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ǤڤƤޤñ dungeon ϸťե donjon ѤΤǤ1300ǯˡťեǤθϡּ緯פۤɤǤ줬ϴȤѤ줿طʤ顤ϴסȤ櫓ϲϴפΰ̣ȯãޤˤ RPG Ūʡ̤Τʤ֡סʾ嵭ȡˤȤˤޤȯŸƤޤʸỤ̄臘٤̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ιǤ͡
ơťե donjon ϡ̤ƥ dominiōnem ˹Ԥ夭ϸŵƥ dominium бޤַϰ̡ϡפ̣ޤΥƥñ줬ľܱѸ˼ޤ줿Τ dominion ڡ۸פǤĤޤꡤdungeon dominion 2Ÿ (doublet) ȤȤˤʤޤ
Ϣϡʲ hellog heldio ΥƥĤǼ夲ƤޤΤǡҤɤ
hellog #3899. ƥ domus ʲȡˤθ캬ͥåȥ ([2019-12-30-1])
hellog #3898. danger, dangerous ΰ̣Ѳ ([2019-12-29-1])
heldio #118. danger ΤȤȤΰ̣ϡָϡס
heldio #273. ֻ۸ ΤäƤ danger θ
hellog #1953. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ (2) ([2014-09-01-1])
ī6ˡܥ֥λǤȤ⤤벻֥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ۿƤޤ2024ǯ heldio ΥơޤѲ (language_change) Ǥ礭ʥơޤʤΤǼ夲Ƥ¿ˤ錄ޤ̤ʤΤ1Ĥʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ޤܥ֥Ǥ#417. ʸˡȤϡ ([2010-06-18-1]) ϤȤơ¿εܤƤޤ
轵heldio ˤ5Ϣ³ʸˡĶȤʤϤޤŪʸˡƳȤʤޤ˥ޤȤƤޤ
#988. 夦夦ñȤñ --- Ƹȵǽ
#989. ƸȵǽΤ줾ħӤ
#990. ʸˡȤϲ
#991. while ʸˡ
#992. while ʸˡ³ˡ
ʰʲ嵭
#1001. ѸʸˡˤĤΤꤿʤ --- ݺƻͺˡʸˡѸ١ʳҡ2014ǯˡ
#1003. There is an apple on the table. --- Ϥɤ졩
ʸ嵭ޤǡ
5äϥࡼˤĤʤäƤΤǡİƤȤ褤ȻפޤüİȤϡ濴Ȥʤ#990. ʸˡȤϲǤ⥷ȤϤĤȻפޤ
äܳŪʸˡؤӤȤϡܥ֥ grammaticalisation γƵä˽פʵĤƤޤ
#1972. Meillet ʸˡ ([2014-09-20-1])
#1974. ʸˡȯŸȳ (1) ([2014-09-22-1])
#1975. ʸˡȯŸȳ (2) ([2014-09-23-1])
#2575. Ѳΰ ([2016-05-15-1])
#2576. æʸˡȸò ([2016-05-16-1])
#3273. Lehman ˤʸˡμ١6 ([2018-04-13-1])
#3272. ʸˡ2ĤΥᥫ˥ ([2018-04-12-1])
#3281. Hopper and Traugott ˤʸˡܼ ([2018-04-21-1])
#5124. Oxford Bibliographies ˤʸˡγס ([2023-05-08-1])
26ʲС˸4Ⱦ Voicy heldio ˤ#983. B&C42ʸˡפɼ¶ with ȾϽؤǤϤޤBaugh and Cable ˤѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤɤ륷ΰĤǤ̥ȤȤʳءˤϽؤʥեꥹرؤۤˤơɼ¶ѤȤƤϤޤ嵭ϡ̾ۿǥȤƸΤǤ60ʬ֤ĹǤҤ֤ΤȤˤİ
25ʷˤˤϡ hellog ǤͽԤȤʤ뵭#5397. ʸˡΡפͤ --- Baugh and Cable αѸˤ ([2024-02-05-1]) ޤεǤϺܤ42 "Grammatical Gender" θʸǺܤƤޤΤǡįʤ餪İФȻפޤϡѸˤˤ (gender) ܤפʵؤΥĥäƤޤ
ۿİƤäꥹʡ umisio ޤȤΡȤäΥڡǸƤޤͽΤȤˤȤ

heldio B&C αѸˤɤ륷ΥХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ǤޤȤƤޤ264ᤢܤ42ˤ褦䤯ɤ夤ȤǤΤǡޤޤǤˤϸɤǤޤޤΤǡΥ饤ɥˤäСޤʲΥƥꤷƤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ˤפȸ奮ꥷ˲ȥإɥȥ (Herodotus, B.C. 485?--425?) μˤʤˡ٤ˡ (origin_of_language) ˴ؤͭ̾äƤ롥奨ץ26īνβǤץƥ1 (Psammetichus [Psamtik], B.C. 664--610) ǤŤϲ餫ˤ뤿ˡѤƤ¸ȤǤ롥ˤĤơPerseus Digital Library Υƥȥ쥯ꡤHerodotus, The Histories (ed. A. D. Godley) 22ϡʱǡˤѤ롥
Now before Psammetichus became king of Egypt, the Egyptians believed that they were the oldest people on earth. But ever since Psammetichus became king and wished to find out which people were the oldest, they have believed that the Phrygians were older than they, and they than everybody else. Psammetichus, when he was in no way able to learn by inquiry which people had first come into being, devised a plan by which he took two newborn children of the common people and gave them to a shepherd to bring up among his flocks. He gave instructions that no one was to speak a word in their hearing; they were to stay by themselves in a lonely hut, and in due time the shepherd was to bring goats and give the children their milk and do everything else necessary. Psammetichus did this, and gave these instructions, because he wanted to hear what speech would first come from the children, when they were past the age of indistinct babbling. And he had his wish; for one day, when the shepherd had done as he was told for two years, both children ran to him stretching out their hands and calling "Bekos!" as he opened the door and entered. When he first heard this, he kept quiet about it; but when, coming often and paying careful attention, he kept hearing this same word, he told his master at last and brought the children into the king's presence as required. Psammetichus then heard them himself, and asked to what language the word "Bekos" belonged; he found it to be a Phrygian word, signifying bread. Reasoning from this, the Egyptians acknowledged that the Phrygians were older than they. This is the story which I heard from the priests of Hephaestus' temple at Memphis; the Greeks say among many foolish things that Psammetichus had the children reared by women whose tongues he had cut out.
