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stress - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2011-09-01 Thu

#857. ޥ²κħ [germanic][inflection][substratum_theory][stress]

ޥʸˡѲۤƤפ2ĤװˤĤơ[2011-02-11-1]εֶޤο캬ξפ Meillet Ѥ1ĤϡָƬζ캬˿ʽͿפȤǤꡤ⤦1ĤϡָοबޤפǤ뤳Ȥ2Ĥװϡݲ1ĤκŪħؤȴԸ롥ʶȡˤ1ȤħǤ롥
ָ촴1˶פȤޥħˤĤƤϡ֥ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1]), 1˥ȤΤʤűѸñ ([2009-10-31-1]) ʤɤǿƤȤMeillet ϡޥħȾΤ뤤ĤΤʤǤǤפħǤǸ롥ơħĸˤϸʤäȤ顤ޥ²ˤ뤽ȯϳ̿Ūä⤹ΤǤ롥ĤǰѤ롥

   L'introduction de l'accent d'intensité à une place fixe, l'initiale, a été une révolution, et rien ne caractérise davantage le germanique. (72)
   ƬȤꤷ֤ؤζȤƳϳ̿äΤǤꡤʾ˥ޥħŤΤϤʤ


󡤶Ȥĸϰ²⳰ˤ¸ߤ롥²Ǥϡ㤨Х䥢ɸʤɤ롥²ΤȤƤħͭΤϥޥ²ΤߤǤꡤʤΤ Meillet Ϥ

En germanique,... l'accent sur l'initiale est une propriété du groupe tout entier, et il a une force singulière qui a manifesté ses effets durant tout le développement historique de ce groupe. (73)
ޥˤƤϡƬȤϸ²ΤȤƤħǤꡤ²Ūȯã̤Ƹ̤򸽤路ƤðۤϤäƤΤǤ롥


Ǥϡγ̿ŪħϤɤΤ褦˥ޥ²ˤ⤿餵줿ΤMeillet ϴظƶ ( substratum theory ) 򾧤Ƥ (75) ˥ޥȤʤ轻̱θħȤγˤĤƤ[2010-06-17-1]εSecond Germanic Consonant Shift Ϥʤäפ[2011-02-06-1]ε֥˥ȥˡ§פǤ⿨줿ȿǽ餳̥Ū˶ޥ²ۤħȤȤϡѸΤۤƤħȤ櫓ǤꡤˤϱѸ̤ۤħȤȤˤʤΤ

Meillet, A. Caracteres generaux des langues germaniques. 2nd ed. Paris: Hachette, 1922.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-06-14-1] [2012-05-22-1]

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2011-07-20 Wed

#814. ̾ưʤ̷ư [stress][diatone][statistics][derivation][prefix][suffix][phonaesthesia][-ate]

Ʊ֤ʻˤäƶ֤θؤ (diatone) ŵǤ̾ưפˤĤƤϡ[2009-11-01-1], [2009-11-02-1], [2011-07-07-1], [2011-07-08-1], [2011-07-10-1], [2011-07-11-1]ΰϢεڤƤ̾ưκۤĴƤƻ⤳ε˴ؤäƤ[2011-07-07-1]εǤϴϢ˸ڤˡ֤ˤĤơƻϸ§Ȥ̾Ʊ񤤤򼨤ư֤롥СַưפǤ롥
ưλ¤ϡޤŪ˻ٻ롥Bolinger (156--57) ˤС3ζѸýΥץĴˤȡ¿ˤĤơƻ91% non-oxytonic ʺǽʳ˶ˤư63% oxytonic ʺǽ˶ˤǤȤñˤĤƤϡΰ֤뤳ȤϤǤʤΰ̣ʤñưȷƻθĿΨư줬60.7%롥ñζ̾ oxytonic ȲᤵΤǡΨϷƻ椷ư oxytonic ʷٻͤȤ褦
ưȤ֤ʬۤ˴ϢơBolinger ξʻθκۤ˸ڤƤ롥ƻˤäΤ¿ (ex. -ant, -ent, -ean, -ial, -al, -ate, -ary, -ory, -ous, -ive, -able, -ible, -ic, -ical, -ish, -ful) ưƬˤ¿ (ex. re-, un-, de-, dis-, mis-, pre-) 㳰Ūˤ켫Ȥ˶ -ose Τ褦ʷƻ⤢뤬㳰ŪǤ뤳ȤˤäƤäƺΩ (phonaesthesia) ʤ ( augmentative ) ȤƤεǽ碌ĤȤˤʤäƤ缭ˤĤƤ[2009-08-30-1]εɼפ⻲ȡˡbellicose, grandiose, jocose, otiose, verbose ʤɤǡǤ롥
ΤȤʤ顤Τʤˤ줿¿ηƻɬ non-oxytonic Ȥʤ뤷ΤʤƬˤ줿¿ư϶2ܰʹߤ֤뤳Ȥˤʤ oxytonic Ȥʤǽ⤤εȯŸˤϡܼμθɬפ뤬ܼˤѥ㤬ưνи˹׸ȤȤǤ礤˶̣ޤ̾⡤ƻƱͤˡƬǤϤʤ¿Ѥ뤳ȤͤС̾ưˤƱΩĤΤǤϤʤ

Bolinger, Dwight L. "Pitch Accent and Sentence Rhythm." Forms of English: Accent, Morpheme, Order. Ed. Isamu Abe and Tetsuya Kanekiyo. Tokyo: Hakuou, 1965. 139--80.

