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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2013-12-10 Tue

#1688. Tok Pisin [pidgin][creole][lingua_franca][tok_pisin][link]

Ѹ١Υԥ (pidgin) ȤƤ餯ǤΤƤΤ Tok Pisin ¿ Papua New Guinea λ¾ιȸȤѤƤꡤlingua_franca ȤƵǽƤ롥ʹ饸ƥӡʸˡʤɤθȤƺѤƤꡤüԤˤѶŪʼҲŪɾդƤ롥2Ȥ400ͤˤäƤꡤ1ȤƤ5ͤüԤ롥ԤüԤ¸ߤϡTok Pisin 쥪첽 (creolisation) ϤƤ뤳ȤθǤ⤢롥
New Guinea ϡGreenland ˼2ܤ礭Ǥ롥ŪˤȾʬΥɥͥ Irian Jaya Ⱦʬ Papua New Guinea (PNG) ʬ롥ΤȤƤߤлѤƤ1,000˵ڤӡPNG ˸¤äƤ⡤#401. ¿κǤ⤤ϰ ([2010-06-02-1]) ǸȤꡤ830롥¿ؿȤƤϡǹͤ򼨤Ǥ롥Ķ¿ϰ褬 lingua franca ϤȤʤäΤϡ19˥衼åѤο̱ϼ󤬲ȤǤ롥Samoa, Vanuatu, Queensland ʤɡ˥ϰΥץơϫƯԤϤ褷ȡΩƤ춦ƱΤΩݻǤʤʤäȤlingua franca ȯ¥̤ȤơPNG 줫ȯԥ Hiri Motu 䡤Ѹ١Υԥ Tok Pisin äƤä
˥ϰΥԥȯãˤĤƤ¿Australia ͳǹä (ex. Australian Pidgin English, Roper river Creole, Cape York Creole) ȡVanuatu (the New Hebrides), the Solomon Islands, Queensland, Fiji Ф Papua New Guinea عä󤬶̤롥19ϰǤϡNew England ߡͥΥӥ㥯סοȤƤΥʥޥμ衤Queensland Fiji Ǥʲ֤䥵ȥӤΥץơSamoa ǤΥץΥץơ󡤥ȥ쥹 (the Torres Strait) ǤομʤɤкѤϫƯοϤȤʤäƤ Tok Pisin ϡηкѳư̤ Bislama ʡ#1536. ǤʤعǤλѤػߤƤ Bislama ([2013-07-11-1]) 򻲾ȡ, Solomon Islands Pidgin, Torres Straits Creole ʤɤܤϫƯԤˤä PNG ˹ޤäƤäȤ롥
ҤΤ褦ˡTok Pisin ϱѸ١ΡʤʤѸ lexifier Ȥ˥ԥǤ롥ɸѸ٤СʸˡäʤɤˤƳΤ˴άƤ뤬äʵ§ġηϤȤƤϡѸȤϰۤʤȤäƺ٤ʤGramley (239--40) ˷ǺܤƤ Tok Pisin ǽ񤫤줿ʸϤΥץˤĤơɸѸĤǸ䤹ľΤPDFѰդ¾Tok Pisin ˤĤƤϰʲΥȤ⻲ȡ

#463. Ѹ١Υԥȥ쥪ΰ ([2010-08-03-1])
Ethnologue: Tok Pisin
Tok Pisin -- Pidgin / English Dictionary
Tok Pisin Translation, Resources, and Discussion

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.

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2013-10-09 Wed

#1626. ܸ񤭸նѹեѥ BCCWJ γƼ磻󥿡ե [web_service][corpus][link][japanese]

#1567. ѸܸΥ饤󥳡ѥ򤤤ĤҲ ([2013-08-11-1]) ǡܸΥѥȤKOTONOHA ָܸ񤭸նѹեѥ˸ڤΡظܸ񤭸նѹեѥ (BCCWJ: Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese) ϡضƱѵˡͿʹʸ浡Ω츦ʸʳؾʲʳظΰ踦ܸ쥳ѥץץȤƱdzȯܳŪʥѥǤ롥
ѥƤˤĤƤϡƱȤˡ2012ǯ3ߡоݤȤʤäƤΤϡʲ11Υǡ1500ǤפȤ롥ץϡ1976--2008ǯˤƤʸǡ11ΥϽҡʹ񡤶ʽ񡤹桤Yahoo!ηޡYahoo!֥ʸˡΧϿˤ錄롥ƥƥȤ2Υץ뤬Ƥꡤ֤ҤȤĤĹ1000˸ꤷץ (Ĺץ)⤦ҤȤĤϡϤʤʸϤΰ̣ΤޤȤޤбñ̤ΤǤ (Ĺץ)ޤǤĴˤСĹץʿĹϿʹ1000Ҥ4000ǤפȤ롥
BCCWJ Ѥˡ䥤󥿡եϤĤ뤬äȤؤʤΤˤ󥯤ĥäǼǤ롥Ͽפǡɽؤʸˤ륳ѥʸǤ롥Ϥ̵٤500¤뤬ڤ˻ȤǤ롥
ѿɬפǼǤϡƱѥФơûñ̡Ĺñ̡ʸ3ĤˡˤꡤŪʣʸ򤫤뤳ȤǤ롥
ޤ̤Υ󥿡եȤơNINJAL-LWP for BCCWJ (NLB) 롥Ԥ1.20ǤǤϡBBCWJ ΤۤȤɤΥǡоݤȤơ򤫤뤳ȤǤ롥ڡ
ϢơNLB Ʊ󥿡եѤǤ⤦1Ĥܸ쥳ѥҲ𤹤롥ؤ֥ȤƥȤԻ11줫ʤȥ֥ѥ (Tsukuba Web Corpus: TWC) ؤΥ󥿡եNINJAL-LWP for TWC (NLT)Ǥ롥ڡ

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2013-08-11 Sun

#1567. ѸܸΥ饤󥳡ѥ򤤤ĤҲ [web_service][corpus][efl][link][japanese]

