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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2012-02-20 Mon

#1029. England θѸʬ (1) [dialect][bre][flash][family_tree][map]

ѸʬˤĤƤϡ[2009-09-04-1]ε#130. ѸʬפϿޤȤȤ˼ꤢϡEngland ˤ븽Ѹʬ򼨤
μϡTraditional Dialect ȸƤФΤǡűѸѸ줫ʬαĹˤΤǤ롥Trudgill (5) Ѥ롥

Traditional Dialects are what most people think of when they hear the term dialect. They are spoken by a probably shrinking minority of the English-speaking population of the world, almost all of them in England, Scotland and Northern Ireland. They are most easily found, as far as England is concerned, in the more remote and peripheral rural areas of the country, although some urban areas of northern and western England still have many Traditional Dialect speakers. These dialects differ very considerably from Standard English, and from each other, and may be difficult for others to understand when they first encounter them.


England Traditional Dialect Ĵϥ衼åѤ¾ι٤줿Orton, H. et al. Survey of English Dialects: The Basic Material. 4 vols. Leeds: E. J. Arnold, 1962--71. ˤ1950ǯʹߤʬۤ餫ˤƤʲ˼ΤϡʬŪ Survey ˰͵򤷤 Trudgill (35) ζʬǤ롥13ؤȶʬƤ롥

Traditional Dialects in England  *  

ޤTrudgill (40, 44, 47) ˽äƤ˲̶ʬΡɤγĤǤ Flash Τǡɤ
󥰥ɤκǤ礭ʬϡSouth North ʬ Lancashire ߤ the River Humber ϸǤꡤ͸űѸѤäƤʤ1600ǯʾ³ʬǤ롥

Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Blackwell: Malden, MA: 2000.

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2011-09-24 Sat

#880. ˤ⥤ꥹѸ졤ˤ⥢ꥫѸñ [corpus][ame_bre][ame][bre][flob][frown][text_tool][keyword]

ƻ·äƤдñ˼¹ԤǤ̤ȤƤ⤪⤷ѥλȤȤơФ롥θˤĤƤ[2010-03-10-1]ε#317. Ǽʬޥ˥󥰡ʥԡˡפdz⤷[2010-09-27-1]ε#518. Singapore English ΥɤСפǤ⥭ФλҲ𤷤
ϤȶʵȤơ(1) ꥫѸФƤˤ⥤ꥹѸŪñϲ(2) ꥹѸФƤˤ⥢ꥫѸŪñϲ FLOB Frown 2ѥѤƼФƤߤξѥˤĤƤ[2010-06-29-1]ε#428. The Brown family of corpora Ѿաפ򻲾ȡˡϤΤϡƱ WordSmith KeyWords еǽǤ롥
ξѼθɽߤͤ碌줾쥭 (keyness) ι⤤˾500ФꥹȤΥƥȥե򻲾ȡˡǤϡ줾줫50ΤߤƷǤ褦٤ƾʸǼ

Q. (1) ꥫѸФƤˤ⥤ꥹѸŪñϲ
A. (1) ʲ̤ꡥ

cent, which, labour, uk, towards, london, per, centre, was, british, programme, behaviour, it, be, colour, britain, defence, favour, royal, there, been, round, bbc, thatcher, sir, mp, charter, nhs, realised, scottish, yesterday, lord, favourite, local, council, recognised, theatre, mr, being, fviii, tory, kinnock, mps, thalidomide, whilst, scotland, churches, should, programmes, parliament


Q. (2) ꥹѸФƤˤ⥢ꥫѸŪñϲ
A. (2) ʲ̤ꡥ

percent, toward, program, programs, clinton, u, bush, labor, s, defense, president, american, states, center, washington, formula, federal, behavior, color, united, black, state, fiber, says, zen, americans, ó, california, congress, zach, san, o, white, presidential, pex, jell, women, treaty, favorite, said, bill, gray, colors, perot, favor, douglass, hershey, quayle, j, n


ˤϡǤϰ̣ΤΤ⤢롥BrE 1 cent ʤɤϲΤȻפ⤷ʤʬ񤭤򤹤 per cent 2ܤȴФ줿̤Ǥ롥AmE Ǥб percent 1̤Ǥ롥¾ˤֻαƺϤ褯ȿǤƤꡤbehaviour, centre, colour, defence, favour, favourite, labour, programme(s) ϸߤΥꥹȤ˸롥
ѹħŤ MP(s), NHS, Parliament, Royal, Scotland, Toryбƹ Congress, Federal, President, State(s), Washington, White (House) ʤɤϡʤۤɤ롥ξѥΥƥǯǤ1990ǯƬʤȾλˤħŤ Thatcher, Bush, Clinton ޤޤƤ롥
ʸˡȤƤϡBrE which whilst ([2010-09-17-1]ε#508. Dracula ˸ whilstפ򻲾ȡˤ̣
ˤƤ⡤줾ɡˤĤۤɤ BrE 뤤 AmE Ǥ롥դˡѼѥѥ餳Τ褦ˤФ줿ɤɤ줯餤ޤޤƤ뤫ˤäơʤ겿ʤΥƥȤ BrE Ū AmE Ū뤤ϤΩ "World Standard English" ˶ᤤȤȤ¬뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
Фˤ֤ˤץ꡼Ϻ³

