Ѹ١Υԥ (pidgin) ȤƤ餯ǤΤƤΤ Tok Pisin ¿ Papua New Guinea λ¾ιȸȤѤƤꡤlingua_franca ȤƵǽƤ롥ʹ饸ƥӡʸˡʤɤθȤƺѤƤꡤüԤˤѶŪʼҲŪɾդƤ롥2Ȥ400ͤˤäƤꡤ1ȤƤ5ͤüԤ롥ԤüԤ¸ߤϡTok Pisin 쥪첽 (creolisation) ϤƤ뤳ȤθǤ⤢롥
New Guinea ϡGreenland ˼2ܤ礭Ǥ롥ŪˤȾʬΥɥͥ Irian Jaya Ⱦʬ Papua New Guinea (PNG) ʬ롥ΤȤƤߤлѤƤ1,000˵ڤӡPNG ˸¤äƤ⡤#401. ¿κǤ⤤ϰ ([2010-06-02-1]) ǸȤꡤ830롥¿ؿȤƤϡǹͤǤ롥Ķ¿ϰ褬 lingua franca ϤȤʤäΤϡ19˥衼åѤο̱ϼȤǤ롥Samoa, Vanuatu, Queensland ʤɡ˥ϰΥץơϫƯԤϤ褷ȡΩƤ춦ƱΤΩݻǤʤʤäȤlingua franca ȯ¥̤ȤơPNG 줫ȯԥ Hiri Motu 䡤Ѹ١Υԥ Tok Pisin äƤä
˥ϰΥԥȯãˤĤƤ¿Australia ͳǹä (ex. Australian Pidgin English, Roper river Creole, Cape York Creole) ȡVanuatu (the New Hebrides), the Solomon Islands, Queensland, Fiji Ф Papua New Guinea عä̤롥19ϰǤϡNew England ߡͥΥӥ㥯סοȤƤΥʥޥμ衤Queensland Fiji Ǥʲ֤䥵ȥӤΥץơSamoa ǤΥץΥץơȥ쥹 (the Torres Strait) ǤομʤɤкѤϫƯοϤȤʤäƤ Tok Pisin ϡηкѳư̤ Bislama ʡ#1536. ǤʤعǤλѤػߤƤ Bislama ([2013-07-11-1]) ȡ, Solomon Islands Pidgin, Torres Straits Creole ʤɤܤϫƯԤˤä PNG ˹ޤäƤäȤ롥
ҤΤ褦ˡTok Pisin ϱѸ١ΡʤʤѸ lexifier Ȥ˥ԥǤ롥ɸѸ٤СʸˡäʤɤˤƳΤ˴άƤ뤬äʵ§ġηϤȤƤϡѸȤϰۤʤȤäƺ٤ʤGramley (239--40) ˷ǺܤƤ Tok Pisin ǽ줿ʸϤΥץˤĤơɸѸĤǸ䤹ľΤPDFѰդ¾Tok Pisin ˤĤƤϰʲΥȤ⻲ȡ
#463. Ѹ١Υԥȥ쥪ΰ ([2010-08-03-1])
Ethnologue: Tok Pisin
Tok Pisin -- Pidgin / English Dictionary
Tok Pisin Translation, Resources, and Discussion
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
#1567. ѸܸΥ饤ѥĤҲ ([2013-08-11-1]) ǡܸΥѥȤKOTONOHA ָܸնѹեѥ˸ڤΡظܸնѹեѥ (BCCWJ: Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese) ϡضƱѵˡͿʹʸ浡Ω츦ʸʳؾʲʳظΰ踦ܸ쥳ѥץץȤƱdzȯܳŪʥѥǤ롥
ѥƤˤĤƤϡƱȤˡ2012ǯ3ߡоݤȤʤäƤΤϡʲ11Υǡ1500ǤפȤ롥ץϡ1976--2008ǯˤƤʸǡ11ΥϽҡʹʽ桤Yahoo!ηޡYahoo!֥ʸˡΧϿˤ錄롥ƥƥȤ2Υץ뤬Ƥꡤ֤ҤȤĤĹ1000˸ꤷץ (Ĺץ)⤦ҤȤĤϡϤʤʸϤΰ̣ΤޤȤޤбñ̤ΤǤ (Ĺץ)ޤǤĴˤСĹץʿĹϿʹ1000Ҥ4000ǤפȤ롥
BCCWJ Ѥˡ䥤եϤĤ뤬äȤؤʤΤˤĥäǼǤ롥Ͽפǡɽؤʸˤ륳ѥʸǤ롥Ϥ̵٤500¤뤬ڤ˻ȤǤ롥
ѿɬפǼǤϡƱѥФơûñ̡Ĺñ̡ʸ3ĤˡˤꡤŪʣʸ뤳ȤǤ롥
ޤ̤ΥեȤơNINJAL-LWP for BCCWJ (NLB) 롥Ԥ1.20ǤǤϡBBCWJ ΤۤȤɤΥǡоݤȤơ뤳ȤǤ롥ڡ
ϢơNLB ƱեѤǤ⤦1Ĥܸ쥳ѥҲ𤹤롥ؤ֥ȤƥȤԻ11줫ʤȥ֥ѥ (Tsukuba Web Corpus: TWC) ؤΥեNINJAL-LWP for TWC (NLT)Ǥ롥ڡ
־Ѥ뤳ȤΤǤ륳ѥĤҲ𤷤