δ1Ĥΰäˤʤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤˤĤƤϤޤʬʤȤ¿Ȥ¤ƧޤƤɬפ롥äͭ̾ʤ⤦1Ĥθϡ鷺Ȥ줿εҤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2946. ˤߤȳȻ ([2017-05-21-1]) ȡ
Ϣơ#4612. εȯã ([2021-12-12-1])#4614. εȯãΤȺ ([2021-12-14-1]) Ƥ
ʤߤˡ Voicy heldio ˤƴϢ夲#980. ̵֤֤ǰƤƤǤΤ --- ؤγƤäѤʵİС
ǯ7꽵12Υڡ Baugh and Cable αѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤɤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ǤΥʤƤޤ1200ߤͭۿȤʤäƤޤ1ץ˴ؤƤϤĤǤİĤǤޤȤɤƥȤʤ̵ΰۿԤʤäƤޤޤǤΥХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ˤޤȤƤޤΤǡǧ

ޤǤ41СƤޤܲűѸ3ϤäƤޤ夲42 "Grammatical Gender" ϡűѸ̾˳ǧʸˡΡסʤʸˡ (gender) ܤޤʲƱΥƥȤǺܤƤޤʤǤܽꤷƤΤ٥ȤǤˡ
42. Grammatical Gender. As in Indo-European languages generally, the gender of Old English nouns is not dependent on considerations of sex. Although nouns designating males are often masculine, and those indicating females feminine, those indicating neuter objects are not necessarily neuter. Stān (stone) is masculine, and mōna (moon) is masculine, but sunne (sun) is feminine, as in German. In French, the corresponding words have just the opposite genders: pierre (stone) and lune (moon) are feminine, while soleil (sun) is masculine. Often the gender of Old English nouns is quite illogical. Words like mægden (girl), wīf (wife), bearn (child, son), and cild (child), which we should expect to be feminine or masculine, are in fact neuter, while wīfmann (woman) is masculine because the second element of the compound is masculine. The simplicity of Modern English gender has already been pointed out as one of the chief assets of the language. How so desirable a change was brought about will be shown later.
ʸˡ˴ؤ hellog Ǥ gender Υդ¿εǼ夲ƤޤΤʤä˽פʵؤΥʲĥäƤޤ
#25. űѸ̾(1) ([2009-05-23-1])
#26. űѸ̾(2) ([2009-05-24-1])
#28. űѸ˼Ϥʤä ([2009-05-26-1])
#487. ʰʸˡ ([2010-08-27-1])
#1135. ĸʸˡε ([2012-06-05-1])
#2853. ˤȿʹ֤ʬե ([2017-02-17-1])
#3293. űѸ̾ ([2018-05-03-1])
#4039. ˤȤϥեǤ ([2020-05-18-1])
#4040. ָȿǤƤʹ֤ʬեפεåȡ ([2020-05-19-1])
#4182. ָפΥơޤι ([2020-10-08-1])
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
3ָ224ڡˤ 15:30--18:45 ˡī㡼ɶˤƥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ4ȤʤֶѸֻ --- ɸಽܻؤơ֤ޤ

ιֺ¤ϡ4Υ4ȤʤޤΥ饤ʥåפϰʲ̤Ǥ
1ʸεȯã --- ե٥åȤγȤʽա429
2űѸֻ --- μʤʲơ729
3Ѹֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡʽ107
4Ѹֻ --- ɸಽܻؤơߡ224
٤4ˤĤƤϡ Voicy heldio ˤ#971. Ѹֻ --- 224ڡˤīΥֺ4˸ơȤƳפҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡİйǤ
ޤǤ3ιֺ¤ǤϡѸֻɸಽˤįƤޤϤ褤ḽˤɸಽμ֤ޤޤ15 Chancery Standard ˻Ϥޤꡤ1617ˤƤ Shakespeareض١αѸ켭λФơ18--19μ˻ޤǤλܤñֻɤɤޤθ塤ꥫѸֻƸֻפưޤǤեơѸֻβˤĤͽǤƻαñֻζʤ⤷ޤΤǡ»Ҥˤʤ뤳ȤϤޤ
ֺܹ¤ˤؿΤϡΥڡꤪߤֺϡ̤Τۤ饤ǤλäǽǤޤϿޤȡָ1ָ֡ƨۿפİǤޤԹΤ褤ˡǤäФȻפޤֺ¤ǤϤޤƲƤΩƤޤΤǡΤߤñȯΤäǤޤäꤢޤʤֺ¤ѤϡüԤγͤŻŪۤͽǤ
ܥȴϢơʲ hellog Voicy heldio ۿ⤴Ȥ
Ρ1ʸεȯã --- ե٥åȤγȤꡡ
heldio #668. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ2023ǯ330
hellog #5088. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ ([2023-04-02-1])
hellog #5119. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ1ޤ ([2023-05-03-1])
Ρ2űѸֻ --- μʤ
hellog #5194. 729ڡˡīΥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- μʤס ([2023-07-17-1])
heldio #778. űѸʸ --- 729ڡˤīΥֺ2˸ơ2023ǯ718