־Ѥ뤳ȤΤǤ륳ѥ򤤤ĤҲ𤷤
ޤ#1441. JACET 8000 Υ١ˤå٥ʬϥġ ([2013-04-07-1]) Ǽ夲ëϡBusiness Letter Corpus Υ饤󡦥󥳡󥵡ǸƤ롥27ΥѥθǽȤʤäƤ뤬ᥤ100Ķʤ Business Letter Corpus (BLC2000) Ȥ˥դ POS-tagged BLC 2Ĥ1970ǯʹߤαƤ¾νʪǡǤ롥
Instructions for the First-Time User ǤޤȤƤ褦ˡΥѥΤʤˤϡ167Ķ State of the Union Address (1790--2006) ʤɥǡɤǤΤ⤢ꡤͭѤǤ롥Ѻʸγؽ䡤ȼǡ١Υ󥳡󥵡Τ˻ͤˤʤ롥
ʤƱȤǤϡҤγƼ拾ѥ N-Gram Search Ԥʤ Bigram Plus εǽ󶡤Ƥ롥N-Gram θˤϡܥ֥#956. COCA N-Gram Search ([2011-12-09-1]) ⻲ȡ
ϡѹΥ꡼ (University of Leeds) 絬Ϥ Leeds collection of Internet corporaѸϤᡤե󥹸졤ܸʤɤ͡ʸΥѥ򥪥饤ǸǤ롥
ܸΥѥξˤĤƤϾܤʤKOTONOHA ָܸ񤭸նѹեѥϽ¤Ƥ褦ܸۤ쥳ѥξ󸻤ȤƤϡѥܸؤΤξ --- ѥҲͭѡ

Referrer (Inside): [2013-10-09-1]

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2013-07-29 Mon

#1554. against -st [preposition][adverb][genitive][phonetics][link][-st]

츻Ūˤ against again ֤ä -st ϲʤΤ
űѸǡagain ongēan ʤɤη֤졤ֻͿʤ뤤гʤۤˡƬȤƹǽƤʿԤơ򼨤°ʸȼä ongēanes ʤɤη֤ԤʤƤ[2009-07-18-1]ε#81. once twice -ce Ȥϲפ򻲾ȡˡѸˤʤȡֻȤƤ again ϡ۷ agains Ӹ³ against ȤȤ˶礷ϤᡤѸɸΩβȤƤεǽ˸ꤵƤ椯ȤȤʤäѸֻȤƤɸŪϰ̤ΩΤϡǤȯ against ä
ơagain ľ -(e)s źäϡҤ̤ꡤ첽°ʸȤƤ뤬ʤ t źäϤɤΤ褦OED against, prep., conj., adv., and n. θ츻ˤȼΤ褦ˤ롥

The development of excrescent final -t . . . was probably reinforced by the fact that the word was frequently followed by te, variant of THE adj., and perhaps also by association with superlatives in -st; compare similarly AMONGST prep. 1a, AMIDST adv., BETWIXT prep.


رѸ츻ŵ٤εҤ⡤OED ˱äƤ뤬­롥

-t Ϥ餯Ǿ -st ȺƱ줿ź (cf. AMIDST, AMONGST, BETWIXT), ޤ agains þe agains te against(e) þe (cf. hwīls þat whilst þat) ȤʤʬϤˤΤ -st ˽κǽ Layamon Brut Otho (c1300) aȝenest ȤƸCaligula (?a1200) Ǥ toȝinesˡ Trevisa 1400ǯʹ London αѸǤϹѤ졤16CȾˤʸȤƳΩagain, against Ȥ ModE -g- ֤ȯ ON αƶˤ롥


Brut νϡMED ayēn(e)s (prep.) 1(b) ꡤ"c1300 Lay. Brut (Otho C.13) 22476: He dude ase a wisman and wende a3enest [Clg: to3eines] him anon." Ǥ롥
嵭ꡤagainst -st źäˤĤƤϡ(1) Ǿ -st Ȥ䡤(2) ľ괧θƬҲ˴ؤʬϡȤƤƤȤȤǤ롥ƱźäȤ amidst, amongst, betwixt, whilst ʤɤ뤬νлߤεǽŪ-st ̵ͭˤ̣㡤3ҲϢ³βŪյʤɤͻơŪ٤ϢơűѸ ongēan tōgēan(es) ˴Ťơ-t źä줿֤15 toȝenes ȤƽФƤ뤳ȤդäƤ
ۤ against ˤź (paragoge) ˤĤƤϡ#739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]) 򻲾ȡޤwhilst ˤĤƤϡ#508. Dracula ˸ whilst ([2010-09-17-1])#509. Dracula ˸ whilst (2) ([2010-09-18-1])#510. ꥫѸˤ whilst ξü ([2010-09-19-1]) betwixt ˤĤƤϡ#1389. between θ츻 ([2013-02-14-1])#1393. between Ū۷֤˭٤([2013-02-18-1])#1394. between ΰ۷֤ʬ̻ۤŪѲ ([2013-02-19-1])#1399. Ѹˤ between ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2013-02-24-1]) 򻲾ȡ

߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ

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2013-06-09 Sun

#1504. ܸγغ [japanese][sociolinguistics][variation][link]

ˤѸθŪʺۤˤĤƤϡ㤨мεǰäƤ

#1359. ϰѰۤȼҲѰۡ ([2013-01-15-1])
#1481. ʥˤߤҲϰεեԥߥåɡ ([2013-05-17-1])
#1370. Norwich ˤ -in(g) ʸŪѰۤĴ ([2013-01-26-1])
#406. Labov New York City /r/ ([2010-06-07-1])
#1371. New York City ˤ non-prevocalic /r/ ʸŪѰۤĴ ([2013-01-27-1])
#1363. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ݼ ([2013-01-19-1])
#1203. 󥰥ɤˤʩλȤʬμҲ񲽡 ([2012-08-12-1])
#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])