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2011-08-21 Sun

#846. HelMapperUK --- hellog ͤαѹϿ޺ CGI [cgi][web_service][map][lalme][laeme][bre]

Ѹ򸦵椷ƤȡLALME Dot Map Υ󥰥ϿޤȻפ񤬤롥LALME ϿޤѤΤǤХԡꥹ󤷤ꤹФ褤饤 LAEME Ǥ "Mapping" ǽ "Feature Maps" äܤ٤ܤ˴ؤϿޤϥǥ롥ԤǤϡ"Create a Feature Map" ʤ桼ˤϿ޺ǽ⤪ɲäȤΤȤǡѸؤΥ奢벽ϺŸƹԤȻפ롥
Ǥ͡ʺؤϤ롥㤨СLAEME Ǥ⡤ʬδؿΤܤ LAEME ΤǰƤʤϿ޺ǽΩʤ㤨СѸ̾ʣθǤ̾ŪʸˡפLAEME text database ǤդƤʤΤǥեˤϳѤǤʤäˡLALME ˤĤƤϤ⤽Ͽޤǥ벽ƤѤˤϿޤΥǥ벽ʤȤƥȾɸΥǥ벽᤯˾ޤˡ
Ǥ⡤򤳤ޤͤԤäƤ櫓ˤϹԤʤ¸Υġȼʬδؿ糵ƤΤǤꡤ鸦ĶɬפΤѸϿޤ˴ؤ¤ꡤLALME LAEME ƥȤͿ󤵤С齸᤿ܤ˴ؤǡϿ޾˥ץåȤ뤳ȤϽʬ˲ǽǤ롥ʼפϾʤȻפ뤬ˤκȤ򾯤Ǥز뤿ˡHelMapperUK ʤ CGI ƤߤѹΥ١ޥå׾˥ǡݥȤץåȤȤñǽòƤꡤĤʤɤղõǽϤʤ奢벽ƳѤĤȤӤˤϽʬȻפ롥



ʲǻȤ򤹤뤬ˡޤΥǡեƤΥƥȥܥå˾񤭥ԥڤƽϷ̤γǧɤϡʣʬϤѸƥȤʬۤǡִݤȤʬϤΡĻͳѤ LAEME text database ѤʬϤΡ줾ηǾΤϥƥȤΤǤϤʤʬʬϤΤɽ魯ʼºݡHotta (55) ϿޤϤ褽Τ褦ˤ줿

ǤϡȤʴŪ˺ԸĿͻͤΤΤƤʤΤǥ󥿡եƤޤ󡤤餺ˡƥȥܥåˤ餫ϤƤȤꡤϥǡ (Configuration) ǻϤޤ롥ʲǽѿ

mapѿˤ "England" "UK" 롥ǡϤϿޤϰϤꡥ
scaleѿϡXYؤγΨꡥʤ (scale=1 1) ȡϲ 386 * 313 Pixels (England) 529 * 557 Pixels (UK) 礭
pattern + ѿϡץåȤѤ뵭롥θˤϥڡڤ (1) ("box", "circle", "cross", "diamond", "invertedtriangle", "plus", or "triangle") (2) ηɤĤ֤ݤ (ex. "fill" or "stroke") (3) (ex. "aqua", "black", "blue", "cyan", "green", "lime", "magenta", "red"; ¾ο̾ˤбƤϤϤȿǤʤ⤢) (4) 礭Ĺߤľ¤ Pixelsˤ4ܤͤͿ롥ѥϹʤ桼ǽ

θ˥ǡ (Data points) ³1Ԥ1ǡݥȤǡƹԤϥֶڤ (1) Xɸ(2) Yɸ(3) 줿ѥ̾Τ줫 ("pattern1" ʤɡˤ3ܤͤͿʼºݤˤϥѥ̾Ͼάǽξ硤ưŪ "pattern1" Ѥ롥ˡɸϤˤĤƤϡLALME LAEME ǺѤƤ Ordinance Survey National Grid Reference 3夺Ĥκɸ (ex. "372 244") 뤤ϰ̤η١ (ex. -2.408752393 52.09322081) ΤǽʼưȽꤵˡ
ԡ뤤 "#" ǻϤޤ륳ȹԤϥǡȤ̵뤵롥

Ϸ̤ GIF βȤɽ롥ӡEPS Υ٥ȤƤɤǤ褦ˤʤΥե򤤤ΤǤСƼޤ᤿٤塼˥󥰤ǽˡ
ѹ١ޥåפκˤϡCIA World DataBank II DCW Map Interface for Europe Υǡ򻲾Ȥ

ʸ嵭2011/08/31(Wed)[2011-08-31-1]εLAEME text database ΥǡȥƥȵϡפǡHelMapperUK ǺϿޤμ򼨤

McIntosh, Angus, M. L. Samuels, and M. Benskin. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. 4 vols. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1986.
Laing, Margaret and Roger Lass, eds. A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English, 1150--1325. http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme1/laeme1.html . Online. Edinburgh: U of Edinburgh, 2007.
Hotta, Ryuichi. The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Hituzi Linguistics in English 10. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.

