hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 ڡ / page 2 (4)

stress - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2019-07-05 Fri

#3721. 饹 I ܼȥ饹 II ܼ [affixation][derivation][morphology][phonology][assimilation][suffix][prefix][stress]

Ѹܼ (affix) ϡֲŪʴ2Ĥμ˶̤롥줾쥯饹 I ܼ饹 II ܼȸƤФƤ뤬ξԤ¿оŪǤ롥 (89--90) ˤäơޤȤ褦

饹 I饹 II
-al, -ard, -ative/-itive, -ian, -ic, -ion, -ity, -ous, in- ʤ-er, -ful, -ingN, -ish, -less, -ly, -ness, -ship, -yADJ, un- ʤ
ʥ˶ְư (stress shift)ʤ
párent vs. paréntalpárent vs. párentless
Cánada vs. CanádianFíinland vs. Fínlander
átom vs. atómicyéllow vs. yéllowish
prohíbit vs. prohibítionóbvious vs. óbviously
májor vs. majórityácid vs. ácidness
móment vs. moméntouscítizen vs. cítizenship
ʥ˻û첻 (trisyllabic shortening)ʤ
divíne vs. divínitygréen vs. gréenishness
sáne vs. sánitybríne vs. bríniness
obscéne vs. obscénityráin vs. ráininess
deríve vs. derívativeróse vs. rósiness
ʥ𲻲 (velar softening)ʤ
electric vs. electricity, electriciantraffic vs. traffickingN
panic vs. panickyADJ
ʥ˻Ҳά (consonant cluster simplification)ʤ
elongate cf. longsinger
bombard cf. bombbomber
hymnalADJ cf. hymncrumby
condemnation cf. condemncondemner
ʥƬɡƱ (nasal assimilation)ʤ
immoralunmoral
impatientunpack


ͥ饹 I ܼϳܼǡñΡ¦פդ饹 II ܼܼǡñΡֳ¦פդȤħġԤϷֲŪѲΤФơԤϷֲŪΩŪǤ롥
ξԤΰ㤤ϷֲŪʰ㤤ˤȤɤޤ餺ؤֻˤȿǤƤꡤ͡˸ŪʴߤäƤ롥

ůͺ ҡ4ϡֹ¤Ȳ׿ ҡԡˡزīоȸإ꡼ 3īҽŹ2014ǯ88--105ǡ

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2019-06-30 Sun

#3716. ֤˱ƶڤܤ [suffix][stress][phonology][morphology][affixation][derivation]

Ѹ (suffix) ˤϡȸ촴Ȥζ֤ΰưȤ顤礭3ब̤롥(1) 촴ζ֤ݻΩ (stress-neutral suffix)(2) 촴ζ֤ưư (stress-shifting suffix, stress-affecting suffix)(3) Τ (stress-bearing suffix) 뤤Ͷܼ (stress-attracting suffix) 3Ǥ롥ʲʡ (88--89) ꡤƼ򼨤

ΡΩ

-dom: ˈfreedom, ˈkingdom
-en: ˈthicken, ˈwiden
-ful: ˈcheerful, ˈpocketful
-ish: ˈchildish, ˈfoolish

Ρư

A. 綯ľβˤ

-fic: scienˈtific, speˈcific
-ic: alˈlergic, eˈlectric
-ics: matheˈmatics, phoˈnetics
-ion: diˈversion, exˈpansion
-ity: faˈtality, hospiˈtality

B. 綯2βˤ

-cide: ˈgenocide, ˈhomicide
-fy: ˈmodify, ˈsatisfy
-gon: ˈhexagon, ˈpentagon
-tude: ˈattitude, ˈsolitude

C. 綯1ޤ2βˤ

-al: uniˈversal, geoˈlogical
-ar: faˈmiliar, ˈsingular
-ide: diˈoxide, ˈfluoride
-is: syˈnopsis, ˈemphasis
-ive: exˈpensive, comˈpetitive
-ous: treˈmendous, harˈmonious

Ρ

-ade: blockˈade, gingeˈrade
-eer: engiˈneer, volunˈteer
-ese: officiaˈlese, Japaˈnese
-esque: gardeˈnesque, pictuˈresque

ʡ 5ϡȡꥺ ԡˡزءīоȸإ꡼ 2īҽŹ2012ǯ84--103ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-31-1]

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2019-05-31 Fri

#3686. -ate -ment ư̾졦ƻȯΰ㤤 [gvs][vowel][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][stress][suffix][latin][diatone][-ate]

ε#3685. -ate ư̾졦ƻȯΰ㤤 ([2019-05-30-1]) ˰³-ate ĸȯưǤ /eɪt/ Ȥʤ̾졦ƻǤ /ɪt/ ȤʤˤĤơ
Carney Ǥ⤳꤬ƽǰƤꡤä p. 398 ˤθݤ򼨤ñꥹȤ󤲤Ƥ롥ʲ˺ƸƤŪǤϤʤȻפ뤬ʰǤ롥

aggregate, animate, appropriate, approximate, articulate, associate, certificate, co-ordinate, correlate, degenerate, delegate, deliberate, duplicate, elaborate, emasculate, estimate, expatriate, graduate, importunate, incorporate, initiate, intimate, moderate, postulate, precipitate, predicate, separate, subordinate, syndicate


Carney ΥꥹȤ󤲤ƤΤϡʻˤäȯؤतñ줬ȤˤƤǤ롥¾μȤƤϡؤ̾ư (diatone) 󤲤Ƥ뤷 -ment ĸˤƤ롥̾ưȤݤȤŪطʤˤĤƤˤĤƤϡǤܥ֥Ǥ diatone γƵܳŪ˾Ҳ𤷤ƤʻˤäȯؤפȤݥȤ -ate ȤĤʤäƤȤΤϡȯä
-ment ˤĤƤϡưǤΤ첻 /-mɛnt/ Ȥʤ뤬̾졦ƻǤۣ첻 /-mənt/ Ȥʤ롥Carney (398) 곺ñΥꥹȤ󤲤Ƥcomplement, compliment, document, implement, increment, ornament, supplement.