ܸǤϳˤκۤΤˤϤߤʤΤǡѸǤκۤˤĤľŪ򤷤ˤˤܸˤⳬ麹Τ¸ߤؿܸ춵ŵ (468) ꡤϢսѤ롥

Ȥʬ٤¸ߤͻˤϡܸƱͤǤäʡ͡Ȥϡص;(1877) ΤʤǡͤˤƻΤȤФˤϤäꤷۤäȤ򡤶󤲤ƵҤƤ롥ˡΤ褦ʸѰۤϿʬΰ㤤˵ΤǤꡤΤ褦ʾϡ¾ͤǤƱȤҤ٤Ƥ롥άܸμҲغϡꡤʬ٤ѻߤ줿⡤顦Ȥʤɤˤ뤳ȤФΰ㤤Ȥ¸³Ƥ٤ȡ򲽤ʤߡؤŪǤʤʤäǤϡҲش֤γʺθݤȿǤơܸγؤˤ㤤⡤ʤäƤƤȤ褦νħѤäɽˡʤɤ顤üԤοȤʤɤ򤢤ꤹ뤳ȤϲǽǤ롥


Ķʸص;򻲾ȤȤ㤨СָƤפȤΤˡΤϡ֤ߤ줤סΤϡ֤ߤꤤסͤϡ֤ߤƤꤣס̱ϡ֤ߤꤤפǡѰۤ򼨤Ȥ
Ʊܸظŵ (176) ѡ

ڳغ۵²θդȽ̱θաȤθդĮͤθդʤɡʬˤäơդ礭ʺۤߤ롥Ρؤ͡٤ϡܻŤ򤷤ƤȤ̼ʤ˷ޤĹޤȬϺؤθդιԤ㤤ΤǤꡤȬϺ٤ˤϡͤ¦ˤʤäˬͤȬϺȸդ˸ǤߤƤ롥γغˤϡĤƥꥹε²ҲǤϥե󥹸줬ȤƤȤ褦ʶü⤢롥ͻ塤ͤȼҲθդϡ֤աʲˡפʤɤȸƤФ줿ˤϡפˤäơϰ轻̱θդȤ̤ϰθ줬ԤʤƤ뤳ȤʤäޤȤνѤ롤ʤʸոϡ֤߸ա¸աפʤɤȸƤФ졤̱θդν㲽˹׸㤨оǯݲʹΡήҲθաפȤˤɸȤäˤ⸫褦ˡ˾ήήήʤɤγغռ뷹ϡʤ궯ĤäƤ롥


ܸǤ⡤ߤΥ󥰥ɤξƱͤˡؤγǤϰˤѰۤؤǤѰۤ礭ԥߥåɹ¤򼨤[2013-01-15-1]ε#1359. ϰѰۤȼҲѰۡפοޤ򻲾)ʬŪˤεդΥѥ򼨤ʥΤ褦㤬뤳Ȥϡ#1481. ʥˤߤҲϰεեԥߥåɡ ([2013-05-17-1]) ǿ줿ȤǤ롥

ؿܸ춵ŵ١ܸ춵ز ԡ罤۽Ź2005ǯ
ܸظŵ١ ʸۤ ԡ񱡡2007ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2013-07-31-1]

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2013-05-16 Thu

#1480. ʱѸ˼Ҳسν [bibliography][sociolinguistics][hel_education][link]

#1445. Ѹ˳ν ([2013-04-11-1]) ƱͤμݤǡʱѸ˼ҲؤγŪʻͿ޽ΥꥹȤ
ǯʱѸ˼ҲؤȯŸϰϤˤʤäƤƤ뤬ʲǤϡʱѸ˼Ҳؤ˴ؤ복Ūʿ޽ȥե󥹤ΤꥹȤǤʡäˤΤΡˡΤۤˤ⡤ƿ޽δ˷ǺܤƤ뻲ʸꥹȤ䡤饤Ǥ O'Grady et al. θΥѥ˥󥵥֤ƤPDFλʸꥹ׻ȡޤܥ֥ǤҲؤ¿äƤΤǡȤ櫓 sociolinguistics γƵ򻲾Ȥ줿
ʲƱƤΰѤPDFɤ

γܸˡ

󡡡ؼҲ硡ǡ١ҡ2009ǯ
סؤȤФʸ١ȽŹҴȿӡ1973ǯ
ɧؤȤФȹȡ١ȽŹҴȿӡ1981ǯ
ҡˡؼҲؤؤξԡ١ߥͥ˼1996ǯ
ּҲءסرѸ6ѸؤδϢʬ١ʼë , ͳͺ, ˡ罤۽Ź, 1989ǯ365--495ǡ
ë ҡˡؤϤƳؤּҲء١ߥͥ˼2011ǯ
륤᥸󡦥ˡ ˡؼҲء١ҡ2002ǯ

γʱѸˡ

Fasold, Ralph. The Sociolinguistics of Language. Oxford: Blackwell, 1990.
Holmes, Janet. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Romain, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.

ΡʱѸ˼ҲؤλͿ޽

ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ׸켭ŵ١ҡ2002ǯ
ϲ ͭӾ ɧ ˮɧԡˡ罤۱Ѹػŵ١罤۽Ź1983ǯ
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 2nd ed. 2003.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 2nd ed. 2003.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-03-10-1]

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2013-05-11 Sat

#1475. Ѹȸ˴ؤϿޤΥ [internet][link][timeline][hel_education][map][global_language][elf][vexillology]

