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word_order - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2018-09-11 Tue

#3424. might (2) [syntax][word_order][auxiliary_verb][optative][may]

ε ([2018-09-10-1]) ε³ơ might ꡥιʸVisser (III, 1681) "Faire myght thee befalle!" פȤƼ夲Ƥ롥űѸ줫鸽ѸޤǤʸäƤꡤO(h)! that ԤޤᡤʸȯãͤǵŤʰȤʤäƤ롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥

Ælfred, Boeth. (Sedgefield) 34, 6, Eala ðæt ure tida nu ne mihtan weorðan swilce!
Blickl. Hom. 69, 7, To hwon sceolde ðeos smyrenes ðus beon to lose ȝedon? eaþe heo mehte beon ȝeseald to þrim hunde peneȝa.
c1400--50 Alexander (Ashm.) 1605, 'Ay moȝt he lefe' quod ilka man twyse (OED).
c1460 Towneley Myst. 33, Faire myght the[e] befalle!
c1460 Wakefield Miracle Play of the Crucifixion (Everym.) Libr. p. 104, That shall I do, so might I thrive!
Ibid. p. 105, 29, as might thou the!
Ibid. p. 115, 9, as ever might I thrive!
1530 Palsgrave 84, The optative mode which they vse whan they wisshe a dede to be done, as 'bien parle il', well speke he, or well myght he speke.
1575 Gammer Gurton (in: Manly, Spec. II) V, ii, 8, fye on him, wretch! And euil mought he thee for it (Or mought = mote?).
1589--9 Ben Jonson, The Case Is Altered (Everym.) II, i p. 678, That I might live alone once with my gold! O, 'tis sweet companion!
1596 Shakesp., Merch. of Ven. II, ii, 98, Lord worshipt might be, what a beard hast thou got.
1852 M. Arnold, To Marguerite, Cont'd 18, Oh might our marges meet again! (OED).
c1920 W. W. Gibson, Waters of Lethe (Coll. Poems 1926), O that we too might stand Amid unrustling reeds, That banner with dark plumes the shadowy strand! . . . O that we two might glide With eager eyes . . . Into the mist that veils the further side!
1931 R. L. Binyon, Prayer (Coll. Poems 1931), O might my love that in one heart has found such hope to cherish . . . O might it grow Till in this clear profound Part of thy peace were seen (Kr).


ʸŪ˸Ϥȡmight εʸ may εʸȤ褽Ʊͤ칽¤ѤƤꡤε OED ˰͵򤷤ƾҲ𤷤־֡Ǥϡmight ʸȯãƤŤʤ褦˻פ롥
1530ǯʸˤϹʸ˴ؤ᥿ʥȤޤޤƤꡤܤͤ롥Ǥϡmight ʸ³ˡɽȤƲ򤵤Ƥ롥

Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-28-1]

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2018-09-10 Mon

#3423. might (1) [syntax][word_order][auxiliary_verb][optative][oed][may]

ѸǤѤƤȤäƤ褤Ѹ줫Ѹˤơ may ʤ̵ might ȤˡäOED may, v.1 θ24Ǽ夲ƤΤɤΤäOED Ѥ褦

24. Used (since Middle English with inversion of verb and subject) in exclamatory expressions of wish (sometimes when the realization of the wish is thought hardly possible). poet. Perhaps Obsolete.
     This appears to have developed from the hypothetical use (sense 20a).

c1325 (?c1225) King Horn (Harl.) (1901) 166 (MED) Crist him myhte blesse.
c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 1607 (MED) Ay moȝt [a1500 Trin. Dub. mot] he lefe, ay moȝt he lefe, þe lege Emperoure!
1600 Shakespeare Merchant of Venice ii. ii. 88 Lord worshipt might he be, what a beard hast thou got.
1720 Pope tr. Homer Iliad VI. xxiv. 261 Oh!..might I..these Barbarities repay!
1852 M. Arnold To Marguerite in Empedocles 97 Now round us spreads the watery plain---Oh might our marges meet again!


might νиȯã˴Ϣơ may ɤΤ褦˴ͿƤΤƤʤΤϡ⤷Ǥ롥嵭 OED ȤƸڤƤ20aȤΤϾˤˡǤꡤĤޤ If S might V ɽȤƤ Might S V Ȥ칽¤ΤȤؤmay ʸˤĤƤΤ褦ȯãʹȤʤΤǡĤޤȤOED might may εʸϤ줾ۼηϩȯãȹͤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Τˡ1720ǯ might I Τ褦1;ñѤ륱 may ʸǤϸȤʤΤ褦 might ˡϸ̩ˤСֵפȤ̤ȯù԰٤ɽ路ƤΤ⤷ʤ
might ˤ֤Ƥʤ⸫뤳Ȥ顤־֡ǤϤ٤Ƥ뤳ȤϤǤʤ뤤ϡθʳ may εʸȹήȤǽ⤢뤫⤷ʤ might ϸޤǤ˻¾ѤȤʤäƤȤʤѤȤʤäΤˤⶽ̣롥

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-28-1] [2018-09-11-1]

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2018-09-04 Tue

#3417. may Ͻ°ˤˡȯã [syntax][word_order][auxiliary_verb][optative][oed][may]

#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1])#2256. ɽ魯 may ν ([2015-07-01-1])#2484. may ʸǤޤǡס ([2016-02-14-1]) Ǥ⤹Ǥ˿Ƥ may ιʸΩ1Ĥϡ°ˤˡI wish that S may V Τ褦ʹʸˤȯã˵뤳ȤǤ롥ʤȤ OED ϤΤ褦˹ͤƤꡤ (82) Stage 3 Stage 4 ؤοܤˤƱȯãäȤߤƤ褦OED ǤϤλѸ줫Ѹؤβϴ֤ƤΤФơϤ⤦Ѹ֤ƤȤ㤤롥
may ιʸθȤ뽾°ˤˡˤĤơOED ǤϸűѸ줫鸽ѸޤǤmay, v.1 θ9b˵󤲤Ƥ롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥

b. In clauses depending on such verbs as beseech, desire, demand, hope, wish, and their allied nouns. . . .

OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) x. 258 Hwæt wilt ðu þæt ic þe do? He cwæð: drihten þæt ic mage geseon.
1432 Charter Educ. Henry VI in Paston Lett. (1872) I. 32 The said Erle desireth..that he may putte hem from..occupacion of the Kinges service.
1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Celebr. Holye Communion f. xxiv Graunt that they maie both perceaue and knowe what thinges they ought to do.
1636 in M. Kytö Variation & Diachrony (1991) 111 I desire they may goe for shares and victuall them selves.
1771 [T. Smollett Humphry Clinker I. 197 But, perhaps, I mistake his complaisance; and I wish I may, for his sake.]
1782 W. Cowper Conversation in Poems 218 He humbly hopes, presumes it may be so.
1908 W. McDougall Introd. Social Psychol. p. vii I hope that the book may be of service to students of all the social sciences.
1970 N.Y. Times 21 Sept. 42/2 Through the new page.., we hope that a contribution may be made toward stimulating new thought.
1984 Guardian 27 Jan. 26 They found a shovel raising hopes that the lost men may have dug themselves into a snow hole.


μˤ뵧 may ιʸˤĤƤϡOED ϸ12ΤȤǵ󤲤Ƥꡤ1521ǯȤƤ롥#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1]) ǤǺܤ12ΤѤƤ

12. Used (with inversion of verb and subject) in exclamatory expressions of wish (synonymous with the simple present subjunctive, which (exc. poet. and rhetorically) it has superseded).
This use developed from sense 9b, as is shown by early examples, such as quot. 1521, in which the subject precedes may, and antecedent formulae (e.g. quot. 1501) which have a that-clause.

[1501 in A. W. Reed Early Tudor Drama (1926) 240 Wherfore that it may please your good lordship, the premisses tenderly considered to graunt a Writ of subpena to be directed [etc.].]
1521 Petition in Hereford Munic. MSS (transcript) (O.E.D. Archive) I. ii. 5 Wherefore it may please you to ennacte [etc.; cf. 1582--3 Hereford Munic. MSS (transcript) II. 265 Maye [it] pleas yo(ur)r worshipes to caule].
1570 M. Coulweber in J. W. Burgon Life Gresham II. 360 For so much as I was spoyled by the waye in cominge towards England by the Duke of Alva his frebetters, maye it please the Queenes Majestie [etc.].
1590 Marlowe Tamburlaine: 1st Pt. sig. A5v Long liue Cosroe mighty Emperour. Cosr. And Ioue may neuer let me longer liue, Then I may seeke to gratifie your loue.
1593 Shakespeare Venus & Adonis sig. Diijv Long may they kisse ech other for this cure.
1611 M. Smith in Bible (King James) Transl. Pref. sig. ⁋3 Long may he reigne.
1637 Milton Comus 32 May thy brimmed waves for this Their full tribute never misse.
1647 Prol. to Fletcher's Womans Prize in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. sig. Qqqqq2/1 A merry Play. Which this may prove.
1712 T. Tickell Spectator No. 410. ⁋6 But let my Sons attend, Attend may they Whom Youthful Vigour may to Sin betray.
1717 Entertainers No. 2. 7 Much good may it do the Dissenters with such Champions.
1786 C. Simeon in W. Carus Life (1847) 71 May this be your blessed experience and mine.
1841 Dickens Old Curiosity Shop i. viii. 121 'May the present moment,' said Dick,.. 'be the worst of our lives!'
1892 Catholic News 27 Feb. 5/5 May this smash-up of his facts remain as a warning to him.
1946 W. H. Auden Litany & Anthem for S. Matthew's Day May we worship neither the flux of chance, nor the wheel of fortune.
1986 B. Gilroy Frangipani House vii. 30 May your soul never wander and may you find eternal peace.


1712ǯǡLet my Sons attend, Attend may they ȤʬǴ let ȵ may Τ褦֤ƤΤŪǤ롥#2478. may ȴ let ȯã ([2016-02-08-1])#3416. may ȴ let ΰ̣Ū ([2018-09-03-1]) 򻲾ȡ

ʡ"May the Force Be with You!"Ѹ may ʸˤĤơסطضס642015ǯ77--84ǡ

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2018-09-03 Mon

#3416. may ȴ let ΰ̣Ū [pragmatics][semantics][syntax][word_order][speech_act][auxiliary_verb][optative][may]

#2478. may ȴ let ȯã ([2016-02-08-1]) ǡξʸΰճȤפˤĤŪʴҲ𤷤ѸζŪ⡤Huddleston and Pullum (944) ξԤΰ̣Ū˸ڤƤ롥

[Optative may C]onstruction . . . , which belongs to somewhat formal style, has may in pre-subject position, meaning approximately "I hope/pray". There is some semantic resemblance between this specialised use of may and that of let in open let-imperatives, but syntactically the NP following may is clearly subject . . . . The construction has the same internal form as a closed interrogative, but has no uninverted counterpart.


may let ְ̣Ū˻ƤȤϼΤǤʤǤְ̣פϸޤְ̣פˡȯù԰٤ȤƤΡֵפԤʤСˡִפʤΤ;ִפʳȤơֵפդΤΤϤ
Ūˤϡ³̾礬ʤ֤뤫Ūʤ֤뤫Ȥ餫˶̤ȻŦƤ롥ΤˡξԤϤ˰ۤʤ롥may let бȯù԰٤ɽ魯ɸȤȤ館θ̾γʤζ̵̤뤹줳ȤˤСָɸ̾ʡưθˡפȤʤäƤ뤳Ȥϻ¤ǤꡤŪˤƤȵ뤳ȤϤǤ롥ʤȤɽŪˤƤϡߤʤ롥
may let ⡤ʸƬư츶̿ɸꡤʸƬ Oh ǴòɸꤹΤƱͤθŪʵǽǻäƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ#2923. ȱμ ([2017-04-28-1]) Ȥ줽ʡʤΤ褦˻פ롥

Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-09-04-1]

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2018-09-02 Sun

#3415. ּܽưפֽưܼפȤʤ (3) [syntax][auxiliary_verb][inversion][word_order][optative][subjunctive][imperative][may]

Ⱥε ([2018-08-31-1], [2018-09-01-1]) ­롥Biber et al (11.2.3.4, p. 918) ˤȡּܽưפֽưܼפȤʤĶˤϡεǵ󤲤Τ˲äơ⤦2ʰʲ A Cˤ롥 may ιʸ (B) ˤĤĴ٤Ƥ˽Ф路ΤʤΤǡȹ碌3Ѥ롥A B ϸŤˡλ¸ȤȤʤΤǡŪʴäƤʸ

11.2.3.4 Special cases of inversion in independent clauses
   Some uses of inversion are highly restricted and usually confined to more or less fixed collocations. Types A and B described below are remnants of earlier uses and carry archaic literary overtones.

