2023ǯ34ڡ15:30--18:45ˡī㡼ɶˤ4ΥֱѸˤѸפ4ֺ¡21αѸΤ椯פ֤ޤǽǤ饤ƱŤǡ֤줿ϸ1ָΥưİǤޤΤǡԹ˹礦ˡǤäΤǤϤޤƲΩƤޤΤǡ13ޤǤιֺ¤֤Ƥʤ¿Ƥäޤֺ¤ξܺ٤Ȥߤθڡɤ
ֺ¤ΤΤ4ʤΤǤ1118ʶˤīʹͼ4̤ˤưʲΤ褦˾Ҳ𤵤ޤΤǡhellog Ǥ⤳ΥߥǤ1ơˤޤ

ֺ¤γפϡڡΰѤȤʤޤʲ̤Ǥ
21αѸΤ椯
Υߥ˥ޤޤ21ѸȤƤ˴ԤϤǰۤʤαѸ줬ޤ³ƤޤῴϤȱϤȤ˺ѤѸ뤳ʣʾˤĤơѸˤδäޤޤѸҤ뤤ĤΥǥҲ𤷤ʤ World Englishes ȤϤʤ븽ݤʤΤͻαѸΤ椯ꤤޤ
13ޤǤιֺ¤ȴϢϡhellog heldio Ǥ夲Ƥޤ4˸ͽȤʤޤΤǡʲΥХåʥС⻲ͤޤǤˤɤ
Ρ1Ѹ硡2022ǯ611ˡ
hellog #4775. ֺ¡ֱѸˤѸ --- ѸפΥϤޤޤ ([2022-05-24-1])
heldio #356. Ѹ --- ī뿷ɶǡֱѸˤѸפΥϤޤޤ
heldio #378. īǡѸפ֤ޤ
Ρ2ˤƱѸϳ礷Τ2022ǯ86ˡ
hellog #4813. īֺ¤2ֱѸˤѸ --- ˤƱѸϳ礷ΤפΤ ([2022-07-01-1])
heldio #393. īֺ¤2ֱѸˤѸ --- ˤƱѸϳ礷Τס
Ρ3ƤαѸ2022ǯ101ˡ
hellog #4875. īֺ¤3ֱѸˤѸ --- ƤαѸפΤ ([2022-09-01-1])
heldio #454. īֺ¤3ֱѸˤѸ --- ƤαѸס
#4902. eWAVE 3.0 ξҲ --- ѸθŪħǼǡ١ ([2022-09-28-1]) ǡ77ѼαѸ־Ѥǡ١ eWAVE 3.0 (= The Electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English) Ҳ𤷤ܤ˴ؤʬۤϿ˥ץåȤƤͥΤɤ봶Τ褦ʤΤƤ
ƻפäϽѸΥϿ LAEME LALME θѸǤǤϤʤȡդˤСLAEME/LALME eWAVE ѸǤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ΤȤ˵Ťִ֡eWAVE LAEME/LALME αѸ˾ΰ֤ŤȰյǤ
eWAVE LAEME/LALME оݤȤŪʵϤۤʤäƤ뤬ȤƤƤ¿αѸθܤˤĤơϰѼ老Ȥ˥ץեޤȤƤ졤ϿʬۤץåȤƤ롥ơϤ줿̤᤹뤿ˤϹ٤ʱѸءѸˤμɬפǤȤƤ롥ɸѼפγǰԺߡ뤤ϾʤȤռƤʤȤΤⶦ
⤽ϢȤռ줿ץȤǤϤʤ櫓ǡʤۤʤ¿롥
eWAVE ΥåȤϸѸȤХʵϡLAEME/LALME ΥåȤϽѸ쥤ɤȤʵ
eWAVE ΥեޥȤϳѼ̤ȡLAEME/LALME ΥեޥȤϤޤ¸ƤܻeWAVE ˤ "fit-technique" Τ褦Ūʼˡס
eWAVE ֹܤòץեLAEME/LALME ϲֻ֡ܤòץեƤ