Map of the World Ȥ͡Ͽޤ󶡤ɥȤ򸫤ĤõƤߤȡѸ䤽¾θ˴ؤϿޤ奢ˤ˭٤ǡܥ֥ȤƾҲ𤹤ͤȻפäΤǡʲ˥󥯤ĥäƤϿޤΰŪӤˤ˻Ȥ롥

English Language --- Facts & Infographic: ѸħѸˤ绨Ĥ˲⡥Τʤ English Speaking Countries Ͽޤͭѡ
Should English Be The Official Language Of The World --- Facts & Infographic: ȤƤθѸϰ̤ҴŪ˵ҡǡŵϤ狼ʤ The Web of Words Ǥϡ־ΥƥĤαѸΨ56%ʰŪ̡ˡ־Υߥ˥αѸΨ26.8%ˤĤ2̡ˤȤʤäƤ롥Ѹ줬ѸȤʤäƤ56ιƤ롥ե٥åȽ˵󤲤ȡAntigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Cameroon, Canada, Dominica, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Ireland, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Namibia, Nauru, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Zambia, ZimbabweϢơ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1]) #376. ˤѸιϿޤǤߤ ([2010-05-08-1]) ⻲ȡ
Top Ten English Speaking Countries: ϿޤDZѸüԡüԤȤϸ¤ʤ˿͸ȥå10ι񤬼Ƥ롥ǡ뤬ե٥åȽ˵󤲤ȡAustralia, Canada, France, Germany, India, Italy, Nigeria, Philippines, United Kingdom, United States
Top Ten Daily Newspapers in English: ϿޤǼ뤬ƤȥɤΤߡ1ʿȯˡThe Sun (UK), USA Today (USA), The Daily Mail (UK), The Mirror (UK), Times of India (India), Wall Street Journal (USA), New York Times (USA), The Daily Telegraph (UK), Daily Express (UK), Los Angeles Times (USA)

Language Map of the World: 25Ȥ¾ȤǿʬϿޤ롥

UK Map --- United Kingdom: ꥹϿޤ򤶤äȼȤ˻Ȥ롥Physical Map   *  
USA Map: ꥫϿޤ򤶤äȼȤ˻Ȥ롥Physical Map   *  
Europe Map: 衼åϿޤ򤶤äȼȤ˻Ȥ롥Physical Map   *  
Map of the World: Ͽޤ򤶤äȼȤ˻Ȥ롥  *  *  *

ۤ˥饤θϿޤȤƤϡ#715. Britannica Online ǻȤǤϿޡ ([2011-04-12-1]) ĥä󥯤䡤Ethnologue Browse by Map Title 򻲾ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2014-02-07-1]

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2013-04-11 Thu

#1445. Ѹ˳ν [bibliography][hel_education][link]

ǯ٤νˡѸ˳仲Ϳ޽ʤɱѸˡѸؤؽ椹ΤäƤ޽ȤƤޤȤƤǯʬνʪܸǤѸǤ¿٥礫ޤǤΤǡꤹΤ񤷤ΤʲϸǤΰθꥹȤǤ롥
ǤиǤϤ뤬ǽפȤơ򡤽פȤơդΤۤˡƿ޽δ䥦֥Ȥ˷ǺܤƤ뻲ʸɽ׻ȡѤPDFäΤǡɤ

αѸ˳ܸˡ

ջҡ إ١åѸˡ١ҤĤ˼2007ǯ
켣 رѸˡ١ҡ2000ǯ
߷ ͧ¿̱²ι񥤥ꥹ---4ĤڤѹˤΤ١ҡ2008ǯ
߷ ⡡رѸˡ١ҡӡ2008ǯ.
ס ׯҡؿѸ١罤۽Ź1988ǯ
رѸ١ؽDz2005ǯ.
δ졡رѸˤDz򤭤ۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡ١ؽ2011ǯ
ϲ ͭ ԡ λҡ ¹̾ ԡرѸˡ١罤۽Ź1995ǯ
졡رѸˡ١罤ۡ1983ǯ

αѸ˳ʱѸˡ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Bradley, Henry. The Making of English. London: Macmillan, 1955.
Bragg, Melvyn. The Adventure of English. New York: Arcade, 2003.
Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.
Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.
Gelderen, Elly van. A History of the English Language. Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 2006.
Jespersen, Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. 10th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1982.
Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.
McCrum, Robert, William Cran, and Robert MacNeil. The Story of English. 3rd rev. ed. London: Penguin, 2003.
Smith, Jeremy J. Essentials of Early English. London: Routledge, 1999.
Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.
Svartvik, Jan and Geoffrey Leech. English: One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.

αѸˡѸؤλͿ޽

ͺ° ̭ԡˡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ
ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
סԡˡرѸˡ˱ѸءʸʸϿ١ҡ1997ǯ
⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
С¾ˡرѸˡ١ϯ, ƣɧԡرѸϡ١8--11ˡ罤۽Ź1972--85ǯ
ãڸ ԡˡرѸؿ̾ŵ١ҡ1995ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸˡ˱Ѹ --- ʸʸϿ١ҡ1997ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ׸켭ŵ١ҡ2002ǯ
߷ ˧ͺ ()رѸǯɽ?ѸˡѸػˡʸػˡ̻?١ҡ1993ǯ
ϲ ͭӾ ɧ ˮɧԡˡ罤۱Ѹػŵ١罤۽Ź1983ǯ
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan, eds. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vols. 1--7. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. 1992--2001.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 2nd ed. 2003.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 2nd ed. 2003.
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. Version 3.1. 2004. (Also available online as Oxford English Dictionary Online at http://www.oed.com/ .)
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

αѸ˴ϢΥ֥ȡ

ջҡֱѸشطʴʸʤɡˡסhttp://homepage3.nifty.com/iyeiri/students/English.htm ʤȴ줿ʸΥꥹȡ
δ졡hellog?Ѹ˥֥סhttp://c-faculty.chuo-u.ac.jp/~rhotta ܼȤԤɬäˡֻʸꥹȡ (http://c-faculty.chuo-u.ac.jp/~rhotta/course/2009a/hellog/references.html) 򻲾ȡ
ߡA Gateway to Studying HEL: Textbooksܸԡˡסhttp://www013.upp.so-net.ne.jp/HEL/textbooks.html ʽ¤Ѹˤʸꥹȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-04-18-1] [2013-05-16-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2013-04-07 Sun

#1441. JACET 8000 Υ١ˤå٥ʬϥġ [lexicology][web_service][link][elt]

ܤαѸ춵ǤϡJACET 8000פȤý褯Ѥ롥Ƹ1--8θå٥뤬դƤꡤʸƥȤȽ䶵ฦ桦ȯʤɤ˻Ȥ롥ۤˤ⡤Ū SVL12000 WLC ʤɤθý¸ߤ뤬줾ħˤĤƤϡë١ˤĤˡΤ褦ˤ롥

