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word_order - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2022-12-14 Wed

#4979. Ȥ to not do ŪˤϤä [split_infinitive][infinitive][syntax][negative][prescriptive_grammar][word_order]

#4976. ʬΥ׻Ϥ ([2022-12-11-1])#4977. ʬΥ14餢äΤ19ȾС ([2022-12-12-1]) ³ʬΥ (split_infinitive) 夲ƤδϢ Jespersen ɳ򤤤Ƥơto ư츶δ֤ not never ä륿פʬΥλ㤬ŪˤäȤΤäʸˡǤ not to do θ礬§ȤƤ뤬ɬ⤽ǤϤʤäȤˤʤ롥Jespersen Ѥ롥

   §20.48. Not and never are often placed before to: Wilde P 38 one of the things I shall have to teach myself is not to be ashamed of it (but to not be would have been clearer) | she wished never to see him again (here never belongs to the inf., but in she never wished . . . it would belong to wished; the sentences are parallel to wished not to . . . : did not wish to . . .) | Maugham MS 140 I trained myself never to show it | Hardy L 77 they thought it best to accept, so as not to needlessly provoke him (note the place of the second adverb) | Macaulay H 1.84 he bound himself never again to raise money without the consent of the Houses | Bromfield ModHero 154 long since she had come never to speak of her at all.
   But the opposite word-order is also found: Lewis MS 140 having the sense to not go out | id B 137 I might uv expected you to not stand by me | Browning l.521 And make him swear to never kiss the girls (rhythm!).


ʬΥФ櫓Ϥ⤷ȡ˸¤餺ưʶ˽θޤǹϤƤߤȡäȤ⤷ʤΤǤϤʤˤС꼭֤ȤѸ˾礭ˤ⡤ɬŪ˴ؤäƤ˰㤤ʤ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-07-30-1] [2022-12-16-1]

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2022-12-12 Mon

#4977. ʬΥ14餢äΤ19Ⱦ [split_infinitive][prescriptive_grammar][infinitive][syntax][terminology][word_order]

ε#4976. ʬΥ׻Ϥ ([2022-12-11-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ʬΥ (split_infinitive) ˤĤơJespersen Τ褦ƳͿƤ롥 "split" ǤϤʤȡ20Ⱦ Jespersen λˤäƤʬΥؤϴ¤ƤƤ뤳ȡ14ߤ뤬äΤ19ȾФǤ뤳ȤʤɤƤ롥

   §20.41. The term 'split infinitive' is generally accepted for the insertion of some word or words between to and an infinitive---which thus is not really 'split', but only separated from the particle that usually comes immediately before it.
   While the phenomenon was formerly blamed by grammarians ("barbarous practice" Skeat in Ch MP 355) and rigorously persecuted in schools, it is now looked upon with more lenient eyes ("We will split infinitives sooner than be ambiguous or artificial" Fowler MEU 560), and even regarded as an improvement (Curme). It is as old as the 14th c. and is found sporadically in many writers of repute, especially after the middle of the 19th c.; examples abound in modern novels and in serious writings, not perhaps so often in newspapers, as journalists are warned against it by their editors in chief and are often under the influence of what they have learned as 'correct' at school. Curme is right in saying that it has never been characteristic of popular speech.


ʬΥˤ to ư츶δ֤˳äǤϡۤȤɤξ硤ʶˤѸ줫νˤĤƤϡưŪȤʤ̾ʶˤ֤to + Ū + ưפȤʤΤäȤդ Jespersen ꤤĤߤƤߤ褦θ϶ḽǤϤˤߤʤ

   §20.44. In ME we sometimes find an object between to and the infinitive: Ch MP 6.128 Wel lever is me lyken yow and deye Than for to any thing or thinke or seye That mighten yow offende in any tyme | Nut-Brown Maid in Specimens III. x. 180 Moche more ought they to god obey, and serue but hym alone.
   This seems never to be found in ModE, but we sometimes find an apposition to the subject inserted: Aumonier Q 194 Then they seemed to all stop suddenly.


ʬΥȤäƤ⡤ѸŪˤߤȽ꤬äƤ⤷

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.

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2022-12-11 Sun

#4976. ʬΥ׻Ϥ [split_infinitive][prescriptive_grammar][stigma][infinitive][latin][syntax][terminology][word_order]

#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1]) Ǥڤ褦ʬΥ (split_infinitive) ϵʸˡΤʤǤ١ʰ̾ˤι⤤ˡǤ롥ϡto boldly go Τ褦ˡto to ưθȤδ֤ʤ¾Ǥǡ줬ʬΥפƤޤˡΤȤ"cleft infinitive" Ȥ̾⤢롥
Ūˤϡ#2992. Ѹˤʸȯã ([2017-07-06-1]) Ǥߤ褦Ѹ㤬ߤ졤̾ʸϵҤˤäƻѤƤаޤ뤬εʸˡ (prescriptive_grammar) ˤѤȤ򲡤졤ߤ˻ޤԤȤưƤ롥OED ˤȡʬΥλѤˤ infinitive-splitting Ȥ̾դƤꡤκͤ infinitive-splitter ȤƸؤؤ뤳ȤˤʤäƤʾСˡ

infinitive-splitting n.
   1926 H. W. Fowler Dict. Mod. Eng. Usage 447/1 They were obsessed by fear of infinitive-splitting.

infinitive-splitter n.
   1927 Glasgow Herald 1 Nov. 8/7 A competition..to discover the most distinguished infinitive-splitters.