A Formulaic clauses with subjunctive verb forms
   The combination of the inflectionless subjunctive and inversion gives the highlighted expressions below an archaic and solemn ring:
      Be it proclaimed in all the schools Plato was right! (FICT)
      If you want to throw your life away, so be it, it is your life, not mine. (FICT)
      "I, Charles Seymour, do swear that I will be faithful, and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, her heirs and successors according to law, so help me God." (FICT)
      Long Live King Edmund! (FICT)
      Suffice it to say that the DTI was the supervising authority for such fringe banks. (NEWS)
 
B Clauses opening with the auxiliary may
   The auxiliary may is used in a similar manner to express a strong wish. This represents a more productive pattern:
      May it be pointed out that the teacher should always try to extend the girls helping them to achieve more and more. (FICT)
      May God forgive you your blasphemy, Pilot. Yes. May he forgive you and open your eyes. (FICT)
      The XJS may be an ageing leviathan but it is still a unique car. Long may it be so! (NEWS)
      Long May She Reign! (NEWS)

C Imperative clauses
   Imperative clauses may contain an expressed subject following don't . . . .


A B ΰ̣ŪŪܤ٤Ǥ롥Ȥ̿ᡤ𡤵ʤɤΡֶ˾פ롥Ūˤϡmay ʤɤˡư϶ޤˤ³ˡѤȤȯãƤ¦̤ꡤξԤ̣Ū˶ᤤطˤ뤳ȤȤǤ롥ƸѸˤɽȤƤǤϤ춦¸ƤꡤŪˤ֤Ȥǿ񤤤ƤΤϡ˶̣

Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.

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2018-09-01 Sat

#3414. ּܽưפֽưܼפȤʤ (2) [syntax][auxiliary_verb][inversion][word_order][optative][may]

ε ([2018-08-31-1]) ˰³ƤꡥHuddleston and Pullum ꡤѸǥǥեȤθ礬֤ơֽưܼפȤʤ9ĤΥҲ𤷤9Ĥ礭2ĤΥפʬȡζ礬֤뤳Ȥˤ֤ΤȡǤʤΤȤ˿ʬ롥ԤϤ2ʬ졤Τ褦ʶ礬ɬ֤ʤФʤʤȡ֤ǤդǤ륱Ȥ̤롥Huddleston and Pullum (97) ޤȤ褦

UNTRIGGEREDTRIGGERED
obligatoryoptional
Closed interrogativesOpen interrogativesExclamatives
Conditional inversionInitial negativeOther fronted elements
Optative mayInitial only
Initial so/such


Ȥ櫓̣Τ "UNTRIGGERED" °3Ǥ롥̾ˤä "TRIGGER" ˤΤˤĤƤϡΰ⤬뤫֤ΤɽŪˤǼ뤳ȤǤʤ꿼ɵ᤹СϤǤϤ뤬ˡUNTRIGGERED 3ˤĤƤϡɽȤƤΰ⤬櫓ǤʤΤ褦ʹʸǤϤñ֤ʤФʤʤΤȤ§褦˻פ롥ȤϤŪʤΤ˸ŪưŤϤʤΤ
"UNTRIGGERED" 3Τ"Closed interrogatives" ˤϡּܽưפʸꡤ"Conditional inversion" ˤif ܼܽưפȤ롥Ȥ"Optative may" ˤĤƤɸŪȤ٤ʸʤ may ΩĤȤΤϡɤŪˤ϶ˤðۤΤ褦Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϡ#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1])#2256. ɽ魯 may ν ([2015-07-01-1])#2478. may ȴ let ȯã ([2016-02-08-1])#2484. may ʸǤޤǡס ([2016-02-14-1]) ǰäƤΤǡȤ

Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-09-02-1]

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2018-08-31 Fri

#3413. ּܽưפֽưܼפȤʤ (1) [syntax][auxiliary_verb][inversion][word_order][exclamation][optative][may]

ѸκǤ̤θϡּܡʽưפǤ롥ĤΥǤϡỤ̄ŪŪưŤˤꡤθ礬 (inversion) 뤳Ȥ֡ʽưܼפȤʤ롥Ǥưư˸ꤷǡɤΤ褦ʥ뤫Huddleston and Pullum (94--96) ʬफ󤷤Ƥߤ褦

(1) Ĥʸ (Closed interrogatives)
- Can she speak French?
- Does she speak French?

(2) 줿ʸ (Open interrogatives)
- What did she tell you?
- Where did you go after that?
- What is she doing?

(3) òʸ (Exclamatives) ʤܽưθǽ
- What a fool have I been?
- How hard did she try?

(4) Ǥ֤ (Initial negative)
- Not one of them did he find useful.
- Nowhere does he mention my book.

(5) only ֤ (Initial only)
- Only two of them did he find useful.
- Only once had she complained.

(6) so/such ֤ (Initial so/such)
- So little time did we have that we had to cut corners.
- Such a fuss would he make that we'd all agree.
- You got it wrong and so did I.

(7) ¾Ǥ֤ (Other fronted elements)
- Thus had they parted the previous evening.
- Many another poem could I speak of which sang itself into my heart.
- The more wives he had, the more children could he beget.
- Well did I remember the crisis of emotion into which he was plunged that night.

(8) (Conditional inversion)
- Had he seen the incident he'd have reported it to the police.

(9) may (Optative may)
- May you both enjoy the long and happy retirement that you so richly deserve.
- May the best man win!
- May you be forgiven!