Referrer (Inside): [2012-06-29-1]

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2011-07-11 Mon

#805. 衤̾ưˤʤ뤫⤷ʤ [stress][diatone][lexical_diffusion]

ε̾ưñ ([2011-07-10-1]) ǤϸѸˤ̾ưפθ򼨤ε̾ư̻Ū([2011-07-09-1]) 鼨褦ˡߡ̾ưפ򼨤Ƥ oxytone θ⺣̾ưײƤ椯ǽ礤ˤ롥Sherman ϡ2˸¤215줬θȤƵ󤲤ȤƤꡤΰ򼨤Ƥ (ºݤ˿213Τ) ΰʲ˺Ƹ

abuse, accord, account, advance, affront, alarm, amount, appeal, approach, array, arrest, assault, assent, assign, attack, attaint, attempt, attire, award, bastille, bespeak, blockade, brigade, brocade, canoe, career, caress, carouse, cartoon, cascade, cashier, chagrin, chicane, collapse, command, compare, conceit, concern, consent, control, croquet, crusade, cuirass, debate, debauch, decay, decease, decline, decree, default, defeat, delay, delight, demand, demean, demise, demur, derout, design, desire, despair, devise, direct, distain, disease, disgrace, disguise, disgust, dislike, dismay, dismount, dispatch, display, dispraise, dispute, disquiet, dissent, dissolve, distress, distrust, disuse, divide, divine, divorce, dragoon, eclipse, effect, embrace, employ, entail, escape, escheat, essoin, estate, esteem, exchange, excuse, exempt, exhaust, express, festoon, finesse, galosh, garage, garotte, guitar, halloo, harpoon, hello, hollo, hurrah, incuse, japan, lament, lampoon, machine, manure, marcel, maroon, massage, misprize, misrule, mistake, mistrust, misuse, neglect, obstruct, parade, parole, patrol, pirouette, police, pomade, pontoon, preserve, profane, ratoon, ravine, rebuff, rebuke, rebus, receipt, recruit, reform, refrain, regale, regard, regret, release, remand, remark, remove, repair, repeal, replay, reply, report, repose, reprieve, reproach, repulse, repute, request, reserve, resist, resolve, resort, respect, respond, result, retard, retort, retouch, retreat, retrieve, return, reveal, revenge, reverse, revert, review, revise, revoke, revolt, revolve, reward, romance, salaam, salute, secure, shampoo, siamese, silhouette, stampede, stockade, supply, support, suppose, surmise, surprise, surround, syringe, taboo, tattoo, tehee, traject, travail, trepan, trephine, trustee, vandyke, veneer, vignette


ΥꥹȤ򤽤Τޤ Frequency Sorter ήȡ٤ι⤤줬¿ޤޤƤ뤳Ȥʬ롥500ޤǤ˥󥯥󤹤򽦤ȡeffect, result, report, police, control, return, support 󤬤롥⤤Ĥ̾ưפ̤ȤˤʤΤ
óȻ (Lexical Diffusion) δϡɤθ줬Ϥ䤯̾ư岽䤹ȤͤȤ뤳ȤפȤʤ롥Ƭˤ̤䡤ȤƤΤ뤤ʻ줴Ȥ٤ͿΤ⤷ʤϺĴȤʤ

Sherman, D. "Noun-Verb Stress Alternation: An Example of the Lexical Diffusion of Sound Change in English." Linguistics 159 (1975): 43--71.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-08-14-1] [2011-07-20-1]

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2011-07-10 Sun

#804. ̾ưñ [diatone][stress][prefix]

̾ưפ뤤 diatone ˤĤ diatone γƵˤƤ[2009-11-01-1]ε̾ưεפǼ̾ưθΰ30ˤŪʰǤ롥ǡSherman (57--67) ˷ǺܤƤ SOED Ф줿 150 disyllabic diatones ΰ򡤰ʲ˺Ƹ

abstract, accent, addict, address, affix, affect, alloy, ally, annex, assay, bombard, cement, collect, combat, commune, compact, compound, compress, concert, concrete, conduct, confect, confine, conflict, conscript, conserve, consort, content, contest, contract, contrast, converse, convert, convict, convoy, costume, decoy, decrease, defect, defile, descant, desert, detail, dictate, digest, discard, discharge, discord, discount, discourse, egress, eject, escort, essay, excerpt, excise, exile, exploit, export, extract, ferment, impact, import, impress, imprint, incense, incline, increase, indent, infix, inflow, inlay, inlet, insert, inset, insult, invert, legate, misprint, object, outcast, outcry, outgo, outlaw, outleap, outlook, outpour, outspread, outstretch, outwork, perfume, permit, pervert, post-date, prefix, prelude, premise, presage, present, produce, progress, project, protest, purport, rampage, rebate, rebel, rebound, recall, recast, recess, recoil, record, recount, redraft, redress, refill, refit, refund, refuse, regress, rehash, reject, relapse, relay, repeat, reprint, research, reset, sojourn, subject, sublease, sub-let, surcharge, survey, suspect, torment, transfer, transplant, transport, transverse, traverse, undress, upcast, upgrade, uplift, upright, uprise, uprush, upset


įȤ狼褦ˡƬȤβ㤬󤲤Ƥ롥¿Ƭܸ캬פȤäƤꡤʬƥ󡦥ե󥹼Ѹout- up- ȤƬޤ17 (11.33%) 롥ޤin- mis- ϱѸˤե󥹸ˤⶦͭƤƬǤ롥Τ褦˸ȡƬܸ캬פ2ϡ줫Ѹ줫ˤ餺̾ưפνפʥȤʤꤦ뤳Ȥ狼롥

Sherman, D. "Noun-Verb Stress Alternation: An Example of the Lexical Diffusion of Sound Change in English." Linguistics 159 (1975): 43--71.