hellog #5207. īΥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- μʤפޤ ([2023-07-30-1])
Ρ3Ѹֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡ
hellog #5263. 107ڡˡīΥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ3Ѹֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡס ([2023-09-24-1])
heldio #848. Ѹɸʤֻ --- 107ڡˤīΥֺ3˸ơ2023ǯ926
Ρ4Ѹֻ --- ɸಽܻؤơ
heldio #971. Ѹֻ --- 224ڡˤīΥֺ4˸ơ2024ǯ127
¿ΤäԤƤޤ
Fertig (76) "Analogical non-change" ꤹΤʤǡѸε§Ūʣ -s ˤơ (analogy) ˤĤäʻƤ롥
. . . stasis over time can be just as interesting a historical phenomenon as change (Janda and Joseph 2003: 83, 86). Although accounts of analogy rarely call attention to the fact, there are a number of examples in the literature where the mechanisms of morphological change are invoked to account for an absence of overt change, i.e. for the survival of an element, construction or distinction. Saussure (1995 [1916]: 236--7) reminds us that analogy2 is just as much responsible for the lack of change in the inflection of most forms that have always belonged to dominant, regular classes as it is for change in other, primarily irregular items. English speakers, for example, form the plural of dozens of nouns such as stone, eel, oath, comb, stool, etc. essentially the same way they were formed in Old English, not because each of these plurals has been transmitted perfectly across all the generations, but rather primarily because analogy2 yields exactly the same results as if the forms had been transmitted perfectly. These nouns all belong to the dominant class that formed their plurals with -as in Old English so even if English speakers never memorize any of them and always rely on analogy2 to recreate them, they continue to come up with the same forms that were used in the past.
Fertig ϡѲΤߤʤ餺̵ѲطʤˤؿԤǤ롥#4228. ˸ؤϡ֤ʤѲפǤʤ֤ʤѲʤäפ䤦 ([2020-11-23-1]) Ǥ⡤Fertig νפʻŦѤƤ롥̵ѲˤյȤˤĤƤϡ#2115. ݻȸѲؤ ([2015-02-10-1])#2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ ([2015-05-14-1])#2220. ѸǸƬͭʤäͳ ([2015-05-26-1])#2574. ־ѰۤꡤѲäƤס ([2016-05-14-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ǯ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פμѲ (language) Ʊ̵ͤѲ夲Ƥǯ2ۿ⤼Ҥİ
#945. ʤѲΤ (2024/01/01)
#947. ʤѲʤΤ (2024/01/03)
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
ǯ1229World Englishes Ҳ𤹤 Voicy heldio ΥΰĤȤơɱѸȤڱʸءˤȤ̲Ȥ#942. ԤȸWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯ --- ڱŴȤΥɤαѸᤰ̡ۿޤ
θ塤ڱŴȤϸζŤʤեȡϿޤơΤ#954. ɱѸ --- ڱŴȤ̡ȤƸޤ30ʬĶ̲ǤİˤʤȤޤޤɱѸ줬ȶˤʤꡤɱѸ˴ؿΤǤϤʤȻפޤ
ڱ40ǯθĶڶΥɱѸ̤ǡǯˤإɱѸΥꥹ˥ҿǡӡʸҡˤǤƤޤ
Х륵ȤƤΥɤιŪ¸ߴϹޤäƤꡤɤο͡äѸޤŪǧ٤夬äƤޤܤǤϱѼΥ֥ɤȤƤϰ̤ΩƤꡤɱѸϤޤήȤ֤ŤªƤаޤޤ21ʤˤĤ졤ΤΤ褦ªѤäƤ뤫⤷ޤ奤ɱѸȤϰ̤ѲˤĤƤϡѸŪˤܤΥޤҡֱѸפǤϤʤѸ (world_englishes) ȤȤߤǡѸѼˤįƤߤƤαѸ˸ȳȤϤǤ

ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ
heldio #955. ̯ʱʸ̣臘ʥʤӴϢˡۿܥ֥ǤƱСƤ
#4229. Fertig ˤ analogy ([2020-11-24-1]) #5336. Fertig ˤ analogy ܳŪܼ ([2023-12-06-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Fertig analogy ˴ؤ븦ƬϡΤ褦ʱʸ㼨Ǿ롥
A book about analogy and morphological change? That is so not what I was expecting. I never imaginated there'd ever be such a book. I guess I had another thing coming. Who'd of thunk it?