ʤʸˡȤФΤȤȡƥʸˡȤΤƥǤ϶ޤˤ īre (to go) Τ褦1ɽ蘆롥äơѸΤ褦 to ưθ2줫ʤ櫓ǤϤʤˡʬΥ褦ʤΤ褦ˤ⤽ʬΥʤƥʸˡϤȤơʬΥƤϤʤʤȤ§ѸȤۤʤƤϤ褦ȤƤΤ顤ȤƤäˤʤʤ˻ޤǥƥʸˡΰҿäˡʸˡϤ鼫Ω뤳ȤʤʤǤˤΤǤ롥ơ;Ȥϸˤ³Ƥ롥
ǤϡʬΥѤȤ뵬ϼŪʰϤϤɤɤޤäƤƤ롥äβս뤳ȤʸդΤˤΤͭפʾˤϡʤƤ褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥2--3ΤʬΥդƤ (stigma) ĤȤƤΤ򡤻䤿ܤˤƤΤǤ롥ޤ˱Ѹˤΰ롥
ʬΥˤĤƤϡAmerican Heritage Dictionary Usage Notes split infinitive ɤߤΤ⤬Τǡ⻲ȡ

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2022-12-07 Wed

#4972. ŪʶϤȤƤ I not say. (2) [negative][syntax][word_order][negative_cycle][shakespeare][eebo]

#2233. ŪʶϤȤƤ I not say. ([2015-06-08-1]) ǰټ夲Ѹ˾Ωʤθ˴ؤ˺Ƥܤ
űѸ줫Ѹˤơ꼭Ȥ ne ѤˤϡS + ne + Vפθ礬§Ūä꼭Ȥ not Ѥ褦ˤʤȡS + V + notפθ礬§ȤʤꡤS + not + Vפˤޤʹ¤Ȥʤä"Jespersen's cycle" ȾΤ깽¤̻ŪѲΤʤǤS + not + VפϤޤ֤ŤƤ餺褯ƤŪʰˤȤɤޤ롥
Visser (III, §1440) ϡType 'He not spoke (those words)' ι¤ˤĤƤ⤦ǫ˥ȤƤꡤʸ50ʾ彸Ƥ롥ȤѤ褦

Before 1500 this type is only sporadically met with, but after 1500 its currency increases and it becomes pretty common in Shakespeare's time. After c1700 a decline sets in and in Present-day English, where the type 'he did not command' is the rule, the idiom is chiefly restricted to poetry. . . . According to Smith (Mod. Språ 27, 1933) it is still used in Modern literary English in order to contrast a verb with a preceding one, e.g. 'The wise mother suggests the duty, not commands it'. The frequency of the use of this type in the 16th and 17th centuries seems to have escaped the attention of grammarians. Thus 1951 Söderlind (p. 218) calls a quotation from Dryden's prose containing this construction "a unique instance of not preceding the finite verb", and 1953 (Ellegård (p. 198) states: "not hardly ever occurred before the finite verb." Poutsma's earliest example (1928 I, i p. 102) is a quotation from Shakespeare. The following statement is interesting, ignoring as it does the occurrence of the idiom between "O.E." (=?perhaps: Middle English) and modern poetry: 1876 Ernest Adams, The Elements of the English Language p. 217: "Frequently in O.E. and, rarely, in modern poetry, do and the infinitive are not employed in negative propositions: I not repent my courtesies---Ford; I not dislike the course.---Ibid.; I swear it would not ruffle me so much As you that not obey me---Tennyson."


ΥȤθ1400ǯ20˻ޤǤʸ¿󤵤Ƥ롥Ȥ櫓Ѹܤ EEBO ʤɤε祳ѥĴСʤʸΤǤϤʤ

Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

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2022-11-01 Tue

#4936. ʤŪֻŪ줬ȤʤưʸǽʤΤ [passive][syntax][inflection][verb][me][sobokunagimon][word_order]

Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǡꥹʡ󤫤󤻤줿˲#517. Ū줬ˤʤư֤Ѹȯ --- He was given a book.ۿޤҤİ



§ȤƸűѸǤưľŪ줬Ȥʤưʸ¸ߤޤǤȤ³ѸˤʤꡤưδŪֻŪޤǤ⤬ȤʤưʸǽȤʤäƤޤʳפ (125--31) ˡϤۿؤ­Ȥʤޤ
Fischer ˤСѸǤϼΤ٤ƤμưʸǽǤ

1 The book was selected by the committee
2 Nicaragua was given the opportunity to protest
3 His plans were laughed at
4 The library was set fire to by accident


Ѹ˸Ǥϡμưʸγ˴ؤ¿ʤƤޤĤιͤΤΡͼư (passivisation) ˴ؤ쵬§ŬϰϤѲƤȤȤ館¿褦Ǥפˡưоݤ֤ȤȤưľŪ줫ŪءֻŪس礷ƤȤǤ
1ĤβǤ⤷ȤƤ⡤ʤʤΤȤŪɬפޤưȤϰۤʤ뤱ɤⲿ餫Ǵط츽ݤˤƤѲ礬äƤȤСȹ碌ƹͻɬפޤդλ Fischer (384) ˸äƤ餤ޤ礦

There are two general paths along which one could look for an explanation of these developments. One can hypothesise that there was a change in the nature of the rule that generates passive constructions . . . Another possibility is that there was a change in the application of the rule due to changes having taken place elsewhere in the system of the language . . . The latter course seems to be the one now more generally followed. Additional factors that may have influenced the spread of passive construction are the gradual loss of the Old English active construction with indefinite man . . . (this construction could most easily be replaced by a passive) and the change in word order . . . .


ѲβȸڤϡʤʤưפǤϤޤ󡥤Τ˱ѸˤȤʬꡤ椬³ƤΤǤ

ס ˡŪˤ븽αʸˡ١罤ۡ1990ǯ.
Fischer, Olga. "Syntax." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 207--408.

