ȥ饤롥AHD ϡꥫμ餷ɴʻŵŪʾл˭٤ǡ褯ȤμǤ緿ɤ༭ȤƤǤ롥ʤʤThe Free Dictionary Encyclopedia Article of the Day Ȥեɤ⤪ꡥ
äܤΤNotes ȸƤФ륳Ūʵ¤Ƥ뤳ȤUsage Notes, Synonym Notes, Word Histories, Our Living Language, Regional Notes Ȥä5 Notes 1,700ʾ塤ˤФƤ롥ʲǤϡꤳܤ⤢Ȥϻפ뤬¿ؤΥФĹꥹȤʤΤǡפΤܼƤ
Usage Notes
Synonym Notes
Word Histories
Our Living Language
Regional Notes
ۤˤ⡤ Notes ʬΤߤȴФ Notes ΤΤ֥饦DZǤ褦˺äƤߤ1.6MBȽŤʤΤǡɬפ˱Ƥɤ
[ Usage Notes ]
!Kung, -ee, -ess, -wise, .gov, a, A.M., aberrant, able, about, absolute, absolutely, accessory, acquiesce, act, acumen, ad hominem, admission, adopt, advance, advise, affect, affinity, agenda, aggravate, ain't, alibi, all, all right, alleged, allude, alongside, also, alternative, although, altogether, alumnus, Amerasian, Amerindian, and, and/or, Anglo, anticipate, antidote, anxious, any, anyone, apparent, archetype, as, as far as, Asian, Asiatic, assure, author, awhile, backward, bad, bait, baleful, banal, barbarism, barbiturate, be, bear, because, behalf, berdache, besides, best, between, bi-, black, Black English, blatant, boast, both, bring, but, callous, can, cannot, capital, careen, celebrant, celibate, center, certain, challenged, Chicano, child-directed speech, claustrophobic, cohort, collective noun, color, colored, compact disk, compare, complected, complement, complete, comprise, conflicted, contact, contemporary, continuance, contrast, controller, convince, council, couple, craft, credential, credible, crescendo, criterion, critique, culture, czar, dare, data, deaf, debut, deceptively, decimate, definite, demagogue, denote, depend, deprecate, dialogue, different, dilemma, disabled, discomfit, disingenuous, disinterested, disinvent, distinct, dive, domestic partner, double negative, doubt, dour, drunk, due to, each, each other, either, elder, else, empower, enervate, enormity, enthuse, envelope, epicenter, epithet, equal, err, escape, Eskimo, Eurasian, every, everyplace, except, exceptionable, fact, factoid, farther, February, few, finalize, First Nation, firstly, flammable, flaunt, flotsam, follow, foot, foregone, former, formidable, forte, fortuitous, founder, fulsome, fun, gambit, gay, gender, General American, get, glamour, good, gourmet, government, graduate, graffito, grieve, group, grow, handicapped, hang, harass, hardly, harebrained, have, he, headquarter, headquarters, healthy, hegemony, height, help, herb, hero, Hispanic, historic, hoi polloi, holocaust, homosexual, hopefully, host, however, hyphenated, I, identical, identify, if, impact, impeach, important, impracticable, include, Indian, individual, infer, infinite, infrastructure, input, insignia, intense, interface, intrigue, intuit, Inuit, ironic, irregardless, its, Jew, Jewess, kabbalah, Kanaka, kilometer, knot, kudos, lack, lady, late, Latina, lay, leave, legend, liable, lifestyle, light, like, likely, literally, literate, loan, look, majority, man, master, masterful, materialize, mean, medium, men, methodology, mid-, migrate, minimal, mistress, momentarily, month, moot, Ms., mute, mutual, myriad, myself, native, Native