αʸˤ (analogy) ӤȴϢβ㤬4ġʤ뤤5ġ˴ޤޤƤ롥٤Ƥλ㡤뤤˻ƤǤ롥줾⤹1ѤƤ
The short paragraph above contains at least four recognizable examples of some of the different kinds of innovations that we will be exploring in this book. That is so not . . . is an example of analogical change in syntax. Until recently, the intensifier so could only be used directly before an adjective or adverb. Now some speakers regularly use it in other syntactic contexts, such as before the negative particle not. This change can be attributed to the analogy of other intensifiers such as really . . . . The next sentence contains the verb imaginate, which sounds very odd to many English speakers today but has been around since 1541. It means the same thing as the much more common and older verb imagine and may have been created by backformation from the noun imagination, on the analogical model of pairs like speculation--speculate, dedication--dedicate, etc. The fourth sentence contains an altered version of the familiar expression to have another think coming, meaning 'to be seriously mistaken about something'. For at least a century, English speakers/learners have sometimes mistaken the word think in this expression for thing. This kind of change is called folk etymology. It occurs when speakers identify one element in an expression with a different, often historically unrelated element. The word of (for 've) in the final sentence of the paragraph could also be considered folk etymology. Finally, thunk is obviously an innovative past-participle form corresponding to standard thought. It is based on analogical models such as sink--sank--sunk or stick--stuck.
ɽΤΤޤᤤĤɤȽȡinnovations, analogical change, backformation, analogical model, folk_etymology ʤɤäƤ롥Fertig ܤǤϡѸ䳵ǰǫ˵ƤˤʺѡˤθɬɽǤ롥

Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
ī6ˤϤƤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)2024ǯơޤϡָѲ (language_change) ǤΡhellog~Ѹ˥֥פǤĹˤ錄äܤƤȥԥåǤǥ heldio Ѥơ깭֤ʤȥФѲΤפȤ̥ŪϤƤȻפޤꤤޤ
heldio ͥ2021ǯ62˳ߤ2ǯ7ۤɤδ֡īѸˤ˴ؤ뤪äϤƤޤheldio 2ǯ2023ǯ62ˤϡͭǤȤʤץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤ (helwa)פ⥪ץޤʤ轵ڤθ6ۿƤޤˡ
ϥ֥ Voicy Υǥ̤ơֱѸˤδ֤ˡƤȤåȡȤƤޤhelסʱѸ˳ưˤʤƤ椯ֽÿ͡פˤϤޤ褦ˤʤޤդ˴ޤhelÿͤΤˤޤʲˤҲ𤷤ޤ
khelfʷѸ˥եˤΥСhelפκαΤǤرѸ˿ʹǴԤƤޤHP ǤιΤۤXʵĥå˥ @khelf_keio hel桥
heldio/helwa ΥꥹʡγۿؤΥȡSNS ̤Ƥιؤλá¾helǤäˤʤäƤޤȤ櫓Ƕܤ٤SNSǤγưȤƤϡ
- ꥹʡ umisio ˤ2024ǯֱѸˤء77ױѸ츻ŵɤࡥΡȴֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ34ˤΥΡȤäɡ
- ꥹʡ kitako ˤheldio2024ǯ1
- Ʊ kitako ˤǤ heldio ۿξҲ
ܤĥޤ
heldio/helwa ̽бԤθԤγˤ⤪äˤʤäƤޤä˽б¿ΰϡȻפäƤޤ̤ϰʲΤȼˤޤȤƤΤɤ
- 콤ءˤ HP
- ڹʷܳرءˤ HP
Ƥܥ֥ɤߤƤ볧ˤⴶդޤθ X @chariderryu ȯƤޤΤǡҥեꤤפޤ
helٱ˴դޤ³ֱѸˤδ֤ˡפαꤤޤƱݤεȤơ#5256. heldio/hel ([2023-09-17-1]) ⤴С
#5360. Ҳء̾ءҲ̾ء ([2023-12-30-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 "Names in Society" ꤹϥɥ֥åʸηˡμҲ̾ (socio-onomastics) θ̤Ƥ롥1Ѥ롥
Socio-onomastic research has been carried out for over forty years now. In spite of the multifaceted research thus far, many areas have still hardly been touched upon. In the socio-onomastic study of place-names, rural names have been in focus for decades, but urban names still lack comprehensive research. So far we know very little about what place-names --- both official and unofficial --- are used in multi-layered and often multilingual urban environments. The same topic also concerns personal names: How are they used in multilingual contexts? Research into commercial names is still rather scarce due to the young age of the field, and socio-onomastic studies are few. One of the most interesting questions for the future is to investigate the attitudes and stances that people take towards commercial names and how people talk about commercial products and businesses in actual language use. (380--81)
ǸʸǽҤ٤ƤΤϡޤˡ־ɸء (trademark linguistics) Ǥ롥־ɸءפȤСܲ̾ץȡ (name_project) ǰ˸椷ƤءˤǤ롥ޤǤ Voicy heldio ¾˽б餷Ƥ2023ǯΥꥹʡɼǤϡꤵȤ̲2Ĥ3̤7̤˥Ƥʡ#5363. 2023ǯΥꥹʡɼˤ heldio ο䤷ۿ٥10ꡪ ([2024-01-02-1]) ȡˡ
#667. ¤Ȥ --- ɸؤȤϲ
#671. ¤Ȥ --- ɸεŪͻ
嵭̤ꡤɸؤȤˤäƼҲ̾ؤˤͭ˾ʬȤƸޤƤꡤܤ
ɸؤӸꤵȴϢơʲε⻲ȡ
#5078. ˡ (forensic linguistics) ([2023-03-23-1])
#5085. ¤Ȥ Voicy ̤ǡ־ɸءפƳƤޤ ([2023-03-30-1])
#5092. ɸؤȱѸˡ˸ؤ ([2023-04-06-1])
Ainiala, Terhi. "Names in Society." Chapter 25 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 371--81.