ޤ#1441. JACET 8000 Υ١ˤå٥ʬϥġ ([2013-04-07-1]) Ǽ夲ëϡBusiness Letter Corpus Υ饤ǸƤ롥27ΥѥθǽȤʤäƤ뤬ᥤ100Ķʤ Business Letter Corpus (BLC2000) Ȥ˥դ POS-tagged BLC 2Ĥ1970ǯʹߤαƤ¾νʪǡǤ롥
Instructions for the First-Time User ǤޤȤƤ褦ˡΥѥΤʤˤϡ167Ķ State of the Union Address (1790--2006) ʤɥǡɤǤΤ⤢ꡤͭѤǤ롥Ѻʸγؽ䡤ȼǡ١ΥΤ˻ͤˤʤ롥
ʤƱȤǤϡҤγƼ拾ѥ N-Gram Search Ԥʤ Bigram Plus εǽƤ롥N-Gram θˤϡܥ֥#956. COCA N-Gram Search ([2011-12-09-1]) ⻲ȡ
ϡѹΥ (University of Leeds) 絬Ϥ Leeds collection of Internet corporaѸϤᡤե졤ܸʤɤ͡ʸΥѥ饤ǸǤ롥
ܸΥѥξˤĤƤϾܤʤKOTONOHA ָܸնѹեѥϽ¤Ƥ褦ܸۤ쥳ѥξȤƤϡѥܸؤΤξ --- ѥҲͭѡ
츻Ūˤ against again ֤ä -st ϲʤΤ
űѸǡagain ongēan ʤɤη֤졤ֻͿʤ뤤гʤۤˡƬȤƹǽƤʿԤơ°ʸȼä ongēanes ʤɤη֤ԤʤƤ[2009-07-18-1]ε#81. once twice -ce ȤϲפȡˡѸˤʤȡֻȤƤ again ϡ۷ agains Ӹ³ against ȤȤ˶礷ϤᡤѸɸΩβȤƤεǽ˸ꤵƤ椯ȤȤʤäѸֻȤƤɸŪϰ̤ΩΤϡǤȯ against ä
ơagain ľ -(e)s źäϡҤ̤ꡤ첽°ʸȤƤ뤬ʤ t źäϤɤΤ褦OED against, prep., conj., adv., and n. θ츻ˤȼΤ褦ˤ롥
The development of excrescent final -t . . . was probably reinforced by the fact that the word was frequently followed by te, variant of THE adj., and perhaps also by association with superlatives in -st; compare similarly AMONGST prep. 1a, AMIDST adv., BETWIXT prep.
رѸ츻ŵ٤εҤ⡤OED ˱äƤ뤬롥
-t Ϥ餯Ǿ -st ȺƱ줿ź (cf. AMIDST, AMONGST, BETWIXT), ޤ agains þe agains te against(e) þe (cf. hwīls þat whilst þat) ȤʤʬϤˤΤ -st ˽κǽ Layamon Brut Otho (c1300) aȝenest ȤƸCaligula (?a1200) Ǥ toȝinesˡ Trevisa 1400ǯʹ London αѸǤϹѤ졤16CȾˤʸȤƳΩagain, against Ȥ ModE -g- ֤ȯ ON αƶˤ롥
Brut νϡMED ayēn(e)s (prep.) 1(b) ꡤ"c1300 Lay. Brut (Otho C.13) 22476: He dude ase a wisman and wende a3enest [Clg: to3eines] him anon." Ǥ롥
嵭ꡤagainst -st źäˤĤƤϡ(1) Ǿ -st Ȥ䡤(2) ľ괧θƬҲ˴ؤʬϡȤƤƤȤȤǤ롥ƱźäȤ amidst, amongst, betwixt, whilst ʤɤ뤬νлߤεǽŪ-st ̵ͭˤ̣㡤3ҲϢ³βŪյʤɤͻơŪ٤ϢơűѸ ongēan tōgēan(es) ˴Ťơ-t źä줿֤15 toȝenes ȤƽФƤ뤳ȤդäƤ