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2011-06-05 Sun

#769. ȯɤ򼨤ΰ (2) [pronunciation][bre]

[2010-08-28-1]εȯɤ򼨤ΰפǡLongman Pronunciation Dictionary ˼夲ƤɤꥹȤ 1981ǯ BBC ȯɡ Robert Burchfield ԡˤǼ夲ƤȤȯɤΰ򼨤 Crystal (62) ˷ǺܤƤΤäƤˡBBC 侩ȯ򺸤ˡȯ򱦤˼LPD Preference Poll η̤ͿƤˤĤƤϥꥹȯǤλΨѡȤǼ

WordBBC recommendedVariant
adversary/ˈædvəsəri//ədˈvəːsəri/
apartheid/əˈpɑːtheɪt//əˈpɑːthaɪt/
apparatus/ˌæpəˈreɪtəs//ˌæpəˈrɑːtəs/
applicable/ˈæplɪkəbl/ (15%)/əˈplɪkəbl/ (85%)
ate/ɛt/ (55%)/eɪt/ (45%)
centenary/ˌsɛnˈtiːnəri//ˌsɛnˈtɛnəri/
centrifugal/ˌsɛnˈtrɪfjʊgəl//ˌsɛntrɪˈfjuːgəl/
comparable/ˈkɒmpərəbl//kəmˈpærəbl/
contribute/kənˈtrɪbjuːt/ (41%)/ˈkɑntrɪbjuːt/ (59%)
controversy/ˈkɒntrəvəːsi/ (40%)/kənˈtrɒvəsi/ (60%)
deity/ˈdiːəti/ (20%)/ˈdeɪəti/ (80%)
derisive/diˈraɪsɪv//diˈraɪzɪv/
dilemma/dɪˈlɛmə//daɪˈlɛmə/
diphtheria/dɪfˈθɪəriə//dɪpˈθɪəriə/
dispute/dɪsˈpjuːt/ (62%)/ˈdɪspjuːt/ (38%)
economic/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/ (62%) or /ˌɛkəˈnɒmɪk/ (38%)<- both accepted
envelope/ˈɛnvələup/ (78%)/ˈɒnvələup/ (22%)
furore/fjuˈrɔːri//ˈfjʊərɔː/
homosexual/ˌhɒməˈsɛksjuəl/ (59%)/ˌhəʊməˈsɛksjuəl/ (41%)
inherent/ɪnˈhɪərənt/ (34%)/ɪnˈhɛrənt/ (66%)
kilometre/ˈkɪləˌmiːtə//kɪˈlɒmɪtə/
longitude/ˈlɒnʤɪtjuːd/ (15%)/ˈlɒŋgɪtjuːd/ (85%)
medicine/ˈmɛdsən//ˈmɛdɪsən/
migraine/ˈmiːgreɪn/ (61%)/ˈmaɪgreɪn/ (39%)
pejorative/pɪˈʤɒrətɪv//ˈpiːʤərətɪv/
plastic/ˈplæstɪk/ (91%)/ˈplɑːstɪk/ (9%)
primarily/ˈpraɪmərəri/ (49%)/praɪˈmɛrəli/ (51%)
privacy/ˈprɪvəsi/ (88%)/ˈpraɪvəsi/ (12%)
sheikh/ʃeɪk//ʃiːk/
Soviet/ˈsɒviɛt/ (27%)/ˈsəʊviɛt/ (73%)
status/ˈsteɪtəs//ˈstætəs/
subsidence/səbˈsaɪdəns/ (47%)/ˈsʌbsɪdəns/ (53%)
trait/treɪ//treɪt/


Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2013-09-11-1] [2011-09-03-1]

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2011-06-04 Sat

#768. ѲĤĤ RP ϰ [rp][pronunciation][bre][estuary_english][variety]

RP ( = Received Pronunciation ) ǧȯפΩˤĤơ[2009-11-21-1]εֻȳ̿ȳ̿ȱѸˡפǴñ˿줿RP ϡ18Ⱦȳ̿ȳ̿δŪʷ̤Ȥ19ˤ Eton, Harrow, Winchester ʤɤΥѥ֥åȯȷӤĤ졤䤬ƶؤȯȤƹǧ褦ˤʤä⤤ RP ȤˤĤܴ͡ģ䷳ΤʤǸϤᡤRP ϸҤθȤʤäRP ϼҲŪѼǤϰŪ¤ޤǤʤȤ顤1920ǯ塤BBC Ω夲˺ݤƵŪȯȤƺѤ졤ޤޤ͡μ˿褦ˤʤä2ˤϡBBC ̤¿ο͡ˡ RP ἫͳפȤݤĤ졤θҤޤä
RP 200ǯˤ錄äƱѹ⳰ۤ夲Ƥϰ̤ϸߤǤ˴롥㤨СˡIJ񡤱ѹ񶵲¾ιŪؤǤϹʹ롥ޤꥹѸǥȤ EFL ؽԤˤȤäƤϡ¾塤ͣΥꥹȯȤäƤ褤ºݤˡѹͤ RP üԤ⳰ͤ RP üԤΤۤ¿ˡѸ츦塤ǤܤӤƤѼǤ⤢롥
ζؤϡRP ŤʹѤθȯposh ȯȤɾ⸽ϤƤꡤĤƤ RP Ūͤɤ餤ǤƤ롥ǥȯãˤϰѼ郎͡μ褦ˤʤäơ񹳴ԴƤ¤餤ǤȤͳ⤢[2010-08-04-1]εEstuary EnglishפǸȤꡤ¾Ѽ郎饤ХȤƱƶϤƤƤȤ⤢
Crystal (68) Ҥ٤Ƥ̤ꡤߡRP ˤϲߴäƤ褦Ǥ롥