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2022-10-16 Sun

#4920. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ20֤ʤѸʸˤϼ줬ɬפʤΡ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][word_order][syntax][impersonal_verb][hellog_entry_set]

δñѸ in English٤11椬ȯ䤵ޤϢܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפ20ȤʤޤϤʤʤܼŪ䤤֤ʤѸʸˤϼ줬ɬפʤΡפ夲Ƥޤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ11



ѤʵǤ뤫餳줤Τ񤷤Ǥ͡äܸϼ줬ʤƺѤΤۤ¿ΤǡоȤȡѸΡּФ¸ߤʤФʤʤפȤʶ̾򤷤ˤǤ⤷ˤ櫓ǤʤѸϤʤ˼¸ߤˤ뤵Τȡ
ȤѸˤ򿶤֤äƤߤȡűѸѸȤŤˤϡɬ줬¸ߤʤʸ⤢äΤǤ⡤¸ߤ٤ʤΤ˾άƤȤǤʤ⤽¸ߤꤵƤʤʤĤޤά褦ˤά٤Τʤ˥餢äΤǤ
ϢܵǤϡդλޤκǸǤϡʸǼưҤä֤ꡤ̿ʸǼά쵬§ˤĤƤڤޤ11˼äƤߤƤ

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2022-08-24 Wed

#4867. Ѹʸ¤򸫤2Ĥλ --- ̿󥰡ֱѸء Day 3 [english_linguistics][syntax][generative_grammar][word_order][voicy][2022_summer_schooling_english_linguistics][cognitive_linguistics]

ֱѸءץ󥰤 Day 3 ǤϡѸ (syntax) ܤޤ1950ǯȾ Noam Chomsky ư衤ޤǤϤۤܤƤʤä椬Ȥߤ˳ȯޤʸˡ (generative_grammar) ӤȡǤΥȤ George Lakoff Ronald W. Langacker Ƴ1980ǯȾǧʸˡδޤϤǤܤ³ޤcf. #3532. ǧθΩη ([2018-12-28-1]
Ȥ櫓ѸϡָθפʤΤϽפǤѸȤΰû֤ǰ˾褦ȤΤ̵ΤǤŪΰ̤Ϥ̣äƤߤȻפޤ



1. ʸˡ
1.1 ĥ꡼
1.2 #1820. c-command ([2014-04-21-1])
1.3 #2136. 3ñ -s ʸˡˤʬϡ ([2015-03-03-1])
1.4 #4860. ʸˡǤμưʸκ ([2022-08-17-1])
2. ǽŪʸ
2.1 ¤ȴ: #3831. ʤѸˤϴ줬ΤǤ ([2019-10-23-1])
2.2 #4641. ΥǥեȤν --- ֡֡տ ([2022-01-10-1])
2.3 #4864. ưȻ ([2022-08-21-1])
3. ѸθȤ: #4527. ѸθˤѤǤͤҲ ([2021-09-18-1])
4. heldio #450. ѸءѸˤεå




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2022-06-11 Sat

#4793. ¿˻İƤƤޤ塦Ĥ YouTube 30ơֱѸθΤ SOV äΤˤʤ SVO ѤäͤƤߤ [word_order][syntax][youtube][notice][link][inoueippei]

68ʿˤˡYouTube ְʼδѸظإͥ 30ƤޤֱѸθΤ SOV äΤˤʤ SVO ѤäͤƤߤ!!30󡪡Ǥ٤¿˻İƤƤ褦Ǥؿä¿ȻפޤΤǡϤˤĤƾ­Ȼפޤ



ܸǹͤȡޥĸǤ SOVűѸǤ SOV + SVOѸʹߤ SVO ȤΤ绨ĤήǤܸ̻ŪѲˤĤƤϡޤǤ hellog ¾͡˰äƤޤΤǡʲ˥󥯤ʤɤĥäƤޤ嵭 YouTube ưȹ碌ƤȤ

ΡѸˤˤѲѰۤȤθ

#3127. ĸ줫鸽Ѹؤδܸοܡ ([2017-11-18-1])
#132. űѸ줫Ѹؤθȯã ([2009-09-06-1])
#4597. űѸ6Ĥΰۤʤ硧SVO, SOV, OSV, OVS, VSO, VOS ([2021-11-27-1])
#4385. Ѹ줬Τ SV θäȻפäƤޤ󤫡 ([2021-04-29-1])
#2975. ޤοȸθ경ζϴط ([2017-06-19-1])

Ρܸ෿]

#137. θδܸ ([2009-09-11-1])
#3124. ܸ෿ (1) ([2017-11-15-1])
#3125. ܸ෿ (2) ([2017-11-16-1])
#3128. ܸ෿ (3) ([2017-11-19-1])
#3129. ܸ෿ (4) ([2017-11-20-1])
#4316. ܸ췿 SOV ϷŪɸѸ췿 SVO Ϥ⤿ʤ ([2021-02-19-1])
#3734. ٥ȸ VSO ε ([2019-07-18-1])

ΡϢܵʤɤξҲ𡡡

ѸϢܴʸҡָѸѸˤλͤ1112
- #3131. Ϣ11֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤԡˡס ([2017-11-22-1]) Ϣܵؤľܥפ
- #3160. Ϣ12֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤʸԡˡס ([2017-12-21-1]) Ϣܵؤľܥפ
μͭӥMondǤβܸʤSOVѸʤSVOӥʤVSOʤɸˤäƸ礬ۤʤޤϤɤΤ褦ʸ㤤ʤΤǤ礦
#3733.رѸ춵٤Ϣ5֤ʤѸϸ礬ʤ˷ޤäƤΤס ([2019-07-17-1])
#4583. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ9֤ʤѸθ SVO ʤΡס ([2021-11-13-1])
#4527. ѸθˤѤǤͤҲ ([2021-09-18-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2024-08-11-1]