ۤ against ˤź (paragoge) ˤĤƤϡ#739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]) ȡޤwhilst ˤĤƤϡ#508. Dracula ˸ whilst ([2010-09-17-1])#509. Dracula ˸ whilst (2) ([2010-09-18-1])#510. ꥫѸˤ whilst ξü ([2010-09-19-1]) betwixt ˤĤƤϡ#1389. between θ츻 ([2013-02-14-1])#1393. between Ū۷֤˭٤([2013-02-18-1])#1394. between ΰ۷֤ʬ̻ۤŪѲ ([2013-02-19-1])#1399. Ѹˤ between ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2013-02-24-1]) ȡ
߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
ˤѸθŪʺۤˤĤƤϡ㤨мεǰäƤ
#1359. ϰѰۤȼҲѰۡ ([2013-01-15-1])
#1481. ʥˤߤҲϰεեԥߥåɡ ([2013-05-17-1])
#1370. Norwich ˤ -in(g) ʸŪѰۤĴ ([2013-01-26-1])
#406. Labov New York City /r/ ([2010-06-07-1])
#1371. New York City ˤ non-prevocalic /r/ ʸŪѰۤĴ ([2013-01-27-1])
#1363. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ݼ ([2013-01-19-1])
#1203. ɤˤʩλȤʬμҲ ([2012-08-12-1])
#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])
ܸǤϳˤκۤΤˤϤߤʤΤǡѸǤκۤˤĤľŪˤˤܸˤⳬ麹Τ¸ߤؿܸ춵ŵ (468) ꡤϢսѤ롥
Ȥʬ٤¸ߤͻˤϡܸƱͤǤäʡ͡Ȥϡص;(1877) ΤʤǡͤˤƻΤȤФˤϤäꤷۤäȤƵҤƤ롥ˡΤ褦ʸѰۤϿʬΰ㤤˵ΤǤꡤΤ褦ʾϡ¾ͤǤƱȤҤ٤Ƥ롥άܸμҲغϡꡤʬ٤ѻߤ줿⡤顦Ȥʤɤˤ뤳ȤФΰ㤤Ȥ¸³Ƥ٤ȡʤߡؤŪǤʤʤäǤϡҲش֤γʺθݤȿǤơܸγؤˤ㤤⡤ʤäƤƤȤ褦νħѤäɽˡʤɤ顤üԤοȤʤɤꤹ뤳ȤϲǽǤ롥
Ķʸص;ȤȤ㤨СָƤפȤΤˡΤϡ֤ߤ줤סΤϡ֤ߤꤤסͤϡ֤ߤƤꤣס̱ϡ֤ߤꤤפǡѰۤȤ
Ʊܸظŵ (176) ѡ
ڳغ۵²θդȽ̱θաȤθդĮͤθդʤɡʬˤäơդ礭ʺۤߤ롥Ρؤ͡٤ϡܻŤƤȤ̼ʤ˷ޤĹޤȬϺؤθդιԤ㤤ΤǤꡤȬϺ٤ˤϡͤ¦ˤʤäˬͤȬϺȸդ˸ǤߤƤ롥γغˤϡĤƥꥹε²ҲǤϥե줬ȤƤȤ褦ʶü⤢롥ͻ塤ͤȼҲθդϡ֤աʲˡפʤɤȸƤФ줿ˤϡפˤäơϰ轻̱θդȤ̤ϰθ줬ԤʤƤ뤳ȤʤäޤȤνѤ롤ʤʸոϡ֤߸ա¸աפʤɤȸƤФ졤̱θդν㲽˹㤨оǯݲʹΡήҲθաפȤˤɸȤäˤ⸫褦ˡ˾ήήήʤɤγغռ뷹ϡʤ궯ĤäƤ롥
ܸǤ⡤ߤΥɤξƱͤˡؤγǤϰˤѰۤؤǤѰۤ礭ԥߥåɹ¤[2013-01-15-1]ε#1359. ϰѰۤȼҲѰۡפοޤ)ʬŪˤεդΥѥʥΤ褦㤬뤳Ȥϡ#1481. ʥˤߤҲϰεեԥߥåɡ ([2013-05-17-1]) ǿ줿ȤǤ롥
ؿܸ춵ŵ١ܸ춵ز ԡ罤۽Ź2005ǯ
ܸظŵ١ ʸۤ ԡ2007ǯ
#1445. Ѹ˳ν ([2013-04-11-1]) ƱͤμݤǡʱѸ˼ҲؤγŪʻͿΥꥹȤ
ǯʱѸ˼ҲؤȯŸϰϤˤʤäƤƤ뤬ʲǤϡʱѸ˼Ҳؤ˴ؤ복ŪʿȥեΤꥹȤǤʡäˤΤΡˡΤۤˤ⡤ƿδ˷ǺܤƤ뻲ʸꥹȤ䡤饤Ǥ O'Grady et al. θΥѥ˥֤ƤPDFλʸꥹȡޤܥ֥ǤҲؤ¿äƤΤǡȤ櫓 sociolinguistics γƵȤ줿
ʲƱƤΰѤPDFɤ
γܸˡ
ؼҲ硡ǡ١ҡ2009ǯ
סؤȤФʸ١ȽŹҴȿӡ1973ǯ
ɧؤȤФȹȡ١ȽŹҴȿӡ1981ǯ
ҡˡؼҲؤؤξԡ١ߥͥ˼1996ǯ
ּҲءסرѸ6ѸؤδϢʬ١ʼë , ͳͺ, ˡ罤۽Ź, 1989ǯ365--495ǡ
ë ҡˡؤϤƳؤּҲء١ߥͥ˼2011ǯ
륤ˡ ˡؼҲء١ҡ2002ǯ
γʱѸˡ
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ΡʱѸ˼ҲؤλͿ
ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ켭ŵ١ҡ2002ǯ
ϲ ͭӾ ɧ ˮɧԡˡ罤۱Ѹػŵ١罤۽Ź1983ǯ