JACET8000 رѸ춵زܸѰԻؽåꥹȤǡBritish National Corpus ܿͱѸؽԤδĶƧޤȼ˺줿֥ѥ˽򤷡ζ鸽ξˤθפƺ줿ΤǡܿͱѸؽԤΤβʳŪɽפȤɾƤޤܤϡرѸ춵زܸꥹJACET List of 8000 Basic Words١رѸ춵زܸѰ2003ǯˤ򻲾ȤƤ

SVL12000ʡɸÿ12000סˤϳҥ륯ȼ˳ȯåꥹȤǡ֥ͥƥ֥ԡΡֻ١פ١ˤʤ顤ܿͳؽԤˤȤäƤΡͭסֽפθԽפΤǡ¸γؽɽǤϥСƤʤ?Ǿ٥θáLevel 8 ? Level 12ˤޤޤƤΤħǤ

WLC ١ ϡAWK ˤå٥ʬ۷¬ץסë 1998) ˤƺ줿ΤǡӥͥѸʬѤò35,000θФ줫ʤåꥹȤǤܤ 򻲾ȤƤʤWLC ١ǻѤƤʻ쥿μˤĤƤϤ򻲾ȤƤ


ë󶡤륪饤 Word Level CheckerʱʸٲϥץǤϡƥȥܥå˱ʸꤲȡå٥뤴ȤΥƥȥСΨ֤Ƥ롥١ȤƤϡJACET8000, SVL12000, WLC (Ver.02) Τ줫򤹤뤳ȤǤ롥
ä JACEL 8000 ١ȤġȤƤϡJACET 8000 TOOLS 餤ĤΤΤ˥Ǥ롥

JACET 8000 LEVEL ANALYZER: ʸꤲȡñ򸫽Ф첽Ǹå٥뤴ȤΥƥȥСΨ֤Ƥ롥ץλͤˤĤƤϡ忭ˤ JACET 8000 °CD-ROM Υץǡˡͤˤʤ롥
JACET 8000 LEVEL MARKER: ʸꤲȡñ˥٥ɽ魯 (1--8) Ĥƥ顼ɽƤ롥
JACET 8000 Measuring Vocabulary: Ͽǥƥȡ#833. Ͽǥƥȡ ([2011-08-08-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Test Your Vocab ⻲ȡ

Ϣơ¾αѸɽˤĤƤϡ#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ ([2010-03-01-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2013-08-11-1]

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2013-03-28 Thu

#1431. Gelderen αѸ˳Υ󥯽 [link]

Gelderen αѸ˳ǸڤƤ륦֥ȤΥ󥯽ä줾줬ɤΤ褦ʥȤʤΤĤƤ;ϤϤʤ̤˻ʬƤ櫓ǤʤΤǸƤȴФΤʤΤǡˤ䤫˻ˤϤʤäƤϤǤ롥Τ褦ʥ󥯽äƤȡ塹äΩĤΤʤΤǡȤꤢηǺܡ
ʤGelderen αѸ˳Υѥ˥󥵥 History of English Τˤͭפʥ󥯤¿ΤǡäõäƤߤͤϤ


Timeline of Britain's Prehistoric Past
Verbix -- Germanic languages: conjugate Old-English verbs
Ethnologue
World Wide Words
Shaw Phonetic Alphabet
The English Spelling Society
English Spelling Reform
The Great Vowel Shift
Phonetics: The Sounds of Spoken Language
UCLA Phonetics Lab Data
A Study of Some of the Most Commonly Misspelled Words
Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?
Omniglot: Writing Systems & Language of the World
A Compendium of World-Wide Writing Systems from Prehistory to Today
Everything you ever wanted to know about Proto-Indo-European
Book of Kells Images
Old English Texts Transliterated
The Dictionary of Old English (DOE)
Runic alphabets
Audio Recordings of OE and ME Texts
OE Lessons
OE Grammar
The Electronic Introduction to Old English
Bosworth-Toller Dictionary
Diacritically-Marked Text of Beowulf facing a New Translation (with explanatory notes)
Beowulf Readings
Beowulf Translation
Thesaurus of Old English
Bright's Old English Glossary
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Old English Aerobics Anthology
Gelderen's Audio History of English
The Wanderer: e-Edition by Tim Romano. Swarthmore, PA.
Yorshire Dialect
Bede's account in Medieval Sourcebook
Ogden's Basic English
Middle English Texts Transliterated
Anthology of ME Literature
The Auchinleck Manuscript
Jane Zatta's Chaucer
Transcription and Manuscript of Sir Orfeo
Transcription and Notes of Sir Orfeo
Chaucer Studio
2 Gawain Manuscript Images
5 Ellesmere Manuscript Images
Milton Reading Room
The Complete Works of Marlowe
Beaumont and Fletcher Play List
Queen Elizabeth I of England: Selected Writing and Speeches
Edmund Coote's English School-maister (1596)
The evolution of English lexicography by James Augustus Henry Murray
Diary archive (Pepys' Diary)
Shakespearean Prompt-Books of the Seventeenth Century
Book Facsimiles: Internet Shakespeare Editions
Shakespeare's Early Editors
Shakespeare Authorship
Sixteenth Century Renaissance English Literature (1485--1603)
King Aflred's Boethius' English Translation
Letters from Dorothy Osborne to Sir William Temple
Eighteenth-Century E-Texts
Bartleby.com: Great Books Online -- Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more
British National Corpus -- free
Sample Sound Files @ ICE-corpora.net
New Spelling
Scottish-Themed Audio Library
English Dialect Links
The Routes of English
Letters of delegates to Congress, 1774--1789, Volume 2, September 1775--December 1775
Johnson, Preface to the Dictionary
Selections from Johnson's Dictionary
Mencken, H. L. 1921. The American Language
Common Errors in English Usage
Oxford English Dictionary
British Accents and Dialects
Routes of English: Accents and Dialects
Varieties of English
A Glossary of Hardboiled Slang
Computer History Museum
LearnEnglish by British Council
IDEA: International Dialects of English Archive
Speech Accent Archive
Australian Broadcast Corporation
Radio New Zealand International
Canadian raising and other oddities
World English: Listen to English around the World
Stories of the Dreaming -- Australian Museum
Wordorigins.org
British Slang Dictionary or English-to-American Dictionary
Jamaican Creole Texts
The Corpus of Written British Creole
Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics
Endangered languages home
American Indian Language Development Institute (AILDI)
BBC NEWS: Census shows Welsh language rise
The Bologna Declaration
Tok Pisin -- Pidgin / English Dictionary
Concordance software: MonoConc and ParaConc
The University of Oxford Text Archive (OTA)
EModE and ModE collection
The Online Books Page -- EModE and ModE
Childes: Child Language Data Exchange System
Micase: Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English
Early Manuscripts at Oxford University
New Words in TV-series
BBC History
American Speech: A Quarterly of Linguistic Usage
Luciferous Logolepsy: Dragging obscure words into the light of day
Barbara Wallraff's Word Court