ܥ֥λǡǤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ǤϡͭǤϤޤֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤפꤹ륪饤ĶɲΥȾǯΤ褽ŪˤϤƤޤХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])
ǿȤʤֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (34) The Names "England" and "English"ۿޤEngland English ȤѸ˾夭ƽפʸθ츻ȾڡʸϤ30ʬʾ夫ƲۤƤޤ
βۿƨˡ6ꡤVoicy ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤ (helwa)פǤۿȤʤޤȴϢ֡ڱѸˤ #77ۿǯľرѸ츻ŵ٤ England English ɤꤷƤϤͽǤ

߷˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ˤ긵֤ƤϤܤ֤ǤʤϺΤ˥βͤˡʹƤйǤƽפñθ츻ꤷƤޤ
helwa ϥץߥͥǤ1̵λİӥƤޤ heldio ̾ۿİΤʤˤϡץߥͥϵˤʤäƤɲݶ⤷ƻäˤϥϡɥ뤬⤤ޤϤɤʷϵʤΤİƤߤȤ⤤ä뤫⤷ޤҤ1ΤİƤ³Ƥ褤Ȼפäˤ2ʹߤ⤪դ礤ФȻפޤǤʤмƤȤȤǡޤääǤ
;̤Ǥ嵭ͽѤΥȥˤ⼨ƤȤꡤhelwa ǤϥץߥꥹʡΥ饤ǯλθ7鳫ͽǤ
ͽΤˡȴϢ hellog, heldio, ¾ΥȤưʲƤޤ
ǯ122910˾ƲǤ줿World Englishes Ҳ𤹤 Voicy heldio ΥΰĤȤ#942. ԤȸWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯ --- ڱŴȤΥɤαѸᤰ̡ۿޤڱʸءˤϡܽ4ϡ֥ɤαѸפԤ1ͤǤʤ⤦1ϲƣͳˡ33ʬۤɤβƥĤȤʤäƤޤ֤ΤȤˤİ
Ҳ𤤤4ϡ֥ɤαѸ (pp. 69--84) ϡʲιȤʤäƤޤˤϡָơޡץʡȻʸդƤޤ

ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ

ǯī6ˡܥ֥Υ饸ǤȤ⤤٤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ϤƤޤ heldio ˤϡͭǤΥץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) ޤǯ62˳ߤͥǡ轵ڤͼ6ˤϤƤޤǯνۿϺ֡ڱѸˤ #752023ǯ heldio ο䤷ۿɼ̡ˤĤƹɾ³Ȥۿޤ
helwa ˤܲ40̾ۤɤΥꥹʡγ˻äƤƤꡤڤؤꡤ٤ꤷꡤäꡤꤷƤޤȤΥ֥ץǡ800ߤȤʤäƤޤVoicy ץͳǤϼäƤ˹⤯ʤޤΤǡ֥֥饦ͳǤòˡ
ǯޤޤơhelwa ǤϤ1̵λİӥƤޤ heldio ̾ۿİΤʤˤϡץߥͥϵˤʤäƤɲݶ⤷ƻäˤϥϡɥ뤬⤤ޤϤɤʷϵʤΤİƤߤȤ⤤ä뤫⤷ޤҤ1ΤİƤ³Ƥ褤Ȼפäˤ2ʹߤ⤪դ礤ФȻפޤǤʤмƤȤȤǡޤääǤ
helwa αˤϳѤäƤޤܤϡֱѸˤδ֤ˡפåȡȤפϡhelסʱѸ˳ưˤˤۤܤ٤ƽƤƤޤʲεȤС
#5145. 62ʶˡVoicy ץߥꥹʡۿοֱͥѸˤءפϤޤ ([2023-05-29-1])
#5150. ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤءפץ ([2023-06-03-1])
#5301. ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) 5εס ([2023-11-01-1])
#5330. 11ΡֱѸˤء (helwa) ο֤ --- Voicy Υץߥꥹʡۿͥ ([2023-11-30-1])
Ƕ helwa ߥ˥ƥηȤƤϡ¿Υץߥꥹʡܥƥǡhelפ䤷ʤƤ뤳ȡߥ˥ƥŪʱѸ˥ƥ饷ˤ꤬ꤵƤޤʡ˵ȡ饤̤Υղ٤ޤäƤȡʤɤޤ
ºݡθήεȤơ15ʶˤ 19:00--20:00 helwa 饤ǯŤͽǤheldio/helwa биΤ븦Ԥ khelfʷѸ˥ե˥СäꡤŤʸήεˤʤȻפޤ
ǯ12ʬ helwa 13ФäƤޤΤǡΥХåʥСإĥäƤޤ
ڱѸˤ #62helwa ؤ (2023/12/02)
ڱѸˤ #63۸ôط (2023/12/05)
ڱѸˤ #64 helwa ˺ǯ¾⡪ (2023/12/07)
ڱѸˤ #65۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (32) The Germanic Conquest --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡʸȾ (2023/12/09)
ڱѸˤ #66ʸȥե̾ (2023/12/12)
ڱѸˤ #67Ʊ۵ count (2023/12/14)
ڱѸˤ #68ۺīäȤϤ (2023/12/16)
ڱѸˤ #69get medieval ³ (2023/12/19)
ڱѸˤ #70ۤʤѸˤ˴ؿäΡ --- ¼Ϻƣ蘆Ȥ (2023/12/21)
ڱѸˤ #71ǯǯϤ heldio/helwa ٥ȤΤΤ餻 (2023/12/23)
ڱѸˤ #72̾ -ity (2023/12/26)
ڱѸˤ #73ǯλ̲ (2023/12/28)