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2011-07-09 Sat

#803. ̾ư̻Ū [stress][diatone][drift][speed_of_change][lexical_diffusion]

̾ưפεˤĤ[2009-11-01-1], [2009-11-02-1], [2011-07-07-1], [2011-07-08-1]εǵƤ̻Ūλ¤ˤĤƤϤޤҲ𤷤Ƥʤä
Sherman ϡSOED Web3 ξ˽ʣƳǧ̾ư줬Ʊ֤ (homograph) ǤФΤʤǶؤ򼨤ʬ̤̤򼨤ȡʲ̤Ȥʤ (Sherman 51)


potential diatonicsactual diatonics
disyllabic N-V pairs1,315150 (11.41%)
trisyllabic44270 (15.84%)
polysyllabic1,757220 (12.52%)


оݤ2˸ꤹȡ1315줢뤬ΤʤǶؤ򼨤Τϼ¤150 (11.41%) ˤʤؤ򼨤ʤ1165ˤĤƸƤߤȡ̾졦ưȤ˶2֤Ƥ oxytone 215졤1֤Ƥ paroxytone 950ǸԤݤƤ롥̾ưפϸ°ʾȤƶĴ줹Ƥꡤºݤˤϡ̾ưפŪȤ̤Ф
ʹߤ̻Ūѻˤȡ̾ưפȤ oxytone θ줬̾ˤĤƶ˷夲ȤǤѲ¿Ȥ (Sherman 53, 55) ̾ưפ diatone ɽ魯2϶Ѹäȳμ¤ʬۤ򹭤ƤƤꡤ20ȾФޤǤ150ãƤ롥ʲΡ̾ưפ̻Ūܤɽ魯դϡSherman (54) Υդ˴ŤƺƺΤǤʤ1920ˤĤƤοͤ "tentative" ȤƤˡ

Lexical Diffusion of Diatones


Sherman θϡóȻ (Lexical Diffusion) 󶡤Ƥȹͤ뤫⤷ʤפʸǤ롥ζóȻͽۤS˱äƤΤɤϤޤȽȤʤοɴǯĬήѻС̾ư夬Ƥ椯Ȥưפͽۤ롥
ʸϲ٤ɤǤ뤬ηײ衦ˡѤ¤ˡݤˤޤǼ¤ˤ褯ǤƤꡤ봶äɤޤ빥Ǥ롥

Sherman, D. "Noun-Verb Stress Alternation: An Example of the Lexical Diffusion of Sound Change in English." Linguistics 159 (1975): 43--71.

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2011-07-08 Fri

#802. ̾ưε (4) [stress][diatone][germanic][conversion][drift][systemic_regulation]

[2009-11-01-1], [2009-11-02-1], [2011-07-07-1]εǡ̾ưפε򰷤äƤε[2011-07-07-1]Ǥϡ̾פʬϥޥߤƬη뤬ưפٻưŤޤǤȤʸϤĤ
ˤϤưŤ褦˻פ롥̾ưȯζ̲Ǥ롥̾ưʤ diatones Υڥ[2009-11-01-1]ε󤷤Ȥ¿뤬ֻ϶̤ĤʤΤΡȯΤ˶̤롥ʻž (conversion; see [2009-11-03-1]) դȤѸΤȤǤ뤫顤ȤƱȯζ̤ĤʤȤŪ˺򤭤ȤϤʤǤ⶯ΰ֤ʻζ̤ĤʤС˱ۤȤϤʤȤȤǤϤʤ
[2011-02-11-1]εֶޤο캬ξפǽҤ٤̤ꡤѸˤ϶޸פȤ drift ˤäȯ캬ȤǤ⤤٤ħ롥캬 conversion Ȥβ¥ʤƤȤϳΤʻζ̤ѶŪˤʤȤظƤΤǤϤʤʣʸФʻžȤ˸ƤΤǤꡤʻζ̤ۣˤ뤳ȤȤ櫓ʤƤ櫓ǤϤʤʻζ̤ݤäޤޡĺǾ¤θǡ㤨С̾줫ưǤ̯ˡС˱ۤȤϤʤơξ׵˱̯ˡȤơ̾ưȤʬԤ߽Ф줿ΤǤϤʤ̾ǤưǤ캬Ʊưƶ̤ݤ --- ̯ˡȸƤФƲȸƤܤconversion ¥ʤ륲ޥŪ drift Ť˵դ餦ʵǽŪ (functionalist) Ĭή --- Ѹ̾ưθݤ򤳤Τ褦ª뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2011-07-20-1] [2011-07-09-1]

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2011-07-07 Thu

#801. ̾ưε (3) [stress][diatone][germanic][-ate]

[2009-11-01-1], [2009-11-02-1]εǡ̾ưפε˴ϢơޥȤƤطʤϢϡ[2011-04-15-1]εֱѸζѥѸѼפǤⰷä
Ѹ¿¿ʼȤƥƥ󡦥ե󥹼ѸˤǶʬۤ̾ưȤʤ뤳θݤˤĤơBolinger ̾ʤӷƻˤưʸǤΰ֤κۤȤƤ롥ʲ˴ϢսѤ롥