eWAVE Υϥǡ١LAEMEηŪǤϤʤ LALME ˤΥϥѥGloWbE Τ褦Ѹ쥳ѥ¸ߤ뤬eWAVE ȤΩƤ뤿ᡤLAEME Τ褦ϿޤȥѥȤΥ쥹ϢȤ˾ʤ
⤷ΤϡŪ eWAVE LAEME/LALME δ֤˰֤ѸˤĤơϿޤƤʤȤѸ鸽¸ȾɸѼǽƤꡤϰѼͻҤƤʤˡǡ١⥳ѥԻǤʤϰѼθȤ餹ȡ֤ƤѸȸѸΤۤषƤΤǤ롥
Ѹ (World Englishes) ˤĤƹͻꤹ뵡¿ʤäƤϱѸˤΩ줫顤Ѹ츽ݤŪƽαĹˤΤȤƤȤ館Ƥ롥ʿСѸϱѸȤơޤ1ĤǤꡤǤϱѸ˾Υꥹ䥢ꥫȰۤʤʤȤΩñŸ椬Ȥ֤Ȥ֤˳礷ǼŪʰ㤤ϤʤȤߤƤ롥
ϸǤ뤷٤ƤǤ롥Ѹ¿ȡ㤨ХꥹѸ¿٤ȤƤȤϤ䤹
1. ѸˤäƤϡŸΤǤꡤ֥ƥΤߤȤϤ櫓㤦
2. ѸˤäƤϡˤȯãƤˡϩ餫¿ͤǤ롥
3. ѸˤäƤϡܿβ̤䤬ʰ㤤礭
4. ѸˤäƤϡΤߤʤ餺θɬפ롥
5. Ѹ20Ⱦ21ˤƤθŪǤ롥
5Τߵ¾ˤ⤤ȻŦ뤳ȤǤ嵭5Ϥ줾춽̣ǤϤ뤬۵Ĥʤ뤤ϾʤȤκƹͤ¥ˤȤƱ餤ưפǤ롥
1'. ꥹѸˤäƤϡŸϥ֥ƥΤǤꡤɤΤߤȤϤ櫓㤦
2'. ꥹˤäƤϡˤȯãƤˡϩ餫¿ͤǤ롥ʸűѸ줫鸽Ѹ˻ޤǥɽȯãä̤꤬ѤƤ롥ȯãˡϩϽʬʣ¿ͤǤ롥
3'. ꥹѸˤäƤϡܿβ̤䤬礭Ѹˤܿβ̤䤬ˡʰ㤤ˡ礭ɤϿŤʵפ롥ȤΤϡ⤽ѸˤϸܿˤȤäƤ褤ۤɤ
4'. ꥹѸˤäƤϡΤߤʤ餺θɬפ롥ʥ륺䥢ɤαѸϡȤƻϤޤȯŸƤ
5'. ꥹѸ20Ⱦ21ˤƤθŪǡ֤פ롥ʤǤ⤢ä
2ĤڤʬɬפʤȼĥƤ櫓ǤϤʤѤڤʬ˵뤳ȤǤȤȤѸˤΩ줫Ҥ٤Ƥ补
khelf-conference-2022 ʡ߹ɡˤǡ콤ؤε eWAVE ֽ@khelf-conference-2022ƤޤŪˤҲ𤤤ؤٶˤʤޤʵ꤬Ȥޤˡ
eWAVE 3.0 (= The Electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English) ϡαѸѼθŪħǼƤǡ١ǤߤޤǤ77Ѽ˴ؤŪʼ˷Ū˾طʾƤޤǡϡѼˤĤƤεŪ桤ѥ84ͤȤΥեޥȤǤ

Ѽ֤оȤΤꤵƤܤ235ηŪħǡAttestation, Pervasiveness, Area 3ĤΥѥˤȤ뤳ȤǤ̤ưפϿ˥ץåȤǤͤȤʤäƤޤ
eWAVE ΥȥˤȡΥǡ١Ѥ뤳ȤǡΤ褦䤤ФȤǤȤΤȤǤ
Which features are most/least widespread across varieties of English worldwide?
How many varieties of English worldwide share feature X?
Is feature X restricted to or characteristic of a particular part of the English-speaking world?
