hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 ڡ / page 24 (27)

link - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2016-01-16 Sat

#2455. 2015ǯαѸήԸ [lexicology][ads][woy][personal_pronoun][gender][link][singular_they]

ǯ⤳λäƤAmerican Dialect Society ˤ 2015ǯ The Word of the Year 18ȯɽ줿ǯμޤϡsingular "they" Ǥ롥

They was recognized by the society for its emerging use as a pronoun to refer to a known person, often as a conscious choice by a person rejecting the traditional gender binary of he and she.
    . . . .
   The use of singular they builds on centuries of usage, appearing in the work of writers such as Chaucer, Shakespeare, and Jane Austen. In 2015, singular they was embraced by the Washington Post style guide. Bill Walsh, copy editor for the Post, described it as "the only sensible solution to English's lack of a gender-neutral third-person singular personal pronoun."
   While editors have increasingly moved to accepting singular they when used in a generic fashion, voters in the Word of the Year proceedings singled out its newer usage as an identifier for someone who may identify as "non-binary" in gender terms.
   "In the past year, new expressions of gender identity have generated a deal of discussion, and singular they has become a particularly significant element of that conversation," Zimmer said. "While many novel gender-neutral pronouns have been proposed, they has the advantage of already being part of the language."


ʤ singular they ȤʤǤʤäεȹ碌 Wordorigins.org: ADS Word of the Year for 2015 εɤǤߤƹäñ̤ʤñΰ̿;̾ȤƤ they ˡϤǯ֤dzΤǧΤƤƤꡤȤ櫓2015ǯħŤˡȤ櫓ǤϤʤ˽Ȥ̤ʬˡΤΤ˵褹륷ܥ (nonbinary identifier) ȤơǯƤ줿ȤƥȤʤɤ transgender ꤬¿夲졤"nonbinary identifier" ȤƤ they λѤΩäȤȤʤsingular they ϡMOST USEFUL ƥ꡼ǤޤƤ롥ΥɤǤ뤳Ȥäˤ褯狼ޤä
singular_they ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤äƤΤǡʲ˥󥯤ĥäƤ

#275. Ѹλ;ñ̾ ([2010-01-27-1])
#1054. singular they ([2012-03-16-1])
#1887. ˤͤݤ4Ĥλ ([2014-06-27-1])
#1920. singular they ޤ뵬ʸˡ (1) ([2014-07-30-1])
#1921. singular they ޤ뵬ʸˡ (2) ([2014-07-31-1])
#1922. singular they ޤ뵬ʸˡ (3) ([2014-08-01-1])

WOY μޤˤĤƤϡwoy 򻲾ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-11-27-1]

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2016-01-12 Tue

#2451. åסOED Online ˿Ƥߤ [oed][hel_education][link]

ؤΥߤμȤǡOED Online ˿ƤߤפꤷƹֽԤˤäơŪʻäۤͽʤΤǡʲHTMLǤǺܤƤѤPDFǤɤOED ѤĴʷ̡ˤμؤΥ󥯤¿ĥäΤǡͤˤʤС


åסOED Online ˿Ƥߤ


δ졡Ѹظ

2016ǯ112ʲС2




1. The Oxford English Dictionary Ȥϡ

(1) "On Historical Principles"
(2) Ǥ70ǯ򤫤Ի줿Ѹ켭κǹ⸢ҡʴ1928ǯ
(3) 2000ǯ2Ǥĥ OED Online (http://www.oed.com/) 󶡤ϤޤʼϿ60졤300

2. OED áܥ֥ؤΥ󥯡

(1) #304. OED ץȤΤΤ
(2) #638. ŪȤȤƤ OED Ի
(3) #644. OED ȥ衼åѤΥ饤Х뼭
(4) #654. 衼åѤΥ饤Х뼭٤ OED ħ
(5) #898. OED2 Web3 оɽ
(6) #636. 츻ؤγԤȤƤ OED
(7) #531. OED ΰѥǡ򥳡ѥȤƻȤ뤫
(8) #535. OED ΰѥǡ򥳡ѥȤƻȤ뤫 (2)
(9) #536. OED ΰѥǡ򥳡ѥȤƻȤ뤫 (3)
(10) #642. OED ΰѥǡ򥳡ѥȤƻȤ뤫 (4)

3. OED ѤĴʷ̡ˤ

(1) #1054. singular they
(2) #2248. ;̾ȤƤ you
(3) #2333. a lot of
(4) #54. through ֤٥10ʥ10ˡ
(5) #2440. flower flour (2)
(6) #63. پɤϱѸǺǤŤµ
(7) #505. silly ΰ̣Ѳ
(8) #332. ưʪȤɽñפοá
(9) #569. discus --- 6Ÿ߽Фðۤθ캬
(10) #970. Money makes the mare to go.
(11) #1775. rob A of B
(12) an angel of a girl ˤֻ of ˡof θ23
(13) #1867. May the Queen live long! θ
(14) #2256. ɽ魯 may ν
(15) #921. ʤ񤷤 (4)
(16) #616. Ѹβʳظäȯ
(17) #617. Ѹ5ʬθä̻ʬۡ
(18) #731. -dom ̻̾Ūʬۡ
(19) #939. -dom ̻̾Ūʬ (2)
(20) #1881. -ee εȯŸ (2)
(21) #2162. OED ˤե󥹸졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ
(22) #2357. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸäס
(23) #2385. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸä (2)
(24) #2360. 20Υե󥹼Ѹ
(25) #2164. ѸˤǤޤΩʤɥĸ줫μѡ

4.

(1) OED ¾μ仲Ϳ޽٤ơŪˤɤΤ褦ʻӤ뤤˴ؤơοȯ



(2) ʬθơޤ䤽¾αѸδؿ˾Ȥ餷ơOED Ĵ٤򤬿ޤꤽñϡĴ٤̡狼äȤϡ









Referrer (Inside): [2023-10-18-1] [2017-08-03-1]

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2015-11-27 Fri

#2405. ֻȯЪΥ --- ѸֻԵ§μŪװ [spelling_pronunciation_gap][spelling][pronunciation][writing][orthography][hel_education][alphabet][link][grahotactics]

ѸˤֻȯЪΥˤĤƤϡspelling_pronunciation_gap ¿εǼ夲ƤȤ櫓ŪװˤĤƤϡ#62. ʤ֤ȯЪΥƤ椯Τ ([2009-06-28-2]) ǤޤȤ᤿ϱѸֻˤĤƸԵ§μȡ줬ŪװܤƴϢվ񤭤ƹϡϢ뵭Υ󥯤ˤ夨롥

Ե§ظˤ

(1) ե٥åȤɽʸηϤɸ֤Ƥʾ1ʸ1פ٤ (see #1024)
(2) ֻ§㳰٤餺 (see #503)
(3) 1ĤñФ1Ĥηޤäֻ٤Ȥˡ (orthographyˤȯ (see ##53,54,194)

Ե§μ ]

(1) 1ĤʸˤФʣβ: <o> ɽ蘆벻ϡ<gh> ɽ蘆벻ϡ (see ##210,1195)
(2) 1ĤβФʣʸ: /iː/ ɽ魯ʸˤϡ/k/ ɽ魯ʸˤϡ (see #2205)
(3) ۻ (silent_letter): climb, indict, doubt, imbroglio, high, hour, marijuana, know, half, autumn, receipt, island, listen, isthmus, liquor, answer, plateaux, randezvous
(4) ֲθ: city/cities, swim/swimming, die/dying (see #1284)
(5) ֻΥꥨ: color/colour, center/centre, realize/realise, jail/gaol (see #94)

Ե§Ūװ ]

(1) ѸϡηϤΰۤʤƥɽΤ˺Ŭ줿ޥ󡦥ե٥åȤȤʸηϤڤꤿ (see ##423,1329,2092)
(2) Ѹϡ줫äȤȤֻηϤޤǼѤ (see #2162)
(3) ֻɸ礯Ѹֻ; (see ##562,1341,1812)
(4) ƻν̤νռʸˡ (graphotactics) (see ##91,223,446,1094,2227,2235)
(5) 츻Ūֻ (see etymological_respelling)
(6) ɽɽؤή (see ##1332,1386,1760,2043,2058,2059,2097,2312,2344)
(7) ϤҤѲ뤬ʸݼŪ (see ##15,2292)
(8) ֻɸಽδ֤ΰ (see ##1902,297,871,312)
(9) Ѽֻ֤֡ꥨ (see #ame_bre spelling)
(10) ֻפ񤷤 (see spelling_reform)

򵿤ɬ

(1) ե٥åɽʸηϤñɽ뤿ˤȤ߹碌ñ̤ǤֻɽŪǤ
(2) 1ĤñФ1Ĥηޤäֻ٤Ȥˡȯۤϡ¿θˤƶʹߤħŪʹͤǤ (see #2392)
(3) ֻ§ˤ㳰¿ġ㳰¿Ū

̾ ϡرѸʸ֤ꡦȯΤߡ١ҡ2014ǯ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-11-21 Sat

#2399. ݷʸǯɽ [grammatology][timeline][hieroglyph][link]