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 2nd ed. 2003.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 2nd ed. 2003.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
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Map of the World Ȥ͡ϿޤɥȤĤõƤߤȡѸ䤽¾θ˴ؤϿޤ奢ˤ˭٤ǡܥ֥ȤƾҲ𤹤ͤȻפäΤǡʲ˥ĥäƤϿޤΰŪӤˤ˻Ȥ롥
English Language --- Facts & Infographic: ѸħѸˤ绨Ĥ˲⡥Τʤ English Speaking Countries Ͽޤͭѡ
Should English Be The Official Language Of The World --- Facts & Infographic: ȤƤθѸϰ̤ҴŪ˵ҡǡŵϤ狼ʤ The Web of Words Ǥϡ־ΥƥĤαѸΨ56%ʰŪ̡ˡ־Υߥ˥αѸΨ26.8%ˤĤ2̡ˤȤʤäƤ롥Ѹ줬ѸȤʤäƤ56ιƤ롥ե٥åȽ˵ȡAntigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Cameroon, Canada, Dominica, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Ireland, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Namibia, Nauru, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Zambia, ZimbabweϢơ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1]) #376. ˤѸιϿޤǤߤ ([2010-05-08-1]) ⻲ȡ
Top Ten English Speaking Countries: ϿޤDZѸüԡüԤȤϸ¤ʤ˿ȥå10ιƤ롥ǡ뤬ե٥åȽ˵ȡAustralia, Canada, France, Germany, India, Italy, Nigeria, Philippines, United Kingdom, United States
Top Ten Daily Newspapers in English: ϿޤǼ뤬ƤȥɤΤߡ1ʿȯˡThe Sun (UK), USA Today (USA), The Daily Mail (UK), The Mirror (UK), Times of India (India), Wall Street Journal (USA), New York Times (USA), The Daily Telegraph (UK), Daily Express (UK), Los Angeles Times (USA)
Language Map of the World: 25Ȥ¾ȤǿʬϿޤ롥
UK Map --- United Kingdom: ꥹϿޤäȼȤ˻Ȥ롥Physical Map *
USA Map: ꥫϿޤäȼȤ˻Ȥ롥Physical Map *
Europe Map: 衼åϿޤäȼȤ˻Ȥ롥Physical Map *
Map of the World: ϿޤäȼȤ˻Ȥ롥 * * *
ۤ˥饤θϿޤȤƤϡ#715. Britannica Online ǻȤǤϿޡ ([2011-04-12-1]) ĥä䡤Ethnologue Browse by Map Title ȡ
ǯ٤νˡѸ˳仲ͿʤɱѸˡѸؤؽ椹ΤäƤȤƤޤȤƤǯʬνʪܸǤѸǤ¿٥礫ޤǤΤǡꤹΤΤʲϸǤΰθꥹȤǤ롥
ǤиǤϤ뤬ǽפȤơפȤơդΤۤˡƿδ䥦֥Ȥ˷ǺܤƤ뻲ʸɽȡѤPDFäΤǡɤ
αѸ˳ܸˡ
ջҡ إ١åѸˡ١ҤĤ˼2007ǯ
켣 رѸˡ١ҡ2000ǯ
߷ ͧ¿̱²ιꥹ---4ĤڤѹˤΤ١ҡ2008ǯ
߷ ⡡رѸˡ١ҡӡ2008ǯ.
ס ׯҡؿѸ١罤۽Ź1988ǯ
رѸ١ؽDz2005ǯ.