. . . stress patterns are apt to congeal in the way position in the sentence may predispose them, which means that nouns and adjectives will tend to be forestressed, verbs to be end-stressed, and ultimately, in many cases, to carry this stress with them regardless of position. (164)

English seems to be more averse to postponing the first of the two major accents than to anticipating the second. While nouns and adjectives are certainly free to occur in terminal positions, their somewhat greater frequency early in the sentence brings them under the influence of this more consistent pull to the left. The pull to the right at the end is weaker, except in emphatic utterances, but since verbs are less free to roam they are more apt to it. (164fn)


Bolinger ε­ʤȯŸȼΤ褦ˤʤŪ12¿ϡǥեȤǤϸƬ1ۤ롥ϡѸʤȤ⥲ޥˤζʤȿǤΤǤ (see [2009-10-26-1]) ä̾ƻ줬ʤ򶯤ȿǤΤϡʸŪᤤʳǸΨ⤤Ǥ롥̾ƻ¾θ٤ʸǤΰ֤¤ξʤǤꡤʸˤƸ뤳ȤʤȤ櫓ǤϤʤ㤨ư٤ʸƬˤƸ뤳Ȥ¿ȤȤǤ롥
ưϾҤʤŪ˽ˤưʸǤΰ֤̾ƻۤɼͳǤϤʤʸˤΨ⤤ѸȥѥǤʸκǸˤ붯᤬ˤȤʤΤǡʸ֤䤹ưθۤ2岽Ψ㤤̾ƻФơ2ݤ䤹ΤϤΤǤ롥 associate, duplicate, estimate ʤɤ -ate ĸ¿ϡ̾ǤϺǽ첻ۣ첻Ȥʤ뤬ưǤ2ݤƤ뤳Ȥա
ʸΤɤΰ֤Ū˸䤹ȤǤ̾졦ƻưκۤ줾ʻˤ2ο񤤤κۤˤĤʤäƤȤ϶̣ޤǤεȤС̾ưʬۤˤɤĤޤǤȰǤ롥̾ζǸǤޤäưϤޤ2ĤäƤ롥줬1˳ʾ夲줵СưפȤʤ롥Ǥϡγʾ夲ưŤϲäΤBolinger ϤޤǤϽҤ٤Ƥʤ

Bolinger, Dwight L. "Pitch Accent and Sentence Rhythm." Forms of English: Accent, Morpheme, Order. Ed. Isamu Abe and Tetsuya Kanekiyo. Tokyo: Hakuou, 1965. 139--80.

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2011-07-02 Sat

#796. Ѹ˵ӱƳ줿Ūװ [rhyme][alliteration][meter][stress][prosody][romancisation][french]

ѸαΧηϡѸθŪѲΤΤϢưƤ롥
űѸŵŪʱΧϡԤ˰ζۤΧ (accentual meter) ǤꡤĸƬҲ碌Ƭ (alliteration) ħŤƤȤѸˤʤȱΧμήϸűѸζΧ˲äԤ˰β᤬ۤᱤΧ (syllabic meter) ǤǤ롥ʤġ첻ʡܻҲˤ碌ӱ (rhyme) ӤˤСűѸ줫ѸˤƱΧ180٤žиΤ褦ǤꡤžظˤθŪѲäΤǤϤʤȵ롥
űѸ줫ѸˤƤλϡѸˤˤƷŪѲλΧžˤܤаʲ2˹ʤ롥

(1) ޤοȼñ줬
(2) ե󥹸줫̤μѸˤꡤǽᤢ뤤ϺǸ夫2ܤβ˶ĸ줬

ޤ (1) ˤĤƤűѸθζϡƬ§Ȥ1 ([2009-10-26-1], [2009-10-31-1]) ħƬˤȤäƤԹ礬褫äӱˤȤäƤԹäӱôʬΤʤ޸ˤ뤳Ȥ¿äȤѸˤƶޤषƤȡ켫Ȥñ줬¿ʤ롥ƬˤȤääˤʤѲǤϤʤӱˤȤäƤͭѲȤʤäޤޤοտŪֻưȯãߤŪˤֻ̾פֽưưפΤ褦ʼ嶯 (iamb) äӱˤȤäƹԹʾ郎äƤä
(2) ˤĤƤϡե󥹸줫̼ѤˤꡤѸ˥ե󥹸췿ζѥ󤬤⤿餵줿ȤȤ̣ ([2011-04-15-1], [2009-11-13-1]) θ˶ĥե󥹼ѸϵӱˤϤäƤĤκȤʤä (1) (2) װˤäơΤȤƸνΤۤ˶ĸ줬ӱѤǤû񸻤˭٤ˤʤä
Ѹλˤ벻ᱤΧȵӱϡľŪˤϥե󥹡ꥢäƤƳǤ롥ŪμäƤʤСѸˤߤ줿褦ʱ߳ƳϤʤäűѸ줫ѸˤƤθѲϡΧѶŪ˸ƤӴ󤻤ȤϸȤ⡤줬ꤷȤϸ

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2011-04-15 Fri

#718. ѸζѥѸѼ [stress][romancisation][prosody][french][latin][loan_word][diatone][gsr][rsr]