ݷʸ (hieroglyph) ϡʳγʸ (pictogram) ȯãȹͤ롤ʸ̾ͤ븶ʸǤ롥ʸθñ̤бƤ餺̩ˤпʸȤϤʤäơֳʸפȤƾΤΤΤμ̷ޤǤ롥ݷʸθñ̡ʺǽʸˤƤŵŪ˸ˤбƤ롤βΡɤߡפäƤ롤ȤߤΤǤ롥ݷʸ⡤¿ʤȤάƤȤϤ˻ʪ򤫤ɤäǤȤǡɤʸȶ̤뤬εεǽϳʸȷŪ˰ۤʤ뤳Ȥդ
ŵŪʾݷʸȤơҥ (hieroglyph) ȾΤ륨ץʸ褯ΤƤ롥ξܺ٤٤ʻϤޤ˳Ȥˤդ路η֤3000ǯĹˤ錄äƤۤȤѲƤʤȤ顤̤ˡֳʸפȾΤ뤬嵭餹ȳʸǤϤʤäʸݷʸȾΤ٤Ǥ롥ʸϤΤ褦ŵŪʾݷʸǤ뤳Ȥ顤Ѹ hieroglyph ϥץʸ˸¤餺᡼ܸʸùʸʤɤޤơ˾ݷʸ̣ȤʤäƤ롥
ʲƣ (250--51) ǯɽȤˡݷʸ (hieroglyph) 򼨤

 ץȡɡ쥢Φ
  ԻԹȤΩ3300  
     
 ץ첦īλϤޤꡤҥդλϤޤ3100᡼ݷʸλϤޤ3100  
3000    
     
     
 ץȸŲ2700--2200   
  ܸʸλϤޤ2600  
   ʸʸλѡ2500--1500 
  åɲ2350--2150  
     
     
     
2000ץ沦2000--1800ˡ쥿ʸ2000--1450   
     
   ֲī18--1050 
 ʸA1700--1450ˡեȥס17Хӥ˥1830--1530  
 ץȿ1570--1090ʥʸ16  
  ҥåȾݷʸ1500--700ˡҥå1460--1200  
 󥢥ƥνס1370ˡʸB14--12 ùʸ14--11 
  ҥದʸ13  
   ī塤1120--256ˤΤȤ˶ʸλ 
     
1000 åꥢ1000--612  
     
     
 ǥƥåλϤޤ700ˡץȡī663--525   
  ڥ륷6溢--330  
     
 ץȡץȥޥī323--30   
   221--206ˤ˾信ʤդĤˤ俽ˤλϤޤ 
     
1 ܸʸν1  
    
 ץʸλϤޤ200 ܴʺδˤλϤޤʸ200ˡʸܤˤĤ200 
     
 ҥդκǸ394   
 ǥƥåκǸ452   
    ޥʸޥʸλѡ6--10
     
     
     
     
1000    
     
    ƥʸƥʸλѡ1220--1521
    1400--1533
     
     
     
     
 ݥꥪ󤬥ҥդɡ1822ƥեȤܸʸɡ1802ˡ󥽥ܸʸɡ1835ùʸȯ1899 
 ʥʸȯ1904--05ˡȥꥹʸB   
2000    


ʸˤˤĤƤϡʲε򻲾ȡ

#423. ե٥åȤˡ ([2010-06-24-1])
#1822. ʸη ([2014-04-23-1])
#1834. ʸǯɽ ([2014-05-05-1])
#1849. ե٥åȤηޡ ([2014-05-20-1])
#1853. ʸη (2) ([2014-05-24-1])
#2389. ʸηϤεȯã (1) ([2015-11-11-1])
#2390. ʸηϤεȯã (2) ([2015-11-12-1])
#2398. ʸη (3) ([2015-11-20-1])

ƣ Ϻؾݷʸ١̼ҡҹ̼ҳؽʸˡӡ2012ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-09-07 Mon

#2324. n-gram [corpus][information_theory][coca][bnc][google_books][statistics][n-gram][collocation][frequency][link]

伫ʬѤ n-gram Ȥʬϼˡ롥ѥؤǤ⤹ǤˤߤγǰǤꡤɽ (collocation) θʤɤǤΤ褦Ѥ褦ˤʤäΥѥΥ󥿡եˤƤѤƤꡤ#607. Google Books Ngram Viewer ([2010-12-25-1]) Ǥ̾˴ޤޤƤۤɤܥ֥Ǥ COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English) N-gram ǡ١Ѥơ#956. COCA N-Gram Search ([2011-12-09-1]) ƤʤαѤϡ#953. ƬƧ2।ǥ ([2011-12-06-1])#954. ӱƧ2।ǥ ([2011-12-07-1])#955. ʸϤ碌2।ǥ ([2011-12-08-1]) 򻲾ȡˡBNC ǤϡExplore Words and Phrases from the BNC ѤǤ롥
ԥ塼ѤʬϼˡȤ񤷤ʹ뤬n-gram ιͤϻäñǤ롥ʸ٥ 2-gram (bigram) ͤƤߤ褦ĹαñȤ pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis (#63. پɤϱѸǺǤŤµ ([2009-06-30-1])) ˤȤ롥ޤƬ2ʸ1Ȥ pn Фˡ2ʸܤ˿ʤƱ褦 ne Ф3ʸܤ˿ʤ eu 4ʸܤ˿ʤ um 롥Ʊ褦ˡ1ʸıˤ餷ʤ顤Ǹ is ޤ2ʸ1Ȥ򼡡ȽäƤ44Ȥ2ʸȤˤʤ롥ȤΤʤǡic co ȤȤ߹碌ϳơ3󵯤ꡤos, si, no, on Ȥ߹碌ϳơ2󸽤졤ʳȤ߹碌Ϥ1٤Ǥ롥äơñˤƺǹ٤2ʸ1Ȥ ic co Ȥʤ롥
n-gram ñ̤ϡΤ褦ʸǤɬפϤʤǤǤ褤礭ñ̤ǤǤǤ褯礭ʶʤɤΤ礭ñ̤Ǥ褤Ѹ쥳ѥؤǤϡȤñ̤ǹͤΤ̤Martin Luther King, Jr. I Have a Dream αΥƥȤǸñ̤ 4-gram ȡǤ¿4Ȥ߹碌ϡͽ̤ "I have a dream" 8"will be able to" Ʊ8󸽤롥"Let freedom ring from" 7Ȥ褯롤ʬϤǽȤʤ롥Ǥ4ȤפꤷΤ 4-gram ȸƤФ뤬ܤ뤤Ĥʸθ뤫ˤ 1-gram (unigram), 2-gram (bigram), 3-gram (trigram) 5-gram ʾͤ뤳ȤǤ1-gram ξ硤ꥹȤϡ¾ƸɽǤˡ
祳ѥ줿 2-gram 3-gram ΰϡ켫ΤɽθʤɤǤϴܥǡȤʤ뤿ᡤ־Ǥ⤤ȸƤ롥ܸǤN-gram ѥ - ܸ쥦֥ѥ 2010뤷ѸǤ COCA n-gram ǡ١ 롥ޤBigram Plus Ǥϡ˱Ѹ쥳ѥޤ᤿ƼѸ쥳ѥ N-Gram Search Ԥʤ뵡ǽ󶡤Ƥ롥ۤˤǤդΥƥȤ䥳ѥоݤ n-gram ƼΥġ䥽եȤ⡤־ǽ
n-gram ʬϤθʬؤαϰϤϹʲʸˤϲȤͽ¬ǽȤطᡤˤ벻ǧʬϡȽꡤưڥåõΡʸѥǥåκʤɤ˳Ѥ롥󡤶ɽθǤϡܤˤԲķμʤȤʤäƤ롥n-gram ϤäѤȤɽ̲줿ƥȤоݤȤؤˤ빽¤ˤޤä뤳ȤʤᡤʸˡΤ褦ʸ̤Ƚ褦ܤϡn-gram in Wikipedia 򻲾ȡ
n-gram Ϲ׼ǡޤޤȤƻꤽ˱ѸƥȤˤ⡤ѤƤ

ʸ嵭2015/09/12(Sat) Sketch Engine N-grams ⻲ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2016-09-07-1]

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2015-08-30 Sun

#2316. "English 3.0" by Joe Gilbert [link][internet][medium][netspeak][speed_of_change][language_change]

ǯ11ΤȤˤʤ뤬Joe Gilbert ˤ20ʬΥɥ󥿥꡼ "English 3.0 on Vimeo" 줿饤ǴվޤǤ롥Tom Chatfield, David Crystal, Robert McCrum, Fiona McPherson, Simon Horobin Ȥä̾Ωбؤˤꡤ󥿡ͥåȻαѸθ⤵롥
netspeak ɽ롤󥿡ͥåȾѤαѸäơ֤ˤ͡ʤȤ館롥ѸϤȤŪʸΩĤ嵭νбԤϸ·ơǤϤʤˤˤƤĤλˤ֤ⷫƤѲˤʤȸڤ롥󥿡ͥåȤоˤѲ®ȤȤ䡤#1664. CMC (computer-mediated communication) ([2013-11-16-1]) Τ褦ʿ (medium) ȤϳΤΤ褦ʤȤ˾¾εѳ׿κݤˤ⤪褽ƤȤǤꡤˤȤ鸫̤ǤϤʤȡ
μĥϡ褽4

(1) 󥿡ͥåȤоˤѲ®Ƥ
(2) 󥿡ͥåȱѸ˸άɽˤѸꤶƤ뤬ºݤˤϱѸ򼨤ڵϤʤ
(3) 礭ʵѳ׿λˤϸ䤹ºݤƤ뤳Ȥϡ˿ʼդäȤȤǤꡤѶŪɾ٤
(4) 塤ŪʵϼȡޤĤĤ꼫ͳʸѤȤΤ襤