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2022-04-20 Wed

#4741. ֤ȼưֲζ [word_order][passive][inversion][syntax][information_structure]

(inversion) ȼưֲ (passivisation) Ȥ2ĤŪˤ϶̤䤬롥ŪʼʳǤŵŪ (topic) ôƬΰ֤ưȤǤȤȤС2ĤŪϤȤ경 (topicalisation) Ȥ׵˱ƤʤʤΤǤ롥
֤ȼưֲˤϡ̣롥䡤ȤȤäۤŬڤξԤϥåȤǡޤ褷Ƥ褦ʤΤǤ롥Seoane (379) εѤ褦

. . . inversion and passivization operate in different syntactic environments: passivization applies to transitive verbs whereas inversion applies to intransitive and copular clauses. Empirical studies . . . have made manifest that the tendency of inversion to apply to intransitive clauses was already observed in OE, ME, and EModE, when intransitive verbs dominate in the inverted (XVS) order, while there is a predominance of transitive verbs in the non-inverted order (XSV, probably determined by the need to maintain the cohesion between V and O . . .). As argument-reversing constructions, therefore, passivization and inversion were in a nearly complementary distribution and passives were almost the only order-rearranging pattern available for transitive clauses.


ʤۤɡ֤ȼưֲϡ줾켫ưʸ¾ưʸˤȤ㤤Ϥʤ⡤ܻؤƤȤǤƱߤƤȤ롥2ĤβˤϷŪ˰ۤʤ뤳Ȥ1Ĥ롥ϡ֤ͭɸФưֲФϤޤ̵ɸǤ뤳ȤΰѤˤ³1ʸѤ褦 (Seoane 379)

However, the most significant difference between the two argument-reversing devices is that, even if they satisfy the same discourse constraints, inversion produces marked topics, while passivization is the only strategy reversing the order of clausal constituents and creating unmarked topics/subjects.


ޤ֤ȼưֲӤĤƹͤȤʤäΤǡȤƤ⿷ʸä

Seoane, Elenna. "Information Structure and Word Order Change: The Passive as an Information-Rearranging Strategy in the History of English." Chapter 15 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 360--91.

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2022-01-11 Tue

#4642. űѸΥǥեȤνϡ֤Ĥɤǡ [oe][adverb][syntax][word_order][information_structure]

ε#4641. ΥǥեȤν --- ֡֡տ ([2022-01-10-1]) ǡѸ¤ӽˤĤƼ夲Ȥ櫓褯Ȼפֶ֡פȡֻ֡פ¤ӽϡǥեȤǤϤνĤޤ֤ɤǤġפǤ롥ܸǤϡ֤Ĥɤǡפ̤ʤΤǡȿФνȤȤˤʤ롥
ǤϡŤѸǤϤɤäΤѸȰۤʤꡤűѸǤϡ˸¤ʤ˸礬ŪͳäȤ𤬤äΤȤΥǥեȤθˤƶƤΤ˴ؤơűѸʬۤˤĤ York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose ѤĴ Chrambach ʸɤǤߤ͡ʥѥ᡼ꤷ¿ҲϤߤƤ롥
ȤƤϡѸΡ֤ɤǤġפȤȿФΡʤĤޤܸΡˡ֤ĤɤǡפȤȤΤ褦ηϡűѸγƻ˴ؤƻٻ졤ƥȤǤƥȤǤƱͤ˳ǧ졤ˤطʤȤΤȤ (Chrambach 52)
ǤϡʤűѸǤϡ֤ĤɤǡפäΤʸǤϡ֤ʤפޤǤƧ߹ǤʤʬۤˤĤ餫ˤʤäȤϤ褦ʬۤˤ REALIZATION FORM OBLIGATORINESS 2ĤװѤƤȤŪˤСֻפ뤤ϡղûʸפȤĤʤ꤬뤳Ȥȡ줬֤ĤɤǡפνȤƸ뤳ȤȤŦƤ (Chrambach 52--53)
űѸΥѥΥǡ˴ŤפȤʸǡưפ˲᤹뤳ȤϤǤʤΤ⤷ηȤȡѸϸűѸŪʡ֤Ĥɤǡץפ顤ѸŪʡ֤ɤǤġץפ˥եȤƤȤˤʤ롥ϤʤʤΤѸѸǤνϤɤäΤˤĤơ̸Ūˡ뤤෿Ω줫鲿Τ̣򤽤䤤Ǥ롥

Chrambach, Susanne. "The Order of Adverbials of Time and Place in Old English." Contact, Variation, and Change in the History of English. Ed. Simone E. Pfenninger, Olga Timofeeva, Anne-Christine Gardner, Alpo Honkapohja, Marianne Hundt and Daniel Schreier. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2014. 39--59.

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2022-01-10 Mon

#4641. ΥǥեȤν --- ֡֡տ [adverb][syntax][word_order][information_structure]

ɸϡѸǤФм夲Ǥ롥ղø (adjunct) ȸƤФ礬ϢȤɤΤ褦ʽ֤ΤQuirk et al. (8.87) "Relative positions of adjuncts" ˤƳ⤷ƤƤΤǡݡѤ

In the relevant sections, we have given indications of the norms of position in respect of each class of adjunct. We turn now to consider the positions of adjunct classes in respect of each other. Two general principles can be stated, applying to relative order whether within a class or between classes:

   (i) The relative order, especially of sentence adjuncts, can be changed to suit the demands of information focus . . . .
   (ii) Shorter adjuncts tend to precede longer ones, and in practice this often means that adverbs precede noun phrases, which precede prepositional phrases, which precede nonfinite clauses, which precede finite clauses.