Ѹζѥε§ϡ§Ȥ "left-prominent and morphologically governed" Ǥꡤ Germanic Stress Rule (GSR) ȸƤФ롥ϡ[2009-10-26-1], [2009-10-31-1]ǥޥħ1ĤȤָ촴1˶פ[2009-11-13-1]εǸ褦ˡѸʹߡե󥹡ƥѸ줬̤ˤ⤿餵褦ˤʤꡤѸαΧ "right to left and phonologically governed" §Ȥ Romance Stress Rule (RSR) ääʹߤαѸ챤Χˤϡȿ2Ĥζ§ߤ˴ĤˤǤ롥ơϸߤˤޤ³Ƥ롥
Halle and Keyser βŪʸʹߡѸƳ줿 RSR ѸαΧѳפ⤿餷Ȥ롤嵭Τ褦ʸͭϤȤʤäƤ뤬Minkova ˤСѸǤ RSR θ̤ϲɾƤ뤭餤ȤषGSR Ϥɾ٤ǤȤոΤ褦˹ͤ뺬ϤĤ롥Minkova (169--73) εޤȤ褦

(1) RSR GSR ɬȿΤǤϤʤ㤨С3Ǥϸ̤ɽŪ˰פ㤬롥máidenhòod (by GSR) and víolènt (by RSR) ʤɡ
(2) Ƭ˶֤ʤ൬§ GSR ϡФХޥ󥹼ƬˤŬѤ졤äưѸǤ̤Ǥ롥Ѹ confirm, deduct, displease, enlist, expose ʤɤζ֤򻲾ȡʤ̾ƻǤ϶1˰ܹԤ̾ưפˤĤƤϡ[2009-11-01-1], [2009-11-02-1]򻲾ȡ
(3) ѸŪᤤ˱Ѹäե󥹼ѸϡƱƤꡤGSR ˤäƶ1˰ܹԤƤ
(4) ѸǤ RSR GSR ζˤե󥹼Ѹ줬ͤ˶֤ɤ򼨤Τ褦ˤ뤳Ȥ롥򼨤ŵŪȤƵ󤲤ΤϡChaucer λ "In dívers art and in divérse figures" (FrT 1486) Ǥ롥ܤĴ٤ȸˤäɤ٤ϰۤʤ뤷Χΰ֡ʲ֤ˤ뤫ݤ) ȶɤʬۤĴȡ¿ɤ줬Χ˵ΤǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ºݤäդǤϡŦƤ빭ϤɤϤʤäȹͤ졤GSR ŬѤˤꤹǤ1˶ƤѸ¿ä

RSR ƳˤѸ챤Χưɤϸۤ˲ŪʤΤǤϤʤäȤRSR Ȥϰۤʤ׿Ūʶѥ⤿餷ȤϳΤǤ롥ä˸ʳ׿Ūѥϡ3ᤫʤѸǿβ˶륱Ǥ롥ʲθϡʤȤѤ줿2˶Ƥcalendar, sinister, memento, placebo. ޤ3äǽ᤬ü2ˤʤäƤ⶯ΰ֤Ѥ餺2ޤޤθ⾯ʤʤädivers(e), legend(e), maner(e), honour(e), montayn(e), natur(e), tempest(e), sentenc(e), solemn(e). θϡαѸ챤Χ餹Ȱۼʶѥ˽äƤꡤRSR ѸαΧ˰ξ׷⤿餷ȤϳΤǤ롥
Minkova ϡѸʳǤΤȤƽ GSR ޤŪǤꡤRSR ˲ŪʱƶϤƤʤȼĥ롥Ѹ챤Χ礭ưɤäȤС̤Υƥ ([2010-08-18-1], [2009-08-19-1]) Ф Renaissance ʹߤΤȤ

. . . in spite of the influx of 10,000 Romance loanwords, words of Germanic origin continued to constitute the bulk of the core vocabulary of Middle English, accounting for seventy-five to ninety-five per cent of the wordstock, depending on register. It was only during the Renaissance that the balance began to shift in favour of non-Germanic patterns, bringing about the co-existence of two typologically different systems of stress in modern English. (172--73)


ưɤ顤ߤˤޤ³κޤ줿Ҥ̾ư⤽Ʊ֤Ǥζ֤κۤ⤽Ǥ롥ʲϸԤˤĤƤ Minkova θڡ

Seen in the larger context of prosodic typology, however, the accentuation of derived Romance words introduced a major new paradigm of stress-shifting in English. For the first time in the history of the language words derived from the same root started to exhibit disparate prosodic contours: móral--morálitèe, párish--paríshonèr, sólemn--solémpnitè, vólume--volúminòus. (173)


Halle, M. and S. J. Keyser. English Stress: Its Form, Its Growth, and Its Role in Verse. New York: Harper and Row, 1971.
Minkova, Donka. "The Forms of Speech" A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture: c.1350--c.1500. Ed. Peter Brown. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 159--75.