ڱѸˤ #742023ǯ helwa 10˥塼 (2023/12/30)
ǯˡ#5358. 2023ǯ heldio ο䤷ۿϡ --- ɼꤤޤ ([2023-12-28-1]) εǸƤӤƤ̤ꡤǯˤϤ heldio ۿΤʤ͵ꥹʡɼ»ܤޤ糢ڤޤ38̾ˤɼޤɼƤäˤϸ鿽夲ޤ
Ǥϡɼ̤Ǥ110ĤޤǤȤɼǤʲ̤Ȥʤޤ7̤ޤǤη25ʬǺܤƤޤ˾ܤ Slido Ǥɼ뤤ܵΥHTML
ޤܵƬ˷Ǥī heldio ۿ#946. 2023ǯ heldio ο䤷ۿɼ̤ȯɽǤϡɼ̤ιɾϤƤޤΤǡ⤪İС
1. #822. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 1 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ (29%)
2. #875. رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤॷ (1) --- ƣ foot (24%)
3. #667. ¤Ȥ --- ɸؤȤϲ (21%)
4. #783. űѻηإ٥ա (Beowulf) --- ߷ͧǦϽؤȰߤʤ餴Ҳ (18%)
5. #729. ʤѸؤФʤФʤʤΡ --- ΤαѸˡ (16%)
5. #759. Wulfstan ï --- ϽؤȤ̡1ơۡ (16%)
5. #797. ߷ͧ Beowulf ΤȤǤ䤷Ƥߤޤ with Ǧ and Ͻؤ (16%)
5. #828. رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤäƥ --- ҲļǤ (1) (16%)
5. #934. إԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯ --- ԤΰпȤ̡ (16%)
6. #602. ʤξ⤯Τ on feet ǤϤʤ on foot ʤΡ (13%)
6. #661. book beech --- ܤȥ֥ʤδطϡ (13%)
6. #670. Ѹ˥ with ޤˤ³ԡˡ (13%)
6. #865. ѸΤܤξҲ --- ԡˡWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯˡ (13%)
6. #901. ԤȸWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯ --- ëǷȤΥαѸᤰ̡ (13%)
7. #598. եȤϲ´ƣʿȤ̡ (11%)
7. #624. ۡפθء (11%)
7. #669. Ѹ˥ with ޤˤ (11%)
7. #671. ¤Ȥ --- ɸεŪͻ (11%)
7. #735. űѸ첻 --- ޥּޤͤζáפá (11%)
7. #776. ָϡǤ --- Υꥹʡä (11%)
7. #809. ָ첽פȤɽήԤäƤ褦Ǥ (11%)
7. #829. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 2 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ (11%)
7. #836. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 3 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ (11%)
7. #869. ԤȸWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯ --- ǦȤ̡ (11%)
7. #883. ԤȸWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯ --- ¼ȤΥꥫʥѸᤰ̡ (11%)
Ǿ̤ˤϥΤ̲¿ޤȤ櫓٥5դޤǤۿˤĤƤϡ2024ǯˤ⥷ȤƷ³ƴϢۿߤȤꥹʡƤǤ礦ҸƤƤȻפޤΤȤơܾҲѤʵפä͵Τ褦Ǥɼ̤ΰΤʤǡޤİǤʤۿޤ顤ҤΤˤǤİ褷Ƥڤߤ
ɼ줿ꥹʡγɾˤĤƤϡ1225 heldio ۿ#938. 2023ǯ heldio ο䤷ۿɼΥƤߤƤ
ꥹʡ umisio ˤ note ꡤʲε⻲ͤˤʤޤ
- 5ǯ (2023ǯ) heldio ֤롡1Ⱦ1--3ԡ
- 5ǯ (2023ǯ) heldio ֤롡2Ⱦ4--6ˡ7ޤǥ֥ꥢ
- 5ǯ (2023ǯ) heldio ֤롡3Ⱦ8--9ˡ7˴ޤ
- 5ǯ2023ǯˤ heldio ֤롡4Ⱦ9--12ˡ
2024ǯ heldio ǤͭפۿϤƤޤɤդ礤
Voicy heldio ˤӤᤰءˤȤ̲ۿƤޤ#936. Dz World Englishes 褤 --- ӤᤰȤ̡ꤷơDzѤ World Englishes αѸ춵顦춵ȤơޤǤäƤޤԤ10ʬۤɤǤҤİ
NetFlix YouTube ʤɤۿDzɥޤ̤ơ͡ʱѸѼ郎ȶʹ褦ˤʤäƤޤΤ褦ʻϡѸؽä˥ꥹ˥ˤζȤƤΩޤϤθѸǤŤǤϤܤؤαѸʼҲ˸ؤμȤǡѶŪ˱Dz World Englishes ƳƤȤΤȤǤơԤκǸǤϡο䤷֡ѸʱDzˡפǤ뤳Ȥ餫ˤޤο䤷αѸѼϲǤ礦