⤳μĥˤϤܻۤ롥1ĵˤʤΤϡ(1) θѲβ®ȤˤĤƤǤ롥ƱδѻԤȤơŪˤߤƤѸѲ® (speed_of_change) ȤľϤ뤬Ѳ®٤ȤϤ⤽ɤΤ褦˵ҴŪ˷¬ǤΤʤΤ®٤Ȥñ̻դѲ̤ΤȤǤ뤫顤ޤѲ̤¬뤳ȤǤʤФʤʤǤϡѲ̤¬ȤäȤˡ¬оݤϲˤʤΤѸθѲȰˤäƤ⡤ѸȤñ̤ɤɤޤǤʤΤɸѼ˸¤ΤԥޤǴޤΤҲŪƬˤ꤬뤷ޤѲɶäʤΤʤΤʸˡʤΤȤ⤢롥ˡѲ®٤ޤäƤʤɤȷ뤿ˤϡӤΤ˲ΤĤλˤѲ®٤˳ФƤʤФʤʤ
ƱǤ뤫餳ľäƤϤʤȤΤǤСˤѲβ®Ȥ̿ϡ䤹ȤƼƤϤʤʤΤ⤷ʤƱɥ󥿥꡼Ф Wordorigins.org Υӥ塼Ǥ⡤̤γ٤Ѳ®٤ˤĤȽŪ˹ͻƤΤǡȤ줿

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-08-19 Wed

#2305. Ѹ25Ͽ [map][link][hel_education]

Ѹˤؤ־ͭѤϿ25ĤǷǺܤƤ륦֥ڡߤĤΤǾҲ𤷤25 maps that explain the English language ǤϡϿޤ޼ɽ魯ȤΤǤѸ˾νפ꤬夲Ƥꡤ줬褽¤٤Ƥ롥25ܤ̾ȴФƤߤ褦

1. Where English comes from
2. Where Indo-European languages are spoken in Europe today
3. The Anglo-Saxon migration
4. The Danelaw
5. The Norman Conquest
6. The Great Vowel Shift
7. The colonization of America
8. Early exploration of Australia
9. Canada
10. English in India
11. Tristan da Cunha
12. Countries with English as the official language
13. Which countries in Europe can speak English
14. Where people read English Wikipedia
15. Where new English words come from
16. How vocabulary changes based on what you're writing
17. Vocabulary of Shakespeare vs. rappers
18. Where English learners speak the language proficiently
19. Scores on the Test of English as a Foreign Language
20. Immigrants to the US are learning English more quickly than previous generations
21. Where Cockneys come from
22. Dialects and accents in Britain
23. North American vowel shift
24. American dialects
25. You guys vs. y'all

ܥ֥Ǥ⤳¿夲ƤΤǡϢ뵭򥭡ɤǸ줿ϿޤɽΤ褦ʻлˤĤƤ⡤ܥ֥ǤѶŪ˷ǺܤƤmap γƵ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-08-25-1]

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2015-06-28 Sun

#2253. ̣ѲθΤʤ񤷤 [causation][semantic_change][methodology][language_change][history_of_linguistics][language_change][link]

2֤ε#2251. Ullmann ˤ̣Ѳʬ ([2015-06-26-1])#2252. Waldron ˤ̣Ѳʬ ([2015-06-28-1]) ǰѡȤ Waldron ϡStern Ullmann ʤɤμפԸƧޤʤ顤̣ѲθˤĤƤƤ롥ˤĤƤβ餫οƶդäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ뤳Ȥʤ񤷤ΤȤ᥿ˤĤơ˻ͤˤʤŸƤ롥

   We have now considered a number of factors which may contribute to change of meaning and it is not difficult to see why so many different schemes of semantic change have been proposed over the last 150 years and why there is so little agreement among scholars as to the correct classification of the phenomena. For behind every change of meaning there lies a chain of causation which can be analysed at a number of different levels --- e.g. material, social, psychological, logical --- and at each level we should get a different answer to the question 'Why did this word change its meaning?' The position of a statistician analysing (let us suppose) the causes of death in a certain community would be somewhat similar, unless he decided beforehand what sort of causes he was going to pay attention to. For at one level of analysis, every death might presumably be regarded as a case of heart stopped beating; at different levels of analysis such categories as drowning, overwork, carbon-monoxide poisoning, typhoid, and smoke-polluted atmosphere might all be acceptable as causes; but there would be no guarantee that each death would fit into one and only one aetiological category, unless the causes were all analysed at more or less the same level. The doctor who has to insert a cause of death on a death certificate uses one of a set of terms which classify the causes on a fairly consistent level of medical diagnosis; and in matters of such complexity no system of classification for causes is serviceable unless consistency of level is observed. This, of course, is a consequence of the indeterminateness of our concept of cause: every event has many different causes.
   It is quite futile, therefore, for us to attempt to distinguish which sense-changes are due to linguistic causes and which to non-linguistic causes, or which are due to material causes and which to social causes; while it would perhaps be an exaggeration to contend that any change of meaning could be regarded as the consequence, immediate or remote, of any of the recognized causes, the various causal schemes undoubtedly show a good deal of overlapping.


̣Ѳθθ򡤿ͤλεˤʤ館Ǥ롥ʬϤΥ٥뤬͡ˤꤦʾ塤Ф븶ΤΤ¿¿ͤǤꡤޤФиߤ˽ŤʤäƤ뤳ȤǤ롥ɬŪ multiple causation ꤻ򤨤ʤȤˤʤ롥
ΤȤϡ̣ѲθˤȤɤޤ餺Ѳ̤θˤĤƤ⤤ػˤˤƤ⡤ѲθͳưŤʤõ뤳ȡˤˤĤƤϴࡹε롥ˤĤƤϡܥ֥ cat:language_change causation γƵ򻲾Ȥ줿Ǥ⡤Ȥ櫓طΤȤưʲ󤲤Ƥ (##442,1123,1173,1282,1549,1582,1584,1986,2123,2143,2151,2161)

#442. Ѳθ ([2010-07-13-1])
#1123. Ѳθ˸ء ([2012-05-24-1])
#1173. Ѳɬȶ ([2012-07-13-1])
#1282. ꥦˤ3ΰۤʤѲθ ([2012-10-30-1])
#1549. Why does language change? or Why do speakers change their language? ([2013-07-24-1])
#1582. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (2) ([2013-08-26-1])
#1584. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (3) ([2013-08-28-1])
#1986. Ѳ multiple causation 뤤 "synergy" ([2014-10-04-1])
#2123. Ѳڤ ([2015-02-18-1])
#2143. ѲˡָפϤʤ ([2015-03-10-1])
#2151. Ѳθ3ء ([2015-03-18-1])
#2161. Ҳ¤Ѳϸ칽¤ľܤȿǤʤ ([2015-03-28-1])

Waldron, R. A. Sense and Sense Development. New York: OUP, 1967.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-06-30-1] [2015-06-28-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-06-16 Tue

#2241. Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles [canadian_english][dictionary][lexicography][world_englishes][link][variety]

ʥ University of British Columbia dzŤ줿 SHEL-9/DSNA-20 Conference (The 9th Studies in the History of the English Language Conference) ˻äƤȯɽ1ĤˡDCHP-2 ץȤ˴ؤ𤬤äDCHP-2 ȤϡŪ§ˤäԤޤ줿ʥˡμ Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles 2ǤǤ롥Ǥ1967ǯ˽ǤƤꡤ2013ǯˤŻҲ줿Τ DCHP-1 Ȥƥ־ǸƤ롥DCHP-2 UBC ΤȤʤäԻʤƤꡤ˶ŤƤ褦ʤΤǡ󤫤餺뤳ȤˤʤȯɽǤϡԻ˴ؤ UBC γʬŪ DCHP-2 Υǥ򸫤Ƥ줿ʤʤ¤ƤΤ褦
ȯɽǤϡʶˡ̣ˡ Canadianism ǤȤȤä Canadianism ȤߤʤΤȤˤĤơˤƤ绨ĤˤСʥǻѤѸǤʤꥫѸ졤ꥹѸ졤¾αѸѼΥѥоݤȤѤʥѤѸŪ˻ѤФäƤΤ Canadianism ȤߤʤȤˤӤƤ롥줾οͤϥդDzĻ벽졤ʣѥѤĹ꤬¤˳褫Ƥ褦Τ褦ʥդưפ褦ˤʤСѸѼ֤¿ŪӤ¥ʤ
ŪŪ Canadianism ȤߤʤƤˤĤƤϡ嵭ˤβǤȤ櫓ȽŪʸƤä졤ˤäƤ Canadianism ȤߤʤȤϤǤʤȤ뤳Ȥ⤢ȤCanadianism Ȥǧꤵ줿ΤˤĤƤϡѥŵηǺܤϤŪطʤˤĤƤܤҤܤ롥
DCHP-2 СʥѸ츦ƤߤĤȤϴְ㤤ʤʥѸ˸¤餺Ѹμ䥳ѥԻޤޤ赤ŤƤСѼ֤Ӥ⤷䤹ʤꡤʱѸ츦ƻϤǤ롥21ŪʱѸؤη1Ĥ
ޤΥץȤϡѼȤϲȤܼŪƸƤ뤹󶡤ƤƤ褦ˤפ롥 Canadianism ȤϲŪǤΤ뤤ϤҤȤ˼ҲŪǥŪˤǤʤΤLilles Τ褦˥ʥѸֿáפȤߤԤ⤤СºߤȼĥԤ⤤롥ϡCanadianism ˸¤餺Americanism, Britishism ʤɡ֡ˡפؤ -ism Τ٤Ƥ˴ؤǤ롥Ѽ (variety) ͤˤĤƤϡ#415. All linguistic varieties are fictions ([2010-06-16-1])#1373. variety Ȥϲ ([2013-01-29-1])#2116. ֱѸפεۣ ([2015-02-11-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿
äơʥѸˤȳפˤĤƤϡ#313. Canadian English ([2010-03-06-1])#1733. Canada ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-24-1]) ⻲ȡ