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2010-04-28 Wed

#366. Caribbean ֻȯ [pronunciation][suffix][stress]

[2010-03-14-1] ( controversy ) , [2010-04-04-1] ( harass ) ε˰³ȯɤꡥѸ ( World Englishes ) creole ˤȤ˳ʤϰȤƥֳϰ ( the Caribbean ) 롥ȤϤɤ櫓ñֻȯ򤤤ĤޤǤäƤФʤεϡ餽ˤĤƽ񤯤Ȥǵ򤷤ä夵褦Ȥ롥
ޤϡֻ顥Τ Carib /ˈkærɪb/ Ȥ񤷤ʤθϥꥫǥΰ Arawak 줫饹ڥͳ16˱ѸäƤ Christopher Columbus Haiti Cuba Ǻǽ˵ϿȤ "brave people"
θ -ean Ĥ Caribbean Ȥʤ롥 -ean ϸͭ̾ˤĤơ?Ρʿ͡ˡ?°ʤΡˡפ̣ƻ졦̾롥16Ⱦդ꤫ѤϤᡤEpicurean, European, Promethean ʤɤ߽ФƱ츻Ʊ -ian Ⱥ𤷤ʤ褦ˤΤݥȡޤǤϤ褤Τ<b> νŤʤȤǰä롥ΰ֤ȤϢֻ§򤷤Ȥ⤽⶯ΰ֤ɤ줬ȤΤ鿴ʤȯ򸫤Ƥߤ褦
LPD ˤȡθˤ̤ȯǧ롥Ĥ /ˌkærəˈbi:ən/⤦Ĥ /kəˈrɪbiən/ Ǥ롥LPD ΥꥹѸǤ Preference poll Ǥϡޤ̤Ԥ91%Ԥ9%Ǥ롥;ϺȤƤ褦α˱ѸüԤΥեåȥᥤȤȤɤäȯΤͤȵˤʤä뤫顤ɤȼԳΤδФϿͤʾˤΤ⤷ʤ

Caribbean

ĿŪˤ¿ɤ /ˌkærəˈbi:ən/ Ѥ뤳Ȥˤ褦<b> ġ ( primary and secondary stresses ) ȳФƤФ⤷ʤޤǽ񤤤Ƥʹ줿˺Ƥ

Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-01-18-1] [2013-09-11-1]

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2010-03-14 Sun

#321. controversy over controversy [pronunciation][rp][stress]

controversy פȤˤϡƤɸȤѼȤäƤ⤤Ĥȯꤦ롥LPD ( Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ) εҤˤȡʲȯ롥

(BrE) /ˈkɒntəvɜːsi/ or /ˈkɒntəvəsi/: RP ( Received Pronunciation ) ͥȤȯ
(BrE) /kənˈtrɒvəsi/: RP ʳǹȤƤȯؤǤ12Ȥ򤪤ȯ /ˌkɒnˈtrɒvəsi/ ⤭롥
(AmE) /ˈkɑːntrəvɜːsi/: ƸǤͣȯ

AmE ǤϤʤBrE ǤϥȤ1ˤΤ2ˤΤȤ variation 롥LPD ηĴˤȡBrE Ǥɤٹ礤ϰʲ̤Ǥ롥

Controversy over Controversy

ꥹι̱Ūʴ弭Ȥ COD ( The Concise Oxford English Dictionary. 11th rev. ed. ) 򻲾ȤƤߤȡɸѼǤ /kənˈtrɒvəsi/ ϸǤȵƤ뤬ºݤΤȤषΤۤ褯ȤƤȤȤˤʤ롥Ф餯֤ФȯͥˤʤäƤ椱СѼ֤κΤˤʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ΤȤϡBrE Ǥ controversy ȯ˴ؤ controversy Ϸ³Ǥ롥
ˤĤƤ⤷ΤϡꥹǡŪ /ˈkɒntəvɜ:si/ Ȱۤʤ /kənˈtrɒvəsi/ ȤѼ郎褦ˤʤäȤԤϥꥫѸ줫֤줿ȯǤȤǧ BrE üԤ¸ߤȤǤ ( Algeo 177 )BrE üԤˤ AmE Ѹλ뤹Ȥ롥ǯ AmE ŪʱƶϤΤȤˤϼޤäƤƤȤϤΤΡˤ¸³Ƥȹͤ롥Ǹ褦AmE ǤϡBrE Ūȯб롤1˶Τȯ¸ߤʤΤǤꡤǧˤϻ¤΢դʤиľˤʤä櫓Ǥ롥[2010-03-08-1]ǿ줿褦ˡBrE ݼŪͳAmE ϳ׿ŪˤƷΤͤȤäƤڵǤ⤢롥ºݤˤϡθȯ˴ؤ¤ꡤBrE 2˶򤪤׿Ūȯ߽ФΤǤä
Ȥΰ֤˴ϢȤƤϡ̾ư ( diatones ) ׻ ([2009-11-01-1], [2009-11-02-1])

Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
Soanes, Catherine and Angus Stevenson, eds. Concise Oxford English Dictionary. 11th rev. ed. Oxford: OUP, 2008.
Algeo, John. "America is Ruining the English Language." Language Myths. Ed. Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill. London: Penguin, 1998. 176--82.

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2010-01-13 Wed

#261. ޤط [compound][stress][disguised_compound]