American, nauseous, need, neither, Net, none, nonstandard, nonwhite, nor, not, nothing, nuclear, number, oblivious, octoroon, of, off, officiate, often, old, on, one, only, or, oriental, ought, over-, pair, paradigm, parameter, participle, party, pass, people, percent, percentage, perfect, periodic, permit, person, peruse, phenomenon, pill bug, plead, plus, politics, poor, possessed, practicable, practically, precipitate, premiere, preposition, presently, principal, prioritize, process, protagonist, prove, quarter, queer, quick, quote, race, rarely, rather, redundancy, regard, replete, repulse, responsible, restive, sacrilegious, safe sex, said, salutation, same, saving, scarcely, schism, Scottish, seasonal, series, service, set, shall, she, short-lived, should, slow, sneak, so, so-called, someday, sometime, sonorous, soon, split infinitive, Standard English, status, staunch, stomp, stratum, strength, such, suffer, than, that, themed, there, they, this, Three Age system, thusly, tight, till, together, too, tortuous, toward, transpire, try, un-, unaware, unexceptionable, unique, utilize, various, verbal, very, victual, virtual, wake, want, way, we, wean, web, website, well, what, whatever, when, whence, where, which, who, whose, why, wish, with, wreak, Xmas, ye, yet, zoology
[ Synonym Notes ]
ability, abolish, abstinence, abuse, accidental, accompany, acknowledge, active, adapt, admonish, adulterate, advance, adventurous, advice, advise, affair, affect, affectation, afflict, afraid, ageless, agitate, agree, aim, airy, allocate, alone, amateur, ambiguous, ambush, amenity, amiss, amuse, analyze, ancestor, anger, angry, announce, annoy, answer, anxiety, apology, apparent, appear, appendage, applaud, appoint, appreciate, apprehend, appropriate, approve, arbitrary, argue, argument, argumentative, arrange, art, artificial, ask, assent, assistant, attack, attribute, authentic, authorize, average, aware, band, banish, banter, bargain, barrage, base, baseless, batter, bear, beat, beautiful, beg, begin, beginning, behavior, belief, belligerent, bend, beneficial, benefit, benevolent, besiege, bet, bias, binge, bite, bitter, blackball, blackout, blame, blameworthy, blast, blemish, blink, block, bloom, blunder, boast, bodily, boil, book, boor, border, boring, botch, branch, brave, brawl, breach, break, breeze, bright, broach, broad-minded, brood, brush, bulge, bulwark, burden, burdensome, burn, business, busy, cadge, calculate, call, calm, campaign, care, careful, careless, caress, caricature, catch, cause, celebrity, center, certain, certainty, chafe, chance, charge, charm, chief, choice, chronic, circumference, citizen, claim, clean, clear, clever, cliché, clothe, coagulate, cold, collision, comfort, comfortable, comment, commit, common, complete, complex, conceit, condemn, conduct, confidence, confirm, conflict, confuse, consider, contain, contaminate, contemporary, continual, convert, convey, cool, correct, corrupt, count, crisis, criticize, crowd, crude, cruel, crush, cry, cure, curious, dark, daze, dead, decay, deceive, decide, decision, decisive, decrease, decry, defeat, defend, defer, defy, degrade, delicate, delicious, demand, demote, deny, dependent, deplete, depressed, describe, desire, despise, despondent, development, deviation, devote, dexterous, dialect, dictate, dictatorial, differ, difference, difficulty, dip, dirty, disadvantage, disappear, discord, discourage, discover, discuss, disguise, disgust, dishonest, dismay, dismiss, display, disposition, dissuade, distinct, distort, distribute, doctrine, dominant, dry, dull, earn, easy, eat, echo, effect, effective, eject, elaborate, element, elevation, eliminate, embarrass, emphasis, empty, enclose, encourage, endanger, enemy, engagement, enmity, enormous, enrapture, envy, equipment, erase, escape, estimate, estrange, evoke, exaggerate, example, excel, excessive, existence, expect, explain, explicit, expressive, extemporaneous, extricate, fair, faithful, faithless, fantastic, fashion, fashionable, fast, fasten, fat, fatal, favorable, fawn, fear, feat, feeling, female, fertile, fidelity, field, figure, flagrant, flash, flexible, flirt, flock, flourish, flow, follow, foolish, forbid, force, foreign, foretell, forgive, form, forte, found, fragile, fragrance, frank, freedom, frighten, frown, function, furnish, futile, gather, gaudy, gaze, general, gesture, ghastly, giddy, glad, glib, gossip, gracious, grand, graphic, grieve, gruff, guide, habit, hamper, handle, happen, happy, harass, hard, harden, haste, hateful, healthy, heap, heavy, help, heritage, hesitate, hide, hinder, honor, humane, idea, ideal, imagination, imitate, immaterial, impetuous, importance, impression, improper, improve, inactive, incalculable, incisive, incline, include, increase, indicate, indispensable, infinite, inflexible, injustice, innate, inquiry, insanity, instinctive, insubordinate, intelligent, intense, intention, interfere, intimidate, introduce, irrelevant, isolate, item, jealous, jerk, join, joke, judge, justify, keep, kind, knowledge, lack, large, last, latent, lazy, lean, learned, lethargy, letter, level, liberal, lie, lift, likeness, limit, limp, living, logical, loose, loud, love, lure, luxury, makeshift, male, malign, malleable, manipulate, mark, mature, living, logical, mercy, method, meticulous, mind, miscellaneous, mix, mixture, moderate, moment, monopolize, mood, moral, morale, moving, multitude, muscular, mysterious, naive, native, nautical, neat, negligent, new, news, noise, noted, noticeable, nuance, nurture, object, oblige, observe, obstacle, obstinate, occurrence, offend, offensive, offer, old, opinion, opportunity, oppose, opposite, orderly, origin, outline, overthrow, pacify, pain, palliate, pamper, partner, passion, pathetic, patience, pause, pedantic, penitence, pensive, perceptible, perfect, perform, period, periodic, permission, persuade, phase, pity, plain, plan, plausible, please, plentiful, poisonous, polite, poor, possible, posture, practice, praise, predicament, predict, predilection, preliminary, presume, prevailing, prevent, produce, proficient, profuse, promise, proportion, propose, proud, provoke, prudence, pull, punish, pure, push, puzzle, quality, qualm, quibble, range, reach, real, reap, reason, recede, reciprocate, reckless, recover, refer, refrain, refuse, regard, regret, relevant, reliable, relieve, religious, relinquish, rely, remember, reparation, repeat, replace, represent, resort, responsible, restrain, revere, reverse