Is feature X restricted to or characteristic of a particular group of varieties?
Does variety A have feature X?
In which area of grammar does variety A differ most from variety B?
Ѹ (world_englishes) 椹ǡְ㤤ʤפʥġȤʤޤѤäդ٤⤢ޤܺ٤ϢˤĤƤϡeWAVE ֽ@khelf-conference-2022λͭѤǤҤäؤǤߤƤ
eWAVE ԻԤ1 Kortmann ˤĤƤϡܥ֥ǤѸȴϢơʲǿƤޤΤǡ碌Ƥɤ
#4509. "angloversals" --- ѸˤߤŪʡܡ ([2021-08-31-1])
#4763. ¿ѸѼˤߤɸŪʸܥȥå11 ([2022-05-12-1])
Kortmann, Bernd, Kerstin Lunkenheimer, and Katharina Ehret, eds. The Electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English. Zenodo, 2020. Available online at http://ewave-atlas.org.
91Ω̱²ʪˤŸHomō loquēns ֤٤ҥȡ~ȤФԻĤʳؤ~ץޤ1123ޤdzŤƤޤդ˴ؤ뤪פŪʥ٥ȤǤ͡ԥ饷Ǥ

ҥȤθǽϡø졤¿ʤɡȥФ빭СŸǤȥФ˴ؿΤܥ֥ɼԤˤ⤪ǤϢߡ̱ŸȤ֥ⳫƤ褦Ǥ
ˤѸŪ¿ŸˤĤơ鷺ФǤؤ餻Ƥޤ伫ȤϤޤˬ䤷ƤʤΤǤȤ館˽ФȻפޤ
礦1ΤȤˤʤޤ2022ǯ101ڡ15:30--18:45ˡī㡼ɶˤ4ΥֱѸˤѸפ3ֺ¡ֱƤαѸפ֤ޤ̡饤Υϥ֥åɹֺ¤ȤƳ֤ͽǤؿΤϡһäƤֺ¤ǤϤޤΩֺ¤ȤʤäƤޤΤǡ12˻äƤʤ⤴¿ܺ٤Ȥߤθڡɤ3ֺ¤γפϰʲ̤Ǥ
ΡѸפ뤵ޤޤѼϡѸνȤߤ뤳ȤǤޤºݡѸˤˤϾ¿ͤʷ¸ߤ³ƤƤꡤ褷ƸͭθݤǤϤޤꥫѸˤ¿ꥹѸˤϤ¿ޤ⤢ޤĤޤѸפϡŪʱѸαĹˤ븽ݤʤΤǤӽжˤˤɸˤܤޤ
21Ѹ (World Englishes) ⡤Ѹˤ̤¸ߤ³ƤѸ⡤͡ʱѸνΤȤǤѤꤢޤ¿Ÿ椳֥ƥ礫鹭ϵؤȳȤäƤޤܼŪ˿ȤƤ櫓ǤϤޤDZѸƤϡŪˤɬ̤ʤΤǤϤʤΤǤ
ȤϤ٤ƤƱ櫓Ǥ⤢ޤΤ褦ʰƱͤ뤳ȤǡѸ츽ݤü⤭ĦˤƤȻפޤĤƤαѸ¿֤äơ2ѸǤƤν˾Ƥޤ
3ֺ¤ˤĤƤ⤦ܤΤꤿϡͽԤȤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ̤#454. īֺ¤3ֱѸˤѸ --- ƤαѸסۿƤޤΤǡİ
ֺ¤12ˤĤƤϡʲ hellog heldio Ǥ夲Ƥޤ⻲ͤޤǤˤɤ
hellog #4775. ֺ¡ֱѸˤѸ --- ѸפΥϤޤޤ ([2022-05-24-1])
heldio #356. Ѹ --- ī뿷ɶǡֱѸˤѸפΥϤޤޤ (2022/05/22)
heldio #378. īǡѸפ֤ޤ (2022/06/13)
hellog #4813. īֺ¤2ֱѸˤѸ --- ˤƱѸϳ礷ΤפΤ ([2022-07-01-1])
heldio #393. īֺ¤2ֱѸˤѸ --- ˤƱѸϳ礷Τס (2022/06/28)
ε#4853. ȥ⡼ ([2022-08-10-1]) ˰³ѸαΧоȤ롥ʲ (27--28) Ȥ롥
ܸϥ⡼ʲꥺ (mora-timed/syllable-timed rhythm) Ѹ϶ꥺ (stress-timed rhythm) ĤȤ롥
ܸΥ⡼ʲꥺȤϡƱĹñ̡ʥ⡼䲻ʤɤñ̤ǡܸξˤŵŪ˥⡼ˤϢ³ƸΤǡϢ³Υꥺ (rhythm of succession) 뤤ϡֵؽƥꥺ (machine-gun rhythm) ȤƤФ롥ѸüԤˤȤäơܸΥꥺϡ֥פΤ褦ñĴʤΤʹȤ
ѸζꥺȤϡΤ벻ȤʤȤŵŪ˸ߤ˸ΤǡָؤΥꥺ (rhythm of alternation) 뤤ϡ֥⡼륹ꥺ (Morse-code rhythm) Ȥ⤤롥ܸüԤˤȤäơѸΥꥺ϶ΥϥΤ벻βη֤ʹ롥ѸδŪʥꥺശϡΤ褦ŪоŪʤᡤߤ˰´礭
Ѹ줬ꥺĤȤϴְ㤤ʤѸˤδϡλ¤ǤвªƤɬפ롥űѸϽʶꥺθǤϤʤäȤ⤢뤷ѸǤФвꥺबʹ뤳ȤΤǤ롥ѸߤĤꥺळѸˤ̤˭٤ˤߤ첻ѲθưϤäȤ븫⤢롥Ѹˤˤꥺ (rhythm) ϡפΤۤ礭ʲεȡ