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-16-1]

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2019-05-30 Thu

#3685. -ate ư̾졦ƻȯΰ㤤 [gvs][vowel][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][stress][analogy][suffix][latin][sobokunagimon][-ate]

ɸˤĤƼ䤬󤻤ޤȤ appropriate ưȤƤϡֻѤ˶סƻȤƤϡŬڤʡפǤơȯ /əˈproʊpriˌeɪt/, /əˈproʊpriˌɪt/ Ȥʤޤ첻 /eɪt/ ̸ /ɪt/ ǰۤʤäƤޤϤʤǤ礦
ư /eɪt/ ȯϡֻȾȤ餷碌Ф狼褦ˡ첻 (gvs) θ̤Ƥޤ<-ate> Ȥֻɽ蘆ȯ /-aːt(ə)/ Ѹ첻ܤˤ /eɪt/ ؤѲǤޤƱֻ̾졦ƻ -ate ǤϡΤ褦ȯѲϵäƤޤ󡥤Ѳϡष첻μ岽Ǥꡤ/ɪt/ ؤȵ뤷Ƥޤ
ΰ㤤ϡ첻ܰζΤΰ㤤˵ޤŪˤСappropriate Τ褦Ĺñξ硤ưˤƤϸβ2֤ޤƻ졦̾ˤƤ֤ʤȤޤappropriate ˤĤƶŪˤСưȤƤ4 -ate ˡ2˶֤ޤ̾졦ƻȤƤϤ줬֤ʤȤȤˤʤޤ
ǻפФ٤ϡ첻ܤϡֶΤĹ첻פˤƺѤ벻ǤȤȤǤĤޤꡤ-ate ưˡˤƤϡ2ǤϤޤ˶֤Τǡξ˹פ /-aːt(ə)/ /eɪt/ ޤ̾졦ƻˡˤƤϡ֤ʤΤ첻ܤȤ̵طˤळȤˤʤޤ̾졦ƻˡǤϡ /-aːt(ə)/ ֻȤƤ <-ate> ݤʤ⡤ȤƤ϶򼺤ȤȤ /-at/ ؤû /-ət/ /-ɪt/ ؤۣ첻ΤǤ
Τ褦ʷаޤǡ-ate ʻˤäȯ㤨Ȥʤޤä󤳤ηޤꡤѥ󤬤Ǥȡθϼºݤȯ䶯֤ˤ餺ȤˤΩѥŪŬѤ褦ˤʤޤơ-ate ȯ롼뤬ΩΤǤ
Ϣơ#1242. -ate ưζܹԡ ([2012-09-20-1])#2731. -ate ưϤɤΤ褦 ([2016-10-18-1]) ⤴Ȥ-age ʤɤ˴ؤƤ⡤ۤƱƤϤޤȻפޤ (310, 313) ׻ȡ

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-16-1] [2019-05-31-1]

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2019-04-27 Sat

#3652. nature mature 1ʸ㤤Ǥʤȯʤ˰ۤʤΤǤ [sobokunagimon][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][stress][gsr][rsr][gvs][phonetic_change]

Ф줿⤷ǤռȤϤޤǤڥ󥰤ǤϸƬ <n> <m> ΰ㤤ǤȯϤ줾 /ˈneɪʧə/ /məˈʧʊə/ Ȥʤ礭ۤʤäƤޤŪʥڥ󥰤ǤʤȯۤʤȤȤϡξԤ11бƤ櫓ǤϤʤʣʴطͭƤ뤳ȤξںǤ
ξñϤ줾ƥ nātūra ܼˤ mātūrus ʻˤˤΤܤޤƥʳǤϡξñ˴ؤƥڥ󥰤ȯŪʴطˤꡤѸΤ褦ʰۤʤϤߤޤǤȤ餬ѸȤƱѸäƤˡ郎ޤ
ƥ nātūra ϡťե󥹸 nature ФơѸ13Ⱦ natur(e) ȤƱѸäƤޤѸäƤϡťե󥹸 /naːˈtyːr/ 2˶򤪤ȯƤޤȯͼѸ첽Ƥ뤳ȤˤʤޤȯαѸ첽Ȥϡ绨ĤˤС1֤褦ˤʤꡤ֤ʤʤä2벻岽ûؤޤˤ /naːˈtyːr/ /ˈnaːtyːr/ Ȥʤꡤ˶Ѹˤ첻 (gvs) ޤतĤβѲФƸ /ˈneɪʧə/ ˤޤȯŸΤǤ
ƥ mātūrus ϡ15ȾФľܱѸ mature ȤƼѤޤѸǤȯ /maːˈtyːr/ ˶ᤤΤäȻפޤȤñˤĤƤϡθ nature ǤϵäȯͼαѸ첽ʤ֤ưʤäΤǤη̡֤ʤ1ϼޤ뤳ȤˤʤꡤѸ /məˈʧʊə/ ȯ˻äΤǤ
Ĥޤꡤnature mature ʬϡѸ˼Ѥ줿ȯͼαѸ첽äʤääΤǤǤϡʤ nature ǤϱѸ첽ꡤmature ǤϵʤäΤǤ礦ϴñˤޤ󤬡ȤƤϡᤤ˼Ѥ줿ǤФۤɡߤޤǤ˱Ѹ첽Τ˽ʬʻ֤ݤƤꡤºݤ˱Ѹ첽Ƥǽ⤤ȤȤϤޤnature 13Ⱦmature 15ȾФμѤǤ顤λֺطƤǽϤޤޤѻѸ˶ŤжŤۤɡƥե󥹸줫μѸϡȯͼΤޤޤˤȤɤޤ뷹ȤΤƤޤ
ƥ졦ե󥹸ζ§ (Romance Stress Rule; rsr) ȱѸζ§ (Germanic Stress Rule; gsr) ȤϿδطǤꡤ餬Ѹˤƶ礷Ȥ˲뤫ȤˤĤƤϡ#718. ѸζѥѸѼ ([2011-04-15-1]) #200. Ȥΰ֤襤 --- ޥϤޥ󥹷Ϥ ([2009-11-13-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2022-09-17-1] [2019-05-22-1]

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2019-04-19 Fri

#3644. Ѹ stress-timed ʸűѸ syllable-timed ʸ졩 [prosody][phonology][stress][vowel][typology][syllable][poetry]

#1647. ˤ뱤ΧŪħμȵǽ ([2013-10-30-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸ stress-timed ʥꥺࡤܸ syllable-timed (or mora-timed) ʥꥺĸȤ롥Ԥ϶ֳ֤Ƿ֤ꥺǡԤϲʥ⡼ˤֳ֤Ƿ֤ꥺǤ롥Ѹ˶٤θǤХɥĸ stress-timed ǡե󥹸䥹ڥ syllable-timed Ǥ롥
Τ褦˶Ū෿δϽ򤤤줫Υꥺफ˿ʬ뤬̻ŪˤߤȳƸΥꥺѤäΤ뤤ѲƤΤ
Ѹ˴ؤƤС븫ϳΤѲƤȤ롥Ѹ stress-timed ꥺδפˤΤۣ첻 /ə/ ¸ߤǤ롥ΤΤʲȲ̤첻ȡ夯ûȯۣ첻Ȥ¸Ƥ뤿ˡԤˤȤΧñ̤Ū˷֤뤳ȤˤʤΤűѸǤۣ첻¸ߤʤäΤǡstress-timed ꥺΩפ夫äȤˤʤ롥űѸϤष syllable-timed ꥺ˶ᤫäȤ⤤ΤǤ롥Cable (23--24) εʹ

To begin with, Old English did not have reduced vowels. The extensive system of inflectional endings depended on the full values of the short vowels, especially [ɑ], [ɛ], [u], and [ɔ]; and in polysyllabic words these and other short vowels were not reduced to schwa. The surprising effect is that in its lack of reduced vowels Old English can be said to have similarities with the phonological structure of a syllable-based language like Spanish. In this respect, both Old English and Spanish differ from Late Middle English and Modern English. Consequently, Old English can be hypothesized to have more of the suprasegmental structure of syllable-based languages---that is, the impression of syllable-timing---despite our thinking of Old English as thoroughly Germanic and heavily stressed.