ƤߤȡѸǤǥեȤΡּܽưפ֤ơֽưܼפȤʤ뵡ϡ碌СȤƤ٤Ȥɬ⾯ʤʤ褦˻פƤ롥¿ȤΤϸ᤮ष̾ȰäƤȤۼѤơŪͭѤʲԤʤäƤΤȹͤƤ

Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-09-02-1] [2018-09-01-1]

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2018-03-24 Sat

#3253. θ경ʸˡλ㤫ݤ [word_order][grammaticalisation]

Meillet θ경ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) λȤߤʤȤϡ#1972. Meillet ʸˡ([2014-09-20-1]) ǿ줿̾ʸˡȤϸŪʰ̣äŪʸʶˤʸˡŪʵǽӤӤ褦ˤʤѲؤŪʸȤΤʸˡȸ硤ϤʤˤƤȸΤHopper and Traugott ϡMeillet 1912ǯεǰ٤ʸ˸ڤĤġˤĤƲ⤷Ƥ (23)

At the end of the article he opens up the possibility that the domain of grammaticalization might be extended to the word order of sentences (1912: 147--8). In Latin, he notes, the role of word order was "expressive," not grammatical. (By "expressive," Meillet means something like "semantic" or "pragmatic.") The sentence 'Peter slays Paul' could be rendered Petrus Paulum caedit, Paulum Petrus caedit, caedit Paulum Petrus, and so on. In modern French and English, which lack case morphemes, word order has primarily a grammatical value. The change has marks of grammaticalization: (i) it involves change from expressive to grammatical meaning; (ii) it creates new grammatical tools for the language, rather than merely modifying already existent ones. The grammatical fixing of word order, then, is a phenomenon "of the same order" as the grammaticalization of individual words: "The expressive value of word order which we see in Latin was replaced by a grammatical value. The phenomenon is of the same order as the 'grammaticalization' of this or that word; instead of a single word, used with others in a group and taking on the character of a 'morpheme' by the effect of usage, we have rather a way of grouping words" (1912: 148).


(i) ˼Ƥ褦ˡŪŪʰ̣ôäƤ䤬ʸˡŪˤʤäȲǤȤ館ơθ경ʸˡȸƤǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ޤ(ii) ˤ褦ˡ줬ʡʸˡŪƻפΤȤĥ⡤ʤۤɤǤ롥
Hopper and Traugott ϡθ경ʸˡ̴طˤ뤳ȤǧĤĤ⡤켫ΤʸˡλȤߤʤΤǤʤȹͤƤ롥ͳ1ĤϡѲɬ (unidirectionality) ǧʤȤ (60) ޤѲ¾ʸˡݤϤäƤȤѲʸˡ˲̤ŪˤĤƤ⡤Hopper and Traugott ϿŤΩäƤ (61) ơѲʸˡȤƻФΤϹƤȤ󥹤Ǥ롥

Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. Grammaticalization. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
Meillet, Antoine. "L'évolution des formes grammaticales." Scientia 12 (1912). Rpt. in Linguistique historique et linguistique générale. Paris: Champion, 1958. 130--48.

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2018-02-10 Sat

#3211. ù¤ [syntax][discourse_analysis][oe][information_structure][pragmatics][tense][aspect][word_order][historical_pragmatics]

ǯù¤δطõ븦椬ƤƤ롥ŪˤäơȸΥ󥿡եܤƤƤ褦ѸˤǤС㤨иűѸ˴ؤơù¤δطõäꡤȾ¤ؤɵ᤹븦椬Ƥ롥
⤦Ū˽Ҥ٤褦űѸǡ (tense) (aspect) ϷŪɸ졤ϤäѤʸˡŪȤưƤƥȤθǤɽѤʬۤĴ٤ƤߤȡλϾʲô̤λϾطʲôȤ餫ˤʤ롥Сñ졤ưŪֻͭĽϴλɽ蘆졤³ȿ̵Ľ̤λɽ蘆ȤʾϡHopper ˤ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle оݤȤʬϷ̤ǤꡤűѸ̤ƤϤޤ뤫ɤŪʷù¤Ѥǽ򼨤ΤȤƶ̣
Ʊ褦ˡŪͳȤűѸθ¤˰äƤȤߤʤ㤬ŦƤ롥Ѹ "then" þa, þonne ϡäΤĤʤȤƺѤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥Ʊˡ줬֤뤳Ȥˤꡤ¾ʸǤŪ֤ƶ뤳Ȥ褯ΤƤ롥ɤνиѰۡù¤3Ԥϡʣ̩ܤ˴ϢäƤ褦ʤΤ㤨СʸϤޤꡤľ onginnan (to begin) ư֤ȡäη³ްդ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ줬ǡƤСä³ްդȤ
ޤþa, þonne ϤȤ "focus particles" ȤΤ褦ˡξˤؤäƤȤ롥ʸ˸Ȥʬ (topic) Ȥʤꡤʬ (focus) Ȥʤ롥
̻Ūʻ鶽̣ΤϡűѸ줫ѸˤơŪʥꥨ󤬸경ƤˤĤơ餬ôäƤù¤뵡ǽषƤäϤǤȤȤǤϡù¤뵡ǽϡ¾Τʤʤˤä줿Τ뤤ʤäΤȸΥ󥿡եΤΤˡʥߥåѲǽ롥

Lenker, Ursula. "Old English: Pragmatics and Discourse" Chapter 21 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 325--340.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-10-23-1] [2018-02-18-1]

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2017-12-21 Thu

#3160. Ϣ12֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤʸԡˡ [link][notice][word_order][syntax][inflection][rensai][sobokunagimon][old_norse][contact][gsr][causation][language_change]

1220դǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤ12ε֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤʸԡˡޤ
κǸǤϡɸε֤ʤѸ϶޽Ż뷿Ż뷿θؤڤؤꡤκݤˤʤܸSVOȤ줿ΤפȤؤȥѥե졼ޤȾǤϤ褤褳䤤ܳŪޤڤɤ褦5W1HΥߥƥ꡼ΩƤäŸޤ