ε[2010-01-12-1] ( disguised compound ) 򤤤Ĥ󤲤ϡȤƩ٤ι⤤äΤѲ䤽¾ηѲФơϤǧʤʤä֤Ǥ롥줬ޤطʤĽҤ٤롥
ܤϡä˱ѸˤĤƸǤ롥ޥħΰġ첻ᥢȤθ§פפФ ([2009-10-26-1])̾ǤǤʤ뤬Ȥθ§ˤǤŪȯ岽ü䤹ʤȤˡμ ( head ) ̾ǤôΤǡǤηŪʼ岽Ϲ줽ΤΤΰ̣ȷ֤δϢƩˤƯChristmas ϸ mass ֥ߥפΰǤϤΤ褦ʰռϴǤ뤷lady ϸ diġe ֤ͤ͡פθ츻ΤäƤȤƤ⸽ʸ̮ǡ֤ͤ͡פȤȤϤʤޥΰ錄ѸǤϡɬŪǤ岽ε줬ޤ䤹Ȥˤʤ롥
줬ޤ䤹⤦ĤطʤϡɽǰΩǰȤˤɬפȤ褦ˤʤȡǤʬϤ줺˻СγФ뤳Ȥ¿ʤ뤳ȤǤ롥lady ( OE hlǣfdiġe ) θϡ֥ѥ򤳤ͤ͡פǤ˸űѸʳǤ̣ϡֽ͡פؤѲƤꡤϢۤƯƤʤäΰֽ̣͡פǤʾ塤षϢۤƯʤۤ챿Ѿ˾ޤȤ롥⤷ռƤ顤Ѿΰ̣Ǥֽ͡פˤɤ夯ޤǤˡ(1) Ǥؤʬ(2) Ǥΰ̣ǧ(3) Ǥΰ̣η硤(4) ̣ŪĥȤĹƥåפФʤФʤʤǤ롥
ǡȤƤβˤ˻ˤơ lady = ֽ͡פȤ ( sign ) ˺꤫ƤޤФ褤ȤȤˤʤ롥֤äΤȤĤƤγƹǤΰ̣ʤ˺ƤޤפȤˤĹƤȤ
Bradley θդڤơμݤޤȤ롥

A compound word is a description, often an imperfect description; and when an object of perception or thought is familiar to us, we desire that its name shall suggest the thing to our minds directly, and not through the intervention of irrelevant ideas. Accordingly, a compound word for a simple notion gives a certain sense of inconvenience, unless we are able to forget its literal meaning. It is true that we frequently succeed in doing this: we use multitudes of compound words without mentally analysing them at all. In such cases the compound often undergoes processes of phonetic change which a distinct consciousness of its etymological meaning would not have allowed to take place. (83)


Bradley, Henry. The Making of English. New York: Dover, 2006. New York: Macmillan, 1904.

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2009-11-13 Fri

#200. Ȥΰ֤襤 --- ޥϤޥ󥹷Ϥ [stress][orthoepy][romancisation][prosody][gsr][rsr]

[2009-10-26-1] (4) Ǹ褦ˡޥϤθȤơ衤ѸΥȤϸ1ϤǤ롥ȤűѸꡤƥե󥹸줫餪ӤμѸ줬Ѹή1˥Ȥפθ§ƤȤΤϡƥե󥹸ʤɤΥޥ󥹷ϤθǤϡषβ˥ȤΤ§Ǥ롥Ūˤϡޥ󥹸ˤϡβνŤ˱ơǽ ( ultima )ܤβ ( paenultima )黰ܤβ ( antepaenultima ) Τ줫˥ȤȤ뵬§롥Ѹϡޥ󥹷ϽȤĹܿˤ顤GSR ( Germanic Stress Rule ) RSR ( Romance Stress Rule ) ʣ˹碌ĸؤȯŸƤΤǤ ( Lass 125 )
ޥ󥹽줫μѸϡѸäƤ⡤ȤθΤȤ RSR ¨Ȥ򼨤Ƥͽۤ뤬ɬ⤽ǤϤʤ㤨СѸˤϡθ췲 GSR ¨Τ褦ʸƬȤʤ줿ȤǧƤ (Lass 128--29)ä Lass ͤˤνǯǤ롥

abbreviation (1764), academy (1665, 1687), acceptable (1746), accessory (1687, 1746), accommodate (1764), adjacent (1665, 1710), allegorical (1764), complacency (1665), contribute (1570), controversy (1665), conuenient (1570), corruptible (1746), defectiue (1570), delectable (1570), distribute (1570), diuert (1570), excusable (1570), mischance (1570), obseruance (1570), perspectiue (1570), phlegmatic (1784), proclamation (1570), quintessence (1710), refractory (1687), sequester (1570), splenetic (1784), suggestion (1570), unawares (1710)


ɸѸǤϡ嵭ΤñˤƤ⥢Ȥ1ˤʤȤդLass ˤС1780ǯ GSR षϤᡤRSR ͥˤʤäƤȤޤܤϼƤʤΤΡNevalainen ˤСѸΡŪ٤㤤͡פä GSR 򹥤Ȥ
Ǥ⥢Ȥΰ֤˷ΤĤƤʤ¸ߤ롥˵󤲤 controversy ϡ cóntroversy Ȥ contróversy Ȥȯ줦뤬ƥ쵯Ǥ뤳ȤͽۤȿơGSR ˽äԤפȸʤƤ롥ǯޤˡפƤǤ롥
űѸ˻ϤޤꡤѸˤ¿ؼ ( orthoepist ) ضΩƤޥХޥ󥹤Υзϡޤ˴ʷߤʤޤޡѸüԤΤߤʤ餺ѸؽԤǺޤ³Ƥ롥

Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
Nevalainen, Terttu. An Introduction to Early Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006. 130.