Lilles, Jaan. "The Myth of Canadian English." English Today 62 (April 2000): 3--9, 17.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-05-22 Fri

#2216. Webޥε֥ѥõѸαƺԡ [link][corpus][bnc][coca][ame_bre][sociolinguistics][language_change][gender_difference][link]

Ρ#2186. Webޥε֥ѥõѸαƺԡס ([2015-04-22-1]) ˰³520դǡּԡפޤWEBޥ Lingua   *
ϡʣΥѥѤ뤳Ȥ䤪⤷򲡤ФޤޤѸαƺȤ츫Ūˤ⡤ưŪ뤤̻Ū뤳Ȥˤꡤʸ⶯Ĵޤ
ΤʤǤ⿨ޤºݤˤϺΡּԡפǽҤ٤˻ˤϡäȾܤĴʤФʤޤ󡥤ѥѤơ㤨ФΤ褦ʸѲħȤ館뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤȤǽ򴶤äƤ館СȤǼɮޤԡԤǻμɮôϴǤʹߤ³WEBޥ Lingua εˤܤХåʥСͭѤǤʲWEBޥ Lingua γƵؤΥ󥯡ʺǿǡˤĥäƤޤ

1. ʤѥ ֿܡ
2. Ѹ쥳ѥθĥ BNCweb 򸡺Ƥߤ ԡ а桡
3. Ѹ쥳ѥθĥ BNCweb 򸡺Ƥߤ ʸԡ а桡
4. Google 򥳡ѥ˸ΩƤ ʿβʡ
5. פδáԡˡ ٺθ ʾӡͺϺ
6. פδáʸԡˡ ʾӡͺϺ
7. ѥѤŤƿΰ衧ե쥤 ʰ塡͡
8. ѥѤŤƿΰ衧ե쥤 ʰ塡͡
9. ؽԥѥȤϲ ʳҡΡ
10. ؽԥѥDzǤΤ ʳҡΡ
11. ѥ륳ѥβǽ ʿβʡ
12. ܸ쥳ѥ˸봷Ѷˡ ġץꥷ
13. ܸ쥳ѥ˸봷ѶѲǽ ġץꥷ
14. COCA Ȥäθ ġ͡
15. COCA Ȥäθ ġ͡
16. ѥäդõ롡 ڡ
17. ѥäդõ롡 ڡ
18. ؽԤäեѥȤäʬϡ1ɸ well, I mean, kind of, like λȤ ʻ
19. ؽԤäեѥȤäʬϡ2㤤ʪǤ׵ɽ ʻ
20. ǧθؤѤƥѥ̣õ롽 ëľ
21. ǧθؤѤƥѥ̣õ롽 ֻ졦ư ëľ
22. ѥõѸαƺԡ ġδ
23. ѥõѸαƺԡ ġδ

ʤμԤܤ gorgeous ˴ؤƤϡܥ֥ǤʲεǰäƤޤΤǤȤ

#476. That's gorgeous! ([2010-08-16-1])
#477. That's gorgeous! (2) ([2010-08-17-1])
#607. Google Books Ngram Viewer ([2010-12-25-1])

ޤѸʸˤ˽ˤĤƤ gender_difference γƵǰäƤޤä˸˽ȥѥѤ᤿Ȥơ#913. BNC ˤä˽Ĵ ([2011-10-27-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-21-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-05-22 Fri

#2216. Webޥε֥ѥõѸαƺԡ [link][corpus][bnc][coca][ame_bre][sociolinguistics][language_change][gender_difference][link]

Ρ#2186. Webޥε֥ѥõѸαƺԡס ([2015-04-22-1]) ˰³520դǡּԡפޤWEBޥ Lingua   *
ϡʣΥѥѤ뤳Ȥ䤪⤷򲡤ФޤޤѸαƺȤ츫Ūˤ⡤ưŪ뤤̻Ū뤳Ȥˤꡤʸ⶯Ĵޤ
ΤʤǤ⿨ޤºݤˤϺΡּԡפǽҤ٤˻ˤϡäȾܤĴʤФʤޤ󡥤ѥѤơ㤨ФΤ褦ʸѲħȤ館뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤȤǽ򴶤äƤ館СȤǼɮޤԡԤǻμɮôϴǤʹߤ³WEBޥ Lingua εˤܤХåʥСͭѤǤʲWEBޥ Lingua γƵؤΥ󥯡ʺǿǡˤĥäƤޤ

1. ʤѥ ֿܡ
2. Ѹ쥳ѥθĥ BNCweb 򸡺Ƥߤ ԡ а桡
3. Ѹ쥳ѥθĥ BNCweb 򸡺Ƥߤ ʸԡ а桡
4. Google 򥳡ѥ˸ΩƤ ʿβʡ
5. פδáԡˡ ٺθ ʾӡͺϺ
6. פδáʸԡˡ ʾӡͺϺ
7. ѥѤŤƿΰ衧ե쥤 ʰ塡͡
8. ѥѤŤƿΰ衧ե쥤 ʰ塡͡
9. ؽԥѥȤϲ ʳҡΡ
10. ؽԥѥDzǤΤ ʳҡΡ
11. ѥ륳ѥβǽ ʿβʡ
12. ܸ쥳ѥ˸봷Ѷˡ ġץꥷ
13. ܸ쥳ѥ˸봷ѶѲǽ ġץꥷ
14. COCA Ȥäθ ġ͡
15. COCA Ȥäθ ġ͡
16. ѥäդõ롡 ڡ
17. ѥäդõ롡 ڡ
18. ؽԤäեѥȤäʬϡ1ɸ well, I mean, kind of, like λȤ ʻ
19. ؽԤäեѥȤäʬϡ2㤤ʪǤ׵ɽ ʻ
20. ǧθؤѤƥѥ̣õ롽 ëľ
21. ǧθؤѤƥѥ̣õ롽 ֻ졦ư ëľ
22. ѥõѸαƺԡ ġδ
23. ѥõѸαƺԡ ġδ

ʤμԤܤ gorgeous ˴ؤƤϡܥ֥ǤʲεǰäƤޤΤǤȤ

#476. That's gorgeous! ([2010-08-16-1])
#477. That's gorgeous! (2) ([2010-08-17-1])
#607. Google Books Ngram Viewer ([2010-12-25-1])

ޤѸʸˤ˽ˤĤƤ gender_difference γƵǰäƤޤä˸˽ȥѥѤ᤿Ȥơ#913. BNC ˤä˽Ĵ ([2011-10-27-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-21-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-04-22 Wed

#2186. Webޥε֥ѥõѸαƺԡ [link][corpus][brown][ame_bre]

420դǡWEBޥ Lingua 졼Ϣܡdzؤ֥ѥѽˡμɮ֥ѥõѸαƺԡεǺܤޤϡΥ졼ϢܤȻεˤĤƾҲ𤷤ޤ  *
Ϣܡּdzؤ֥ѥѽѡפϥѥѽ鿴ԸΥ˥Хǡ͡ʸظԤо줷פļŪ˥ѥѤˡ⤷Ƥ椯꡼ǤǤ20εǺܤƤꡤѥδܤϤޤꡤƼΥѥξҲѤΥġ㸦桤˻ޤǡѥ˴Ϣ͡ʻǫ˲⤵ƤޤʲˡƵؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤޤ

1. ʤѥ ֿܡ
2. Ѹ쥳ѥθĥ BNCweb 򸡺Ƥߤ ԡ а桡
3. Ѹ쥳ѥθĥ BNCweb 򸡺Ƥߤ ʸԡ а桡
4. Google 򥳡ѥ˸ΩƤ ʿβʡ
5. פδáԡˡ ٺθ ʾӡͺϺ
6. פδáʸԡˡ ʾӡͺϺ
7. ѥѤŤƿΰ衧ե쥤 ʰ塡͡
8. ѥѤŤƿΰ衧ե쥤 ʰ塡͡
9. ؽԥѥȤϲ ʳҡΡ
10. ؽԥѥDzǤΤ ʳҡΡ
11. ѥ륳ѥβǽ ʿβʡ
12. ܸ쥳ѥ˸봷Ѷˡ ġץꥷ
13. ܸ쥳ѥ˸봷ѶѲǽ ġץꥷ
14. COCA Ȥäθ ġ͡
15. COCA Ȥäθ ġ͡
16. ѥäդõ롡 ڡ
17. ѥäդõ롡 ڡ
18. ؽԤäեѥȤäʬϡ1ɸ well, I mean, kind of, like λȤ ʻ
19. ؽԤäեѥȤäʬϡ2㤤ʪǤ׵ɽ ʻ
20. ǧθؤѤƥѥ̣õ롽 ëľˡʢ2015/05/18(Mon)˥󥯤ɲá
21. ǧθؤѤƥѥ̣õ롽 ֻ졦ư ëľˡʢ2015/05/18(Mon)˥󥯤ɲá
22. ѥõѸαƺԡ ġδ
23. ѥõѸαƺԡ ġδˡʢ2015/05/21(Thu)˥󥯤ɲá