Ѳˤ餺˸ݤεˤ䤤 Why Ǥεˤ˶Ťˤϡˤʳ4W1H򤷤ä겡ڵѤ߾夲ƤɬפޤξǡŪ Why ؤβƤȤǤϡαʸˡ˾ǤŪѲ1ĤλȸΩơ5W1H˥ߥƥ꡼ΩƤꤿȻפޤ


ϢܵŸϲǤͭϤʲǤϤޤ˾λǤŪ󼨤뤳ȤϤۤԲǽȸ虜ޤ󡥤Ϻε˸¤ޤ󡥤Ѳݤˡ¤褯Ĵ١λ¤ȿʤǰ̴طΥȡ꡼ȤΩƤ뤳ȤϲǽǤ⡤λߤ1ĤȤ򤷤ƤФȻפޤʲϢܵΰѤǤ

ѲϷ褷ƶ櫓ǤϤʤȤ狼äȻפޤѲظˤϸŪŪʽװʣŪ˺ѤƤꡤΤˤΰĤҤȤĤͤߤ뤳Ȥ񤷤ΤǤWhat, When, Where, Who, How ¤ɤƤСǸˤϵˤ䤤 Why ˤ᤹ܶ뤳ȤǤΤǤ


ϢܵȤƤϺǽȤʤޤ줫ܥ֥䤽¾ΤǡѸѤʵˤäƤȻפޤΤǡȤꤤ夲ޤ

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2017-11-22 Wed

#3131. Ϣ11֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤԡˡ [link][notice][word_order][syntax][typology][world_languages][inflection][japanese][rensai][sobokunagimon]

1120դǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤ11ε֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤԡˡޤѸθ˴ؤ礭ʤΤǡ2ˤ錄äϢܤͽǤϤԤȤʤޤ
Ԥγפϰʲ̤ǤܸȱѸˤ S, V, O 3Ǥθΰ㤤óݤȤơˤִܸפܤޤ෿θˤСνˤܸĴ٤ȡ¤ܸ췿 SOV Ǥ¿ǸѸ췿 SVO ¿Ȥʬۤ餫ȤʤޤȤѸűѸޤ̤ȡSVO ΤۤSOV, VSO ʤ͡ʸ礬ǽǤĤޤꡤŪʸǤǤϤʤŪͳʸ礬ƤΤǤϡ̾졤ƻ졤졤ưʤɤθѲֶޡ ƯˤꡤʸΤɤǤǤ뤫ŪǤ뤫Τ˼Ǥ餺Ȥ⡤̤μʤѰդƤȤȤˤʤޤǴ֤طɸΤ˸äƤ뤫ޤäƤ뤫ϳΤ礭ʰ㤤ǤϤޤ줬ͥƤ롤äƤ뤫ȤˤϤʤޤ󡥸˱ѸˤβǸŪͳʸ줫 SVO ǤθؤȥեȤƤ櫓ǤΥեȼΤͥδɾ뤳ȤϤǤʤΤǤ
ԤκǸǤϡ֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤפȤѤʵ̻Ūʻ֤ʤѸ϶޽Ż뷿Ż뷿θؤڤؤꡤκݤˤʤܸSVOȤ줿Τפȥѥե졼ޤεˤĤƤϡθԤˤԤ
SOV, SVO ʤɤθ˴ؤƤϡ#137. θδܸ ([2009-09-11-1])#3124. ܸ෿ (1) ([2017-11-15-1])#3125. ܸ෿ (2) ([2017-11-16-1])#3128. ܸ෿ (3) ([2017-11-19-1])#3129. ܸ෿ (4) ([2017-11-20-1]) εɤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-11-20 Mon

#3129. ܸ෿ (4) [word_order][syntax][typology][world_languages][map][geography][linguistic_area]

ε#3128. ܸ෿ (3) ([2017-11-19-1]) ơS, V, O ˴ؤƴܸ򼨤ŪʬۤˤĤƹͤƤߤϡ"Order of Subject, Object and Verb" by Matthew S. Dryer 2 "Geographical distribution of the dominant-order types" ǰƤΤǡʲʬȤ롥ε ([2017-11-19-1]) Ͽޤ碌ƻȤ줿
Ǥ¿ SOV ˤФäƤ뤬Ȥ櫓˸Ǥ롥˥塼˥ȥꥢ̥ꥫΦˤ⹭ʬۤƤ롥2ܤ¿ SVO ϡϥ麽Υեꥫ񤫤ˤƤϰ衤ƥ衼åѤ泤ն˹ߤ롥3ܤ VSO ʬۤФäƤ뤬쥢եꥫ̥եꥫ衼åѤΥȷϽ졤ݥͥˤϤ٤ν椬ߤ롥
Ʊˤϡ˾͡ʳǤδܸեåȤˤޤȤ᤿̣桼饷ΦϿޤǺܤƤʰʲ˼ˡ

Map of Word Order Typology Diachronic

衼åѤ泤նǤϸߤǤ SVO ¿ŤǹͤȤष SOV ͥäȤ狼ʥƥ䥨ȥꥢʤɡˡޤߤȰۤʤꡤϽνޤϰˤơĤ VSO ߤ줿ŦƤܸŪʬۤȤΤϡ֤ΤʤѤΤΤ褦δܸѲˤĤƤϡ#3127. ĸ줫鸽Ѹؤδܸοܡ ([2017-11-18-1]) 򻲾ȡ

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2017-11-19 Sun

#3128. ܸ෿ (3) [word_order][syntax][typology][world_languages][map][linguistic_area]

#137. θδܸ ([2009-09-11-1])#3124. ܸ෿ (1) ([2017-11-15-1])#3125. ܸ෿ (2) ([2017-11-16-1]) ³ơS, V, O δܸꡥ
#2786. 칽¤Ͽ --- WALS Online ([2016-12-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 The World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS Online) ˡS, V, O θˤĤƤŪʲ⤬롥"Order of Subject, Object and Verb" by Matthew S. Dryer ꤹ뤽βˤȡϡʤʸ (rigid order) ĸȽʸ (flexible order) ĸ礭2ʬ롥ԤˤĤƤϡʸĤȤϤ٤ŪΩȤܸ (dominant order) ȤߤʤΤľ¿ޤ3ǤΤ V ΰ֤ˤĤƤŪS O Ū֤ϷޤäƤȤ褦ʡȾפȸƤ֤٤򼨤Τ⤢롥餫ʴܸ򼨤ʤ¸ߤ뤳Ȥϻ¤Ǥ㤨С̥ȥꥢ Gunwinyguanˡˡɥĸ䥪Τ褦˼Ǥ SVO °Ǥ SOV §줬Ū˴ŪϼǤʤܸդʤ褦ʥ⤢롥
嵭Τ褦˴ܸ෿ʣǤꡤܸη˴ؤ꤬͡뤬绨ĤʬषϿ޾˥ץåȤΤ Feature 81A: Order of Subject, Object and Verb Ǥʰʲ˺ƷǡˡɽǤ롥