δ졡رѸˤDzۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡ١ؽ2011ǯ
ϲ ͭ ԡ λҡ ¹̾ ԡرѸˡ١罤۽Ź1995ǯ
졡رѸˡ١罤ۡ1983ǯ
αѸ˳ʱѸˡ
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αѸˡѸؤλͿ
ͺ° ̭ԡˡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ
ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
סԡˡرѸˡ˱ѸءʸʸϿ١ҡ1997ǯ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
С¾ˡرѸˡ١ϯ, ƣɧԡرѸϡ١8--11ˡ罤۽Ź1972--85ǯ
ãڸ ԡˡرѸؿ̾ŵ١ҡ1995ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸˡ˱Ѹ --- ʸʸϿ١ҡ1997ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ켭ŵ١ҡ2002ǯ
߷ ˧ͺ ()رѸǯɽ?ѸˡѸػˡʸػˡ̻?١ҡ1993ǯ
ϲ ͭӾ ɧ ˮɧԡˡ罤۱Ѹػŵ١罤۽Ź1983ǯ
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αѸ˴ϢΥ֥ȡ
ջҡֱѸشطʴʸʤɡˡסhttp://homepage3.nifty.com/iyeiri/students/English.htm ʤȴ줿ʸΥꥹȡ
δ졡hellog?Ѹ˥֥סhttp://c-faculty.chuo-u.ac.jp/~rhotta ܼȤԤɬäˡֻʸꥹȡ (http://c-faculty.chuo-u.ac.jp/~rhotta/course/2009a/hellog/references.html) ȡ
ߡA Gateway to Studying HEL: Textbooksܸԡˡסhttp://www013.upp.so-net.ne.jp/HEL/textbooks.html ʽ¤Ѹˤʸꥹȡ
ܤαѸ춵ǤϡJACET 8000פȤý褯Ѥ롥Ƹ1--8θå٥뤬դƤꡤʸƥȤȽ䶵ฦ桦ȯʤɤ˻Ȥ롥ۤˤ⡤Ū SVL12000 WLC ʤɤθý¸ߤ뤬줾ħˤĤƤϡë١ˤĤˡΤ褦ˤ롥
JACET8000 رѸ춵زܸѰԻؽåꥹȤǡBritish National Corpus ܿͱѸؽԤδĶƧޤȼ˺줿֥ѥ˽ζ鸽ξˤθפƺ줿ΤǡܿͱѸؽԤΤβʳŪɽפȤɾƤޤܤϡرѸ춵زܸꥹJACET List of 8000 Basic Words١رѸ춵زܸѰ2003ǯˤȤƤ
SVL12000ʡɸÿ12000סˤϳҥ륯ȼ˳ȯåꥹȤǡ֥ͥƥ֥ԡΡֻ١פ١ˤʤ顤ܿͳؽԤˤȤäƤΡͭסֽפθԽפΤǡ¸γؽɽǤϥСƤʤ?Ǿ٥θáLevel 8 ? Level 12ˤޤޤƤΤħǤ
WLC ١ ϡAWK ˤå٥ʬ۷¬ץסë 1998) ˤƺ줿ΤǡӥͥѸʬѤò35,000θФ줫ʤåꥹȤǤܤ ȤƤʤWLC ١ǻѤƤʻ쥿μˤĤƤϤȤƤ
ë륪饤 Word Level CheckerʱʸٲϥץǤϡƥȥܥå˱ʸꤲȡå٥뤴ȤΥƥȥСΨ֤Ƥ롥١ȤƤϡJACET8000, SVL12000, WLC (Ver.02) Τ줫뤳ȤǤ롥
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JACET 8000 LEVEL MARKER: ʸꤲȡñ˥٥ɽ魯 (1--8) Ĥƥ顼ɽƤ롥
JACET 8000 Measuring Vocabulary: Ͽǥƥȡ#833. Ͽǥƥȡ ([2011-08-08-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Test Your Vocab ⻲ȡ
Ϣơ¾αѸɽˤĤƤϡ#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ ([2010-03-01-1]) ȡ
Gelderen αѸ˳ǸڤƤ륦֥ȤΥä줾줬ɤΤ褦ʥȤʤΤĤƤ;ϤϤʤ̤˻ʬƤ櫓ǤʤΤǸƤȴФΤʤΤǡˤ䤫˻ˤϤʤäƤϤǤ롥Τ褦ʥäƤȡ塹äΩĤΤʤΤǡȤꤢηǺܡ
ʤGelderen αѸ˳Υѥ˥ History of English Τˤͭפʥ¿ΤǡäõäƤߤͤϤ
Timeline of Britain's Prehistoric Past
Verbix -- Germanic languages: conjugate Old-English verbs
Ethnologue
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A Study of Some of the Most Commonly Misspelled Words
Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?
Omniglot: Writing Systems & Language of the World
A Compendium of World-Wide Writing Systems from Prehistory to Today
Everything you ever wanted to know about Proto-Indo-European
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Gelderen's Audio History of English
The Wanderer: e-Edition by Tim Romano. Swarthmore, PA.
Yorshire Dialect
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Gelderen, Elly van. A History of the English Language. Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 2006.
The British Library Online Gallery ꡤѸˤ˴ϢβʤȤˤؤΥƤߤ褽1ĤˤĤƤϡ֥饦ǥڡ褦ˤƼܤ䴩ܤβ˱Ǥ륵ӥƤ롥Online Gallery 饵ǽѤСȷФʪФƤǤ롥
Bede's History of the English Church and People μܲ
Beowulf μܲ
The Lindisfarne Gospels μܲܤäɤ륵ӥ⤢ꡥ
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle μܲ
Magna Carta β(See also Treasures in Full: Magna Carta, as mentioned in [2011-06-08-1].)