ν񤤤ϡѥѤƱѸαƺˤĤƹͤ褦Ȥݤǡߤϸ奤ꥹѸȸ奢ꥫѸζŪӤǤ2ѼоȤäƤŪطʤ̻Ūʻ礫ʤȤȤĴƤޤϡִԡפǤäơѸαƺäƤνƺĴѤǤ륳ѥҲ𤷤Ƥޤ
ʲΥ졼Ϣܤεȹ碌ɤͭѤȻפܥ֥ε˥󥯤ĥޤۤˤ⥳ѥѤˤĤƤ corpus εѸαƺˤĤƤ ame_bre ε⤴Ȥ

#1730. AmE-BrE 2006 Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-21-1])
#1739. AmE-BrE Diachronic Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-30-1])
#1743. ICE Frequency Comparer ([2014-02-03-1])

#428. The Brown family of corpora Ѿա ([2010-06-29-1])
#607. Google Books Ngram Viewer ([2010-12-25-1])
#517. ICE 󶡤7ϰѼ拾ѥ ([2010-09-26-1])

#1278. BNC 濴Ȥ륳ѥϢΥ󥯽 ([2012-10-26-1])
#307. ѥѤ ([2010-02-28-1])
#367. ѥѤ (2) ([2010-04-29-1])
#368. ѥϸβǽ򹭤 ([2010-04-30-1])

#240. ֻαƺ礭 ([2009-12-23-1])
#244. ֻαƺΥꥹȡ ([2009-12-27-1])
#312. ʸˡαƺ ([2010-03-05-1])
#315. ꥹѸϥꥫѸ٤ݼŪ ([2010-03-08-1])
#357. American English or British English? ([2010-04-19-1])
#627. 2Ѽ֤̻ӤˤäŪۤ෿ ([2011-01-14-1])
#628. 2Ѽ֤̻ӤˤäŪۤ෿ (2) ([2011-01-15-1])
#677. Ѹˤˡưο ([2011-03-05-1])
#880. ˤ⥤ꥹѸ졤ˤ⥢ꥫѸñ ([2011-09-24-1])
#1010. ѸαƺˤĤ Martinet ΰ ([2012-02-01-1])
#1221. ˡ ([2012-08-30-1])
#1304. ꥫѸΡݼס ([2012-11-21-1])
#1331. äαƺ뤿νѸ ([2012-12-18-1])
#1343. ѸαƺʼȤȯȸáˡ ([2012-12-30-1])

Υ졼ϢܵϡִԡפǤϡּԡפǺܤͽǤ

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2014-10-17 Fri

#1999. Chuo Online ε֥ʸΩŪ˻ [japanese][katakana][kanji][lexicology][lexicography][inkhorn_term][loan_word][waseieigo][link]

ߥꡦ饤俷ʹˡؤȯ˥塼 Chuo Online 롥Τʤ Chuo Online شƤ֥ʸΩŪ˻ꤹε2014ǯ1016դǸ줿ΤǡؿΤϤȤ礦ɺαѸ˳μȤǡαѸǤȤ⤤ѸΥ (inkhorn_term) ˤĤƼ夲äΤǡȤƤ⥿꡼ָ˵αѸǤͽꡥ  *
Ƶ˴ϢƤܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤夲ƤΤʤΤǡط볰󥯤ȹ碌ơε˥󥯤ĥäƤ

ʸģˤʿ25ǯֹ˴ؤĴ
#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1])
#296. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ ([2010-02-17-1])
#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])
#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1])
#609. 켭17 ([2010-12-27-1])
#845. Ѹθäεȳ ([2011-08-20-1])
#1067. Ѹȸܸθüѡ ([2012-03-29-1])
#1202. Ѹθäεȳ (2) ([2012-08-11-1])
#1408. ([2013-03-05-1])
#1410. Ƚ󵢡 ([2013-03-07-1])
#1411. Ѹä "oversea language" ([2013-03-08-1])
#1493. Ѹʤ̱ ([2013-05-29-1])
#1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ ([2013-07-01-1])
#1606. Ѹ캹̡ѸƸ ([2013-09-19-1])
#1615. 礹ߡ2 ([2013-09-28-1])
#1616. ʸ礹ߡ2 ([2013-09-29-1])
#1617. ܸˤ볰 ([2013-09-30-1])
#1624. Ѹΰ ([2013-10-07-1])
#1629. ([2013-10-12-1])
#1630. 졤ʸ졤ץ ([2013-10-13-1])
#1645. ܸθʬۡ ([2013-10-28-1]) Ȥĥä󥯽
#1869. ܸˤʩá ([2014-06-09-1])
#1896. ܸäθ ([2014-07-06-1])
#1927. ʩ ([2014-08-06-1])

ʸ嵭2014/10/30(Thu)ѸǤε  *

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-05-19 Mon

#1848. Υ֡꥽ [bible][link]

߷ΡǤɤѸˡ٤Ͽ (195--96) ˡطΥ֥ȤؤΥ󥯽ܤäƤΤǡʲ˥ȤȤȤĥĤƤ

Anglo-Saxon Bible: űѸ줿ΥƥȤ򽸤᤿ΡʤȯӾˡ
StudyLight.org: إٰʹߤ40ĶΥƥȤ
Bible Study Tools.com: ΤۤʩʤɤƥȽޤޤʸǤ롥
oremus Bible Browser: إॺ١ؿɸ٤ʤɤΥƥȽ
BibleGateway.com: 40ĶΥƥȤޤѸʳϥ磻ԥѸƤ롥
Schoenberg Center for electronic Text & Image: ƹΥڥ󥷥˥ؿ޽ۤ Schoenberg Center for Electronic Text & Image Υȡ1611ǯ˴Ԥ줿إॺ٤β򸫤뤳ȤǤ롥
Bible: King James Version: إॺ٤ˤĤƤޤޤʸǤ롥
Bible Search: ꥫ񶨲ΥȡƹϤƥȽ
The Holy Bible --- Bible in Basic English: إ١å󥰥å٤ΥƥȽ

ۤˡ#1429. Ѹˤ˴Ϣ BL μ ([2013-03-26-1]) ڤӡ#1847. BL ȤDZǤѸܤβ ([2014-05-18-1]) Υ󥯽⻲Ȥ줿طΤΤƷǤƤ

Cotton MS Nero D IV, Lindisfarne Gospels
Cotton MS Claudius B IV, Old English Hexateuch (imperfect)
The Lindisfarne Gospels: ܲܤ᤯äɤ륵ӥ⤢ꡥ
William Tyndale's New Testament: ܲ
King James Bible: ܲܤ᤯äɤ륵ӥ⤢ꡥ
Bible in Basic English: #1705. Basic English ǽ񤫤줿ä ([2013-12-27-1]) ⻲ȡ

߷ ⡡ǤɤѸˡ١罤۽Ź2013ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-01-07-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-05-18 Sun

#1847. BL ȤDZǤѸܤβ [bl][link][manuscript]

ε#1846. Pearl Υ֡꥽ ([2014-05-17-1]) 񤯤ܤ˴ؤ륪饤󡦥꥽õƤǡBritish Library Digitised Manuscripts Search our Catalogue Archives and Manuscripts ˹ԤäؿΤѸμܲ򸡺Ƥߤȡ⤳ƤΤȯ롥
BL ˤ⤦1ĤκǿμܲؤΥ󥯽ȤƤϡBL Medieval and Earlier Digitised Manuscripts Master List 10.04.13. (XLS) ͭΥ󥯽顤Ȥ櫓ѸμܤȤƽפȻפΤؤΥ󥯤ȴФΤǡʲˤޤȤƤ

Add MS 40165 A, Cyprian epistles and Old English Martyrology fragments
Add MS 59678, Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur
Add MS 60577, Miscellany of verse and prose (the 'Winchester Anthology')
Add MS 61823, The Book of Margery Kempe
Arundel MS 57, Michael of Northgate, Ayenbite of Inwyt
Cotton MS Claudius B IV, Old English Hexateuch (imperfect)
Cotton MS Cleopatra C VI, Ancrene Riwle; songs and prayers; a leaf from a Book of Hours
Cotton MS Nero D IV, Lindisfarne Gospels
Cotton MS Vespasian A I, The Vespasian Psalter
Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, Augustine of Hippo, Soliloquia; Marvels of the East; Beowulf; Judith, etc.
Harley MS 2253, Miscellany of English, French, and Latin works ('The Harley Lyrics')
Harley MS 4866, Thomas Hoccleve, The Regiment of Princes
Harley MS 7334, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales
Royal MS 14 C IX, Ranulph Higden's Polychronicon
Royal MS 7 D X, The Prayerbook of Princess Elizabeth

󥯽ϡ#1429. Ѹˤ˴Ϣ BL μ ([2013-03-26-1])#1431. Gelderen αѸ˳Υ󥯽 ([2013-03-28-1])#1293. Sir Orfeo δϢȡ ([2012-11-10-1])#744. Auchinleck MS ν ([2011-05-11-1]) ˤĥäƤΤǡ碌ƻȤ줿

Referrer (Inside): [2014-05-19-1]

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2014-05-17 Sat

#1846. Pearl Υ֡꥽ [pearl][bl][link][manuscript][sggk]

ʸ Pearl Andrew and Waldron ǤɤǤ롥Cleanness, patience, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ȤȤ̵̾λͤˤä14Ⱦ󥰥ǽ񤫤줿ʤǤ롥 British Library MS Cotton Nero A.x ˤΤ߸¸̾ʤ
ܤʤɴϢ¿󤲤뤳ȤǤ뤬ʲǤϼȤƥ־Υ꥽إ󥯤ĥäƤ

[ Żҥƥ ]

Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse ꡤ1953ǯ (Pearl. Ed. E. V. Gordon. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953) ˴Ť Digitised Text of Pearl ǽ
TEAMS: Middle English Texts 󶡤Υƥ Pearl by Robbins Library Digital Projects ǤϡʸȤȤ˸դƤ롥Pearl: Introduction ΥڡǤϡȥȴϢ롥
Pearl by Bill Stanton ǤϡȥΤۤʸȸѸŻҥƥȤǤ롥

[ ܲ ]

The Cotton Nero A.x Project ΥȤ Browse the Manuscript Images ꡤPearl Manuscript βեDZ뤳ȤǤ롥

[ Ϣ󡦽 ]

Entry for "Pearl" in Middle English Compendium HyperBibliography
ˤ󤲤 Cotton Nero A.x. ProjectWeb Resources for Pearl-poet Study: A Vetted Selection 󥯽Ȥͭѡ
Pearl (poem) by Wikipedia Ǥϡ郎Ωġ

Ǹˡ饤 MED ѤơPearl ΰѤޤȥ꡼ؤΥ󥯤ֹ¤٤ƤΤǡƥȤɤߤʤθȤƻȤ롥A Pearl Glossary Derived from MED Entries

Andrew, Malcolm and Ronald Waldron, eds. The Poems of the Pearl Manuscript. 3rd ed. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-05-18-1]

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2014-04-14 Mon

#1813. IPA ٵήˤҲʬ [phonetics][consonant][ipa][chart][link]

ɸƤˡϢεإ󥯤ĥäƤ

#251. IPAΥ㡼ȡ ([2010-01-03-1])
#669. ȯɽȱѸˡ ([2011-02-25-1])
#822. IPA άˡ ([2011-07-28-1])
#1376. ﴱοޡ ([2013-02-01-1])
#31. ѸλҲβǡ ([2009-05-29-1])

Ǥϡءʲ IPA 2005ǯ (PDF; 58KB) ٵήʡ#1672. ή ([2013-11-24-1]) 򻲾ȡˤˤҲɽǡԤϤ줾첿ɽ路Ƥ

IPA Pulmonic Consonants

ޤĴ (place of articulation) ɽ路üο鱦üޤǡƻγƴﴱб롥βȤȤ館Ф褤
ԤĴͼ (manner of articulation) ɽ路夫鲼ء褽ƵФ˸٤ι⤤Τ¤Ǥ롥˸μ8Ĥ˶ʬƤ뤬ˤ¤ϰ롥ϡƣ (21) ˤޤߤаʬ᲻μ˱ѸĤĤġοޤƸ褦

                                                θϲ (plosive)
                                ˡ
                                              ɡ (nasal)
                                
ĺĤΡդ뤨դ뤨 (trill)
                                
                                ϤϤ (tap or flap)


                                                Ū໤ (fricative)
                                ࡡ
                                              ¦̡Ū໤ (lateral fricative)
˷֤ĤΡ                          
                                              Ūܶ᲻ (approximant)
                                ܡᡡ
                                                ¦̡Ūܶ᲻ (lateral approximant)

礭2ʬ롥˴ĺơήߤΤȡĺԴǷ֤ĤꡤήߤʤΤȤǤ롥ԤϹ̣Ǥɽ路ĺη³3ʳʤ롥äꤷ³1ϤΡȸƤ褤ήγΤߤθϲ (plosive) ɡǤСɡ (nasal) Ȥʤ롥³ζˤûĺʣ󷫤֤ȡ㤨д岻Τ褦ʡդ뤨 (trill) Ȥʤ롥ޤˤûĺ٤ˤϡܸΥԤλҲ˸褦ʡϤ (tap or flap) Ȥʤ롥̩˸Сtap flap ϰۤʤꡤtap ưŪĴﴱˤ켫ΤαưŪȤƾԤʤɡŪĴﴱˤܿƤɤΡflap 夬Ȥΰ֤ˤɤ뱿ưǾԤʤɤ1󿨤Τ򤵤סƣp. 40ˡ
⤦1Ĥη󡤤ʤ˷֤Ĥ벻ˤϡĴﴱΤ̤뵤ή໤ζΤȡΤ褦໤ۤȤɤʤĴﴱ֤ܶᤷƤˤʤΤȤ̤롥ޤ줾ˤĤơήο̤뤫Ƥ̤뤫˱ơŪ¦Ūʲ̤롥̤ȤơŪ໤ (fricative) ¦̡Ū໤ (lateral fricative) Ūܶ᲻ (approximant) ¦̡Ūܶ᲻ (lateral approximant) 4बʬ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
IPA λҲʬϡäơĴؤδ餭ŪˤʤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ΤȤơٵήˤҲʬϡʲ5ĤδʤƤȤƣp. 25ˡ

(1) ξ֡Ӥοư̵ͭ
(2) ĴξʤɤʬǶή˸뤫
(3) ήϩʵήϸο̤뤫Ƥ̤뤫
(4) ܶٹ礤ʤɡʵήФƤɤΤ褦˸뤫
(5) ΰ֡ʵήɡФȴ뤫ȴʤ

IPA 䲻ؤγؽˤϡİȤǤʲΥڡɤ

ؤˤ IPA ⥸塼
Department of Language and Communication Studies, Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet ˤ A Sound Reference to the IPA: active, sound-enabled version of the International Phonetic Alphabet
Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London ˤ IPA: Alphabet
The UCLA Phonetics Lab
Institute of Phonetic Sciences, University of Amsterdam ˤ Phonetic Sciences, Amsterdam
ؤθƣƶˤ Υ󥯽

ƣ ˡܸ첻ٲǡƲ2013ǯ

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2014-04-10 Thu

#1809. American Heritage Dictionary Notes [dictionary][etymology][link][synonym][thesaurus]

#485. 츻Τ뤿Υ饤󼭽 ([2010-08-25-1]) ǿ줿American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed. (AHD) Ȥ¾μ˴Ť The Free Dictionary Ȥ饤󼭽񤬤롥AHD ϡꥫμ餷ɴʻŵŪʾл˭٤ǡ褯ȤμǤ緿ɤ༭ȤƤǤ롥ʤʤThe Free Dictionary Encyclopedia Article of the Day Ȥեɤ⤪ꡥ
äܤΤNotes ȸƤФ륳Ūʵ¤Ƥ뤳ȤUsage Notes, Synonym Notes, Word Histories, Our Living Language, Regional Notes Ȥä5 Notes 1,700ʾ塤ˤФƤ롥ʲǤϡꤳܤ⤢Ȥϻפ뤬¿ؤΥ󥯤򽦤ФĹꥹȤʤΤǡפΤܼ󤲤Ƥ

Usage Notes
Synonym Notes
Word Histories
Our Living Language
Regional Notes

ۤˤ⡤ Notes ʬΤߤȴФ Notes ΤΤ֥饦DZǤ褦˺äƤߤ1.6MBȽŤʤΤǡɬפ˱Ƥɤ

[ Usage Notes ]

!Kung, -ee, -ess, -wise, .gov, a, A.M., aberrant, able, about, absolute, absolutely, accessory, acquiesce, act, acumen, ad hominem, admission, adopt, advance, advise, affect, affinity, agenda, aggravate, ain't, alibi, all, all right, alleged, allude, alongside, also, alternative, although, altogether, alumnus, Amerasian, Amerindian, and, and/or, Anglo, anticipate, antidote, anxious, any, anyone, apparent, archetype, as, as far as, Asian, Asiatic, assure, author, awhile, backward, bad, bait, baleful, banal, barbarism, barbiturate, be, bear, because, behalf, berdache, besides, best, between, bi-, black, Black English, blatant, boast, both, bring, but, callous, can, cannot, capital, careen, celebrant, celibate, center, certain, challenged, Chicano, child-directed speech, claustrophobic, cohort, collective noun, color, colored, compact disk, compare, complected, complement, complete, comprise, conflicted, contact, contemporary, continuance, contrast, controller, convince, council, couple, craft, credential, credible, crescendo, criterion, critique, culture, czar, dare, data, deaf, debut, deceptively, decimate, definite, demagogue, denote, depend, deprecate, dialogue, different, dilemma, disabled, discomfit, disingenuous, disinterested, disinvent, distinct, dive, domestic partner, double negative, doubt, dour, drunk, due to, each, each other, either, elder, else, empower, enervate, enormity, enthuse, envelope, epicenter, epithet, equal, err, escape, Eskimo, Eurasian, every, everyplace, except, exceptionable, fact, factoid, farther, February, few, finalize, First Nation, firstly, flammable, flaunt, flotsam, follow, foot, foregone, former, formidable, forte, fortuitous, founder, fulsome, fun, gambit, gay, gender, General American, get, glamour, good, gourmet, government, graduate, graffito, grieve, group, grow, handicapped, hang, harass, hardly, harebrained, have, he, headquarter, headquarters, healthy, hegemony, height, help, herb, hero, Hispanic, historic, hoi polloi, holocaust, homosexual, hopefully, host, however, hyphenated, I, identical, identify, if, impact, impeach, important, impracticable, include, Indian, individual, infer, infinite, infrastructure, input, insignia, intense, interface, intrigue, intuit, Inuit, ironic, irregardless, its, Jew, Jewess, kabbalah, Kanaka, kilometer, knot, kudos, lack, lady, late, Latina, lay, leave, legend, liable, lifestyle, light, like, likely, literally, literate, loan, look, majority, man, master, masterful, materialize, mean, medium, men, methodology, mid-, migrate, minimal, mistress, momentarily, month, moot, Ms., mute, mutual, myriad, myself, native, Native American, nauseous, need, neither, Net, none, nonstandard, nonwhite, nor, not, nothing, nuclear, number, oblivious, octoroon, of, off, officiate, often, old, on, one, only, or, oriental, ought, over-, pair, paradigm, parameter, participle, party, pass, people, percent, percentage, perfect, periodic, permit, person, peruse, phenomenon, pill bug, plead, plus, politics, poor, possessed, practicable, practically, precipitate, premiere, preposition, presently, principal, prioritize, process, protagonist, prove, quarter, queer, quick, quote, race, rarely, rather, redundancy, regard, replete, repulse, responsible, restive, sacrilegious, safe sex, said, salutation, same, saving, scarcely, schism, Scottish, seasonal, series, service, set, shall, she, short-lived, should, slow, sneak, so, so-called, someday, sometime, sonorous, soon, split infinitive, Standard English, status, staunch, stomp, stratum, strength, such, suffer, than, that, themed, there, they, this, Three Age system, thusly, tight, till, together, too, tortuous, toward, transpire, try, un-, unaware, unexceptionable, unique, utilize, various, verbal, very, victual, virtual, wake, want, way, we, wean, web, website, well, what, whatever, when, whence, where, which, who, whose, why, wish, with, wreak, Xmas, ye, yet, zoology