Cable ϡűѸ줬 syllable-timed ʸȸäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ١ΥꥺǤ⤢뤷١Τ⤢ȤơŪʥꥺȹͤƤ롥³ʸϤѤƤ

These deductions and hypotheses from theoretical and experimental phonology are supported in the most recent studies of the meter of Old English poems. Beowulf has never been thought of as a poem in syllabic meter. Yet the most coherent way to imagine Old English meter is as a precisely measured mix of "accentual" elements (as the meter has traditionally been understood), "syllabic" elements (which may seem more appropriate for French verse), and "quantitative" elements (which are most familiar in Greek and Latin). (Cable 24)


Cable, Thomas. "Restoring Rhythm." Chapter 3 of Approaches to Teaching the History of the English Language: Pedagogy in Practice. Introduction. Ed. Mary Heyes and Allison Burkette. Oxford: OUP, 2017. 21--28.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-11-1] [2021-07-23-1]

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2018-12-05 Wed

#3509. ΧߤȰư [metrical_phonology][stress][phonology][prosody]

Ѹ fifteen /fɪfˈtiːn/ Τ褦2˥Ȥ뤬fifteen boys Ȥʤ /ˌfɪftiːn ˈbɔɪz/ Τ褦 boys ˺Ǥ⶯Ȥ֤fifteen ˤƤ21ΤۤŪ˶ʤ롥ϡ1ȤǤ2ȤǤ졤2ĤΥȤܲϢ³ƸΤ򤱤뤿ˡȰ֤ĴǽưǤ롥
ΥȰ֤ĴǽΧ (metrical_phonology) Ω줫꼰褦Ȥȡ㤨мΤ褦ˤʤʹⶶpp. 34--35ˡޤ fifteen ñΤˤĤƤοޤ (1) ˵󤲤褦

(1) fifteen

 *μ祢
**
fifti:n


οޤ fifteen αΧåɤ򼨤Ƥ롥Ȥ򵭽ҤΤˡʳγؤѰդΤΧħǤ롥Ǥϡָ쥢ȡפȡָμ祢ȡפȤ2ĤγؤѰդƤ롥Ʋľˤߤơ¿դƤ벻ˡ궯Ȥ֤ȤޤĤޤꡤfifteen 2᤬궯1᤬夤ȤȤˤʤ롥
ˡboys ä̾ȤƤߤ褦

(2) fifteen boys Ĵ

  *
 **μ祢
***
fifti:nboiz


(1) β boys 1ʬäˡֶ祢ȡפγؤ褻ΧåɤǤ롥Ѹ̾Ǥϼ boys ˺Ǥ⶯Ȥ֤뤬3ĤǼƤ롥 ѸαΧε§Ȥơܤ2᤬Ȥ2ġʰʾˤäƤ뤳ȤϵƤʤʤȹͤƤˡˤꡤ֤Ǽ褦ˡܤ4ĤΥޥܤ֤Τϥ롼ȿȤʤ롥ǡȿ򤹤ˡϺ롥Ĥβǽ뤬ǤϺ֤1ޥˤꤷƤȡĴˤ꼡 (3) αΧåɤ롥

(3) fifteen boys Ĵ

  *
* *μ祢
***
fifti:nboiz


ϡºݤ fifteen boys ΥȤμȰ֤ΤɽƤ뱤ΧåɤȤʤ롥ʾΥƥåפͣβǽǤϤʤʤȤι⤤1ĤǤϤʾ夬Χǥȡʰưˤ򰷤ݤδŪʹͤǤ롥

ⶶ ͺ1ϡι¤ˤĤơء ůͺԡˡظīоȸإ꡼ 3īҽŹ2012ǯ9--38ǡ

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2018-11-09 Fri

#3483. ȤˤäĤܸȤĤʤѸ [stress][prosody][japanese][sociolinguistics]

(67) ϡѸܸˤ벻νפȤơηϤѤλ󤲤Ƥ롥

̤ˡѸ϶ʶ˥Ȥθ졤ܸϹ⤵ʥԥå˥ȤθȤ롥ѸϤȤ붯ȤθǤϡηϤϱѸγƼѼ֤ǤۤȤѤʤĤޤꡤζ֤ˤäۤʤȤȤϡ㳰СۤȤɤʤܸΤ褦ʹ⤵ȤθǤϡƸΥȷˤäۤʤȤΤ֤Ǥ롥κʤ븶ΤȽȤʤθ椬ؤȤǤ롥


ʤۤϰϤȤѼζ̲˥ȤѤٹ礤ϡΤܸǤϹ⤯ѸǤ㤤Ȼפ롥ѼΡ¤פŵŪȯ˸ΤȻפ뤬ȯȤäƤ⤽ˤʬ᲻Ͽ۲μࡤȥ͡󡤥Ȥʤ͡ʤΤޤޤ졤̲Τ˲ɤѤ뤫ϡ줴Ȥ˰ۤʤѤʸϤˤСȤμѼ̤ΤΥ٤δ֤ˤشطȤȤ餷
ˤ͡ʵǽ롥#926. Ūǽ ([2011-11-09-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˤƱȤǽ濴ŪǤȤ¤ŪΩ⤢뤬ºݤˤϡ#1647. ˤ뱤ΧŪħμȵǽ ([2013-10-30-1]) εǤߤ¿¿ͤ䤬ΤʤǤѼζ̲פϡԤε (viii) ǵ󤲤Ƥ뵡ǽΰĤޤꡤָĿͤƱꤹ롥ΧϡüԤμҲŪʽ°üԤѤѰ (register) ؼ (indexical) ǽġפȤȤǤϡʤʹ⤵ȤѤܸϡȤ櫓ô碌ƤΤΤˤ褯ʬʤȤʤҲŪôˤĤƤι෿ŪĴɬפ
Ϣơ#1503. 졤áȯμҲŪ ([2013-06-08-1])#2672. ꥹѸȯˡꥫѸʸˡ˼ҲŪʲ֤ͤ ([2016-08-20-1]) 򻲾ȡޤˤ륢ȤΥפΰ㤤ˤĤƤϡ#2627. Ȥʬ ([2016-07-06-1]) 򻲾ȡ