#1647. ˤ뱤ΧŪħμȵǽ ([2013-10-30-1])
#3387. ʤѸ첻ˤˤ첻Ѳ¿Τ ([2018-08-05-1])
#3644. Ѹ stress-timed ʸűѸ syllable-timed ʸ졩 ([2019-04-19-1])
#4470. եꥫϤαѸˤߤꥺȶη ([2021-07-23-1])
#4799. Jenkins ˤ "The Lingua Franca Core" ([2022-06-17-1])
ס1ϡסоȡѸؤδá١ʻ 졦⸫ ˡ ס ס ʡ¼ ҡˡˡǡ2013ǯ
ܲǤɤޤƤѸˤܤȤС߷رѸˡ̤ؤʪ ١Ȼפޤ
Τӡ߷̾Ļرضˤˡ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤб餤뤳Ȥˤʤޤμ¤ȤС䤬Ļرؤλ߷漼˲ơääȤˤʤΤǤ(^^;;1ֶˤ錄ĹԤȤʤޤΤǡ֤ΤȤˤäꤪİϿijؤοʻΥ١ˤʤɤꡤŤʲȤʤäƤޤʾСˡ
ε#4839. Ѹɸಽ1900ǯѤä ([2022-07-27-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ȥꡤ߷ˤظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ7Ϥ˴ƤƤޤ
Voicy ̤⡤ȾϤ7Ϥ˴ŤޤȾܽǿƤʤȯŸԤεȤʤäƤޤܿͤˤȤäơ줫αѸؽϤɤ٤21αѸɸಽܻؤ٤ϲʤΤˤĤơ߷ΤոǤޤ
Ͽ碌ƿ֡פ֤˻߷Ȥ٤ꤵƤޤ˥ԥ졼ƵäƤޤ˳ڤäǤ߷դ礤ޤơ꤬Ȥޤ
߷ ⡡رѸˡ̤ؤʪ١2008ǯ
hellog Ǥϡ5罤۽ŹǤ줿ظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯˤĤơӤӹƤޤ
٤73111:00--12:00 ˤԼ3̤ͤVoicy ˤͽǤμʤɤդƤޤΤǡ Google Forms ꤪܺ٤ϡ#4836. 73111:00--12:00 ظɸಽͤ٤ᤰԼŤ2ơ ([2022-07-24-1])

ܽǤϱѸɸಽ (standardisation) ˤ6Ϥ7Ϥˤ錄äƾܽҤƤޤȤ櫓7ϤǤϡֱѸɸಽν20ʹߤ濴ˡפꤷơ20--21αѸΡɸಽס¼ŪˤϱѸŪʡѲפȤ䤿ˤȤäľܴؤΤ꤬ƤޤɮԤ߷ĻرءǤ
ξϤȾǤϡNorman Blake ˰͵ɸಽǰƬ֤Ѹˤή줬⤵ޤơĺθȾǤϡ1900ǯʹߤαѸɸಽˤĤơȤ櫓̤ѸΤˤĤơBasic English, Special English, Globish, Nuclear English, World Standard Spoken English ȤŪʡѼפȤʤʤޤ
߷εμݤϡܰ¤Ȥ1900ǯ˱ѸɸಽΤƤȤȤǤǯɸಽϡդΡ첽סֵϲפȤȥåץɸಽܤǤǯʹߤϡäդΡѲפȤܥȥॢåפɸಽʤǤƤȤȤǤ
伫Ȥɮ6ϡֱѸˤˤɸಽספȹ碌ơŪʸȤʤäѸΡ̣ǤΡɸಽפˤĤơ͡ʴƤȤ⤷Ǥ͡
߷ ⡡ֱѸɸಽν20ʹߤ濴ˡסظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡٹ ԡ Ϻ δˡ罤ۡ2022ǯ
1ۤΤȤˤʤޤ2022ǯ86ڡ15:30--18:45ˡī㡼ɶˤ4ΥֱѸˤѸפ2ֺ¡֤ˤƱѸϳ礷Τפ֤ޤ̡饤Υϥ֥åɹֺ¤ȤƳ֤ͽǤؿΤϡҤäФ¸ޤ1ֺ¡Ѹפ611ڡˤ˳֤λƤޤȤϤΩֺ¤ȤʤäƤޤΤǡ1˻äƤʤ⤴¿ߤɤ
2ֺ¤γפϰʲ̤Ǥ
ѸϸǺǤƶϤΤǤΤ餽ä櫓ǤϤޤѸ줬ܳŪ˥ɳŸΤ϶ŪʸĹΤ18ʹߤˤޤˤθ줬ɽեؤĹΤǤ礦ѸˤѤĤġŪƻڤɤޤ
ΡѸݤ߽ФȤˤʤäѸζˤͽǤˤľǤϤʤʣΥͥͶǤä˾ƤͽǤ⤦ܤҲΤꤿϡͽԤȤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)̤#393. īֺ¤2ֱѸˤѸ --- ˤƱѸϳ礷ΤסȤۿƤޤΤǡİ
ʤ1ˤĤƤϡ#4775. ֺ¡ֱѸˤѸ --- ѸפΥϤޤޤ ([2022-05-24-1]) ͤˤʤȻפޤ餫ϡѸ (world_englishes) ˴ؤ뻲ʸ¾ξؤΥĥäƤޤ
ޤ1ˡϢˤĤƵɮ饸ϿƤޤΤǡʲꤴȤ
heldio #356. Ѹ --- ī뿷ɶǡֱѸˤѸפΥϤޤޤ
heldio #378. īǡѸפ֤ޤ