, revive, rich, ridicule, right, rise, rival, room, rough, rude, ruin, rural, sad, sarcastic, satisfy, save, saying, scatter, scold, secret, see, seem, send, sensuous, sentimental, separate, series, serious, severe, shade, shake, shameless, shapeless, sharp, shelter, shorten, shout, show, showy, shrewd, shy, sign, silent, sinister, slant, sleek, slide, sloppy, slow, small, smell, social, solitude, solve, sour, spacious, sparing, speak, speed, spend, spontaneous, stain, standard, state, stay, steal, steep, stem, stench, stiff, still, stoop, stop, strange, streak, strength, subject, substance, sufficient, suggest, summit, superfluous, supervise, support, supposed, sure, surprise, surrender, surround, swerve, swing, tact, tardy, task, taste, teach, tear, teem, temporary, tend, tendency, theoretical, think, think, tight, tire, tireless, tool, touch, treat, trial, trivial, trouble, trust, truth, turn, ugly, uncertainty, unctuous, unfortunate, unruly, unspeakable, urgent, use, usual, vain, valid, vent, versatile, vertical, victory, vigor, vociferous, voluntary, voracious, wander, waste, way, weak, weird, wet, whole, wile, wit, wonder, wordy, work, yield, young, zest
[ Word Histories ]
abacus, abracadabra, accolade, acorn, adder, adolescent, agnostic, alcohol, Allegheny River, alligator, amateur, Amazon, an, anesthesia, appendicitis, arena, arrowroot, artery, artichoke, Aryan, asparagus, assassin, automatic, avocado, baby-sit, badger, ballyhoo, banquet, barnacle, bayonet, beef, belfry, berserk, Betelgeuse, bigot, bless, Bolshevik, book, boomerang, boycott, Brazil, brickbat, broker, buccaneer, buffalo, bumpkin, bury, butterfly, bylaw, Canada, canter, cappuccino, caricature, carouse, casino, caterpillar, caviar, chagrin, chameleon, chaperon, check, Chicago, china, chivalry, chortle, churl, ciao, circus, cleric, cockroach, codex, cologne, comet, comrade, coroner, cot, coupon, coward, crayfish, croissant, crucial, cuckold, cushy, cute, cynic, dandelion, debunk, deer, delta, dervish, desert, diabetes, diatribe, digitalis, dinner, dirge, ditto, do-gooding, Don River, drench, dress, dungeon, dynamite, easel, economy, edit, eleven, empty, encyclopedia, English, ennui, enthusiasm, erudite, ethnic, eunuch, exorcise, fascism, fear, fee, fellow, fey, fiction, film, fire, fizzle, flunky, fool, fornication, fraction, freeze, friend, fuck, funky, garage, gauntlet, geezer, gerrymander, giddy, glitch, goatee, goodbye, gorilla, Gothic, grass widow, Greenland, gremlin, gringo, guillotine, hall, hamburger, harlot, hassle, haywire, hectic, helicopter, hell, helpmate, hex, high muckamuck, hobnob, holocaust, hooker, Hoosier, hubbub, husband, iconoclast, ilk, impeach, industry, inkling, interloper, internecine, island, item, janitor, Japan, jaunty, junk, kangaroo, ketchup, kidnap, kiosk, kith and kin, laconic, landscape, larva, lava, lemon, leprechaun, lieutenant, limbo, lingo, lion, loaf, lobster, long-lived, lucre, macabre, maharajah, malaprop, mannequin, mantis, marshal, mascot, mattress, mealy-mouthed, Melba toast, menu, mesmerism, metal, midwife, milquetoast, Minnesota, misericord, Mississippi, modern, mortgage, mosquito, Muse, mutt, namby-pamby, nap, naughty, neighbor, nerd, nest, New