3ϡѲס ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ47--70ǡ

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2018-08-05 Sun

#3387. ʤѸ첻ˤˤ첻Ѳ¿Τ [sound_change][phonology][prosody][vowel][diphthong][consonant][isochrony][stress]

ε#3886. Ѹ˾μפʻҲѲ ([2018-08-04-1]) Ǹڤ̤ε#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) ȴϢơʤѸ첻ˤˤ첻ѲҲѲΩʤΤȤˤĤƹͤƤߤ
Ritt (224) Ϥη "rhythmic isochrony" "fixed lexical stress on major class lexical items" 2˵Ƥ롥ĤޤꡤѸߤꥺ๽¤뤤ϲΧˤꡤ첻Ҳ岽ȤդʤƤȤ
(67) ˤСѸϳƱ (foot) ֤ۤȯ뱤ꥺ (foot-timed rhythm) θ°ʤʤߤܸϲ (syllable-timed rhythm) 뤤ϥ⡼ (mora-timed rhythm) ȤФ륿פθˡ̤˱θϡ첻ܡϢŪܡ첻첻岽ʤ첻ˤޤĤܤŪˤä¿ȤΤƤ롥ƱӤݻ뤿ˡϤȤ櫓̵ϤȤ櫓夯ȯȤоŪʷʤ󤺤첻Ѳˤ餵䤹ʤȤ𤬤褦
Ūʴ餤СΥꥺ๽¤ϡθβѲ˻פΤۤ礭ʱƶڤܤƤꡤ٤ޤǤϤꤷƤȤ餤Τ⤷ʤ (48) ϼΤ褦Ƥ롥

Ѳȯüϼºݤȯäˤ롥ȯƤ٤ƲѲȤƳΩ櫓ǤϤʤȯüϤޤǼ»־ȯȹͤ롥ȯä˺ݤơη֡칽¤äùܡʤϢˤºݤȯäˤꥺ๽¤ (rhythmic structure) ˼롥ꥺ๽¤¾Χ (prosody) Ļθˤʬ᲻᤯뤳ȤΤƤꡤʬŪˤۻʳϤޤȤƤ롥λ¤餫ʤ褦ˡꥺʤӡ¾βΧ˹¤ϡ̤˹ͤƤʾˡʬ᲻ηϤȿӤĤƤꡤ줬ȯäݤˤϡΥꥺ๽¤˹碌ʬ᲻Ϣ֤Ƥꤵ롥κݡӱfootᤫ鼡ζľޤǤޤȤˤñ̡ˤ (syllable) ʤɤΥꥺñ̤γФ䤹ʬ᲻ϢĴưפ褦ʷdzƼﲻƯ¿ε§ŪѲװϸ첻ĴγФˤäưŤƤȤäƤ褤


ϡַϴʥꥺ๽¤ȡ˽°ʬ᲻פȤ¿ʲѤ˴ŤǤ롥

Ritt, Nikolaus. "How to Weaken one's Consonants, Strengthen one's Vowels and Remain English at the Same Time." Analysing Older English. Ed. David Denison, Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero, Chris McCully, and Emma Moore. Cambridge: CUP, 2012. 213--31.
3ϡѲ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ47--70ǡ

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2018-07-10 Tue

#3361. ̾ưפνиϱѸˤˤ뾮ʵή [diatone][typology][morphology][conversion][stress]

récord ̾ˤ recórd ưˤΤ褦ˡ̾ưݤ2ˤƶ֤̾ưפȤʤ븽 (diatone) ˤĤơ#803. ̾ư̻Ū ([2011-07-09-1])#804. ̾ưñ ([2011-07-10-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ̾ưפ򼨤ñ16Ⱦ鸽ˤƽƤϢ夲ƤѸ෿ŪʥեȤȤįƤߤȤ⤷ (cf. [2018-07-07-1], [2018-07-08-1], [2018-07-09-1]) ѸϳάȤƤϸűѸ줫鸽Ѹˤ stem-based morphology word-based morphology ȥեȤƤȲǤ뤬̾ưפϤŪĬήФ뾮ʵήȤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤫
record ǹͤƤȡѸǤ̾ recórdư recórd(en) Ǥꡤ֤2ǰפƤưθ -en ϾüäƤ̵ͭˤ餺̾졦ưȤ recórd Ȥ̤ˤѤθ촴äƤΤǡξδطϻ¾ʻž (conversion) ȤֲˤΤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ǺѤƤϡword-based morphology ȤäƤ褤
Ȥ16Ⱦʹߤ̾ˤƶưˡޤǶͭƤ1Ĥθ촴̾촴 récord ư촴 recórd 2Ĥʬ뤳ȤˤʤäʸβϤ줾 /ˈrɛkəd/, /rɪˈkɔːd/ˡޤѤθ촴˴Ť stem-based morphology ǽƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ѸˤϡŪĬήȤƤ stem-based morphology word-based morphology ȲǤ뤬ˤγʳƤġѲη̤ȤơʬŪ word-based morphology stem-based morphology εή򼨤Τ⤢ꤦȤȤָűѸ stem-based morphology λ塤Ѹ word-based morphology λפΤ褦˥ƥꥫʬहΤǤϤʤߤ٤ȤƤȤ館ΤǤ롥

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2018-06-20 Wed

#3341. ƥ󡦥ե󥹼ѸϱѸζѥĸصꤵ [rsr][gsr][stress][germanic][indo-european][gradation][vowel][morphology]

Ѹʹߡƥե󥹸줫μѸ줬Ѹä̤˼ޤ줿ȤˤꡤѸζѥ礭ƤȤˤĤơ#718. ѸζѥѸѼ ([2011-04-15-1]) #200. Ȥΰ֤襤 --- ޥϤޥ󥹷Ϥ ([2009-11-13-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ
ƤϡGermanic Stress Rule (gsr) ξ˿ Romance Stress Rule (rsr) դääΤ󤹤뤳ȤǤ뤬˹ŪߤȡĸŪʶѥؤβ󵢤Ȥߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ĸǤϲѤäζ֤ޥĸǤϸƬ˸경ƥե󥹸ȤܿˤꡤƤӲѤȤʤäƤȲǤ뤫ơβѤζϡΤδ֤첻μ̤Ѱۤ뤳ȤˤʤäǸθݤϡĸηħŤ첻Ѱ (gradation or ablaut) ˤۤʤʤ
Kastovsky (129--30) ǻ̩ʸϤǤθˤĤƾҲ𤷤Ƥ롥

[T]here are . . . typological innovations like the vowel and/or consonant alternations in sane : sanity, serene : serenity, Japán : Jàpanése, hístory : históric : hìstorícity, eléctric : elètrícity, close : closure resulting from the integration of non-native (Romance, Latin and Net-Latin) word-formation patterns into English with a concomitant variable stress system, which reverses the original typological drift towards a non-alternating relation between bases and derivatives and is reminiscent of Indo-European, where variable stress/accent produced variable vowel quality/quantity (ablaut).