Gelderen, Elly van. A History of the English Language. Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 2006.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-05-18-1]

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2013-03-26 Tue

2013-02-03 Sun

#1378. ѸˤΥեեå [timeline][hel_education][link]

ε#1377. Gelderen ǡѸάǯɽ ([2013-02-02-1]) ޤᡤǶᡤѸǯɽˤäƤ##777,1368,1369,1377 ۤtimeline γƵ⻲ȡˡ
夲ƤΤϡǯʸŪǻʸŪǯɽФǯɽΤ褦ʤΤȤ⤷־õƤߤȤInfographic Showing the History of the English Language ʤڡ򸫤ĤˤѸˤγϽĹ1.5MBȽŤΤǡʲΤ褦˥åˤ륺Ȱưǽˤʤ뤤Υڡءˡ



ΥեեåäƤϡβˤ褦˰ʲΥȤ󸻤ȤѤȤ־ˤϡ餳ǯɽΥڡžäƤ褦

BBC British History in Depth: The Ages of English: #18. Ѹˤ򥪥饤dzؽǤ륵ȡ ([2009-05-16-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ΤƱ
Key Events in the History of the English Language: 켫ȤѸάǯɽ˾ܤĤƤ
Chronology of Events in the History of English: դαѸάǯɽ
Language Timeline: ǯñ̤ǤĤαѸάǯɽ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2012-11-18 Sun

#1301. Gramley αѸ˳Υѥ˥󥵥 [link][review][hel_education]

ǯǤ줿 Gramley αѸ˳ѥ˥󥵥¤Ƥ롥ä Timeline Ȥ饢Ǥ˭٤̥Ϥ
᤯äƤߤȡڡλˡ־񤭤ΤܤĻǼƤ롥¿ѸʤˤɽޤǤΤ⤢ꡤξ̤PDFǻɤɬפꡤ־ǥ쥹ˤȤϤʤõäƤߤͤϤ롥
ΥڡϡŤѸΥå꡼դƥȡ91ʬˤꡤѶȤƤѤǤ
ޤ͡ʱѸѼȯ줿ե뤬롥ѼΥץ벻ˤĤƤϡʲεĥä󥯤⥢ǤΤǻͤޤǤˡ

#517. ICE 󶡤7ϰѼ拾ѥ ([2010-09-26-1])
#303. äѸȯΥץ벻 ([2010-02-24-1])

ܽΤ̤ɤܼ򸫤¤ꡤҲŪʴǤФƤꡤ̻ˤؤηФ褦򺣤αѸˤĬήȿǤơʹߤνѼˤ֤Ƥ롥438Ǥʬܤܤ̤

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2012-11-10 Sat

#1293. Sir Orfeo δϢ [link][romance][sir_orfeo][literature][auchinleck]

رμȤǡ"Breton lay" ȸƤФ른°Ѹޥ Sir Orfeo Burrow and Turville-Petre Ǥ˴Ťɤ߻Ϥ롥ӤȤơBliss, Sisam, Treharne ˤǤѡ

Bliss, A. J., ed. Sir Orfeo. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1966.
Burrow, J. A. and Thorlac Turville-Petre, eds. A Book of Middle English. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005.
Sisam, Kenneth, ed. Fourteenth Century Verse and Prose. Oxford: OUP, 1921.
Treharne, Elaine, ed. Old and Middle English c. 890--c. 1450: An Anthology. 3rd ed. Malden, Mass.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.

WebǴϢ꥽õΤǡʲˤޤȤƤ

Page from the Online Database of the Middle English Verse Romances: Ѹޥ󥹤祵Ȥƶڤȴܤξ
Page from Middle English Compendium HyperBibliography: MED ƥȾ
Page from Wikipedia

Text and Manuscript from the Auchinleck Manuscript: Auchinleck ǤΥƥȤȼܲ
Text: Laskaya and Salisbury's edition (based on Auchinleck): ȥ並Auchinleck MS ˤĤƤϡ#744. Auchinleck MS ν ([2011-05-11-1]) ⻲ȡ
Text: Shuffleton's edition (based on Ashmole): ȥ
Introduction and Text: Hostetter's edition

Modern English translation in the Hannah Scot Manuscripts
Modern English translation by Hunt

Referrer (Inside): [2014-05-18-1]

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2012-11-02 Fri

#1285. FLASHDZѸάǯɽ [timeline][history][flash][web_service][world_languages][loan_word][link]

ޥؤȯ롤Ҷ饳ƥĤѰդƤΥΤʤˡTimeline of English Language ʤFLASHƥĤȯƤѸǯɽǡޤƳŪŪǤλѤǰƬ֤ΤäμˤϻȤ뤫⤷ʤΤǾҲ𤷤Ƥ
˴ؤ¾ΥƥĤؤΥ󥯤ϡˤ롥ΤΤʤɤϡ빽⤷

World Language Map
Borrowing Game

ʰǯɽȤȤǤСA brief chronology of English ʤΤ򸫤Ĥܥ֥Ǥϡtimeline 򻲾ȡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2012-10-26 Fri

#1278. BNC 濴Ȥ륳ѥϢΥ󥯽 [corpus][bnc][link][web_service][lltest]