Jersey, noise, nonchalant, numb, OK, ombudsman, one, opossum, orange, orgy, oscillate, otorhinolaryngology, Ouse River, outlaw, oyez, Pakistan, pal, pant, paradise, pariah, pay, peeping Tom, penthouse, period, petard, Philistine, pickle, pilot, plane, Platonic, plumber, Plymouth, poison, pollster, Pomerania, posh, posthumous, powwow, premise, pretzel, prison, prude, Pueblo, Punjab, Quaalude, quark, queen, queue, quiz, raid, rajah, rankle, rapt, read, reindeer, resent, rhinestone, Riot Act, robot, role, rose, roster, rune, sack, salad, sanction, sanguine, Sanskrit, sarcophagus, scan, scarce, scold, scuba, séance, seersucker, senile, serendipity, shadow, shambles, sherbet, short shrift, shyster, Singapore, slave, sleuth, slivovitz, soldier, soothsayer, Sophocles, south, speak, speed, spill, spoof, spree, stampede, stove, sunbeam, superman, surly, syphilis, taboo, tangerine, tattoo, tea, telephone, temple, testis, testy, Thames, theater, they, third, ticket, tin, tithe, toady, Tokyo, tomato, tooth, trek, trivial, true, tulip, tweed, tycoon, typhoon, umpire, underling, uranium, valentine, vegetable, vixen, vogue, vulgar, Wales, wallflower, war, water, Wednesday, went, werewolf, whiskey, whore, wigwam, window, winsome, worry, write, xylophone, Yankee, Zeus, zipper, zloty
[ Our Living Language ]
a-, agreement, all, as far as, ax, bad, basket case, be, breathe, call, cent, chill, comparative, cool, dig, downsize, dude, dumb, foot, geek, go, gung ho, hisself, historical present, hornswoggle, I'm, igg, it, izzard, knockout, like, me, might, mine, Ocracoke Island, of, plural, rap, redundancy, rent, right, schlock, sleigh, Smith Island, strike, trashed, were, za, zero copula
[ Regional Notes ]
absquatulate, agin, andiron, anymore, as, bare-naked, beignet, birth, bodacious, boughten, cayuse, chaw, chesterfield, chirren, clever, critter, damned, dogie, dope, dornick, dragonfly, drudge, everwhere, fair, faubourg, favor, feist, ferninst, fix, frosting, frying pan, gallery, goober, greasy, gum band, gunnysack, gutter, hey, highfalutin, holler, hosey, intervale, johnnycake, juke, kindling, krewe, krumkake, lagniappe, light bread, lightning bug, loblolly, luminaria, milk shake, mill, mozo, mud dauber, muffuletta, need, neutral ground, Old Scratch, old-field colt, olla, parking, pocosin, poke, pone, possum, powerful, preacher, purty, quoit, ramada, redd, reeling, run, scoot, shivaree, slatch, smart, so, spa, stateside, stob, stoop, submarine, summercater, tarnation, ted, teeter-totter, thataway, tit, tonic, tule, tumbleset, ugly, ukulele, vaquero, vum, wake, wanigan, whiffletree, woodchuck, yonder, you-all, you-uns
Shakespeare ȤκʤˤĤƤϡΤ̤ꡤʸѤ롥ǯɽפत¿뤬Crystal and Crystal Ŭȴ褷ΤĤܤƤʤCrystal and Crystal μפθˤʤäƤǡ١ϡShakespeare's Words ꥢǤ롥¾ Shakespeare ϢΥˤĤƤϡ#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1]) ȡ
(1) Chronology of works (Crystal and Crystal 6)
| 1590--91 | The Two Gentlemen of Verona; The Taming of the Shrew |
| 1591 | Henry VI Part II; Henry VI Part III |
| 1592 | Henry VI Part I (perhaps with Thomas Nashe); Titus Andronicus (perhaps with George Peele) |
| 1592--3 | Richard III; Venus and Adonis |