Map of Word Order Typology

SOV564
SVO488
VSO95
VOS25
OVS11
OSV4
No dominant order189


"No dominant order" ϡ˽Ҥ٤褦˴ܸ礬դޤʤδ󤻽ʤΤǿȤƤ¿ʤäƤ롥ǡΨȤƹͤСȥåפ SOV 47.56%2̤ SVO 41.08%3̤ VSO 8.00% Ȥʤꡤ3ĤΤߤ95.64%򥫥С롥Ϥܸ췿 SOV Ϻ¿ʤΤǤ롥

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2017-11-18 Sat

#3127. ĸ줫鸽Ѹؤδܸο [word_order][syntax][typology][indo-european][germanic]

ε#3126. ̾෿ ([2017-11-17-1]) ǡĸδܸ礬 SOV äǽ˸ڤˤĤƤǮϤΤΡLass (218) ƱΤäƤ롥Lass ϡĸΤߤʤ餺ޥĸˤƤ⡤SOV δܸ礬¸³ƤȹͤƤ롥

It seems likely that PIE was basically SOV, though the daughter languages show a wide variety of orders, including SVO and VSO (the later (sic) particularly in Celtic). PGmc is usually taken as continuing this order, though there is of course considerable debate. As I remarked earlier, we can't reconstruct syntax by strict comparative method the way we do phonology or morphology; but in the case of Old English we do have at least fragments of an ancestor: the NWGmc runic corpus (third to seventh centuries AD). This corpus is small and often obscure; there are not that many inscriptions, and some are damaged, partly illegible, or uninterpretable. But it is a precious resource: it brings us as close as we can get to the foundations of Germanic, and contains the earliest pieces of Germanic syntax we have. (The oldest inscriptions predate the Gothic text corpus by some three centuries.) It is, despite its small size, rich enough to suggest reasonable ancestors for some major OE construction types, and gives us some material for constructing a syntactic history of the murky period between the two traditions. (218)


Lass Ϥθ "NWGmc runic corpus" S, V, O ͡ʸȤ߹碌ǼƤNWGmc ǤϡSOV Ȥʤ⡤¾夢Ȥ߹碌褦
Lass ϼˡ8κǽθűѸƥȤĴNWGmc Ʊͤˤۤܤ礬뤳Ȥǧ롥ʳˤܤ٤ϡ礿礬 SOV SVO ؤȰܹԤƤ˸Ƥ뤳Ȥä˼ˤƤηǤ롥°ˤƤ SOV 褯ݤƤ롥μȽ°κϡΥɥĸ䥪θ絬§ʤȤ뤬Ȥ PGmc λ夫Ѥ줿ħǤϤʤȯãǤȤߤʤ٤Ǥ롥ˤ衤9ȾޤǤˤϸűѸμδܸ SOV SVO ؤɤڤäƤ (Lass 224)
PIE NWGmc ˻ꡤOE Ф ModE ˻ޤǤΡS, V, O θˤĤơޤ󤷤Ƥ

PIE -- NWGmcᡦ°Ȥ˴ܸ SOV¾θ⤢
C8 OEδܸ SOV SVO ؽ˰ܹԤ¾θ⤢
C9 OEδܸ SOV SVO ذܹԤ°δܸϤޤ SOV¾θ⤢
Late OE°Ǥܸ SVO ذܹԤ¾θ⤢
MEᡦ°Ȥ˴ܸ SVO ذܹԤ¾θϾʤʤäƤ
ModEᡦ°Ȥ˴ܸ SVO ش˰ܹԤ¾θϻ¾ʤʤä


Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2017-11-17 Fri

#3126. ̾෿ [word_order][syntax][typology][onomastics][personal_name][patronymy][indo-european]

#3124. ܸ෿ (1) ([2017-11-15-1]) ȡ#3125. ܸ෿ (2) ([2017-11-16-1]) Ǹ෿Ҳ𤷤꡼¾ (23) Ͽ̾ˤ̾θˤĤƤ෿δް (typological implication) ȻŦƤ롥
SOV δܸ򼨤ܸīǤϡְܿס֥ࡦ󥦥פʤɡ鷺Ȥ줿̾פο̾Ȥʤ롥񤭤ˤĤƤʿŪǤꡤְܼפΤ褦ˡܸ񤭡פȤʤ롥Τ褦ˡ෿δްդǧ뤳ȤǤ
(patronymy) ˤƤ⡤ηߤȤåȥɸ졤ɸ졤إ֥饤ʤɤ VSO ܸȤ뤬ΤˤƤϡֻҶ¹פɽ魯ʰʲֻǼˤ̾ΤΤԤ롥줾 MacAlister, O'Hara, Ben-Gurion ǡǤ롥
Ǥ SOV θ줬äƤ뤬ǤΤϵդθȤʤ롥˥ Khachaturian 䥰른 Basilashvili ǡǤ롥
¤ϡ¿Τ˴ؤƥθƱ򼨤 Gruberovàɸ Sigurðsdottirǥ AnderssonƱѸ Browning ʤɤȤʤ롥ΤȤϡĸδܸ礬Ĥ SOV ǤäȤ򼨺ƤΤ⤷ʤ
෿ϤޤǷȤ館ΤǤꡤɬ򶯤ĥΤǤϤʤ̾η¾θηشط򼨤ΤǤС̾츻ʤɤˤ⿷ʸƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ
Ϣơ#2366. ʤѸ̾νϡ̾פʤΤ ([2015-10-19-1]) ⻲ȡ

Сʡɡ꡼ƥ󡦥ޥ塼ޥꥢݥ󥹥 ԡ ˼ ؿʸ޴ա١νӡ2005ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-11-18-1]

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2017-11-16 Thu

#3125. ܸ෿ (2) [word_order][syntax][typology][adjective][demonstrative][numeral][world_languages]