Kastovsky ϡѸηˤ෿Ūª٤ȤĥƤ뤬ñʤ붦Ū෿ˤȤɤޤ餺෿Ȥ⤤٤ʻƤǤ⤢褦˻פ롥
ǿ줿2Ĥζ§ˤĤƤϡ#1473. Germanic Stress Rule ([2013-05-09-1]) ȡ#1474. Romance Stress Rule ([2013-05-10-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Kastovsky, Dieter. "Linguistic Levels: Morphology." Chapter 9 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 129--47.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-07-08-1] [2018-07-07-1]

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2018-06-19 Tue

#3340. ޥˤưζѲȸƬȤߴط [germanic][indo-european][stress][gradation][exaptation][aspect][tense][suffix][contact][stress][preterite][verb][conjugation][grammaticalisation][participle][dental_suffix]

#182. ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1]) 6ĤκΩäޥŪħ󤲤Kastovsky (140) ˤȡΤʲ3ĤˤĤƤϡޥĸ줬ȯãǸߤ̩ܤʴطäȤ

(2) ư˸ߤȲ2λ
(3) ư˶Ѳ (strong conjugation) ȼѲ (weak conjugation) 2γѤ
(4) 촴1˶

One major Germanic innovation was a shift from an aspectual to a tense system. This coincided with the shift to initial accent, and both may have been due to language contact, maybe with Finno-Ugric. Initial stress deprived ablaut of its phonological conditioning, and the shift from aspect to tense required a systematic marking of the new preterit tense. From this, two types of exponents emerged. One is connected to the secondary (weak) verbs, which only had present aspect/tense forms. They developed an affixal "dental preterit", together with an affix for the past participle. The source of the latter was the Indo-European participial -to-suffix; the source of the former is not clear . . . . The most popular theory is grammaticalization of a periphrastic construction with do (IE *dhe-), but there are a number of phonological problems with this. The second type was the functionalization of the originally non-functional ablaut alternations to express the new category, i.e. the making use of junk . . . . But this was somewhat unsystematic, because original perfect forms were mixed with aorist forms, resulting in a pattern with over- and under-differentiation. Thus, in class III (helpan : healp : hulpon : geholpen) the preterit is over-differentiated, because the different ablaut forms are non-functional, since the personal endings would be sufficient to signal the necessary distinctions. But in class I (wrītan : wrāt : writon : gewriten), there is under-differentiation, because some preterit forms and the past participle have the same vowel. (140)


Kastovsky ˤСޥĸϡ餯 Finno-Ugric Ȥθܿη̡(a) ĸŪ (aspect) Ż뤹줫 (tense) Ż뤹ؤɤڤꡤ(b) ѥȤŪʸƬȤؤڤؤäȤ˶̤٤褦ˤʤäη֤ϡȤȤϰĸŪʥѰۤ˰¸Ƥ첻Ѱ (gradation or ablaut) ǽŪˡѤƺäΤȡ (dental suffix) դȤΤȤäηȿʣȤؤˤꡤѸưŪʻѲϢʤפΩƤäΤǤ롥츫ȸߤ̵ط˻פ븽ݤ֤εˤƸߤ˴ϢƤȤ1Ĥ
ΰѤǿƤȴϢơ#3135. -ed ε ([2017-11-26-1])#2152. Lass ˤ볰Ŭ ([2015-03-19-1])#2153. Ŭˤ륫ƥ꡼Ȥؤ ([2015-03-20-1])#3331. ĸ줫饲ޥĸؤưʸˡƤκ ([2018-06-10-1]) ⻲ȡ

Kastovsky, Dieter. "Linguistic Levels: Morphology." Chapter 9 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 129--47.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-07-07-1]

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2018-06-19 Tue

#3340. ޥˤưζѲȸƬȤߴط [germanic][indo-european][stress][gradation][exaptation][aspect][tense][suffix][contact][stress][preterite][verb][conjugation][grammaticalisation][participle][dental_suffix]

#182. ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1]) 6ĤκΩäޥŪħ󤲤Kastovsky (140) ˤȡΤʲ3ĤˤĤƤϡޥĸ줬ȯãǸߤ̩ܤʴطäȤ

(2) ư˸ߤȲ2λ
(3) ư˶Ѳ (strong conjugation) ȼѲ (weak conjugation) 2γѤ
(4) 촴1˶

One major Germanic innovation was a shift from an aspectual to a tense system. This coincided with the shift to initial accent, and both may have been due to language contact, maybe with Finno-Ugric. Initial stress deprived ablaut of its phonological conditioning, and the shift from aspect to tense required a systematic marking of the new preterit tense. From this, two types of exponents emerged. One is connected to the secondary (weak) verbs, which only had present aspect/tense forms. They developed an affixal "dental preterit", together with an affix for the past participle. The source of the latter was the Indo-European participial -to-suffix; the source of the former is not clear . . . . The most popular theory is grammaticalization of a periphrastic construction with do (IE *dhe-), but there are a number of phonological problems with this. The second type was the functionalization of the originally non-functional ablaut alternations to express the new category, i.e. the making use of junk . . . . But this was somewhat unsystematic, because original perfect forms were mixed with aorist forms, resulting in a pattern with over- and under-differentiation. Thus, in class III (helpan : healp : hulpon : geholpen) the preterit is over-differentiated, because the different ablaut forms are non-functional, since the personal endings would be sufficient to signal the necessary distinctions. But in class I (wrītan : wrāt : writon : gewriten), there is under-differentiation, because some preterit forms and the past participle have the same vowel. (140)


Kastovsky ˤСޥĸϡ餯 Finno-Ugric Ȥθܿη̡(a) ĸŪ (aspect) Ż뤹줫 (tense) Ż뤹ؤɤڤꡤ(b) ѥȤŪʸƬȤؤڤؤäȤ˶̤٤褦ˤʤäη֤ϡȤȤϰĸŪʥѰۤ˰¸Ƥ첻Ѱ (gradation or ablaut) ǽŪˡѤƺäΤȡ (dental suffix) դȤΤȤäηȿʣȤؤˤꡤѸưŪʻѲϢʤפΩƤäΤǤ롥츫ȸߤ̵ط˻פ븽ݤ֤εˤƸߤ˴ϢƤȤ1Ĥ
ΰѤǿƤȴϢơ#3135. -ed ε ([2017-11-26-1])#2152. Lass ˤ볰Ŭ ([2015-03-19-1])#2153. Ŭˤ륫ƥ꡼Ȥؤ ([2015-03-20-1])#3331. ĸ줫饲ޥĸؤưʸˡƤκ ([2018-06-10-1]) ⻲ȡ