| 1593--4 | The Rape of Lucrece |
| 1594 | The Comedy of Errors |
| 1594--5 | Love's Labour's Lost |
| by 1595 | King Edward III |
| 1595 | Richard II; Romeo and Juliet; A Midsummer Night's Dream |
| 1596 | King John |
| 1596--7 | The merchant of Venice; Henry IV Part I |
| 1597--8 | The Merry Wives of Windsor; Henry IV Part II |
| 1598 | Much Ado About Nothing |
| 1598--9 | Henry V |
| 1599 | Julius Caesar |
| 1599--1600 | As You Like It |
| 1600--1601 | Hamlet; Twelfth Night |
| by 1601 | The Phoenix and Turtle |
| 1602 | Troilus and Cressida |
| 1593--1603 | The Sonnets |
| 1603--4 | A Lover's Complaint; Sir Thomas More; Othello |
| 1603 | Measure for Measure |
| 1604--5 | All's Well that Ends Well |
| 1605 | Timon of Athens (with Thomas Middleton) |
| 1605--6 | King Lear |
| 1606 | Macbeth (revised by Middleton); Antony and Cleopatra |
| 1607 | Pericles (with George Wilkins) |
| 1608 | Coriolanus |
| 1609 | The Winter's Tale |
| 1610 | Cymbeline |
| 1611 | The Tempest |
| 1613 | Henry VIII (with John Fletcher); Cardenio (with John Fletcher) |
| 1613--14 | The Two Noble Kinsmen (with John Fletcher) |
| good | 3995 |
| lord | 3164 |
| man | 3091 |
| love | 3047 |
| sir | 2548 |
| know | 2252 |
| give | 2114 |
| think/thought | 1911 |
| king | 1680 |
| speak | 1626 |
| Poetry (%) | No. of lines | Prose (%) | No. of lines | Play |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100 | 2752 | 0 | 0 | Richard II |
| 100 | 2569 | 0 | 0 | King John |
| 100 | 2493 | 0 | 0 | King Edward III |
| 99.7 | 2892 | 0.3 | 8 | Henry VI Part III |
| 99.5 | 2664 | 0.5 | 14 | Henry VI Part I |
| 98.6 | 2479 | 1.4 | 35 | Titus Andronicus |
| 97.6 | 3517 | 2.4 | 85 | Richard III |
| 97.4 | 2735 | 2.6 | 74 | Henry VIII |
| 94.5 | 2641 | 5.5 | 154 | The Two Noble Kinsmen |
| 93.5 | 1948 | 6.5 | 135 | Macbeth |
| 90.1 | 2208 | 9.9 | 244 | Julius Caesar |
| 89.8 | 2718 | 10.2 | 308 | Antony and Cleopatra |
| 86.9 | 2610 | 13.1 | 393 | Romeo and Juliet |
| 86.6 | 1543 | 13.4 | 239 | The Comedy of Errors |
| 85.2 | 2808 | 14.5 | 487 | Cymbeline |
| 83.7 | 2580 | 16.3 | 503 | Henry VI Part II |
| 81.2 | 1903 | 18.8 | 441 | Pericles |
| 80.6 | 2076 | 19.4 | 498 | The Taming of the Shrew |
| 80.6 | 1713 | 19.4 | 413 | A Midsummer Night's Dream |
| 80.4 | 2599 | 19.6 | 633 | Othello |
| 78.6 | 2025 | 21.4 | 551 | The Merchant of Venice |
| 77.2 | 2571 | 22.8 | 760 | Coriolanus |
| 76.5 | 1569 | 23.5 | 481 | The Tempest |
| 73.2 | 2181 | 26.8 | 800 | The Winter's Tale |
| 73.1 | 2345 | 26.9 | 865 | King Lear |
| 73.1 | 1707 | 26.9 | 627 | Timon of Athens |
| 73.1 | 1613 | 26.9 | 595 | The Two Gentlemen of Verona |
| 71.5 | 2742 | 28.5 | 1092 | Hamlet |
| 66.4 | 2250 | 33.6 | 1137 | Troilus and Cressida |
| 64.2 | 1716 | 35.8 | 955 | Love's Labour's Lost |
| 60.6 | 1634 | 39.4 | 1062 | Measure for Measure |
| 60.5 | 1943 | 39.5 | 1269 | Henry V |
| 55.6 | 1666 | 44.4 | 1332 | Henry IV Part I |
| 51.6 | 1447 | 48.4 | 1356 | All's Well that Ends Well |
| 47.6 | 1547 | 52.4 | 1700 | Henry IV Part II |
| 47.4 | 1276 | 52.6 | 1415 | As You Like It |
| 38.2 | 949 | 61.8 | 1532 | Twelfth Night |
| 28.3 | 739 | 71.7 | 1871 | Much Ado About Nothing |