ε ([2017-11-15-1]) ǡܸ෿ˤĤ Greenberg θŵŪ˿줿Greenberg 30θоݤˡθӤη̡ܸ֡Τ褦ˡSOVθǤиֻIJǽ⤤פʤɤ෿δް (typological implication) ¿ǧ뤳Ȥ餫ˤGreenberg (107--08) ΤޤȤ᤿ɽʲ˵󤲤롥

LanguageVSOPrNANDN Num
BasqueIII-xx-
BerberIxxx-
BurmeseIII-x1--2
BurushaskiIII----
ChibchaIII-x-x
FinnishII----
FulaniIIxxxx
GreekIIx---
GuaraniI-x-0
HebrewIxxx-
HindiIII----
ItalianIIxx3--
KannadaIII----
JapaneseIII----2
LoritjaIII-xxx
MalayIIxxx-2
MaoriIxx--
MasaiIxx-x
MayaIIx---2
NorwegianIIx---
NubianIII-x-x
QuechuaIII----
SerbianIIx---
SonghaiII-xxx
SwahiliIIxxxx
ThaiIIxxx-2
TurkishIII----
WelshIxx3x-
YorubaIIxxxx
ZapotecIxxx-


1ܤ S, V, O 3Ǥ˴ؤǤꡤI VSO, II SVO, III SOV ɽ魯
2ܤֻ (Pr) Ĥ뤤ϸֻ (-) Ĥɽ魯
3ܤϡܷ̾ƻפθ (NA) ַƻ̾פθ (-) ɽ魯
4ܤϡܻ̾ؼפθ (ND) ֻؼ̾פθ (-) ɽ魯
5ܤϡ̾ܿפθ (N Num) ֿ̾פθ (-) ɽ魯

ֹդ줿ˤĤƤϡΤΤ˸ʸѤ褦 (108)

1. Participle of adjective-verb, however, precedes and is probably as common as adjective following.
2. Numeral classifiers following numerals in each case. The construction numeral + classifier precedes in Burmese and Maya, follows in Japanese and Thai, and either precedes or follows in Malay.
3. In Welsh and Italian a small number of adjectives usually precede.


ΤȤơ5θΤ˼夫شط뤳Ȥ򸫤Ƽ뤳ȤǤ롥оݤȤʤä30ĤˤʤȤϤۤʤϰ褫θ줬򤵤Ƥꡤʤ˿ꤹ뤳ȤΤǤĴ̤ȤƼƤ롥
Ϣơ#2786. 칽¤Ͽ --- WALS Online ([2016-12-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 The World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS Online) ⻲ȡ

Greenberg, Joseph P. "Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements." Chapter 5 of Universals of Language. Ed. Joseph P. Greenberg. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. P, 1966. 73--113.

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2017-11-15 Wed

#3124. ܸ෿ (1) [word_order][syntax][typology][indo-european][world_languages]

ɸϡ#137. θδܸ ([2009-09-11-1]) ǿ줿ƹͤƤߤβ̤礭ϸˤäưۤʤȤϤȤʤޤäѤʤ¸ߤʤȤϡãηкѤȤߤɬŪʸ֤Ǥ롥
Greenberg ϸȴϢƸ෿ (word order typology) 󵯤ˤȡθʿʸˤ졤Ū졤ưθϡŪ (1) SVO, (2) SOV, (3) VSO, (4) VOS, (5) OSV, (6) OVS 6बǽǤ롥ʣθ⾯ʤʤ¿θˤŪͥʸϷޤäƤ롥ĤޤܸȤΤ¸ߤ롥ܸĸΤۤȤɤ줬ŪԤѥ󡤤ʤ (1), (2), (3) Τ줫롥ۤ (4) θϤٳǧ뤬(5), (6) ˾ʤȤʬäƤ롥
꡼¾ (19) ꡤ줾δܸ򼨤󤲤褦

ܸ
(1) SVOѸ졤եɸ졤졤ҥ
(2) SOVҥǥ졿ɥ졤ȥ륳졤ܸ졤ī
(3) VSOŵָ졤륺졤⥢
(4) VOSޥ졤ĥĥꥫΥޥ
(5) OSVХɸ̥θˡ
(6) OVSҥ奫ʸʥ֥饸Υָ


줬ŪԤ3Ĥ (1), (2), (3) ˴ؤƤСư V ΰ֤˴ؤ (2) SOV (3) VSO жˤˤꡤ(1) SVO ϤŪʰ֤Ťˤ롥ºݡ¾μθˤĤƤ⡤(2) (3) θȿиħ򼨤(1) ŪǤȤ顤෿δް (typological implication) ȤȤˤʤ롥
Ѹ衼åѤμפʸϤŵꥷŵƥǤ VO ܤȤ뤿ᡤĸǤ VO 򼨤Ƥ줽ҥåȸξڵˤСȤȤ OV äǽ⤤ȤСѸ SVO ĹˤβѲƤȤȤˤʤ
Ϣơ#2786. 칽¤Ͽ --- WALS Online ([2016-12-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 The World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS Online) ⻲ȡ

꡼Сʡɡƥ󡦥ޥ塼ޥꥢݥ󥹥 ԡ ˼ ؿʸ޴ա١νӡ2005ǯ
Greenberg, Joseph P. "Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements." Chapter 5 of Universals of Language. Ed. Joseph P. Greenberg. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. P, 1966. 73--113.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-08-12 Sat

#3029. 3Ĥμ [syntax][semantics][word_order][generative_grammar][semantic_role]

ؤˤ (syntax) Ȥϲ򰷤ʬʤΤȤ䤤ФϡɤΤ褦ʸǰƬˤƤ뤫ˤäưۤʤäƤ롥ŪѤ§ä绨Ĥ˸äƤޤСȤʸˤȸδط򰷤ʬǤꡤŵŪˤϸε§򵭽Ҥꡤ繽¤餫ˤꤹ뤳ȤɸȤ롥
⤦Ūβ󼨤ΤǤСLos "Three dimensions of syntax" ꤯󤷤Ƥ롥1ĤѤˤʤȤФʤΤɤǤʤۤɤȻפäΤǵƤ (Los 8)

1. How the information about the relationships between the verb and its semantic roles (AGENT, PATIENT, etc.) is expressed. This is essentially a choice between expressing relational information by endings (inflection), i.e. in the morphology, or by free words, like pronouns and auxiliaries, in the syntax.
2. The expression of the semantic roles themselves (NPs, clauses?), and the syntactic operations languages have at their disposal for giving some roles higher profiles than others (e.g. passivisation).
3. Word order.