For the first time since the eighteenth century, the 'prestige accent' has begun to pick up some of the negative aura which traditionally would have been associated only with some kinds of regional speech.


Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-01-31-1]

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2011-02-03 Thu

#647. million ʾ礭ñ [numeral][bre][blend]

ε[2011-02-02-1]ǡbillion ʾñ̤ɽ魯ͤѸȸʥꥹѸδ֤ǿäƤꡤѤˤդפ뤳ȤˤĤƽҤ٤billion ˤĤǤˡmillion ʾ礭ñ̤αѸɽˤĤɽǤޤȤƤߤ
million -on ϥե󥹸 ( augmentative ) ǡ礭 mille ˡפΰդǤ ( see [2009-08-30-1] ) 礭ñ̤Ǥϡmillion -(i)llion ڤФ졤˥ƥοƬ֤ȤˤʤäƤ롥-(i)llion ŪʷǤȤڤФ줿Ȳ᤹ΤǤϤʤbi- + million 󤵤줿blend ֺפǤȤ⤢ꤦ ( see [2011-01-18-1] )

AmE and BrE old-fashioned BrEܸ
million106millionɴ
billion109milliard??????
trillion1012billion
quadrillion1015 ??????
quintillion1018trillionɴ
sextillion1021 ??????
septillion1024quadrillion
octillion1027 
nonillion1030quintillionɴ
decillion1033 
undecillion1036sextillion
duodecillion1039 
tredecillion1042septillionɴ
quattuordecillion1045 
quindecillion1048octillion
sexdecillion1051 
septendecillion1054nonillionɴϺ
octodecillion1057 ε
novemdecillion1060decillionͳ¾
vigintillion1063 ͳ¾
 1069undecillion̵
 1072duodecillion 
 1078tredecillion 
 1084quattuordecillion 
 1090quindecillion 
 1096sexdecillion 
 10102septendecillion 
 10108octodecillion 
 10114novemdecillion 
 10120vigintillion 
centillion10303  
 10600centillion 

Referrer (Inside): [2024-05-17-1]

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2011-02-02 Wed

#646. billion [numeral][bre]

ɤθǤ⡤ޤ٤⤯ȯˡˤԵ§Ǥ뤳Ȥ¿ܸǤϡ֤ҤȤס֤դפФơ֤ˤס֤סʼˤФơ֤ʤʤסʼˡ֤褦סȬˤ֤Ϥס󽽺СˤʤɡϿԤʤ
ѸǤηŪŦȡ̾ hundred, thousand, million two hundred, three thousand, four million Τ褦 -s ΤĤʤñʣƱɽȤƤ hundreds of students, thousands of fans, millions of years Τ褦 -s ȼ
ơmillion ξñ̤Ǥ billion 嵭Τ褦˿񤦤ϻؤͤդɬפ롥billion ϰŪˤϡ10 ( = one thousand million ) ̣뤬ʥꥹѸǤϡ1 ( = one million million ) ̣Ʊͤˡñ̤Ǥ trillion ϰŪˤϡ1פʥꥹѸǤϡ100פǤ롥˾ñ̤Ǥ quadrillion, quintillion ʤɤǤ⡤ѸȸʥꥹѸλؼͤ˺롥ĤޤȤˡǤϡ100פȤƼ1000ܤƤ椯׻ǤΤФơʥꥹˡǤϡ100פΤ٤Ƿ׻ȤȤǤ롥
billion = 1פбطϸʥꥹˡǤȤϤäƤ⡤20ȾФޤǼºݤѤƤΤդפ롥billion 17νꤳ˥ե󥹸줫Ѥ줿ե󥹸θ1002ɽ魯1פǤꡤ줬ѸɥĸäȤ˥ե󥹤䥢ꥫ3夺Ŀڤ봷ȯã1001000ܤɽ魯10פΰ̣Ѥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ˡֱ1Сʩ10פȤΩ뤳ȤˤʤääϤǽʤꥹѸ20ȾФ饢ꥫΡ10פΰ̣̲ե󥹸1949ǯʹߤȤΡ1פ˲󵢤Τ褦ʣʲФơߤϡֱ10Сʩ1פȤ޼夤Ƥ롥
ꥹѸǤϡ嵭Τ褦Ūǯޤ billion 1פؤƤȤ⤢ꡤߤǤ̣ۣ椵ӽ٤ʸ̮Ǥ billion λѤ򤱤٤Ȥ⤵롥Quirk et al. (6.63n [p. 394]) Ѥ롥

One thousand million (1,000,000,000) is called one billion in the American system of numeration. In the UK, billion has traditionally been used for 1,000,000,000,000 (1012), corresponding to one trillion in the US. However, the American usage where billion = 109 is now often used also in the UK by people who are ignorant of the double meaning of the word. It is not used by scientists, engineers, and mathematicians according to the British Standards Institution, which recommends that the use of billion, together with the equally ambiguous trillion (1012 or 1015) and quadrillion (1015 or 1018), should be avoided.