   Subject to these general principles, where adjuncts cluster in E [= end] position, the normal order is:
   
      respect --- process --- space --- time --- contingency

It would be highly unusual to find all such five at E (or indeed all such five in the same clause), but for the purposes of exemplification we might offer the improbable and stylistically objectional (sic). . .:

   John was working on his hobby [respect] with the new shears [process] in the rose garden [place] for the whole of his day off [time] to complete the season's pruning [contingency].

The same point could be made more acceptably (but at greater length) by forming a series of sentences, each with any two of these adjuncts.
   Adjuncts that can occur at I (= initial) are usually those that either have relatively little information value in the context (eg in reflecting what can be taken for granted) or are relatively inclusive or 'scene-setting' in their semantic role (eg an adjunct of time). Thus:

   That whole morning, he devoted himself to his roses.

Not only is the adjunct at I one of time, but the anaphoric that indicates that the period concerned has already been mentioned. It is unusual to have more than one adjunct at I except where one is realized by a pro-form (especially then), but they would tend to be in the reverse order to that observed at E. In practice, this usually means:

   space --- time orprocess --- time

For example:

   In America [A1], after the election [A2], trade began to improve.
   Slowly [A1] during this period [A2] people were becoming more prosperous.


Ȥ櫓֤Ȼ֤ˤĤƤϸѸǤϤνǡʤ֤ɤǤġפν֤Τ̤Ǥ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥ܸǤ֤̾ĤɤǡפȤʤΤǡȿФȤȤˤʤ롥
ˤĤƱѸˤδδؿϡΤ餳νäΤȤǤ롥⤷Ȥˡɤä褦ʤΤǤ롥εǡ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-24-1] [2022-01-11-1]

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2022-01-08 Sat

#4639. ѸˤƤưʸ [passive][syntax][word_order][information_structure][statistics][hc]

̤˸ˤơ¤ (information_structure) δ顤ȤʤʼȤϸ¤ʤˤʸƬʸ֤Τ˾ޤȤ롥ܸΤ褦ʼͳʸĸǤС¸뤳ȤϤ䤹ºݡܸƱͤ˸礬ŪͳäűѸǤ⡤ξ¤׵˱뤳Ȥ񤷤ʤä
ḽѸΤ褦ʤ褽경ĸξˤϡ餫ιפ򤳤餵ʤФʤʤűѸ줫ѸˤʸʸˡȤƤV2§졤礬경ƤˤĤơȤʤʸƬˤäƤ뤿ˡˤʤäΤ褦ʾˤäơפʼʤ1Ĥܤ褦ˤʤäΤưʸǤ롥ǽưʸˤŪ줬Ȥʤ硤ǽưʸưʸ˴뤳ȤˤꡤŪ줬ȤʤꡤʤʸƬ֤褦ˤʤ뤫
θ경ȼưʸ¿ѲȤ츫Ω2ĤŪݤϡ¤ȤŪʳǰΩȤƴϢŤΤǤ롥ϡ#4561. Ⱦ¤θ ([2021-10-22-1]) ̤Ǥ롥ʤȤⲾȤƤ϶̣
β¾ڤ褦Ȥ Seoane 롥Helsinki Corpus 1518ޤǤʬʤʤV2§줿λΥ֥ѥˤѤĴˤСʲ̤ꡤɤäƼưʸΨƤ뤳Ȥʬ (Seoane 371)

 WordsActivesPercent activePassivesPercent passive
M4 (1420--1500)44,0002,92881.964718.0
E1 (1500--1570)50,0002,23678.561221.4
E2 (1570--1640)48,0002,55077.972222.0
E3 (1640--1710)55,0002,89378.52,90321.3
Total197,00010,60778.52,90321.3


ɽطʤˤ륳ѥΰǡνˤĤƤɬפSeoane ˤСǽưʸμϼưʸǤ륿פΤΤ˸¤äƤȤޤѸǤ褯ΤƤ̤ꡤưʸ٤ϥƥȥפ礭¸뤿ᡤιθɬפǤ롥ޤưʸǹ԰ټԤ򼨤 by ̵ͭ⡤θ٤ѥ᡼ȤʤʼºݡSeoane ʸǤϤδˤդʧƤˡ
ɽϤޤ绨ĤĴ̤Ȳ᤹٤Ǥꡤ嵭β¾ڤȤޤǤϤʤѥ礭Υѥ᡼Ƥ뤳Ȥˤäơ¾ڤ˶ŤȤϤǤ뤫⤷ʤ⤳βΥϡθ경ȼưʸ¿ѲδطäȤפФξԤΰ̴ط¾ڤˤϡɤλˤĤƲɤ餫ˤФ褤Τ

Seoane, Elenna. "Information Structure and Word Order Change: The Passive as an Information-Rearranging Strategy in the History of English." Chapter 15 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 360--91.

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2021-11-27 Sat

#4597. űѸ6Ĥΰۤʤ硧SVO, SOV, OSV, OVS, VSO, VOS [word_order][oe][syntax]

(S)ư (V)Ū (O) 3ĤǤȤ߹碌ͤȤѸˤƤ SVO §ѸˤˤƤ¾θ⸫줿ȤˤĤƤϡ#132. űѸ줫Ѹؤθȯã ([2009-09-06-1])#4385. Ѹ줬Τ SV θäȻפäƤޤ󤫡 ([2021-04-29-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲ƤʴϢ뵭ؤΥ󥯽ȤƤϡ#4527. ѸθˤѤǤͤҲ ([2021-09-18-1]) ⤴ˡ
ơűѸˤƤ S, V, O 3ǤˤĤŪ˹ͤ뤹٤Ƥθ礬ºݤ˳ǧ롥SVO, SOV, OSV, OVS, VSO, VOS 6ĤMolencki (295--96) ꡤơʸ1Ĥĵ󤲤褦