Kastovsky, Dieter. "Linguistic Levels: Morphology." Chapter 9 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 129--47.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-07-07-1]

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2018-05-04 Fri

#3294. occupy ϡ֥ԡפȯʤ [pronunciation][stress][spelling]

ѸˤμȤγ󶡤Ƥ줿ꡥstudy occupy ֻιƤ뤿ˡԤ֥ԡפȯƤؽԤʡˤȤäǤ롥פäƤߤʤäȯǡѸֻȯδطˤĤƿͤǤ롥/ˈɒkjuˌpaɪ/ ɤۤѤǤϤʤȤۤˤ롥
ޤȥݥȤȤʤä study /ˈstʌdi/ 餷ơֻȯδطԵ§Ǥ롥ֻǤ <d> 1ĤΤߤʤΤǵ§Ūˤ */ˈst(j)uːdi/ ȤʤϤΤȤ *studdy ֤äΤ褦ȯˤʤäƤ (cf. student /ˈst(j)uːdənt/ˡº <dd> ȻҲŤֻͤѸ줫鸫뤬ɸȤʤäΤ <d> 1Ĥֻääơoccupy ˤĤƤ⡤*/əˈkjuːpi/ ͽۤʤСϤŬäƤ롥Ȥºݤˤ /ˈɒkjuˌpaɪ/ Ǥ롥ʤΤ
occupy ֻ򸫤Ǵȯͽۤ뤳ȤǤʤΤϡ줾ʸб벻ͽۤǤʤȤˡ֤ͽۤǤʤǤ롥ֻǤϡ1ᡤ2ᡤ3Τˤ1롥⤷1˶ʤС /ˈɒkjuˌpaɪ/ ͽۤǤǽޤ뤬32벻ȤƤǤϤʤ岻ȤƤȤ館Сष */ˈɒkjupi/ Ȥʤ (cf. apocope /əˈpɒkəpi/) 2˶ʤ */əˈkjuːpi/ Ȥʤꡤ31ʤ */ˌɒkjuˈpaɪ/ Ȥʤ
Ĥޤꡤɤ˶1ˤ2ˤˤΤʬäƤʤꡤѸˤʰΤȤ¸ߤֻ§ƤϤ褦ȤƤ⡤ʣȯβǽΤʤΤǤ롥ϡǰʤ顤ѸֻηϤϡɤβ˶Τ򼨤Ƥ褦ʻȤߤˤϡɬʤäƤʤȤȤ
#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1])#2887. Ϣ3֤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤס ([2017-03-23-1]) 褦ˡѸֻ첻ɽ魯ΤǤ롥̩ܤ˴ؤäƤꡤ̣ǤκäˤȤΤߤ֤ɸΤȤ⤦1ĤμǤ롥֤ɸޤäǤʤ櫓ǤϤʤΤȤϤäƤ褤
Ǥܸβ̾Ѥʤ֤ϤסʶüȤˤ֤סʱˤϡ֤ɸ벿ηޤǤʤˤƤ⡤ɽ路Ƥˤ֤˴ؤľŪʾϤϤޤޤƤʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-05-05-1]

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2017-10-30 Mon

#3108. Υޥʤä顤Ѹϡ [hel_education][history][loan_word][spelling][stress][rsr][gsr][rhyme][alliteration][gender][inflection][norman_conquest]

#119. ѸˤΤϥޥͥߤ!? ([2009-08-24-1]) #3097. ĥᥦʥʤäѸ٤ʤäƤ᤯ʤäƤ ([2017-10-19-1]) ³ˤ if ۥ꡼Υޥʤä顤ѸϤɤʤäƤ
ޤäˤĤƤСե󥹼ѸʶˤϤäȾʤ͸ߤΥɥĸΤ褦˥ޥϤθ俸ƤϢơ⥲ޥŪǤȤˤʣήǤ³˰㤤ʤե󥹸ǤϤʤȤ줫θüѤϤʤˤʤ줿⤷ʤѸθäۤɤ¿¿ͤʸʬۤˤϤʤäƤʤäǽ⤤
ֻˤĤƤСűѸФ hus (house) ʤɤ¸³Ƥǽ뤷¾ cild (child), cwic (quick), lufu (love) ʤɤֻݤƤ⤷ʤ񤭸դˤ븫ɤϡߤΤΤ礭ۤʤäƤ롥<þ, ð, ƿ> ʤɤθűѸʸ⡤ḽޤѤ줺˻ĤäƤΤǤϤʤ (cf. #1329. Ѹˤˤ eth, thorn, <th> ([2012-12-16-1]) #1330. Ѹˤ eth, thorn, <th> ([2012-12-17-1]))
ȯˤĤƤϡηϤΤΤѤꤷɤϵ路ѥϸߤ˰ۤʤäƤΤˤʤäƤŪˤСޥŪʶѥ (Germanic Stress Rule; gsr) ݤ졤ФޥŪʶѥ (Romance Stress Rule; rsr) ϤۤŸʤä롥ˤӱ (rhyme) ̲űѸ줫Ƭ (alliteration) ʤƤ
ʸˡ˴ؤƤϡΥޥȤȼե󥹸αƶʤä顤Ѹ϶ޤ˰͵򤹤Ūʸʤ򺣤ۤɼäƤϤʤäűѸΤ褦ʣʶޤݤ³ƤȤϹͤʤʤȤޤοϡ¤ˤ䤫ʤΤȤʤäƤǽ⤤űѸˤäʸˡϡˤǤƤǽϹ⤤οʹԶϤϤ긽¤ˤ䤫ä˰㤤ʤޤѲưޤ᤿űѸŪʡԵ§ʸѲפ⡤äȹϤĤäƤϡΥޥΥ󥰥ɼҲˤƥե󥹸줬̤θȤʤꡤѸ줬̤θȤʤäȤǡѸ˱ϤƯѲ¿ͲۤȤ˳뤳ȤʤʹԤȤ¤΢Ȥ館ݤǤ롥Υޥʤä顤ѸϤۤɼͳ˴θѲϩ򤿤ɤ뤳ȤǤʤäΤǤϤʤ
ʾ塤֥Υޥʤä顤ѸϡפۤƤߤ¤ϡ轵ؤα齬ˤƼߤʤǹԤʤäۤǤ롥ͷӿϤƤߤΤˤΰ̴طǧΤ˰ճͭˡȤ狼äˤ if ϡष׹ͤ¥Ƥ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2019-12-25-1]

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2016-11-07 Mon

#2751. T. S. Eliot ˤѸλ˭ [literature][alliteration][rhyme][meter][stress][prosody][french][poetry]