ѤκǸ "together with . . ." ϡѸˡȸʥꥹˡȤȤʸ̮ȤȤǤС"together with the equally ambiguous trillion (1012 or 1018) and quadrillion (1015 or 1024)" ֻѼԡˤȤʤ٤ȤǤϤʤ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-05-17-1] [2011-02-03-1]

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2010-08-16 Mon

#476. That's gorgeous! [bnc][corpus][bre][semantic_change][etymology][gender_difference]

ե奢Ȥμ¶ʤɤǽơ Gorgeous! ȴòΤʹȤ롥ޤꥹαˤޤ֤˷ä̼ȱؤơäˤʤäƤꥹͽ Gorgeous! ȸˤƤΤФƤ롥֥㥹פܸˤѤƤֲʡڤʡפȤ̣夷Ƥ뤬ܸǤϾ޻ɽ魯ӤȤƤѤʤȻפΤǡ嵭αѸɽʹˡ㤦ΤʤȵŤOALD7 ˤȡƻ gorgeous 1ϰʲ̤Ǥ롥ߤǤϡŨʡפθפʻȤˤʤäƤ褦

1. (informal) very beautiful and attractive; giving pleasure and enjoyment

  
ƻ gorgeous ϥե󥹸 gorgias "fine, elegant" μѤǡˤȸ촴 gorge "bosom, throat" Ǥ뤳Ȥ "ruff for the neck" ּΤˤդ路ҤߡפȴϢŤΤǤϤʤȤƤ롥̤ǤϥꥷνȤʤ򹥤Ȥ Gorgias (c483--376BC) ͳ褹Ȥ⤵졤θ츻Ͼܤ餫ǤʤOED ˤȤθ15꤫ѤƤֲʡڤʡפȤܤä޻ɽ魯ɽȤƤˡ19Ⱦ鸽ФɽȤƤˡ̲Τ20äƤǤꡤȤ櫓ݥԥ顼ˤʤäΤ20Ⱦ21ˤƤΤȤǤϤʤȵ롥
ͤ뺬1Ĥϡ20Ⱦμ򤤤Ĵ٤櫓ǤϤʤ㤨 Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913 + 1828) Ĵ٤¤ꡤgorgeous Υȥ꡼˸ŪɽбͿƤʤ
⤦1ĤκϡBNCWeb gorgeous ٤פäƤߤ̤Ǥ롥Ḥ̤̂Фޤ餫ʤΤϡ"informal" Ȥ졼٥뤫ͽۤȤꡤθϽ񤭸դäդ٤˹⤤ȤǤ롥100νи٤ϡ񤭸դ4.8Фäդ17.39Ǥ롥äդ˸ꤷʬۤĴ٤Ȥä˲ʸ٤ι⤤Ȥʬä
ơ⤪⤷ΤϻѼԤ̤ǯʬۤǤ롥gorgeous 100桤ˤ8.89󤷤ѤƤʤˤ34.64ȤƤ롥ʣα¼񡤱ѱѼ٤ơּ˽졦άפȤƥ졼٥뤬ŽƤΤϡإ˥缭ŵ٤äۤ˽餫Ǥ¾μǤֽפΥ졼٥뤬ߤȤޤѼԤǯȤƤ24аʲŪǤ롥BNC ɽ20ȾΥꥹѸäդ˴ؤ¤ꡤgorgeous ϼǯؤνˤȤ櫓ݥԥ顼ɽȤȤʬ롥̤ˤϤޤꤳθѤʤ⡤ǯؤ˸¤äƤϻ٤Ū⤤Ȥ̤ФΤȤơgorgeous λѤϤ1?2δ֤˻Ѥ礷Ƥȹͤ줽Ǥ롥
٤ĴɬפϤ뤬ʾξ󤫤ȽǤ¤ gorgeous ˡޤܤѲƤȤȤˤʤ롥Ūʾ޻ɽ19ȯãƤǯǼǯؽҤλѤˤäƥ֥쥤줬ǯˤȤĤĤ롥¾ǯؤˤڤǤƤޤޤݥԥ顼ˤʤ뤫⤷ʤήɽȤƤܤǤ⤷ʤ
塤ˡι򸫼äƤⵡ񤬤ä̡ǯ̣ˡ That's gorgeous! ȶǤߤ뤳Ȥˤ褦