SVO: Mathathias ofsloh hine sona 'Mathathias killed him soon' (ÆLS [Maccabees] 224)
SOV: Gregorius hine afligde 'Gregory him expelled' (ÆCHom i.22.624)
OSV: Fela Godes wundra we habbað gehyred 'many God's wonders we have heard' (ÆCHom i.578.28)
OVS: hiene ofslog an efor 'him killed a wild boar' (ChronA 885)
VSO: Ða fregn he mec hwæðer ic wiste hwa ðæt wære 'then asked he me whether I knew who that were-SUBJ' (Bede 402.13)
VOS: ða andswarudon him sume þara bocera 'then answered him some of the scribes' (Lk [WSCp] 20.30)

S, V, O 3ǤθܤƤ뤬ˤϥޥˤ "verb second" θ絬§̩ܤǤꡤ뵬§μ֤ϤäʣǤ롥űѸ줬ѸΤ褦ʥθää櫓ǤϤʤȤϡʸ餫

Molencki, Rafał. "Old English: Syntax." Chapter 19 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 294--313.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-08-11-1] [2022-06-11-1]

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2021-11-13 Sat

#4583. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ9֤ʤѸθ SVO ʤΡ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][word_order][syntax][japanese]

NHK饸ֺ¡δñѸ in Englishפ12ΥƥȤȯȤʤޤϢΡֱѸΥܥʵפ9ϡ֤ʤѸθ SVO ʤΡפˤĤƼ夲ޤ

δñѸ in English2021ǯ12



6ᤫʤ뺣ϢܵξФϤ줾ʲ̤Ǥ

1. ֻסäޤסֱѸ
2. θθ
3. ܸȤϡ
4. ΤαѸ SVO ФǤϤʤä
5. ֽפΤäƤޤä
6. ȤΤϡȥƥȡ

ѸϸθǤܸ͡ˤĤƤʸˡѸ¿Τ餺Ȥ⡤ѸˤĤơ5ʸפSVOפʤɤѸʹȤΤʤͤϤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦ʸˡȤиʸˡΤȤȤä礭ʴְ㤤Ϥޤ󡥸¤äޤäƤΤѸȤħǤ
ǤΤ˸αѸϸθȤäƤ褤ΤǤˤ̤äƸŤѸƤߤȡ¤ϸŪͳäΤǤѸΤ褽ǯλѤǤűѸ (Old English) Ǥ SVO ϳΤͥǤϤäΤΡSOV ̤ˤߤޤ VSO ʤɤ⤢ޤۤɥ˸礬ޤäƤǤϤʤäΤǤ
Ƥλ¤ΤäȤˤϹȴˤʤޤ͡ѸϺǽ餫θä櫓ǤϤʤˤ̤ƸθѲƤȤȤʤΤǤ
ǤϡġɤΤ褦ˤơʤθȤʤäΤϱѸˤˤǤפ1ĤǤꡤμդȹ碌ƺʤ³Ƥޤ
ϢܵǤϡѸˤˤ뤳̥Ūʤ٤פҲ𤷤ޤɤ줯餤Ƥ뤫ʬޤ󤬡ʤȤ p. 132 θűѸνإ١ա٤ˤʤ͸١դȲʪǥΥ饹Ȥɬʢ饹ȥ졼ΥХ󡤤Ĥ⤢꤬Ȥޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-08-11-1] [2022-06-11-1]

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2021-10-22 Fri

#4561. Ⱦ¤θ [word_order][syntax][information_structure]

ѸˤˤƤϡˤƸ (word_order) ѲƤȤ䤤1ĤνפʸȤʤäƤ롥űѸǤϤ⤽ SVO ʤɤθǤϤʤŪͳä櫓ʤɤΤ褦ˤƸθ礬ȯãƤΤȤΤ礭Ȥʤ롥
ޤűѸǤϼ켫ΤɬܤǤϤʤ礤ʸȤפǤ롥ǤϡʤˤˤƼ줬ɬܤȤʤäΤŪȤʤ櫓
Τ褦ˡѸ˸ˤˤƸѲ (syntax) ˤδؿǤ³ƤȤǤ롤Ȥ츫ΤȤ館⿵Ť˺ƸƤɬפ롥ϳΤǤϤ뤬Ʊˤƾ¤ (information_structure) ˴ؤǤ⤢뤫Fischer et al. (211) ϡŪѲ򰷤äϤκǸǡΤ褦˷Ǥ롥

Word order sits at the cross-roads between syntax and information structure. On the one hand, syntax provides the basic templates that speakers can draw on to manage the information flow in and between clauses. On the other hand, the repertoire of syntactic structures available to speakers is attuned to the demands of information management. Unsurprisingly, then, it is by taking into account information structure that most recent progress in understanding word order and word-order change has been made.


¤¦ߤȡűѸΤ褦˸礬ŪǤСν𤵤椨ɽμͳ٤褬롥礬경ȡ¤󤬲ݤ졤ˤԼͳ䤦ˡ̤θŪפɬפȤʤäƤ롥
ѸؽԤǤ䤿ϱѸθŪѲ䶦ŪѰۤñ˽䤹ˤȤȤ館ƤޤˤȤäƸȤϡΤȾʬŪŪǤϤ뤬⤦ȾʬϾ¤ä˴ؤǤ뤳ȤǧƤ

Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-01-08-1]

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2021-09-18 Sat

#4527. ѸθˤѤǤͤҲ [word_order][syntax][elt][review]