ξȤ̤2ƤǤơ1Ƥ1212#925. ԤȸWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯ --- ӤᤰȤδڹαѸᤰ̡ȤۿƤޤ⺣ƤȴϢΤǡҤİСޤϢ hellog #5345. ִڹαѸ --- ԡˡWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯˤ10ϡ ([2023-12-15-1]) 碌Ƥɤ

ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ
2023ǯ heldio ο䤷ۿפɼ2023ǯ1225ʷˤ1231 23:59 ޤɼʡˤƼդƤޤʤ뤤ϰʲQRɤɤˡҳΥޥ٥10ǤйǤ

嵭̤ꡤ2023ǯ heldio ο䤷ۿפΥꥹʡɼ糢ޤǥץƤޤǯθۿ #580 1224ۿ #937 ޤǤη358оݤˤ110ޤǤͤǤ
hellog ɼԤ heldio ꥹʡγˤȤäƤϡ褬¿Ӥˤ⤷ޤ٤ƤۿİƤ櫓ǤʤȻפޤ10֤ޤǡǤȤȤǤΤǡɼϥޥ٥1ޥ٥3ʤɤˤȤɤƤƤ⤫ޤޤͤޤǤ Voicy Υʥƥˤ뺣ǯΥĤƤޤΤǡȤ
#5353. 2023ǯ heldio ۿΥ --- ꥹʡԡ ([2023-12-23-1])
#5354. 2023ǯ heldio ۿΥ --- ȿԡ ([2023-12-24-1])
#5355. 2023ǯ heldio ǤϤۿܤޤ --- ꥹʡȤͿԡ ([2023-12-25-1])
˵ϤޤǡֵҴŪʿͤ˴ŤץǤȤ̤ˡꥹʡγγơδؿפ졤ĥܤ⤢뤫ȻפޤΤǡդ꤬ȿǤ줿ꥹʡˤ2023ǯ heldio ο䤷ۿץǤȤ⤷ʤȴԤƤޤ
碌ưʲξɼλͤˤʤ뤫⤷ޤΤǵƤޤ
#5101. 2023ǯ1--3 heldio ([2023-04-15-1])
note ǤΥ
ꥹʡ umisio ˤ note Ǥο֤국
- 5ǯ (2023ǯ) heldio ֤롡1Ⱦ1--3ԡ
- 5ǯ (2023ǯ) heldio ֤롡2Ⱦ4--6ˡ7ޤǥ֥ꥢ
- 5ǯ (2023ǯ) heldio ֤롡3Ⱦ8--9ˡ7˴ޤ
ꥹʡ kitako ˤ Instagram Ǥ heldio ۿҲʥƥʤƤޤ
ޤ1225ʷˤˤɼƤӤ#938. 2023ǯ heldio ο䤷ۿɼۿƤޤҤİ
伫ȤɼޤɼԤƤޤ

Ʊνпʷʸʸ칶ˤοإԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯˤĤơhellog Ǥ#5316. Shakespeare κʰʼɮǯ --- пˡإԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯˤ ([2023-11-16-1]) #5323. Shakespeare μʷ --- пˡإԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯˤ ([2023-11-23-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥޤ
ΤӿᤰäưȤ Voicy heldio Ǥ̤¸ޤΤǡΤ餻ޤ#934. إԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯ --- ԤΰпȤ̡33ʬۤɤμܡˤǤҤİ
̤ΤʤǤϡ
(1) ܽνǤ伹ɮ
(2) Ϣ heldio ۿ#898. пΤξҲ --- إԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯˡǥꥹʡƤ礭䤤֤ʤԥǤۤͽФȤȤΤƤΤפؤβ
(3) إϥåȡ٤ˤ conscience ʸŪ
ʤɤޤȤ櫓 (3) ɬİǤʸỤ̣̄äƤФȻפޤ
ˤϡޤǤ Shakespeare αѸˤĤƱѸ˾嶽̣ФƤꡤ㤨 hellog Ǥ#4309. shall we ȤƤ shall's (= shall us) ([2021-02-12-1]) ʤɤǿƤޤ̤Ǥ⤤ʤФƤޤåʷϵʤƬɷ㤵³ڤ̤Ǥޤꤤޤ
إԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯ
Ρ#5353. 2023ǯ heldio ۿΥ --- ꥹʡԡ ([2023-12-23-1])ӺΡ#5354. 2023ǯ heldio ۿΥ --- ȿԡ ([2023-12-24-1]) ³2023ǯ heldio ۿ֤ޤ (1) ֿꥹʡפ¿ۿȡ(2) ֤͡פ¿ۿ˴Ť2ĤΥꥹȤޤΥǤ̤ۿϰΥꥹʡ˴ŤɽȽŤʤΤ¿ΤǡƸԥɽ˴ޤޤʤΤӡ10鷺Ĥޤ
İǤʤ⤷ʲСǯǯϤˤ֤ΤȤˤİ
(1) ֿꥹʡפο˴Ťۿ
1. #866. פ1 hot water 2 --- ϲ̣롩 (2023/10/14)
2. #828. رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤäƥ --- ҲļǤ (1) (2023/09/06)
3. #819. űѸ̾ with Ͻؤ (2023/08/28)
4. #680. ʤܿ͡פ Japanian ʤɤǤϤʤ Japanese ʤΡ --- ڵȤ̡ (2023/04/11)
5. #654. Ȥ tax ߤ task ޤ --- Ƥ2 (2023/03/16)
6. #650. Ѹˤηä AI 餱ʤ3Ĥͳ (2023/03/12)
7. #614. ī롼ΩƼư --- routine ä (2023/02/04)
8. #604. ʤѶǤϴ줬άΡ --- for example from hand to mouth ʤɡ (2023/01/25)