Dimension 1 ϡư濴ȤƳ꿶̣䤬ޤʤɤηŪʤɽ蘆Τ֤ˤŪʤɽ蘆ΤȤ˴ط롥ԤμʤѤƤСʤȤʤ롥
Dimension 2 ϡ꿶줿̣䤬ʤɽˤäƼ¸Τ˴ͿʤѷˤȤä˾Ƥ롥
Dimension 3 ϡ̤ȤƼ¸ȸ֤˴ؤǤ롥

3ĤμϡǤŪǿŪ Dimension 1 顤ǤŪɽŪ Dimension 3 Ȥ¤٤Ƥ롥ʸˡѤ˴ŤΤǤ뤬褯󤵤줿ѤǤ롥

Los, Bettelou. A Historical Syntax of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2015.

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2017-06-19 Mon

#2975. ޤοȸθ경ζϴط [synthesis_to_analysis][eme][french][contact][syntax][inflection][case][dative][genitive][syncretism][word_order]

ε#2974. 2Ū칽ʸ to ʸء ([2017-06-18-1]) κǸ˿줿褦ˡޤοȸθ경ϡʸˡˤɽ᥸㡼Ǥ롥˶ޤοबˤäƼ줿ʸˡǽŶ뤿˸夫礬경뤳ȤˤʤäΤ뤤˸礬경η̡פȤʤäޤ夫षϤ᤿Τ⤷ϡ3θˤȡξݤΰ̴طϰŪʤΤǤϤʤ줾줬ƶ礤ʤ饹ѥ˿ʹԤƤäΤȤ⤤롥ޤ˥˥ȥǤ롥
ϲ3θ򤬿¤ȻפäƤ뤬ϢȤƤ Allen ⤳ιͤǤ롥Allen ϡ2Ū칽ʸˤ2ĤŪθǤʤ°̾Ȥ˽Ȥΰִط˴ؤѸѲˤĤƤĴƤꡤޤοबθ경򾷤ͣװǤϤʤȤƳǧƤ롥Allen (220) ۩

The two case studies [= the fixing of the order of two nominal NP/DP objects and the genitives] examined here do not support the view that the fixing of word order in English was driven solely by the loss of case inflections or the assumption that at every stage of English, there was a simple correlation between less inflection and more fixed word order. This is not to say that deflexion did not play an important role in the disappearance of some previously possible word orders. It is reasonable to suggest that although it may have been pragmatic considerations which gave the initial impetus to making certain word orders more dominant than others, deflexion played a role in making these orders increasingly dominant. It seems likely that the two developments worked hand in hand; more fixed word order allowed for less overt case marking, which in turn increased the reliance on word order.


ΰ̴طֶޤοࢪθ경פäȤǽꤳƤʤդΡָθ경ޤοפΰ̴ط椫ƤɤΤȤξݤ˼äƿʹԤȹͤΤǤȷƤ롥ޤξԤδطפƤۤñʴطǤϤʤȤϡѸˤƤʤ˶ޤλĤäƤʤɤǤ⡤űѸθ礬Τޤ¸Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤդ˶ޤषƤƤűѸŪʸ礬¸Ƥ㤬뤳Ȥ⸫Ƽ뤳ȤǤ

Allen, Cynthia L. "Case Syncretism and Word Order Change." Chapter 9 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 201--23.

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2017-06-18 Sun

#2974. 2Ū칽ʸ to ʸ [synthesis_to_analysis][eme][french][contact][syntax][inflection][case][dative][syncretism][word_order][terminology][ditransitive_verb]

ε#2973. ʤ٤κ ([2017-06-17-1]) ˰³Allen ͤ󶡤
2Ū칽ʸֻ to Ѥ빽ʸ֤äƤΤϡѸǤ롥űѸԤ⸫줿ǽưμब¤ʤɤħäѸˤʤȡ٤ƤФ꤫ư¤ʧ褦ˤʤ롥ߥ󥰤ȤƤϳʶޤολȽŤʤꡤ̴ط򵿤ʤ뤬Allen ϡطȤϤʤ⿵ŤʵŸƤ롥ΥƥȤˤƤϡǤʬŪʹʸ夷Ƥե󥹸αƶ餢뤳Ȥ⼨ƤꡤñʡʬϤء (synthesis_to_analysis) ȤФԤä򤫤Ƥ롥Allen (214) Ѥ롥

It can be noted . . . that we do not require deflexion as an explanation for the rapid increase in to-datives in ME. The influence of French, in which the marking of the IO by a preposition was already well advanced, appears to be the best way to explain such text-specific facts as the surprisingly high incidence of to-datives in the Aȝenbite of Inwit. . . . [T]he dative/accusative distinction was well preserved in the Aȝenbite, which might lead us to expect that the to-dative would be infrequent because it was not needed to mark Case, but in fact we find that this work has a significantly higher frequency of this construction than do many texts in which the dative/accusative distinction has disappeared in overt morphology. The puzzle is explained, however, when we realize that the Aȝenbite was a rather slavish translation from French and shows some unmistakable signs of the influence of its French exemplar in its syntax. It is, of course, uncertain how important French influence was in the spoken language, but contact with French would surely have encouraged the use of the to-dative. It should also be remembered that an innovation such as the to-dative typically follows an S-curve, starting slowly and then rapidly increasing, so that no sudden change in another part of the grammar is required to explain the sudden increase of the to-dative.


Allen ϶ޤοȤݤ deflexion ɽƤ뤬ϤդȤƤʤ⡤νѸȤäȤʤäѸ1ĵȤͯΤϡѤκǸΤȤǡto-dative ؤΰܹԤˤĤƸóȻSȤȤڤƤ뤬δŪ˵Ҥ줿ϤΤȤȤޤοȸθ경ȤѸʸˡ˾礭⡤ޤޤ겼褦ꤽ

Allen, Cynthia L. "Case Syncretism and Word Order Change." Chapter 9 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 201--23.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-06-19-1]

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