ѥؤߤޤʤʬʬˡϢϥ־뤳Ȥ¿ʤ褦ˤפ뤬դ˾¿ơȽǤ˺롥ƼʬΤǤʥ󥯽ޤȤƤȻפΤسΥԡɤˤĤƹԤʤ䤬Ǥ褯Ѥ BNC ˴ϢΤ濴ˡŪǤϤ뤬󥯤ĥ롥󥯽ޤȤϫ򼹤ϡŤ뼰ˤɤ뤫ɸΤۤΨŪȤˤʤĤĤ롦

1. BNC 󥿡ե

BNCweb ̵Ͽ
BYU-BNC ̵Ͽ
BNC ( The British National Corpus )

2. BNC Υե󥹡

Quick Reference for Simple Query Syntax (PDF)
Reference Guide for the British National Corpus (XML Edition)
Reference Guide ܼ
* 6.5 Guidelines to the Wordclass Tagging
* The BNC Basic (C5) Tagset
* 9.8 Simplified Wordclass Tags
* 9.7 Contracted forms and multiwords
* 1 Design of the Corpus
* 9.6 Text and genre classification code

3. ѥϢ祵

David Lee ˤ Bookmarks for Corpus-based Linguists
* Corpora, Collections, Data Archives
* Software, Tools, Frequency Lists, etc.
* References, Papers, Journals
* Conferences & Project

4. hellog ε

#568. ѥȱѸ쥳ѥ: [2010-11-16-1]
#506. CoRD --- Ѹ˥ѥξ󥻥󥿡: [2010-09-15-1]
#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ: [2010-03-01-1]
ѥϢ: corpus
BNC Ϣ: bnc
COCA Ϣ: coca

5. ׻ġ

Corpus Frequency Wizard
Paul Rayson's Log-likelihood Calculator
VassarStats
hellog Ρ#711. Log-Likelihood Tester CGI, Ver. 2: [2011-04-08-1]

Hoffmann, Sebastian, Stefan Evert, Nicholas Smith, David Lee, and Ylva Berglund Prytz. Corpus Linguistics with BNCweb : A Practical Guide. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2008.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-04-22-1]

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2012-10-18 Thu

#1270. ͥåȥβĻ벽ġ켭 [web_service][thesaurus][link][synonym][dictionary][polysemy]

[2010-08-11-1]ε#471. toilet ˭٤նɽ WordNet Visuwords Ǥߤפǡ饤ѤǤͥåȥβĻ벽ġ2Ҳ𤷤ƱݤΥġȤ WordNet Υǡ١˴Ť Graph Words ɲäʲˡϢġΥ󥯤󤲤Ƥ

Graph Words: ե꡼Ϥץ롥
Visuwords: ե꡼ϤŤäƤ롥
Visual Thesaurus: ͭȥ饤뤢ꡥϤŤäƤ롥

碌ơǤ̾켭ŵ⥪饤˭٤˥Ǥ뤬Ĥ󤲤Ƥ

Merriam-Webster Thesaurus: Ȥ˭٤췲롥
The Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia: ĤƤꡤñؽˤ褤
Thesaurus.com: ᤯ꥹȤ롥
HyperDictionary.com: Ʊ

ꥹȤؤ륹ɥμ񥽥եȥȤƤϡʲΤΤѤ뤳Ȥ롥

WordWebѸ켭񥽥եȥȤƿ͵롥
TheSage's English Dictionary and Thesaurus󥿡ե줤

˱Ѹ켭ŵϡʲġ

HTOED (Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary)
TOE (A Thesaurus of Old English)

ͥåȥβĻ벽ġ򤤤äƤ뤦ˡñ˥ɤ˴ϢäΥͥåȥ򼨤ΤȤƤǤʤɤθι򼨤ΤȤѤ뤳ȤǤ뤳Ȥȯ㤨СGraph Words ¿ "star" ΥͥåȥƤߤȡ褽̤Ȥ˻ޤΥ롼פǤƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥Ƹñִˤ뼨ȤǤϤ뤬ӤäݤפƤȤʰʲϲ򥯥åˡ

Graph Words for "star"

"star" Τ褦¿ˤĤƤϡĻ벽ġϸι򸫤Ƥ롤ΥġȤƤͭʤΤǤϤʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-30-1] [2013-03-29-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2012-07-03 Tue

#1163. 饤åǡ١ DICT.ORG [web_service][dictionary][lexicology][link]

The DICT Development Group ˤ DICT.ORG ϡ־͡ʸåǡ١伭Ѥ뤿Ūʻͤ󶡤륵ӥǤ롥ϿƤåǡ١Ѥ륤󥿡ե
Ȥϸåǡ١ȸƤŬڤʤΤϡȯʤɤͿƤȤϡʼȤֻξˤΰΤդŪǹԤʤøΤˡñꥹȤΤΩġ
DICT.ORG ѤǤ뼭ϥ饤ǸƤ̵ΤΤ¿åǡ١ȤƤλѤȤСǽŪˤϽʬǤ롥ˡ"strategy" ȸƤФ롨ʲȡˤϡŻҼʤɤǤߤΡֻδסססʬפΤۤɽⴰ˥ݡȤƤꡤֻθФ Levenshtein distance Soundex algorithm Ƥ롥

 Strategy   Description
---------   -----------
    first : Match the first word within headwords
    exact : Match headwords exactly
       re : POSIX 1003.2 (modern) regular expressions
     last : Match the last word within headwords
  nprefix : Match prefixes (skip, count)
  soundex : Match using SOUNDEX algorithm
      lev : Match headwords within Levenshtein distance one
     word : Match separate words within headwords
   suffix : Match suffixes
   regexp : Old (basic) regular expressions
substring : Match substring occurring anywhere in a headword
   prefix : Match prefixes