ŵˡݼȤϲȿե󥹳̿鸽ܤޤǡ٤ɤǤơʸϤ˽вäT. S. Eliot (1888--1965) Ѹλ˭ˤĤƽҤ٤ƤսǤ롥

ʸ¿ͤʳϰʸˤäƹƱˡ˾̤ʸ³ƤʤФʤʤꥪåȤˤȤäơɤ䥹åȥɡ륺ʸ󥰥ʸȷӤĤǡˤ礭ʥ衼åѤʸΰüôȤפǤäդ˸С衼åʸȤϲŪʤΤǤäƤϤʤʤȤΤꥪåȤγοǤä
ΤȤϻͤǤ륨ꥪåȤˤȤäơܼŪʽäƤȤΤ⡤θȤѸλ˭ϡѸ줬衼åѤ¿ͤʸ줫줿ΤǤ뤳Ȥͳ褹뤫Ǥ롥¸³ʥ󥰥²ȤȤ˥֥ƥ˿ޥ̱²ΰġѹδäĤˤαΧΥޥե󥹡ʥΥޥ󡦥󥯥Ȥ濴Ȥʤäե󥹲Υޥ͡ˤαΧ륺αΧˤϥƥ䥮ꥷλθˤäơѹλ˭ʤΤˤʤäȤ򥨥ꥪåȤ϶Ĵ롥 (75)


ѸλϡŪˤä˸áֻΧ˿ǻȿǤƤ뤬ΧȤƱʸʸؤˤ⤪ȿǤƤ롥ǽҤ٤Ƥ֥Υޥե󥹡פαƶä礭űѸƬ (alliteration) Ѹʹߤ˵ӱ (rhyme) ˻¾֤Ȥž⤿餹ȤˤʤäǤϡե󥹸ˤӱѸλľܱƶڤܤȤȤϤޤǤʤΤۤˤ⡤#796. Ѹ˵ӱƳ줿Ūװ ([2011-07-02-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸ˥ե󥹼Ѹ줬̤ήȤˤꡤե󥹸켰ζѥ󤬤⤿餵졤ӱԹΤ褤郎äȤ⤢ä
Ƭ⡤̲ˤѸʹߡޤ̮ȼѤƤȤ¤Ǥ (see #943. Ƭˤ ([2011-11-26-1])#1560. Chaucer ˤƬ ([2013-08-04-1])) ȤСḽληˤĤơ󥰥ȥΥޥ󡦥ե礷Ƥɽ뤳ȤϡޤäʤȤǤ롥

ŵݼȤϲȿե󥹳̿鸽ܤޤǡ١ҡӡ2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-11-10-1] [2016-11-17-1]

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2016-08-24 Wed

#2676. űѻƬ [alliteration][oe][consonant][stress][prosody][germanic]

Ѹˤϡ˸ƬλҲ碌ĴҤФƬ (alliteration) 롥ܥ֥Ǥϡ#943. Ƭˤ ([2011-11-26-1]) Ϥᡤalliteration γƵǡ˸Ѹ˻ĤƬθݤ򰷤äƤ
ѸˤǡƬפȤСʤˤűѻˤ뱤Χ§ȤƤƬפФ롥ƬϡűѸΤߤʤ餺ťɸ졤ť졤ŹϥɥĸʤɥޥαʸħŤ뱤ΧμʤǤꡤƥ졦ޥ󥹽εӱ (rhyme) ȺΩäʤƥޥŪʤαΧʤˤĤơűѻˤƤ˻Ѥ줿Baker (124--26) ˵äƳ⤷
űѻ1 (line) 2ĤȾ (verse) ʤäƤꡤȾԤ on-verse (or a-verse)ȾԤ off-verse (or b-verse) ȸƤ֡δ֤ˤιԴֵٻ (caesura) ޤäƤꡤΰǤĹζɽ蘆ΤǤ롥ȾԤˤ2Ĥζʤ줾 lift ȸƤ֡ˤޤޤƤꡤμϤˤϼ岻 (drop) ֤롥Τ褦˹Ԥˤơon-verse 2Ĥ lifts 뤤ξθƬȡoff-verse κǽ lift θƬϡƱΤȤʤ롥줬űѻƬǤ롥
ƬδܤϸƬҲˤΤºݤˤϸƬ첻ˤΤ⤢롥첻ˤƬǤ첻βʤΤǡ㤨 e i ǤⲡǤ롥ޤҲˤƬˤĤƤϡsc, sp, st λҲ˸¤äơλҲȤȲʤФʤ餺㤨 stān sāriġ ϲǤʤ (see #2080. /sp/, /st/, /sk/ Ҳð ([2015-01-06-1])) g ġc ċ ϲۤʤ졤̾ߤ˱ƧळȤǤ롥
ƬԤ֤ѥˤϡĤΥꥨ󤬤롥ܤϰʲ3Ǥ롥

xa|ay: þæt biþ in eorle   indryhten þēaw
ax|ay: þæt hē his ferðlocan   fæste binde.
aa|ax: ne se hrēo hyġe   helpe ġefremman

ʲΤ褦 ab|ab η (transverse alliteration) ab|ba η (crossed alliteration) ⸫뤬̤˽ŪʶäƤȹͤ롥

ab|ab: Þær æt hȳðe stōd   hringedestefna
ab|ba: brūnfāgne helm,   hringde byrnan

űѸƬλԤϡ嵭ι¤ܤȤơξ͡ʺ§˱äƹƤ롥Ϣơ#1897. "futhorc" acrostic ([2014-07-07-1])#1560. Chaucer ˤƬ ([2013-08-04-1]) ⻲ȡ

Baker, Peter S. Introduction to Old English. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

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2016-07-06 Wed

#2627. Ȥʬ [typology][prosody][stress][terminology]

ˤ륢ȡʶˤˤĤơ̸ŪΩ줫顤#926. Ūǽ ([2011-11-09-1]) #1647. ˤ뱤ΧŪħμȵǽ ([2013-10-30-1]) dz⤷Ϣơƣ (109) Ȥ෿ͿƤΤǡ򻲾Ȥʲʬޤ

Typology of Accent

ޤκ鱦ؤȸƤȡΡ֥ȡפϡͭ¤ΤĤΥѥ󤫤֤ɤפ֤Ȥ֥ȡ׷ȡ֤ɤפۤ뤫˴ؤ붹Τ֥ȡ׷2ʬ롥֥ȡ׷ϡѥŬѤñ̤ñ̤ññ̤ˤäʬ졤˺ʬ뤳ȤǤ뤬ΤȤƤϹ̣ǡ֥ԥåȡפ°롥
ޤβΡ֥ȡ׷ϡȤ֥ԥåȡסʶˤȶȤ֥ȥ쥹ȡפʬ롥줾礭ʬȤƤϡ֥ԥåȡפȡ֥ȡפ°롥
Ѹʬ˼㴳䤳Ȥ뤬򥢥Ȥ෿θޤȤƲƤ