[ Synonym Notes ]

ability, abolish, abstinence, abuse, accidental, accompany, acknowledge, active, adapt, admonish, adulterate, advance, adventurous, advice, advise, affair, affect, affectation, afflict, afraid, ageless, agitate, agree, aim, airy, allocate, alone, amateur, ambiguous, ambush, amenity, amiss, amuse, analyze, ancestor, anger, angry, announce, annoy, answer, anxiety, apology, apparent, appear, appendage, applaud, appoint, appreciate, apprehend, appropriate, approve, arbitrary, argue, argument, argumentative, arrange, art, artificial, ask, assent, assistant, attack, attribute, authentic, authorize, average, aware, band, banish, banter, bargain, barrage, base, baseless, batter, bear, beat, beautiful, beg, begin, beginning, behavior, belief, belligerent, bend, beneficial, benefit, benevolent, besiege, bet, bias, binge, bite, bitter, blackball, blackout, blame, blameworthy, blast, blemish, blink, block, bloom, blunder, boast, bodily, boil, book, boor, border, boring, botch, branch, brave, brawl, breach, break, breeze, bright, broach, broad-minded, brood, brush, bulge, bulwark, burden, burdensome, burn, business, busy, cadge, calculate, call, calm, campaign, care, careful, careless, caress, caricature, catch, cause, celebrity, center, certain, certainty, chafe, chance, charge, charm, chief, choice, chronic, circumference, citizen, claim, clean, clear, clever, cliché, clothe, coagulate, cold, collision, comfort, comfortable, comment, commit, common, complete, complex, conceit, condemn, conduct, confidence, confirm, conflict, confuse, consider, contain, contaminate, contemporary, continual, convert, convey, cool, correct, corrupt, count, crisis, criticize, crowd, crude, cruel, crush, cry, cure, curious, dark, daze, dead, decay, deceive, decide, decision, decisive, decrease, decry, defeat, defend, defer, defy, degrade, delicate, delicious, demand, demote, deny, dependent, deplete, depressed, describe, desire, despise, despondent, development, deviation, devote, dexterous, dialect, dictate, dictatorial, differ, difference, difficulty, dip, dirty, disadvantage, disappear, discord, discourage, discover, discuss, disguise, disgust, dishonest, dismay, dismiss, display, disposition, dissuade, distinct, distort, distribute, doctrine, dominant, dry, dull, earn, easy, eat, echo, effect, effective, eject, elaborate, element, elevation, eliminate, embarrass, emphasis, empty, enclose, encourage, endanger, enemy, engagement, enmity, enormous, enrapture, envy, equipment, erase, escape, estimate, estrange, evoke, exaggerate, example, excel, excessive, existence, expect, explain, explicit, expressive, extemporaneous, extricate, fair, faithful, faithless, fantastic, fashion, fashionable, fast, fasten, fat, fatal, favorable, fawn, fear, feat, feeling, female, fertile, fidelity, field, figure, flagrant, flash, flexible, flirt, flock, flourish, flow, follow, foolish, forbid, force, foreign, foretell, forgive, form, forte, found, fragile, fragrance, frank, freedom, frighten, frown, function, furnish, futile, gather, gaudy, gaze, general, gesture, ghastly, giddy, glad, glib, gossip, gracious, grand, graphic, grieve, gruff, guide, habit, hamper, handle, happen, happy, harass, hard, harden, haste, hateful, healthy, heap, heavy, help, heritage, hesitate, hide, hinder, honor, humane, idea, ideal, imagination, imitate, immaterial, impetuous, importance, impression, improper, improve, inactive, incalculable, incisive, incline, include, increase, indicate, indispensable, infinite, inflexible, injustice, innate, inquiry, insanity, instinctive, insubordinate, intelligent, intense, intention, interfere, intimidate, introduce, irrelevant, isolate, item, jealous, jerk, join, joke, judge, justify, keep, kind, knowledge, lack, large, last, latent, lazy, lean, learned, lethargy, letter, level, liberal, lie, lift, likeness, limit, limp, living, logical, loose, loud, love, lure, luxury, makeshift, male, malign, malleable, manipulate, mark, mature, living, logical, mercy, method, meticulous, mind, miscellaneous, mix, mixture, moderate, moment, monopolize, mood, moral, morale, moving, multitude, muscular, mysterious, naive, native, nautical, neat, negligent, new, news, noise, noted, noticeable, nuance, nurture, object, oblige, observe, obstacle, obstinate, occurrence, offend, offensive, offer, old, opinion, opportunity, oppose, opposite, orderly, origin, outline, overthrow, pacify, pain, palliate, pamper, partner, passion, pathetic, patience, pause, pedantic, penitence, pensive, perceptible, perfect, perform, period, periodic, permission, persuade, phase, pity, plain, plan, plausible, please, plentiful, poisonous, polite, poor, possible, posture, practice, praise, predicament, predict, predilection, preliminary, presume, prevailing, prevent, produce, proficient, profuse, promise, proportion, propose, proud, provoke, prudence, pull, punish, pure, push, puzzle, quality, qualm, quibble, range, reach, real, reap, reason, recede, reciprocate, reckless, recover, refer, refrain, refuse, regard, regret, relevant, reliable, relieve, religious, relinquish, rely, remember, reparation, repeat, replace, represent, resort, responsible, restrain, revere, reverse, revive, rich, ridicule, right, rise, rival, room, rough, rude, ruin, rural, sad, sarcastic, satisfy, save, saying, scatter, scold, secret, see, seem, send, sensuous, sentimental, separate, series, serious, severe, shade, shake, shameless, shapeless, sharp, shelter, shorten, shout, show, showy, shrewd, shy, sign, silent, sinister, slant, sleek, slide, sloppy, slow, small, smell, social, solitude, solve, sour, spacious, sparing, speak, speed, spend, spontaneous, stain, standard, state, stay, steal, steep, stem, stench, stiff, still, stoop, stop, strange, streak, strength, subject, substance, sufficient, suggest, summit, superfluous, supervise, support, supposed, sure, surprise, surrender, surround, swerve, swing, tact, tardy, task, taste, teach, tear, teem, temporary, tend, tendency, theoretical, think, think, tight, tire, tireless, tool, touch, treat, trial, trivial, trouble, trust, truth, turn, ugly, uncertainty, unctuous, unfortunate, unruly, unspeakable, urgent, use, usual, vain, valid, vent, versatile, vertical, victory, vigor, vociferous, voluntary, voracious, wander, waste, way, weak, weird, wet, whole, wile, wit, wonder, wordy, work, yield, young, zest

[ Word Histories ]