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2010-08-05 Thu

#465. Estuary English ǿʹ첻 [estuary_english][bre][gvs][phonetics][cockney]

ε[2010-08-04-1]Ǽ夲 Estuary English ǿʹȤƤ첻 ( vowel shift ) 롥1400--1700ǯ˵äȤ ( Great Vowel Shift; see [2009-11-18-1]) ƱͤˡĹ첻첻˵äƤ뤬ܤϲǤϤʤष夫鲼Ǥ롥̤Ȥ Cockney ȷӤĤ뤳Ȥ¿Ĺ첻첻βȽŤʤäƤꡤǤ Estuary English Cockney ȤζܤۣǤ롥ʲ Aitchison, p. 193 οޤȤ˺

Vowel Shift in Estuary English

̤ȤơŪȯ˴ƤŤ EFL ؽԤİˤȤäƤϡʲΤ褦ʸ̣ɽƤޤΤդɬפǤ롥

Don't be meanDon't be main [mein]
The main roadThe mine [main] road
It's mineIt's moyne [moin]
See the moonSee the moun [maun]
Don't moanDon't moun [maun]
A little moundA little meund [meund]


Aitchison, Jean. Language Change: Progress or Decay. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.

Referrer (Inside): [2013-04-24-1]

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2010-08-04 Wed

#464. Estuary English [estuary_english][bre][rp][cockney][variety]

ǯꥹ˽иƱƶϤ򹭤ĤĤѸѼ郎롥1983ǯ Rosewarne ˤä Estuary English ֲϸѸפ̾դ줿ѼǡŪ RP (Received Pronunciation) Ǥʤ Cockney ǤʤäŪȯƥॺϸɥؤϤ򹭤Ƥ롥1994ǯ˥ꥹζĹƸ Estuary English ȯᤵ륭ڡĥä餤顤γϤζΤ롥̾դƤ Rosewarne ˤСEstuary English ϼΤ褦Ƥ롥

Estuary English, a new accent variety I first described in 1984, is neither Cockney nor RP, but in the middle between these two. 'Estuary English . . . is to be found in its purest form along the seaward banks of the Thames, whither it has drifted from the eastern end of the capital' (leader article in the Independent on Sunday of 18 June 1995). The heartland still lies by the banks of the Thames and its estuary, but it has spread to other areas, as the Sunday Times announced on 14 March 1993 in a front-page headline 'Estuary English sweeps Britain'. Experts on British English agree that it is currently the strongest influence on the standard spoken form and that it could replace RP as the most influential accent in the British Isles. (Rosewarne 1996: 15 quoted in Jenkins 130--31)



ѸΤɨΥꥹƤѼʤˡȯRosewarne Ϥ RP Estuary English ߹फ뤤ϵդΤȤΤǤϤʤͽۤƤ뤬ԤΤʤˤ Estuary English üԸĿʸΤˤҲŪѼȤƤ¸ߤʤȤԤ⾯ʤʤUniversity College London Estuary English Ǥ¿ξ롥Varieties of English "British English" Υڡˤ Estuary English θŪħʤɤͭѤʾ󤬤롥

Jenkins, Jennifer. World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2009.
Rosewarne, D. "Changes in English Pronunciation and Some Implications for Teachers and Non-Native Learners." Speak Out! Newsletter of the IATEFL Pronunciation Special Interest Group. No. 18 (1996): 15--21.

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2010-08-02 Mon

#462. BNC ФȯʤƬ <h> [corpus][bnc][oanc][ame][bre][h][spelling_pronunciation]

ε[2010-08-01-1] OANC η̤˰­ꤺˡƬ <h> ֤뤬 /h/ ȯʤñ¿õ٤BNC ǤƱȤäƤߤΤۤ⤷̤ФΤǡ𤹤 OANC ܴݤĤ֤졩ˡ
216θ줬줿ͭ̾Ƭ줬¿Ƥ⤢ޤꤪ⤷ʤʸHTML򻲾ȡˡޤʻΥդ˸꤬⤢äΤǡϤޤdzפΤ뤿νĴȤ򤵤줿̾ƻ˹ʤä117򥢥ե٥åȽ˼

habitual, habituated, habitué, haemoglobin, half, half-hour, hallucination, hallucinatory, hallucinogenic, handful, haphazardly, happy, haute-couture, hazard, heap, heartening, hedonistic, heir, heir-apparent, heiress, heirloom, hell, heparin, hepatic, heraldic, herbaceous, herbalist, hereditary, heretical, hermaphrodite, heroic, heterogenous, heterologous, heuristic, hexadecimal, hexagonal, hi, hiatus, hibiscus, hide, hierarchical, hierarchically, hierarchy, high, higher, hilarious, historian, historic, historically, historically-created, historically-evolved, historicist, historiographical, history, histrionic, hitherto, hockey, hole, holiday, holistic, holoenzyme, holy, home-grown, homogeneous, homologous, hon., honest, honest-to-god, honest-to-goodness, honestly, honesty, honorable, honorarium, honorary, honour, honour-able, honourable, honourably, honoured, honouring, hopeful, horchata, horizon, horizontal, horrendous, horrific, horror, hors-d'oeuvre, horse, hospital, host/target, hotel, hotel-keeper, hour's-worth, hour-an-a-half, hour-and-a-half, hour-glass, hour-long, hourglass, hourglass-shaped, hourly, hours, howitzer, human, humanities, humble, hundred, hydraulic, hydraulically, hydroxyapatite, hydroxyl, hypnotic, hypostasised, hypothesis, hypothetical, hysterical, hysterically