| 12.5 | 338 | 87.5 | 2370 | The Merry Wives of Windsor |
| Total lines | Total words | Play | First Folio | Riverside |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3834 | 29,844 | Hamlet | 3906 | 4042 |
| 3602 | 28,439 | Richard III | 3887 | 3667 |
| 3387 | 25,730 | Troilus and Cressida | 3592 | 3531 |
| 3331 | 26,479 | Coriolanus | 3838 | 3752 |
| 3295 | 26,876 | Cymbeline | 3819 | 3707 |
| 3247 | 25,737 | Henry IV Part II | 3350 | 3326 |
| 3232 | 26,003 | Othello | 3685 | 3551 |
| 3212 | 25,623 | Henry V | 3381 | 3297 |
| 3210 | 25,341 | King Lear | 3302 | 3487 |
| 3083 | 24,490 | Henry VI Part II | 3355 | 3130 |
| 3026 | 23,726 | Antony and Cleopatra | 3636 | 3522 |
| 3003 | 24,023 | Romeo and Juliet | 3185 | 3099 |
| 2998 | 24,126 | Henry IV Part I | 3180 | 3081 |
| 2981 | 24,597 | The Winter's Tale | 3369 | 3348 |
| 2900 | 23,318 | Henry VI Part III | 3217 | 2915 |
| 2809 | 23,333 | Henry VIII | 3463 | 3221 |
| 2803 | 22,537 | All's Well that Ends Well | 3078 | 3013 |
| 2795 | 23,388 | The Two Noble Kinsmen | not in | 3261 |
| 2752 | 21,884 | Richard II | 2849 | 2796 |
| 2708 | 21,290 | The Merry Wives of Windsor | 2729 | 2891 |
| 2696 | 21,269 | Measure for Measure | 2938 | 2891 |
| 2691 | 21,477 | As You Like It | 2796 | 2810 |
| 2678 | 20,541 | Henry VI Part I | 2931 | 2695 |
| 2671 | 20,881 | Love's Labour's Lost | 2900 | 2829 |
| 2610 | 20,767 | Much Ado About Nothing | 2684 | 2787 |
| 2576 | 20,911 | The Merchant of Venice | 2737 | 2701 |
| 2574 | 20,552 | The Taming of the Shrew | 2750 | 2676 |
| 2569 | 20,472 | King John | 2729 | 2638 |
| 2514 | 19,888 | Titus Andronicus | 2708 | 2538 |
| 2493 | 19,406 | King Edward III | not in | not in |
| 2481 | 19,592 | Twelfth Night | 2579 | 2591 |
| 2452 | 19,149 | Julius Caesar | 2730 | 2591 |
| 2344 | 17,728 | Pericles | not in | 2459 |
| 2334 | 17,796 | Timon of Athens | 2607 | 2488 |
| 2208 | 16,936 | The Two Gentlemen of Verona | 2298 | 2288 |
| 2126 | 16,305 | A Midsummer Night's Dream | 2222 | 2192 |
| 2083 | 16,372 | Macbeth | 2529 | 2349 |
| 2050 | 16,047 | The Tempest | 2341 | 2283 |
| 1782 | 14,415 | The Comedy of Errors | 1918 | 1787 |
| You-forms | Thou-forms | ||
| you | 14,244 | thou | 5,942 |
| ye | 352 | thee | 3,444 |
| your | 6,912 | thy | 4,429 |
| yours | 260 | thine | 510 |
| yourself | 289 | thyself | 251 |
| yourselves | 74 | ||
| Total | 22,131 | 14,576 | |
|---|---|---|---|
оݤȤϳ (vexillology) ȸƤФʬ롥Υǥͳ衤ˤʤɤ⸦оݤȤʤ뤬ˤؤ־ǡ褤Ƥ롥ѸˤǤ⡤ʹߤαѸŸɤΤ˻ͭפǤ롥㤨СѹˤɤǡUnion Jack (Union Flag) ΩηаޤϽפǤʾܤΥȡˡ˴ؤʪ¿־ΥʤΤ¿ΤǡĤҲ𤷤Ƥ
Flags of the World (FOTWO): ͳˤʤɾܺ٤ʾޤߡͭѡ
World Flag Database: ե٥åȽǡ礭ǥɽ롥Ͽޤؤ٤롥
All Flags in Alphabetical Sequence: ե٥åȽ˥ͥǰƼΥեѤǤ롥
̳ʡι: ϰ褴Ȥ˥ͥǰΤ
ơ ٥ꥢ¹ (Republic of Liberia) Ȥι夲롥եꥫΤ̤Ϥˤϡ¿̱²ǤˤĤʤḽˤ˸¤С1822ǯ˥ꥫ̱ (American Colonization Society) ƹιͲϤȤȤ˻Ϥޤ롥ԤȤʤ Monrovia (ꥫ5 James Monroe ˤʤˤذܽꥫβ줬ؤȤʤꡤ1847ǯΩեꥫǺǤŤ¹Ǥ롥̾ˤϡƥǡּͳʡפ̣ liber ޤޤƤ롥

350ͤۤɤι̱Τλ¹ϿѡȤˤʤ鲤ƼζҲŪˤϱƶϤΤ뽸ĤȤʤäƤ롥Ѹ줬ȤƺѤƤΤ⤽ΤǤ롥ѤƤѸѼȤƤϡꥫѸαƶɸŪѼΤۤLiberian English ȸƤФԥѸ⤢롥եꥫˤɸѸѼϡѿ̱ϤˤˤꥤꥹѸΤ礭ФäƤ뤬٥ꥢϥꥫѸ˴ŤƤꡤðۤ¸ߤǤ롥#376. ˤѸιϿޤǤߤ ([2010-05-08-1]) ǡեꥫΦΤʤͣ٥ꥢԥǼƤ뤳Ȥǧ줿ۤ Ethnologue: Liberia ⻲ȡ
ꥫȤδϢοϡˤ褯Ƥ롥ꥫ (Stars and Stripes) ˤǥǤ뤳Ȥ餫Ǥ롥11ܤμʤϷˡεԤο1Ĥ (Lone Star) ϥեꥫˤϤȤʤ٤ΩȤξħɽ魯

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