abacus, abracadabra, accolade, acorn, adder, adolescent, agnostic, alcohol, Allegheny River, alligator, amateur, Amazon, an, anesthesia, appendicitis, arena, arrowroot, artery, artichoke, Aryan, asparagus, assassin, automatic, avocado, baby-sit, badger, ballyhoo, banquet, barnacle, bayonet, beef, belfry, berserk, Betelgeuse, bigot, bless, Bolshevik, book, boomerang, boycott, Brazil, brickbat, broker, buccaneer, buffalo, bumpkin, bury, butterfly, bylaw, Canada, canter, cappuccino, caricature, carouse, casino, caterpillar, caviar, chagrin, chameleon, chaperon, check, Chicago, china, chivalry, chortle, churl, ciao, circus, cleric, cockroach, codex, cologne, comet, comrade, coroner, cot, coupon, coward, crayfish, croissant, crucial, cuckold, cushy, cute, cynic, dandelion, debunk, deer, delta, dervish, desert, diabetes, diatribe, digitalis, dinner, dirge, ditto, do-gooding, Don River, drench, dress, dungeon, dynamite, easel, economy, edit, eleven, empty, encyclopedia, English, ennui, enthusiasm, erudite, ethnic, eunuch, exorcise, fascism, fear, fee, fellow, fey, fiction, film, fire, fizzle, flunky, fool, fornication, fraction, freeze, friend, fuck, funky, garage, gauntlet, geezer, gerrymander, giddy, glitch, goatee, goodbye, gorilla, Gothic, grass widow, Greenland, gremlin, gringo, guillotine, hall, hamburger, harlot, hassle, haywire, hectic, helicopter, hell, helpmate, hex, high muckamuck, hobnob, holocaust, hooker, Hoosier, hubbub, husband, iconoclast, ilk, impeach, industry, inkling, interloper, internecine, island, item, janitor, Japan, jaunty, junk, kangaroo, ketchup, kidnap, kiosk, kith and kin, laconic, landscape, larva, lava, lemon, leprechaun, lieutenant, limbo, lingo, lion, loaf, lobster, long-lived, lucre, macabre, maharajah, malaprop, mannequin, mantis, marshal, mascot, mattress, mealy-mouthed, Melba toast, menu, mesmerism, metal, midwife, milquetoast, Minnesota, misericord, Mississippi, modern, mortgage, mosquito, Muse, mutt, namby-pamby, nap, naughty, neighbor, nerd, nest, New Jersey, noise, nonchalant, numb, OK, ombudsman, one, opossum, orange, orgy, oscillate, otorhinolaryngology, Ouse River, outlaw, oyez, Pakistan, pal, pant, paradise, pariah, pay, peeping Tom, penthouse, period, petard, Philistine, pickle, pilot, plane, Platonic, plumber, Plymouth, poison, pollster, Pomerania, posh, posthumous, powwow, premise, pretzel, prison, prude, Pueblo, Punjab, Quaalude, quark, queen, queue, quiz, raid, rajah, rankle, rapt, read, reindeer, resent, rhinestone, Riot Act, robot, role, rose, roster, rune, sack, salad, sanction, sanguine, Sanskrit, sarcophagus, scan, scarce, scold, scuba, séance, seersucker, senile, serendipity, shadow, shambles, sherbet, short shrift, shyster, Singapore, slave, sleuth, slivovitz, soldier, soothsayer, Sophocles, south, speak, speed, spill, spoof, spree, stampede, stove, sunbeam, superman, surly, syphilis, taboo, tangerine, tattoo, tea, telephone, temple, testis, testy, Thames, theater, they, third, ticket, tin, tithe, toady, Tokyo, tomato, tooth, trek, trivial, true, tulip, tweed, tycoon, typhoon, umpire, underling, uranium, valentine, vegetable, vixen, vogue, vulgar, Wales, wallflower, war, water, Wednesday, went, werewolf, whiskey, whore, wigwam, window, winsome, worry, write, xylophone, Yankee, Zeus, zipper, zloty

[ Our Living Language ]

a-, agreement, all, as far as, ax, bad, basket case, be, breathe, call, cent, chill, comparative, cool, dig, downsize, dude, dumb, foot, geek, go, gung ho, hisself, historical present, hornswoggle, I'm, igg, it, izzard, knockout, like, me, might, mine, Ocracoke Island, of, plural, rap, redundancy, rent, right, schlock, sleigh, Smith Island, strike, trashed, were, za, zero copula

[ Regional Notes ]

absquatulate, agin, andiron, anymore, as, bare-naked, beignet, birth, bodacious, boughten, cayuse, chaw, chesterfield, chirren, clever, critter, damned, dogie, dope, dornick, dragonfly, drudge, everwhere, fair, faubourg, favor, feist, ferninst, fix, frosting, frying pan, gallery, goober, greasy, gum band, gunnysack, gutter, hey, highfalutin, holler, hosey, intervale, johnnycake, juke, kindling, krewe, krumkake, lagniappe, light bread, lightning bug, loblolly, luminaria, milk shake, mill, mozo, mud dauber, muffuletta, need, neutral ground, Old Scratch, old-field colt, olla, parking, pocosin, poke, pone, possum, powerful, preacher, purty, quoit, ramada, redd, reeling, run, scoot, shivaree, slatch, smart, so, spa, stateside, stob, stoop, submarine, summercater, tarnation, ted, teeter-totter, thataway, tit, tonic, tule, tumbleset, ugly, ukulele, vaquero, vum, wake, wanigan, whiffletree, woodchuck, yonder, you-all, you-uns

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-31-1] [2014-04-20-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-02-23 Sun

#1763. Shakespeare κʤȸ˴ؤ뻨¿ʾ [shakespeare][statistics][link][timeline]

Shakespeare ȤκʤˤĤƤϡΤ̤ꡤʸѤ롥ǯɽפत¿뤬Crystal and Crystal Ŭȴ褷Τ򤤤ĤܤƤʤCrystal and Crystal μפθˤʤäƤǡ١ϡShakespeare's Words ꥢǤ롥¾ Shakespeare ϢΥ󥯤ˤĤƤϡ#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1]) 򻲾ȡ

(1) Chronology of works (Crystal and Crystal 6)

1590--91The Two Gentlemen of Verona; The Taming of the Shrew
1591Henry VI Part II; Henry VI Part III
1592Henry VI Part I (perhaps with Thomas Nashe); Titus Andronicus (perhaps with George Peele)
1592--3Richard III; Venus and Adonis
1593--4The Rape of Lucrece
1594The Comedy of Errors
1594--5Love's Labour's Lost
by 1595King Edward III
1595Richard II; Romeo and Juliet; A Midsummer Night's Dream
1596King John
1596--7The merchant of Venice; Henry IV Part I
1597--8The Merry Wives of Windsor; Henry IV Part II
1598Much Ado About Nothing
1598--9Henry V
1599Julius Caesar
1599--1600As You Like It
1600--1601Hamlet; Twelfth Night
by 1601The Phoenix and Turtle
1602Troilus and Cressida
1593--1603The Sonnets
1603--4A Lover's Complaint; Sir Thomas More; Othello
1603Measure for Measure
1604--5All's Well that Ends Well
1605Timon of Athens (with Thomas Middleton)
1605--6King Lear
1606Macbeth (revised by Middleton); Antony and Cleopatra
1607Pericles (with George Wilkins)
1608Coriolanus
1609The Winter's Tale
1610Cymbeline
1611The Tempest
1613Henry VIII (with John Fletcher); Cardenio (with John Fletcher)
1613--14The Two Noble Kinsmen (with John Fletcher)


(2) Top ten content words (Crystal and Crystal 153)

good3995
lord3164
man3091
love3047
sir2548
know2252
give2114
think/thought1911
king1680
speak1626


(3) Poetry or prose (Crystal and Crystal 165)

Poetry (%)No. of linesProse (%)No. of linesPlay
100275200Richard II
100256900King John
100249300King Edward III
99.728920.38Henry VI Part III
99.526640.514Henry VI Part I
98.624791.435Titus Andronicus
97.635172.485Richard III
97.427352.674Henry VIII
94.526415.5154The Two Noble Kinsmen
93.519486.5135Macbeth
90.122089.9244Julius Caesar
89.8271810.2308Antony and Cleopatra
86.9261013.1393Romeo and Juliet
86.6154313.4239The Comedy of Errors
85.2280814.5487Cymbeline
83.7258016.3503Henry VI Part II
81.2190318.8441Pericles
80.6207619.4498The Taming of the Shrew
80.6171319.4413A Midsummer Night's Dream
80.4259919.6633Othello
78.6202521.4551The Merchant of Venice
77.2257122.8760Coriolanus
76.5156923.5481The Tempest
73.2218126.8800The Winter's Tale
73.1234526.9865King Lear
73.1170726.9627Timon of Athens
73.1161326.9595The Two Gentlemen of Verona
71.5274228.51092Hamlet
66.4225033.61137Troilus and Cressida
64.2171635.8955Love's Labour's Lost
60.6163439.41062Measure for Measure
60.5194339.51269Henry V
55.6166644.41332Henry IV Part I
51.6144748.41356All's Well that Ends Well
47.6154752.41700Henry IV Part II
47.4127652.61415As You Like It
38.294961.81532Twelfth Night
28.373971.71871Much Ado About Nothing
12.533887.52370The Merry Wives of Windsor


(4) How long are the plays? (Crystal and Crystal 139)

Total linesTotal wordsPlayFirst FolioRiverside
383429,844Hamlet39064042
360228,439Richard III38873667
338725,730Troilus and Cressida35923531
333126,479Coriolanus38383752
329526,876Cymbeline38193707
324725,737Henry IV Part II33503326
323226,003Othello36853551
321225,623Henry V33813297
321025,341King Lear33023487
308324,490Henry VI Part II33553130
302623,726Antony and Cleopatra36363522
300324,023Romeo and Juliet31853099
299824,126Henry IV Part I31803081
298124,597The Winter's Tale33693348
290023,318Henry VI Part III32172915
280923,333Henry VIII34633221
280322,537All's Well that Ends Well30783013
279523,388The Two Noble Kinsmennot in3261
275221,884Richard II28492796
270821,290The Merry Wives of Windsor27292891
269621,269Measure for Measure29382891
269121,477As You Like It27962810
267820,541Henry VI Part I29312695
267120,881Love's Labour's Lost29002829
261020,767Much Ado About Nothing26842787
257620,911The Merchant of Venice27372701
257420,552The Taming of the Shrew27502676
256920,472King John27292638
251419,888Titus Andronicus27082538
249319,406King Edward IIInot innot in
248119,592Twelfth Night25792591
245219,149Julius Caesar27302591
234417,728Periclesnot in2459
233417,796Timon of Athens26072488
220816,936The Two Gentlemen of Verona22982288
212616,305A Midsummer Night's Dream22222192
208316,372Macbeth25292349
205016,047The Tempest23412283
178214,415The Comedy of Errors19181787


(5) Using you and thou (Crystal and Crystal 126)

You-formsThou-forms
you14,244thou5,942
ye352thee3,444
your6,912thy4,429
yours260thine510
yourself289thyself251
yourselves74  
Total22,131 14,576


Crystal, David and Ben Crystal. The Shakespeare Miscellany. Woodstock & New York: Overlook, 2005.

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2013-12-19 Thu

#1697. Liberia ι [vexillology][link][map][geography]

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