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2009-11-02 Mon

#189. ̾ưε (2) [stress][diatone][germanic][oe][prosody]

[2009-11-01-1]˰³̾ưפꡥϡ̾ưפΥǥ뤬Ǥ˸űѸ¸ߤƤȤǧ̾ˤƬζղä졤ưˤϼղä줿ȤȤäηŪʬۤΤΤϡɤΤ褦줦
Campbell ˤСƬղä륿ߥ󥰤̾ưȤǰۤʤäƤΤǤϤʤȤof-, be- ʤɤƬϡ졦ֻȤƸ촴ΩƵǽƤȹͤ롥˰̣ŪϢζ顤졦ֻ줬ƬȤƸ촴ղä졤礵줿Ȥ礵륿ߥ󥰤̾ưȤǤϰۤʤäƤ̾ϰ­ᤫäΤǡޥ1ᥢȤθ§ŬѤ˴֤˹äư٤촴ΤΤ1ᥢȤäȸǤޤäƤޤäˡäȼ夤Ƭղäư줬ǤäΤǤ롥
βѤˤƤ⡤ʤ̾ư­ᤫäΤȤʤ뵿䤬롥ߥ󥰤Ȥڤ⤤˻夲뤳ȤǤȤƤ⡤Ūͤߤ뤳Ȥ񤷤
ߥ󥰤ᤤ٤ˤäơѲŬѤ뤫Ȥ뤫ޤȤ¾ȤƤϡ[2009-06-14-1]򻲾ȡ

Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959. 30--31.

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2009-11-01 Sun

#188. ̾ưε [stress][diatone][oe][conversion][prosody]

Ѹȳǡ̾ưפȸƤФ븽ݤ롥ѸǤϡ֤Ʊʻΰۤʤ줬¸ߤ롥ä̾ưΥڥξ硤̾ǤϥȤβˡưǤϥȤβ뤳Ȥꡤڥ̾ưפȸƤǤ롥ѸǤϡ̾ưפ̾ΤϤʤΤ褦ŪˤʤäƤޤ

diatonic homograph pairs that exhibit the alternating stress pattern between noun (paroxytonic) and verb (oxytonic)


󤲤ȥ꤬ʤ

absent, accent, addict, annex, combat, combine, concert, contract, contrast, convert, discard, discount, discourse, dismount, export, finance, implant, import, intercept, interchange, misprint, object, overturn, permit, protest, reject, research, retract, transplant, transport, etc.


ѸϡѸ˵ä޸ξüˤꡤưפʻž ( conversion ) βǽʸȤʤäϸȤƤϴͭθݤǤꡤä˶ѸʹߡΤ˥եѤƤ̾ư֤꤬ƱǤ뤳ȤϤʬȤƤ⡤ξԤΤǥȤΰ֤˶̤Ĥ줿ΤϤɤƤ
ʥϸűѸ졤䤽ˤ롥
ε[2009-10-31-1]Ǹ褦ˡűѸñǤϸ§Ȥ1˥ȤƬˤǤϡƬȤƻȤƤ뤫ȤƻȤƤ뤫ˤäơȤΰ֤ѤäƬȤѤƤˤϤƬ˥ȤȤѤƤˤϸ촴1˥ȤΤǤ롥̣Τϡ̾Ƭˤ϶ưƬˤϼηŪղäƤǤ롥ʲб̾ưΥڥ򡤥Ȥΰ֤ܤ٤Ƥߤ褦

̾ư
ˈǣwielm "fountain"aˈweallan "to well up"
ˈæfþunca "source of offence"ofˈþyncan "to displease"
ˈætspyrning "offence"otˈspurnan "to stumble"
ˈandsaca "apostate"onˈsacan "to deny"
ˈbīgenga "inhabitant"beˈgān "to occupy"
ˈorþanc "mind"aˈþencan "to devise"
ˈwiþersaca "adversary"wiþˈsacan "to refuse"


̾ưפΥǥεϡǤ˸űѸ¸ߤΤǤ롥

Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959. 30--31.

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2009-10-31 Sat

#187. 1˥ȤΤʤűѸñ [stress][oe]

[2009-10-26-1] (4) Ǹ褦ˡޥħΰĤˡָΥȤ1˸פȤΤ롥ĸǤϥȤΰ֤ϸǼͳäޥʬƤ椯Ǹ경ȹͤƤ롥űѸϤΥޥħܴۤʷǼѤǤΤǡűѸñΥȤˤĤƤϸ§Ȥ¤ȤϤʤ
㳰롥[2009-10-26-1]ǤⲿʤƤ褦ˡΤˤϡܼ촴1פ˥Ȥ롥űѸθħΰĤϡƬʤɤˤ ( derivation ) ¿Ѥ뤳ȤǤ롥be-, ge-, to- ʤɤƬ촴ƬղäƤǤǤϡȤϤȤθ촴1˻ĤꡤΤȤƤ2˥Ȥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥󤲤롥

geˈfeoht "fight", forˈbod "prohibition", beˈbod "command", toˈdæg "today", onˈweg "away", beˈhindan "behind", aˈþencan "devise", wiþˈsacan "deny"


ܼ촴1פȤâ񤭤⡤ޤΤǤϤʤƬˤ϶ȼꡤȤղäǤäƤ⤽Ƭ˥ȤΤǤ롥ϡƬˤ줿Ǥ롥⥢ȤƬˤ롥

ˈǣwielm "fountain", ˈæfþunca "source of offence", ˈætspyrning "offence", ˈandsaca "apostate", ˈbīgenga "inhabitant", ˈorþanc "mind", ˈwiþersaca "adversary"


Ƭζȼ֤ξǤ϶̤ʤȤ⤢ΤǡɤϡƬˤǤϡ֤˥Ȥʬ뤳ȤϤǤʤȤȤˤʤ롥
ȼζ̤ˤĤƤ[2009-07-22-1], [2009-06-22-1]⻲ȡ

Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959. 30--31.

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