̾ŲؤιⶶͤꡤҤĤ˼Ǥ줿 ԡˡμȤ˳褫ְ̣ױѸƳŪطʤȼȼ١ʤҤĤ˼2021ǯˤ򤴸ܤޤʤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ְ̣פˤѸƳˡȤΤˤĤƤϡٶμޤǤְ̣פʸˡѤĸѸΤ褦ʸˤȤäƤä꤯ΤȤȤ褯ʬޤ
ѸˤȤΩ줫ϡⶶμɮ4ϡѸˤߤذ̣١פȤ櫓⤷ɤߤޤ⤿ʤűѸˡְ̣פŬѤȡäɤʤΤޤ礬ΩѸ줫ѸˤƤưŪʻϡְ̣פǤϤɤȤ館Τְ̣פ̻˾褻ƤߤŪ¸Ȥɤߤޤ
4ϤϡݤȤƤϡְ̣ͤǤϤޤ¤ϱѸθˤûʬ䤹⤷ƤֱѸפˤʤäƤޤѸˤϸѤ˭٤ǡʤȤ˭٤ơˡʤʤѤʤΤǤ褯Ф줿ԸؤθڤˤФƤꡤΥơޤȤɤळȤǤȻפޤ礦̷ǸˤˤĤƽ񤤤ƤȤ⤢ꡤˤȤäƥ꡼Ǥ
򰷤ä hellog Ȥơʲ󤲤Ƥޤ¾ˤ word_order γƵ򤴻Ȥ

#132. űѸ줫Ѹؤθȯã ([2009-09-06-1])
#137. θδܸ ([2009-09-11-1])
#2975. ޤοȸθ경ζϴط ([2017-06-19-1])
#3124. ܸ෿ (1) ([2017-11-15-1])
#3125. ܸ෿ (2) ([2017-11-16-1])
#3128. ܸ෿ (3) ([2017-11-19-1])
#3129. ܸ෿ (4) ([2017-11-20-1])
#3127. ĸ줫鸽Ѹؤδܸοܡ ([2017-11-18-1])
#3131. Ϣ11֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤԡˡס ([2017-11-22-1])
#3160. Ϣ12֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤʸԡˡס ([2017-12-21-1])
#3733.رѸ춵٤Ϣ5֤ʤѸϸ礬ʤ˷ޤäƤΤס ([2019-07-17-1])
#4385. Ѹ줬Τ SV θäȻפäƤޤ󤫡 ([2021-04-29-1])

ԡˡμȤ˳褫ְ̣ױѸƳŪطʤȼȼ١ҤĤ˼2021ǯ
ⶶ ͤ4ϡѸˤߤذ̣١ ԡˡμȤ˳褫ְ̣ױѸƳŪطʤȼȼסҤĤ˼2021ǯ87-113ǡ

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2021-07-26 Mon

#4473. ¸ʸˤμỌ̇̄μ [syntax][word_order][be][generative_grammar][impersonal_verb][existential_sentence]

Ѹ¸ʸ (existential_sentence) ȤСThere is/are . . . . ιʸפ⤫̤֡ be ư There ϷΥߡμȤȤ館졤̣ομ be ưθ̾򤵤롥μ줬ưθȤΤϡѸ̾θ˾Ȥ餻㳰ŪȤۤʤư˷餷ΤʤФʤʤȤѸΰŪ쵬§ϡߡ there ˤäƽ餵Ƥ롥ˤ衤̤ǤʤפιʸǤ뤳Ȥ餫
Moro (149--50) ˤȡJespersen (155) ϱѸޤ᤿¿θĴ¸ʸפˤ¸߼ԡˤưθ뤳ȡŵŪʼ餷񤤤򤷤ʤȤŦ

Whether or not a word like there is used to introduce [existential sentences], the verb precedes the subject, and the latter is hardly treated grammatically like a real subject.


㤨СɥĸǤ Es gibt viele Kartoffeln "(lit.) it gives many potatoes; There are many potatoes" Τ褦ˡϷŪˤŪȤɽ蘆롥ե󥹸Ǥ Il y a beaucoup de livres. "(lit.) it there has lots of books; There are many books" Τ褦ɽϤ꿿ŪȤɽ롥롼ޥ˥Ǥ Sunt probleme "(lit.) are problems; There are problems" Ȥʤꡤthere ΤϤʤϤ꿿ưθ֤롥Ǥ You gui "(lit.) you have ghosts; There are ghosts" Ȥʤ롥
Moro ϱѸ there is/are ¸ʸˤߤ֤ϡष be ưΥǥեȤŪħݻ̤ǤȤ򾧤Ƥ롥̤ be ưʸμ졤㤨 John is in the garden ʤ John is a student John ϡʤư֤櫓Ūư˸֤ƤΤˤäƷ夲 (raising) 줿̤ǤȤΩȤäƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥;ư (impersonal_verb) ȤƤ be ưȤ˴ŤؿΤϡܤ Moro 3Ϥ򻲾Ȥ줿
¸ʸΤϡ#1565. existential there ε (1) ([2013-08-09-1]) ȡ#1566. existential there ε (2) ([2013-08-10-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Moro, Andrea. A Brief History of the Verb To Be. Trans. by Bonnie McClellan-Broussard. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT. P, 2017.
Jespersen, O. The Philosophy of Grammar. London: Allen and Unwin, 1924.