history, honest, honour, hour δϢϤϤ¿⤷Ȥꤢȡhabitual, hallucination, hepatic, hereditary, heretical, heroic, hierarchical, hilarious, homogeneous, horizon, horrendous, horrific, hypothetical, hysterical 1˼綯ʤΤǸƬ /h/ ä˼ޤ䤹1˼綯⾯ʤʤȤϳΤǤ롥
OANC Ǥη̤ȤƽФ herb homage BNC ǤϽФʤäθ /h/ ΤʤȯϥꥫѸȯΤߤǤȤεҤȰפƤ褦
ˤƤ⡤BNC OANC μϿ˺ȤϤꥹѸ줫μ˭٤ϺΩäƤ롥Τ˥ꥹѸˤ h-dropping ̾⤤ Cockney ʤɤ⤢뤷/h/ ԰ꤵΤǤϤʤͽۤϤƤޤꥫѸǤ֤ȯ ( spelling-pronunciation ) ηȤȤƤʬäƤ BNC OANC ǤνĴη̤ͽۤȰפΤäܤĴ٤Ƥȷ빽⤷ơޤȯŸƤ椯⤷ʤ

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2010-07-23 Fri

#452. 󥰥ɱѸνˤ r [dialect][rhotic][bre][phonetics][lexical_diffusion][map]

[2010-06-07-1]ε New York City r ˤĤƿ줿ϥ󥰥ɤˤ r 夲롥ŵŪ˥ꥹѸǤϡarm far ʤ첻 r ( postvocalic r ) ȯʤ ( non-rhotic ) Ȥ롥ϥꥹѸ̤ƤϤޤ櫓ǤϤʤåȥɤ䥢ɤǤ r ʹ뤷¤ϥ󥰥ɤǤ rhotic ϰΤۤѤȤƤϹʲϡarm ȤŪʬۤ򼨤󥰥ɤϿޤǤ ( Trudgill, pp. 25--28 )

Rhotic Areas in England

ɥȤ˸äƤ non-rhotic ϰ褬äƤ뤬䥹åȥɤ˶ᤤμդǤ rhotic ȯʹ롥Ͽ޾ (r) ǼƤ뾮Ǥϡñ rhotic non-rhotic ۤʤϰǤ롥
ȤȤϥ󥰥ɤǤ⤹٤Ƥϰ r ȯƤֻ <r> ĤäƤ뤳Ȥ⤽Τ褦˹ͤΤǤ롥Ȥ250ǯۤˡɥն r æȤѲΥɥնȯͤγ׿ؤȾ˹ꡤϤθä˥褦˳礷ƤäŤϺݼŪζܤˤ֤Ĥ뤳ȤǸ®ٻߤߤʬۤ˻äƤ롥ϰ r ĤäƤ뤳ȡޤˤä r ȯ̵ͭۤʤϰ褬뤳ȤϡŤȤŪˤŪˤ쵤Ÿ櫓ǤϤʤ˿ƩƤäȤ򼨺롥󥰥ɱѸˤ r æϸóȻ ( lexical diffusion ) ΰȸäƤ
ɥɸ।ꥹѸ줬 non-rhotic Ǥ뤫֥ꥹѸᥤ󥰥ɱѸnon-rhoticפȤ򿮤Ƥޤ줬ΤǤ뤳Ȥ狼षѤǤߤ¤ꡤꥹѸ줢뤤ϥ󥰥ɱѸϤɤ餫Ȥ rhotic ǤȤ¤⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥

Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.

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2010-05-14 Fri

#382. 㡼륺ҤαѸ [bre][elf][americanisation]

World Englishes εǥꥹѸ ( BrE ) θҤˤʤȤˡ㡼륺ҤαѸѤӤӰѤΤܤˤ롥ʲϡThe Times 1995ǯ324ʶˤε "Prince says Americans are ruining the language" 顤̣ս򤤤ĤȴФΤǤ롥

He [The Prince of Wales] described American English as "very corrupting" and emphasised the need to maintain the quality of language . . . .

 . . . increasing competition from America and Australia is threatening Britain's leading position in the lucrative language-teaching market.

 The Prince said: "We must act now to ensure that English, and that to my way of thinking means English English, maintains its position as the world language well into the next century."

"Speaking after the launch [of the British Council's English 2000 project], Prince Charles elaborated on his view of the American influence. "People tend to invent all sorts of nouns and verbs, and make words that shouldn't be. I think we have to be a bit careful, otherwise the whole thing can get rather a mess."

In the long term, the British Council fears that instantaneous translation could see English replaced as the main international language by Chinese within three generations.