hellog #4794. Ѹɸಽ vs ѸѼﲽ ([2022-06-12-1])
hellog #4795. ɸѸ졤Ѹ졤ELF λá ([2022-06-13-1])
hellog #4798. ENL ǤθѲϡֳפǡESL/EFL Ǥϡְִ㤤ס ([2022-06-16-1])
hellog #4799. Jenkins ˤ "The Lingua Franca Core" ([2022-06-17-1])
hellog #4800. Lingua Franca Core ؤȽ ([2022-06-18-1])
hellog #4803. ֱѸסֱѸʣΡסֽѸס ([2022-06-21-1])
hellog #4805. "World Englishes" "ELF" ζ¸ܻؤơ ([2022-06-23-1])
αѸʸ English in the World ɤ߿ʤƤ뤬Ϣ͡ʵؤȤʤͤηˤ Seidlhofer (48) "World Englishes" "ELF" ߴطˤĤơΩǤϤʤ¸Ǥ٤ȼĥƤ롥
Conclusion: Live and let live
This volume is intended as a contribution to an exchange of views and a constructive debate between proponents of World Englishes, or nativized varieties of English, and proponents of EIL, or ELF. It seems to me that each group (although the 'groups' themselves are of course abstractions and constructions) can benefit from learning more about what is happening in the field of 'English in the World' as a whole, and again, I am hopeful that this collection will make this possible. There are certainly important differences between World Englishes and EIL --- simply by virtue of the very different sociohistorical and sociocultural settings in which these Englishes have arisen and are being used. But acknowledging and understanding these differences does not have to entail the setting up of what are actually false dichotomies, such as WE vs EIL, pluricentric vs monolithic, tolerance of diversity vs prescribed rules. It is perfectly clear that the functions of language are manifold in all societies, and that any language serves the purposes of identification and communication. Identification with a primary culture on the one hand and communication across cultures on the other are equally worthwhile endeavours, and there is no reason why they should not happily coexist and enrich each other.