Ϥ˥ץǤꡤޤ˸ΰȤκۤʤΤǡΰ򽦤夲ơ̤θåġꤲȤȤǤ롥øΩĥġȯ뤿Υ١ȤѤǤΤǤϤʤ־Υ󥿡եΤۤ뤫ϡPerl ǽ񤫤줿 dict Ȥ饤ȤʤɤͳѤǤ롥
DICT.ORG ϡѸθåǡ١伭ؤΩĥ󥯤ĥƤä Dictionary Database Site Other Database Information Linguistic Data Resources on the Internet: Dictionaries, Lexica, and Lexical Resources ξͭѡ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-08-24-1]

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2012-02-21 Tue

#1030. England θѸʬ (2) [dialect][bre][link][isogloss]

ε#1029. England θѸʬ (1) ([2012-02-20-1]) ǥ󥰥ɤˤ븽Ѹʬ򼨤ʬϡʤ٤Ϥι⤤ӽФ (isogloss) νŤʤƤ椯ΤŪʼˡɤθӽФˤĤƤεҴŪʴߤ뤳Ȥ񤷤¿쾯ʤؼԤμѤΤ
Ǥϡ Trudgill ʬϲ˴ŤƤ뤫Trudgill ϡʲ8ĤñӽФˤä13ζʬߤʣȤǤ뤳ȤϡʲʬɽưפΤ (Trudgill 33)

  LongNightBlindLandArmHillSevenBat
older form lang /læŋ/neet /niːt/blinnd /blɪnd/land /lænd/arrm /aːrm/hill /hɪl/seven /sevn/băt [bat]
newer form long /lɒŋ/nite /naɪt/blined /blaɪnd/lond /lɒnd/ahm /aːm/ill /ɪl/zeven /zevn/bæt [bæt]
1Northumberlandlangneetblinndlandarrmhillsevenbat
2Lower Northlangneetblinndlandahmillsevenbat
3Lancashirelongneetblinedlondarrmillsevenbat
4Staffordshirelongniteblinedlondahmillsevenbat
5South Yorkshirelongneetblinndlandahmillsevenbat
6Lincolnshirelongniteblinndlandahmillsevenbat
7Leicestershirelongniteblinedlandahmillsevenbat
8Western Southwestlongniteblinedlandarrmillzevenbat
9Northern Southwestlongniteblinedlondarrmillsevenbat
10Eastern Southwestlongniteblinedlandarrmillsevenbat
11Southeastlongniteblinedlændarrmillsevenbæt
12Central Eastlongniteblinedlændahmillsevenbæt
13Eastern Countieslongniteblinedlændahmhillsevenbæt


ʲˡޤܥ֥ǰäƤˤʬ˴ؤ뵭ڤӳڡؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤ礷Ƹʤ ##1029,130,457,458,376

#1029. England θѸʬ (1): [2012-02-20-1]
#130. Ѹʬ: [2009-09-04-1]
ѸϿ: The distribution of Middle English dialects
űѸϿ: The distribution of Old English dialects
#457. ꥫѸʬ Kurath ǡˡ: [2010-07-28-1]
#458. ꥫѸʬ Baugh and Cable ǡˡ: [2010-07-29-1]
#376. ˤѸιϿޤǤߤ: [2010-05-08-1]

Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Blackwell: Malden, MA: 2000.

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2012-02-15 Wed

#1024. ѸֻԵ§줳 [spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][pde_characteristic][link][hiragana]

ֻȯЪΥϡФиѸκħʸŪˤϼˤ1ĤȤ⤤[2009-09-25-1]ε#151. Ѹ5ħפ򻲾ȡˡޤǤˤ spelling_pronunciation_gap ¿εǼꤢƤؤμȤʤɤǤŦȡΤԻ׵ĤǤ֤פäƤȤ⤤СƤߤФʤݵ˹ƱѸֻۼƤ⤤롥ǡֻȯЪΥλ¤ˤ⤷դȤǤ褦ˡʲ˵ؤΥ󥯽äƤߤ̤ˤϰʲΥ󥯤򡤰礷Τ ##1024,15,210,565,547,562,580,116,192,62,503

#15. Bernard Shaw äɤ "ghotiy" ?: [2009-05-13-1]
#210. ֻȯЪΥˤ: [2009-11-23-1]
#565. д첻бѸֻ: [2010-11-13-1]
#547. <oo> ֻб3ȯ: [2010-10-26-1]
#562. busy ֻȯ: [2010-11-10-1]
#580. island --- ʤֻȯ: [2010-11-28-1]
#116. 츻֤֤ --- etymological respelling: [2009-08-21-1]
#192. etymological respelling (2): [2009-11-05-1]
#62. ʤ֤ȯЪΥƤ椯Τ: [2009-06-28-2]
#503. Ѹֻϵ§ŪԵ§Ū: [2010-09-12-1]

Ǹ˵󤲤ǤϡѸˤ뵬§75--84%ǰճȹ⤤ȡ٤ι⤤ˤȤ櫓Ե§ߤ뤳ȤˤĤƿ줿٤ι⤤Ե§ֻΤΤˤʤäƤȻפCrystal (71) "Some irregular English spellings" ǵ󤲤Ƥ60ƷǤޤǤεǼꤢƤΤ¿ޤޤƤΤǡhellog ܥåñϤǽ⤢ޤ

although, among, answer, are, aunt, autumn, blood, build, castle, clerk, climb, colour, comb, come, cough, could, course, debt, do, does, done, dough, eye, friend, gone, great, have, hour, island, journey, key, lamb, listen, move, none, of, once, one, only, own, people, pretty, quay, receive, rough, said, salt, says, shoe, shoulder, some, sugar, talk, two, was, water, were, where, who, you


ϢơرѸˤDz򤭤ۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡ62֤ȯЪΥʤɤ⻲ͤˤɤ
ʤܸβ̾Ϥ褽ñ̤ɽŪǤꡤ§ɽʸϤ1ĤΤ褦ɾ뤳Ȥ¿֤ϡס֤ءפΤ褦ʸȯб12ǤΡ֤פȡ֤פΤ褦б21ǤΡ֤ס֤ס֤¡ס֤šפλͤIJ̾ꡤ֤ /oto:san/ ֤Ȥ /toke:/ ˤߤɽʤɡ岾̾˰ѤƤΰ仺⤢롥

Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.

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