'Sumer is icumen in' μܲ
Geoffrey Chaucer's 'The Canterbury Tales' μܲ
Thomas Malory's 'Le Morte Darthur' μܲ
William Caxton's Chaucer: 'The Canterbury Tales' δܲ
William Tyndale's New Testament μܲ
Princess Elizabeth's letter μ국
King James Bible δܲܤäɤ륵ӥ⤢ꡥ
Shakespeare's First Folio δܲ
ε#1377. Gelderen ǡѸάǯɽ ([2013-02-02-1]) ޤᡤǶᡤѸǯɽˤäƤ##777,1368,1369,1377 ۤtimeline γƵ⻲ȡˡ
夲ƤΤϡǯʸŪǻʸŪǯɽФǯɽΤ褦ʤΤȤ⤷־õƤߤȤInfographic Showing the History of the English Language ʤڡĤˤѸˤγϽĹ1.5MBȽŤΤǡʲΤ褦˥åˤ륺Ȱưǽˤʤ뤤Υڡءˡ
ΥեեåäƤϡβˤ褦˰ʲΥȤȤѤȤ־ˤϡ餳ǯɽΥڡžäƤ褦
BBC British History in Depth: The Ages of English: #18. Ѹˤ饤dzؽǤ륵ȡ ([2009-05-16-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ΤƱ
Key Events in the History of the English Language: 켫ȤѸάǯɽ˾ܤĤƤ
Chronology of Events in the History of English: դαѸάǯɽ
Language Timeline: ǯñ̤ǤĤαѸάǯɽ
ǯǤ줿 Gramley αѸ˳ѥ˥¤Ƥ롥ä Timeline Ȥ饢Ǥ˭٤̥Ϥ
äƤߤȡڡλˡ־ΤܤĻǼƤ롥¿ѸʤˤɽޤǤΤ⤢ꡤξ̤PDFǻɤɬפꡤ־ǥ쥹ˤȤϤʤõäƤߤͤϤ롥
ΥڡϡŤѸΥåդƥȡ91ʬˤꡤѶȤƤѤǤ
ޤ͡ʱѸѼȯ줿ե뤬롥ѼΥץ벻ˤĤƤϡʲεĥä⥢ǤΤǻͤޤǤˡ
#517. ICE 7ϰѼ拾ѥ ([2010-09-26-1])
#303. äѸȯΥץ벻 ([2010-02-24-1])
ܽΤ̤ɤܼ¤ꡤҲŪʴǤФƤꡤ̻ˤؤηФ褦αѸˤĬήȿǤơʹߤνѼˤ֤Ƥ롥438Ǥʬܤܤ̤
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
رμȤǡ"Breton lay" ȸƤФ른°Ѹޥ Sir Orfeo Burrow and Turville-Petre Ǥ˴ŤɤϤ롥ӤȤơBliss, Sisam, Treharne ˤǤѡ
Bliss, A. J., ed. Sir Orfeo. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1966.
Burrow, J. A. and Thorlac Turville-Petre, eds. A Book of Middle English. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005.
Sisam, Kenneth, ed. Fourteenth Century Verse and Prose. Oxford: OUP, 1921.
Treharne, Elaine, ed. Old and Middle English c. 890--c. 1450: An Anthology. 3rd ed. Malden, Mass.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
WebǴϢõΤǡʲˤޤȤƤ
Page from the Online Database of the Middle English Verse Romances: Ѹޥ祵Ȥƶڤȴܤξ
Page from Middle English Compendium HyperBibliography: MED ƥȾ
Page from Wikipedia
Text and Manuscript from the Auchinleck Manuscript: Auchinleck ǤΥƥȤȼܲ
Text: Laskaya and Salisbury's edition (based on Auchinleck): ȥ並Auchinleck MS ˤĤƤϡ#744. Auchinleck MS ν ([2011-05-11-1]) ⻲ȡ
Text: Shuffleton's edition (based on Ashmole): ȥ
Introduction and Text: Hostetter's edition
Modern English translation in the Hannah Scot Manuscripts
Modern English translation by Hunt
ޥؤȯ롤Ҷ饳ƥĤѰդƤΥΤʤˡTimeline of English Language ʤFLASHƥĤȯƤѸǯɽǡޤƳŪŪǤλѤǰƬ֤ΤäμˤϻȤ뤫⤷ʤΤǾҲ𤷤Ƥ
˴ؤ¾ΥƥĤؤΥϡˤ롥ΤΤʤɤϡ빽⤷
World Language Map
Borrowing Game
ʰǯɽȤȤǤСA brief chronology of English ʤΤĤܥ֥Ǥϡtimeline ȡ
ѥؤߤޤʤʬʬˡϢϥ־뤳Ȥ¿ʤ褦ˤפ뤬դ˾¿ơȽǤ˺롥ƼʬΤǤʥޤȤƤȻפΤسΥԡɤˤĤƹԤʤ䤬Ǥ褯Ѥ BNC ˴ϢΤ濴ˡŪǤϤ뤬ĥ롥ޤȤϫϡŤ뼰ˤɤ뤫ɸΤۤΨŪȤˤʤĤĤ롦
1. BNC ե
BNCweb ̵Ͽ
BYU-BNC ̵Ͽ
BNC ( The British National Corpus )
2. BNC Υե
Quick Reference for Simple Query Syntax (PDF)
Reference Guide for the British National Corpus (XML Edition)
Reference Guide ܼ
* 6.5 Guidelines to the Wordclass Tagging
* The BNC Basic (C5) Tagset
* 9.8 Simplified Wordclass Tags
* 9.7 Contracted forms and multiwords
* 1 Design of the Corpus
* 9.6 Text and genre classification code
3. ѥϢ祵
David Lee ˤ Bookmarks for Corpus-based Linguists
* Corpora, Collections, Data Archives
* Software, Tools, Frequency Lists, etc.