1ĤϱѸѸؤʬƤϤȤƤ "identification" ѡ⤦1ĤϱѸޤȤᤢƤῴϤȤƤ "communication" ѡ Seidlhofer ϡѸȤǧ2ĤȿѤŦΥХ뤳ȤνĥƤ롥ϻ伫ȤƤѸѤѤȤפ롥Ϣưʲεȡ
#1360. 21¿εƤϱѸХХˤ뤫 ([2013-01-16-1])
#1521. ȷ ([2013-06-26-1])
#2073. θѼ˺ѤῴϤȱϡ ([2014-12-30-1])
#2922. ¾μҲṲ̄Τ꤫ȤƤθ캹̡ ([2017-04-27-1])
#2989. Ѹ줬ǤϤʤΤϲ⸽ߤƱ ([2017-07-03-1])
#3671. ȥꥢ50ɥ뻥 responsibility Υڥߥ (1) ([2019-05-16-1])
#4794. Ѹɸಽ vs ѸѼﲽ ([2022-06-12-1])
Seidlhofer, Barbara. "English as a Lingua Franca in the Expanding Circle: What It Isn't." English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. Ed. Rani Rubdy and Mario Saraceni. London: Continuum, 2006. 40--50.
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǡΩ̿ؤܹ̤ʤ̻̤ޤ#386. ܹȤλ̡ۥӥαѸܤˤĤƸǤ
ˤ#173. Ω̿ءܹȤ̡ݱѸȤϲꤷ̤ƤޤΤǡФ⤪İ
ơλ̤ϡSimon Horobin The English Language: A Very Short Introduction äƤä褦ȤĤǻϤΤǤ̤ǤΤήή vernacular äˤɤ夭ޤȤϤ¤ϰ٤ȵƤߤäǤΤǡ٤꤬ߤޤʤʤäƤޤޤ
ˤˤɤ夤櫓Ǥ⤢ޤΩ̿عݸʸΥץȡ֥ʥ顼ʸפ˽°ƤΤǤTwitter ˤȯ⤷ƤȤȤǡɤ
vernacular ϱѸˤѸʸؤݤˤϽפʥɤǤ21ѸäƤͭʳǰѸȤʤ뤫⤷ޤhellog Ǥ̤夲ȤϤʤäΤǡβȤλ̤ˡ줫龯ĹͤƤȻפޤ
Ѹˤʸ̮ǽФƤ vernacular ϡˤƸǰҿι⤤ݸȤƤΥƥФơɤο͡ȤŪѤƤȤƤαѸؤΤѤޤפ vernacular ȤϡֱѸפΤȤؤ櫓Ǥ˥ƥȤ椬ռƤΤȤƤΡֱѸפؤȤΤݥȤǤdiglossia ѸǤСH(igh variety) ΥƥФ L(ow variety) αѸȤޤǰƬ֤ L ΤȤ vernacular ȸƤǤ櫓Ǥ
ĤƤߤޤ礦
noun
1 (usually the vernacular) [singular] the language spoken in a particular area or by a particular group, especially one that is not the official or written language
2 [uncountable] (technical) a style of architecture concerned with ordinary houses rather than large public buildings (OALD8)
noun [C usually singular]
1. the form of a language that a regional or other group of speakers use naturally, especially in informal situations
- The French I learned at school is very different from the local vernacular of the village where I'm now living.