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2021-06-15 Tue

#4432. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ4֤ʤʸ do Ρ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][auxiliary_verb][do-periphrasis][syntax][word_order]

NHK饸ֺ¡δñѸ in EnglishפΥƥȤˤơֱѸΥܥʵפϢܤƤޤ7ΥƥȤȯޤ4Ȥʤ뺣ϡ֤ʤʸ do ΡפǤ

δñѸ in English2021ǯ7



be ư줪ӽưѤʸϡʸΤ˼ȤΡʽưҤä֤ Are you Japanese? Ȥ Can you cook? ȤФ褤ΤǤ¾ΰưѤʸξˤ do ʤ뤤Ŭ does, didˤͩΤȤޤ˸ޤѸؼԤǤСϲʤΤȸʤȤǤ͡
äȤˡŤϰư⡤ȤҤä֤Ȥˤ굿ʸäƤΤǤĤޤ Do you speak English? ǤϤʤ Speak you English? ä櫓Ǥưμˤ餺1ĤΥ롼ǰӤƤΤạ̇̄ǴñäȤˤʤޤȤ16ʹߡѸˡư˴ؤƤ do ѤȤ䤳ˡޤäƤޤʤΤ褦ݤȤΤϢܵǤϤޤ
ܥ֥ǤϢ񤤤ƤޤʲεˤŪˤ do-periphrasis εɤߤ

#486. Ū do ȯã ([2010-08-26-1])
#491. Stuart ī˿षʿʸˤ뱪Ū do ([2010-08-31-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-14-1]

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2021-04-29 Thu

#4385. Ѹ줬Τ SV θäȻפäƤޤ󤫡 [oe][bible][tower_of_babel][popular_passage][word_order][syntax][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

ɸϡϥåŪǤ뤳Ȥǧʤ⡤ѸŪˤϿ˹ͤƤơޤǤ
̤ʸʿʸˤ˴ؤ¤ꡤѸˤ̤Ƽ (S) ư (V) Ȥ SV 礬ͥäȤϴְ㤤ޤ󡥸ߡܴۤ SV ǸǤޤäƤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦ǯۤθűѸˤƤƱͤ SV ܴۤʤǥեȸäȤ뤫Ȥȡɬ⤽ǤϤޤVS 礬ޤ޸줿Ǥ
ֱܲѸƳ2021ʹǤرˤɽ줿ƥĤϤդŪ˰äƤޤֱѸθ SV ǤϤʤä
ΥƥǤϡ1֤ۤΡ#4378. űѸؤ褦 --- ֥Х٥פθűѸǤ ([2021-04-22-1]) Ǥ夲줿֥Х٥פθűѸǡѸǡѸǡѸǤѤ̻ŪӤʤƤޤ (cf. #2929. 11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤ7ɤ١ ([2017-05-04-1])ˡƻǤΡ֥Х٥פΤ˴ؤơʸθǫӤΤǤη̡ŤǤФۤ VS 礬иƤ뤳ȤǧޤŤȤơʿʸδܸ礬 SV äȤϳΤʤΤǤޥΥƥʤ VS ǽäΤǤ
λ¤¿αѸؽԤˤȤäƾ׷ŪǤϤʤǤ礦Ѹδܸ SV ǤȤޤƤϤǤͤƤߤиѸˤŪȤϤ Here comes (V) the train (S). In no other part of the world is (V) more tea (S) consumed than in Britain. Τ褦ˡ礬ʸƬ˸ʿʸˤƸ礬 VS Ȥʤ¸ߤޤ
嵭鲿Ǥ礦Υƥˤ̤ꡤѸΡʸפȤ8ʸ5ʸʤ͡ʬबޤ꼰줿ˤ̤ƸǤޤäƤΤǤꡤŤϤäȼͳ٤⤫äȤȤǤʿʸǤ SV ʤ VS ٤¸ߴ򼨤Ƥ夬ꡤԤ;ϸѸˤŪʤĤäƤȤפǤ
ˤˤƤϡȤŪʹܤǤ顤Ѳ뤳ȤȤȤǤ䤬Ƥλ¤ΤäΤΤȤäǤ礦ȴˤʤޤ
οܤϰǤϤ˱ơޤǤñ˷ŪˤȤɤޤ餺ꥺ¤ʤ͡ʴͻ٤ŪʤΤǤ

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2021-03-25 Thu

#4350. å of ˤĤƳʤδƹ [preposition][case][syntax][word_order][semantic_role]

å ofפȸƤФˡ乽ʸˤĤơ#1775. rob A of B ([2014-03-07-1]) εDZѸˤδ龯ͤƤߤʤʤ񤷤ǡѸŪˤ⤭줤ˤϲ褷Ƥʤ褦Ǥ롥
Blake (134) (case) ̣ (semantic_role) δ餳äƤߤĤΤǡѤ

(39)a.The vandalsstrippedthe branchesoff the tree
agentpatientsource
b.The vandalsstrippedthe treeof its branches
agentsourcepatient


   The roles appropriate for (39a) are noncontroversial. The vandals are clearly the agent, the branches patient and the tree source. Of the two sentences (39a) would appear to be unmarked, since it exhibits a normal association of role and relation: patient with direct object and source with a noncore or peripheral relation. The ascription of roles in (39b) is more problematic. Under a common interpretation of constructions like this the tree in (39b) would still be the source and the branches the patient. But note the different in meaning. (39a) presents the situation from the point of view of the effect of the activity on the branches, whereas (39b) emphasises the fate of the tree. In fact, the phrase of its branches can be omitted from (39b). This makes it problematic for those who claim that every clause has a patient. The problem could be avoided by claiming that the tree in (39b) has been reinterpreted as a patient, but that creates the further problem of finding a different role for the branches.


åιʸˤĤƳʤŪΤ褽䤿ľŪռ̤ȤʤäƤꡤɤΤȤ̤ʤΤǤ롥Ǹ˿Ƥ褦ˡ(39b) ˤ the tree ΰ̣ patient ȤΤǤСof its branches ΰ̣ϲˤʤΤơΰ̣ô碌ֻ of ΰ̣ˡϤʤΤǤꡤ of θ¾μ׸ɤΤ褦Τȹͤ٤ʤΤ
1ĵˤʤΤϡξʸѤƤֻ줬Ʊ off of Ǥ뤳ȤʤԤ from ǤˡξƱ쵯ˤĤƤϡ#55. through θ츻 ([2009-06-22-1])#4095. 2Ÿʬ ([2020-07-13-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Blake, Barry J. Case. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.

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