* References, Papers, Journals
* Conferences & Project
4. hellog ε
#568. ѥȱѸ쥳ѥ: [2010-11-16-1]
#506. CoRD --- Ѹ˥ѥξ: [2010-09-15-1]
#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ: [2010-03-01-1]
ѥϢ: corpus
BNC Ϣ: bnc
COCA Ϣ: coca
5. ġ
Corpus Frequency Wizard
Paul Rayson's Log-likelihood Calculator
VassarStats
hellog Ρ#711. Log-Likelihood Tester CGI, Ver. 2: [2011-04-08-1]
Hoffmann, Sebastian, Stefan Evert, Nicholas Smith, David Lee, and Ylva Berglund Prytz. Corpus Linguistics with BNCweb : A Practical Guide. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2008.
[2010-08-11-1]ε#471. toilet ˭٤նɽ WordNet Visuwords Ǥߤפǡ饤ѤǤͥåȥβĻ벽ġ2Ҳ𤷤ƱݤΥġȤ WordNet Υǡ١˴Ť Graph Words ɲäʲˡϢġΥƤ
Graph Words: եϤץ롥
Visuwords: եϤŤäƤ롥
Visual Thesaurus: ͭȥ饤뤢ꡥϤŤäƤ롥
碌ơǤ̾켭ŵ⥪饤˭٤˥Ǥ뤬ĤƤ
Merriam-Webster Thesaurus: Ȥ˭٤췲롥
The Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia: ĤƤꡤñؽˤ褤
Thesaurus.com: ꥹȤ롥
HyperDictionary.com: Ʊ
ꥹȤؤ륹ɥμեȥȤƤϡʲΤΤѤ뤳Ȥ롥
WordWebѸ켭եȥȤƿ͵롥
TheSage's English Dictionary and Thesaurusե줤
˱Ѹ켭ŵϡʲġ
HTOED (Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary)
TOE (A Thesaurus of Old English)
ͥåȥβĻ벽ġäƤ뤦ˡñ˥ɤ˴ϢäΥͥåȥΤȤƤǤʤɤθιΤȤѤ뤳ȤǤ뤳Ȥȯ㤨СGraph Words ¿ "star" ΥͥåȥƤߤȡ褽̤Ȥ˻ޤΥ롼פǤƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥Ƹñִˤ뼨ȤǤϤ뤬ӤäݤפƤȤʰʲϲåˡ

"star" Τ褦¿ˤĤƤϡĻ벽ġϸιƤ롤ΥġȤƤͭʤΤǤϤʤ
The DICT Development Group ˤ DICT.ORG ϡ־͡ʸåǡ١伭Ѥ뤿Ūʻͤ륵ӥǤ롥ϿƤåǡ١Ѥ륤ե
Ȥϸåǡ١ȸƤŬڤʤΤϡȯʤɤͿƤȤϡʼȤֻξˤΰΤդŪǹԤʤøΤˡñꥹȤΤΩġ
DICT.ORG ѤǤ뼭ϥ饤ǸƤ̵ΤΤ¿åǡ١ȤƤλѤȤСǽŪˤϽʬǤ롥ˡ"strategy" ȸƤФ롨ʲȡˤϡŻҼʤɤǤߤΡֻδסססʬפΤۤɽⴰ˥ݡȤƤꡤֻθФ Levenshtein distance Soundex algorithm Ƥ롥
Strategy Description
--------- -----------
first : Match the first word within headwords
exact : Match headwords exactly
re : POSIX 1003.2 (modern) regular expressions
last : Match the last word within headwords
nprefix : Match prefixes (skip, count)
soundex : Match using SOUNDEX algorithm
lev : Match headwords within Levenshtein distance one
word : Match separate words within headwords
suffix : Match suffixes
regexp : Old (basic) regular expressions
substring : Match substring occurring anywhere in a headword
prefix : Match prefixes
ε#1029. England θѸʬ (1) ([2012-02-20-1]) ǥɤˤ븽Ѹʬʬϡʤ٤Ϥι⤤ӽФ (isogloss) νŤʤƤ椯ΤŪʼˡɤθӽФˤĤƤεҴŪʴߤ뤳Ȥ¿쾯ʤؼԤμѤΤ
Ǥϡ Trudgill ʬϲ˴ŤƤ뤫Trudgill ϡʲ8ĤñӽФˤä13ζʬߤʣȤǤ뤳ȤϡʲʬɽưפΤ (Trudgill 33)
| Long | Night | Blind | Land | Arm | Hill | Seven | Bat | ||
| older form | lang /læŋ/ | neet /niːt/ | blinnd /blɪnd/ | land /lænd/ | arrm /aːrm/ | hill /hɪl/ | seven /sevn/ | băt [bat] | |