9. #590. ܤϸ¿ؿ㤤 (2023/01/11)
10. #589. come of age ͤס (2023/01/10)
(2) ֤͡פο˴Ťۿ
1. #756. "the title of the book" "the book's title" with 礵 --- khelf κŵ10ơ (2023/06/26)
2. #647. η̾Ǥߤ RE: äƲǤ (2023/03/09)
3. #662. ĸθζᤰ֥ (2023/03/24)
4. #809. ָ첽פȤɽήԤäƤ褦Ǥ (2023/08/18)
5. #876. ߹ɼϿ (7) --- ¤ (2023/10/24)
6. #585. 饤ʿͤ饤ʸؤӻϤƤäƤɤȡ --- Ȥȸʣʴط (2023/01/06)
7. #637. ʤ֥ꥫפǤϤʤΡ (2023/02/27)
8. #875. رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤॷ (1) --- ƣ foot (2023/10/23)
9. #584. 桼θ (2023/01/05)
10. #631. Ƕ褯ʹ generative äƲ --- 츻õ (2023/02/21)
ε ([2023-12-23-1]) ˰³2023ǯ heldio ۿΥޤΤϡƤȿ˴ŤѤäɽǤǯ heldio Υ夬ꡤꥹʡߥ˥ƥȤ٤ΤˤǤäƤǯǤ夬äİƤߤȤ褦ۿ⤢ä⤷ޤ
ۿ⤷äɤ̤Ȥơꥹʡγ¿ΥȤƤΤˤͳꤽǤ㤨Хȥåפ˵#821. ˥å͡ --- 93 19:00--20:00 Τ˥ꥹʡγؤθƤӤˤ112ΥȤդޤϸΤˡ֥˥å͡פȤƥꥹʡγ˥ƤƤӤǤ2̤#800. ֱѸϡʻˤȤäơˡǤפ罸ޤ --- ˤ˸ꥹʡ÷ո罸ۿǤΤ̲ۤ⥳Ȥ褯ޤ뷹褦Ǥ
ΥɽȤޤŤʤ꤬ʤ饤ʥåפȤʤäƤޤǯˤơҤĤİƤߤƤ
1. #821. ˥å͡ --- 93 19:00--20:00 Τ˥ꥹʡγؤθƤӤ (2023/08/30)
2. #800. ֱѸϡʻˤȤäơˡǤפ罸ޤ --- ˤ˸ꥹʡ÷ (2023/08/09)
3. #637. ʤ֥ꥫפǤϤʤΡ (2023/02/27)
4. #771. ָϡΤ褦 --- ǰեᤰꥹʡ÷Τ (2023/07/11)
5. #872. Ѥʥե٥åɽȻפäƤޤ --- khelf (2023/10/20)
6. #650. Ѹˤηä AI 餱ʤ3Ĥͳ (2023/03/12)
7. #704. ʤܸˤϵ졦ָ줬¿Τ --- ĤޤˤꤵƣȲħв (2023/05/05)
8. #773. ϽؤȤοΩ夲ʤ뤫 (2023/07/13)
9. #686. ѸˤμϡѸѸȤΩĤΤ (2023/04/17)
10. #672. եå˱Ѹˡfresh hel (2023/04/03)
11. #794. Ʊ֤ñФ̸ФΩƤ뤫ɤ (2023/08/03)
12. #702. ͡ߥȤϡ --- ¤ƣ蘆ޤˤȤ̡ (2023/05/03)
13. #809. ָ첽פȤɽήԤäƤ褦Ǥ (2023/08/18)
14. #690. ʤ leave βʬ줬 left ʤΡ (2023/04/21)
15. #836. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 3 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ (2023/09/14)
16. #646. ~ơפֻ̣ save (2023/03/08)
17. #667. ¤Ȥ --- ɸؤȤϲ (2023/03/29)
18. #883. ԤȸWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯ --- ¼ȤΥꥫʥѸᤰ̡ (2023/10/31)
19. #635. ѸܸζäƲޤ--- ޤˤڤ2ơ (2023/02/25)
20. #919. ꥹʡγˤǤǤ --- heldio İϤäϲǤ (2023/12/06)
21. #669. Ѹ˥ with ޤˤ (2023/03/31)
22. #670. Ѹ˥ with ޤˤ³ԡˡ (2023/04/01)
23. #882. ߹ɼϿ (8) --- ݡαѸ (2023/10/30)
24. #633. Ф䤤ΩƤ (2023/02/23)
25. #678. 47ˡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥåפ heldio ǤϤޤ (2023/04/09)
26. #829. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 2 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ (2023/09/07)
27. #654. Ȥ tax ߤ task ޤ --- Ƥ2 (2023/03/16)
28. #656. ߤˤΤܤѸˡ (2023/03/18)
29. #885. 狼狼 --- khelf ƣȻ߷Ȥλ̡ (2023/11/02)
30. #903. "potato kid" Υԥ --- إڥαѸˡ٤ξҲ (2023/11/20)
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