Other areas of increasing competition between British and American English include India, Eastern Europe and parts of Latin America. More than 30,000 Indian students now study in American colleges and universities, compared with 2,000 in Britain.


㡼륺ҤαѸѤꥹ͡Τˤ English English speakers ΰŪʹͤɤΤ餤ɽƤ뤫ҴŪ˼ȤϤǤʤ丫Ǥ AmE "corrupting" ȤߤʤEngE ǤȤ󥿥ƥ EngE speakers ŪԤϤäƤȸƤ롥AmE speakers Τʤˤ EngE Ȥߤʤͤ⾯ʤʤȻפ졤֥ɤȤƤ EngE Ϥޤ¸ߤƤȤäƤ[2010-04-21-1]Ǥߤ褦˼ϤȤƤ AmE Americanization ˤäαѸʴĤĤ뤳Ȥ餫Ǥ롥ΰѤΰĤˤ褦ˡǯ Australian English γӤޤѸѼȤζȤ̤ˡʤɤγȤζ⹵ƤꡤEngE μԤȤƤ Prince Charles British Council ξǤ꤬롥
ꥹˤȤäƤϡEngE 뤤 BrE ֥ɤβͤ򤤤ݤƤϹŪñ˹ΰҿäƤǤʤαѸӥͥԤ5ݥɤηкѡʵˤ⤫äƤΤ顥

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2010-03-07 Sun

#314. -ise -ize (2) [spelling][bre][bnc][lob][flob][corpus][suffix][z]

[2010-02-26-1]εǼꤢ³ԡεǤϡñˤäΨϰۤʤΤΡꥹѸǤ -ise -ize ξֻԤ뤳ȤBNC ˴Ť餫ˤ20ˤĤƤϡ -ise ֤ΤۤͥȤȤä
̻ŪʴĤⵤˤʤäƤޤʤΤǡǿʵ䤬-ise / -ize ΤΨϡ鸽ߤޤǤ¿ʤȤѲƤΤΤޤǤΤܤʤޤǤ⡤Ѹ30ǯ֤ʬѲ򸫤Ƥͭյʷ̤Ф뤫⤷ʤȻפ1960ǯȾΥꥹѸɽ LOB ( Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen corpus ) 1990ǯȾΥꥹѸɽ FLOB ( Freiburg-LOB corpus ) ӤƤߤ뤳Ȥˤ
줾ΥѥǡεǼꤢ٥ȥå20 -ise / -ize ưˤĤơѲʲʬñ -s -ing(s) ˤޤ᤿٤ΨФƤߤʲɽȡˡ

itemLOB: rate (freq)FLOB: rate (freq)
-ise-ize-ise-ize
recognise59.6% (99)40.4% (67)71.8% (127)28.2% (50)
realise63.2% (134)36.8% (78)68.7% (125)31.3% (57)
organise65.6% (42)34.4% (22)67.2% (43)32.8% (21)
emphasise37.7% (20)62.3% (33)62.9% (39)37.1% (23)
criticise52.0% (13)48.0% (12)80.0% (24)20.0% (6)
characterise0.0% (0)100.0% (4)56.3% (18)43.8% (14)
summarise35.3% (6)64.7% (11)64.7% (11)35.3% (6)
specialise56.3% (18)43.8% (14)81.8% (27)18.2% (6)
apologise68.8% (11)31.3% (5)70.6% (12)29.4% (5)
advertise100.0% (41)0.0% (0)100.0% (55)0.0% (0)
authorise77.4% (24)22.6% (7)68.2% (15)31.8% (7)
minimise90.0% (9)10.0% (1)80.0% (16)20.0% (4)
surprise100.0% (182)0.0% (0)100.0% (173)0.0% (0)
supervise100.0% (10)0.0% (0)100.0% (9)0.0% (0)
utilise70.0% (7)30.0% (3)83.3% (5)16.7% (1)
maximise50.0% (2)50.0% (2)50.0% (9)50.0% (9)
symbolise50.0% (3)50.0% (3)40.0% (4)60.0% (6)
mobilise66.7% (2)33.3% (1)20.0% (1)80.0% (4)
stabilise58.3% (7)41.7% (5)33.3% (3)66.7% (6)
publicise81.8% (9)18.2% (2)84.6% (11)15.4% (2)


100쵬ϤΥѥʤΤǡȥå20ȤϤäƤⲼ̤Τۤθ٤Ϥۤɹ⤯ʤŪʰݤȤƤϡ-ise ֻ30ǯΤˤ露ƤƤ褦Ǥ롥Ψ礭ѲθʤΤΤˤ뤬ӤΤȤ emphasise, criticise, characterise, summarise, specialise ʤɤ롥ϤޤǰݤʤΤǡŪˡ뤤ϸ̤ñˤĤŪͭպΤɤ̤˸ڤɬפ롥ޤLOB ˤ characterise ϰڤʤ characterisation ϳǧ줿Ȥ⡤ưǤʤ̾ -isation / -ization 碌Ĵɬפ롥ˤϡб륢ꥫѸξĴꥹѸ̻ŪѲʤ⤷ȤФǤ뤬ˤȴطΤɤõɬפ롥

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