| newer form | long /lɒŋ/ | nite /naɪt/ | blined /blaɪnd/ | lond /lɒnd/ | ahm /aːm/ | ill /ɪl/ | zeven /zevn/ | bæt [bæt] | |
| 1 | Northumberland | lang | neet | blinnd | land | arrm | hill | seven | bat |
| 2 | Lower North | lang | neet | blinnd | land | ahm | ill | seven | bat |
| 3 | Lancashire | long | neet | blined | lond | arrm | ill | seven | bat |
| 4 | Staffordshire | long | nite | blined | lond | ahm | ill | seven | bat |
| 5 | South Yorkshire | long | neet | blinnd | land | ahm | ill | seven | bat |
| 6 | Lincolnshire | long | nite | blinnd | land | ahm | ill | seven | bat |
| 7 | Leicestershire | long | nite | blined | land | ahm | ill | seven | bat |
| 8 | Western Southwest | long | nite | blined | land | arrm | ill | zeven | bat |
| 9 | Northern Southwest | long | nite | blined | lond | arrm | ill | seven | bat |
| 10 | Eastern Southwest | long | nite | blined | land | arrm | ill | seven | bat |
| 11 | Southeast | long | nite | blined | lænd | arrm | ill | seven | bæt |
| 12 | Central East | long | nite | blined | lænd | ahm | ill | seven | bæt |
| 13 | Eastern Counties | long | nite | blined | lænd | ahm | hill | seven | bæt |
ֻȯЪΥϡФиѸκħʸŪˤϼˤ1ĤȤ⤤[2009-09-25-1]ε#151. Ѹ5ħפȡˡޤǤˤ spelling_pronunciation_gap ¿εǼꤢƤؤμȤʤɤǤŦȡΤԻĤǤ֤פäƤȤ⤤СƤߤФʤݵ˹ƱѸֻۼƤ⤤롥ǡֻȯЪΥλ¤ˤ⤷դȤǤ褦ˡʲ˵ؤΥäƤߤ̤ˤϰʲΥ礷Τ ##1024,15,210,565,547,562,580,116,192,62,503 ꡥ
#15. Bernard Shaw äɤ "ghotiy" ?: [2009-05-13-1]
#210. ֻȯЪΥˤ: [2009-11-23-1]
#565. д첻бѸֻ: [2010-11-13-1]
#547. <oo> ֻб3ȯ: [2010-10-26-1]
#562. busy ֻȯ: [2010-11-10-1]
#580. island --- ʤֻȯ: [2010-11-28-1]
#116. 츻֤֤ --- etymological respelling: [2009-08-21-1]
#192. etymological respelling (2): [2009-11-05-1]
#62. ʤ֤ȯЪΥƤ椯Τ: [2009-06-28-2]
#503. Ѹֻϵ§ŪԵ§Ū: [2010-09-12-1]
Ǹ˵ǤϡѸˤ뵬§75--84%ǰճȹ⤤ȡ٤ι⤤ˤȤ櫓Ե§ߤ뤳ȤˤĤƿ줿٤ι⤤Ե§ֻΤΤˤʤäƤȻפCrystal (71) "Some irregular English spellings" ǵƤ60ƷǤޤǤεǼꤢƤΤ¿ޤޤƤΤǡhellog ܥåñϤǽ⤢ޤ
although, among, answer, are, aunt, autumn, blood, build, castle, clerk, climb, colour, comb, come, cough, could, course, debt, do, does, done, dough, eye, friend, gone, great, have, hour, island, journey, key, lamb, listen, move, none, of, once, one, only, own, people, pretty, quay, receive, rough, said, salt, says, shoe, shoulder, some, sugar, talk, two, was, water, were, where, who, you
ϢơرѸˤDzۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡ62֤ȯЪΥʤɤ⻲ͤˤɤ
ʤܸβ̾Ϥ褽ñ̤ɽŪǤꡤ§ɽʸϤ1ĤΤ褦ɾ뤳Ȥ¿֤ϡס֤ءפΤ褦ʸȯб12ǤΡ֤פȡ֤פΤ褦б21ǤΡ֤ס֤ס֤¡ס֤šפλͤIJ̾ꡤ֤ /oto:san/ ֤Ȥ /toke:/ ˤߤɽʤɡ岾̾˰ѤƤΰ仺⤢롥
Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
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