ƣ ˡܸ첻ٲǡƲ2013ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-07-11-1] [2018-11-09-1]

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2016-06-23 Thu

#2614. 岻ˤд첻2ɤ [phonetics][vowel][sonority][stress][variation]

Ѹˤơ岻˸д첻ɽȤ /ə/ /ɪ/ 2ब롥ܼʣιǤȤƸ뤳Ȥ¿ơʬۤˤϤ褽Ф꤬ΤΡξԤδ֤ɤ򼨤⾯ʤʤ㤨 except θƬ첻ˤ /ə/ /ɪ/ Τ⸽뤳ȤǤԤξˤ accept ƱȤʤ롥illusion θƬ첻ˤĤƤƱͤǤꡤ/ə/ ȯ allusion ƱȤʤ롥ѸѼˤäƤ⤳ɤʬۤηϰۤʤ롥
ɤεϡSamuels ˤѸ줫ѸˤƤλˤäȤűѸˤ岻첻ϸ¤ѸǤ /ə/ ؤۣ첻θ夵˼岽ƴĶ˱ /ɪ/ ؤѲ礬äʤʤǤּ岽פȤʹ (sonority) δߤ岽ǤꡤĴŪˤС־夲 (raising) 롥⤤첻ˤʤСʹ٤ꡤ첻ȤƤϼ夯ʤȲǤ뤫ˡ
/ə/ /ɪ/ ɤϡߤ֤夤פǤ뤳Ȥ˵Ȥ/ə/ ϶ĥٹ礤ȤǤ /ɪ/ 夯 /ɪ/ ʹ٤Ǥ /ə/ 夤ȹͤ뤫Ĥޤꡤߤ˼岽礦طȤȤˤʤ롥Τʤˤ첻ˤϾ˼岽뷹ȤСʤ /ə/ /ɪ/ ΤDZʱɤ줬֤Ȥˤʤ
嵭ˤĤ Samuels (44--45) ľʹ

In ME, where the vowels of the OE endings had been centralised to /ə/, we find widespread new raising to /ɪ/, especially in inflexions ending in dental or alveolar consonants (-is, -ith, -yn, -id, -ind(e)). Since then, there has been constant distribution of the vowels of syllables newly unstressed to one or other member of the opposition /ɪ?ə/, depending partly on the inherited quality of the vowels and partly on that of the neighbouring segments: /ɪ/ is the commoner reflex of the vowels of ME -es, -ed, -est, -edge, -less, -ness, de-, re-, em-, ex-, whereas /ə/ represents the vowels of nearly all other unstressed syllables (the more important are -ance, -and, -dom, -ence, -ent, -land, -man, -oun, -our, -ous, a-, con-, com-, cor-, sub-, as well as syllabic /-l, -m, -n, -r/ and their reflexes wherever relevant). But there are exceptions to the expected distribution that are due to conditioning: the raising of /ə/ to /ɪ/ before /(d)ȝ, s/ as in cottage, damage, orange, furnace, and by vowel-harmony in women (also sometimes in chicken, kitchen, linen); and the same applies to other exceptions recorded in the past.
   Thus the pattern of development in EMnE was that new cases of /ə/ were continually arising from unstressed back vowels, but meanwhile certain cases of /ə/ with raised variants from conditioning were redistributed to /ɪ/. In present English, centralisation to /ə/ is again on the increase as dialects with higher proportions of /ɪ/ gain in prominence.


Samuels, M. L. Linguistic Evolution with Special Reference to English. London: CUP, 1972.

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2016-01-05 Tue

#2444. something good θ [word_order][adjective][syntax][grammaticalisation][stress][eurhythmy][sobokunagimon]

some-, any-, every-, no- ʤɤ -thing, -one, -body ΤĤʣ̾줬ƻ˽Ȥθ *good something ǤϤʤɸΤ褦 something good Ȥʤ롥Ƿƻ줬֤ΤϤʤѤʵǤϤ뤬ŪŬڤ뤳ȤϰƳ񤷤
Ѹˤ̤ơƻθ֤ϡ#1667. ե󥹸αƶˤƻθֽ (1) ([2013-11-19-1])#1668. ե󥹸αƶˤƻθֽ (2) ([2013-11-20-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡɬݤǤϤʤäºݡűѸ줫ѸФƶḽѸ˻ޤǡˤϻ礫ʤȤ櫓ѸʹߤɽˤĤƤϡե󥹸ƥθαƶ˵뤳ȤΤǤ¿OED something, n. (and adj.) and adv. θ 3a ˤСƻ֤νȤƼʸͿƤ롥

1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Acts xxiii. 20 Thei ben to sekinge sum thing certeynere [L. aliquid certius].


sum thing certeynere 򡤥ƥ aliquid certius θޤƤľǤɾ뤳ȤԲǽǤϤʤˤŪǤʤ something good nothing wrong ʤɤФưŪ˸ܿˤŬѤ뤳Ȥ񤷤褦˻פ롥
ˡMED som-thing (phr. & n.) įƤߤ褦űѸꡤ -es °ʤȼΤ褦㤬ǧ롥

a1150 (OE) Vsp.D.Hom. (Vsp D.14) 68/35: Synd eac sume steorren leohtbeamede, færlice arisende, & rædlice gewitende, & heo symle sum þing neowes mid heora upspringe gebecnigeð.
c1175 (?OE) Bod.Hom. (Bod 343) 62/31: Cristes wundræ þe he wrohte on þisse life..ȝetacnoden þeah sum þing diȝelices.


neowes diȝelices ϵǽȤƤ̾°ʤ̾ȤϤäƤƻ줫Ū̾Ǥ롥Ǥϡե󥹸 quelque chose de nouveau Τ褦ʶˤƻθ֤۵롥 sum þing neowes Τ褦ʹ¤ something new ηȯŸ췿ǤäȤϹͤʤ
ҤȤĹθ٤ϡѥԹ (eurhythmy) Ǥ롥 sòme thíng Ȥˤ2Ǥ̾εǽŪˤʤäƤ椯ˤĤ졤ʤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) Ƥ椯ˤĤ졤ǽȤƤʣ̾ sómething ˤꡤsome thing δ֤̤θ줬ä䤬ʤʤꡤƷƻʤɤǽ褦ȻפСʣΤ֤ۤʤʤäǶѥθȡƻ֤ˤ *góod sómething ζȤʤꡤ֤ˤ sòmething góod ζ嶯Ȥʤ롥ѸαΧηϤ˾Ȥ餻Сȼ夬ؤƻ֤θΤۤ
̤ΤȤ(1) ե󥹸ƥ줫αƶ(2) sum þing neowes 췿ȤȯŸ(3) ѥ3ĤλθƤ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-22-1]

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