- Many Roman Catholics regret the replacing of the Latin mass by the vernacular.
2. specialized in architecture, a local style in which ordinary houses are built
3. specialized dance, music, art, etc. that is in a style liked or performed by ordinary people (CALD3)
noun [countable] [usually singular]
the language spoken by a particular group or in a particular area, when it is different from the formal written language (MED2)
n ϤȤСϸ졤ԳФơռ졨졨Ԥ뿦ȎĤͭΡοȡϸ졤֤ȤСưʪʪФϤθƤ̡̾¯̾ʡ~ nameˡϡλ塤ġϤͭʷͼԷێݤʤɤΡ̱̣̱ʡإ¼ŵ3ǡ١
¾ؿ缭ŵ6ǡ٤ vernacular θФΤȤ˵ƤʸѸˤʸ̮ǤŵŪʻȤȤʤޤ"Latin gave place to the vernacular." "In Europe, the rise of the vernaculars meant the decline of Latin." Τ褦ˡޤؿԱ³缭ŵ٤ "English has given place to the vernacular in that part of Asia." Ȥ̣ĹʸĤޤ
嵭֥ʥ顼ʸפ Twitter θФѤƤޤ礦
ԥʥ顼դȤϸҤݸƤʤΡȶư¯ʤΡή塥ܸϡƤ³ʸγϤ롥
vernacular Ȥϲͤ³ƤȻפޤ
Horobin, Simon. The English Language: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: OUP, 2018.
Horobin, Simon. How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford: OUP, 2016.
ѸȴϢơRubdy and Saraceni Tom McArthur ˥ӥ塼ɤ2006ǯεʤΤǡȤʤäƤϸŤȤиŤȻפ뤫⤷ʤMcArthur ռͽŪʱԤäƤꡤαѸˤƤ⽽ʬ˻ͤˤʤ롥
ݥȤϡѸȤоݤ (1) ֱѸ (the English language)(2) ֱѸʣΡ ('the English language complex')(3) ֽѸ ('the Englishes', 'the English languages') 3ĤؤǹͤΤ褤ΤǤϤʤȤƤRubdy and Saraceni (29) 顤ӥ塼ʹƤߤ褦
Q9 In some countries of Asia and Africa, English has become 'nativized' and begun to be considered an Asian or African language, and not one that is owned exclusively by any one speech community. For this reason some sociolinguists are of the view that it may be more realistic to recognize a plurality of standards. Given this view, if 'the English language' needs to be pluralized into 'the English languages', what does ELT stand for?
A9 I'm glad you raised this one. It fits my own observations over many years, as summed up in The English Languages (Cambridge, 1998). English is such an immense language that for me it has been essential to have at least three models. First there is English as a 'conventional' language ('the English language'), useful on a day-to-day basis but for me only the starting point for the second model ('the English language complex'), which has many varyingly distinct subentities, and finally to the third model of English as a continuum of recognizably distinct languages ('the Englishes', 'the English languages'), dominated by the educated standards of various countries that provide basis (particularly through the norms of the US and UK) of a 'World Standard English'. Most learners have no interest in all of this. If, as I hope, they are lucky, they will learn an English appropriate to their needs and situation, and expand (perhaps creatively) as and when they feel the need.
䤿ѸȤˤĤȤˡ3ؤΤؤαѸˤƤΤפǤ롥λüԤδ֤ȤƤؤƤȡѸӤˤʤ뤫줯餤Ѹ̯ˤʤäƤƤȤΤǤ롥
ϡؤ̾αѸμȤǶȤˤ (1) ǰƬ֤Ƥ롥ѸˡѸؤμȤǤϤ⤦ѸѼκʬΰռ⤯ʤꡤΤ (2) ȤƤȤ館Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿ȻפռŪˡѸפŪʸ̮Ǥϡʤ (3) ªȤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ʬϤγ٤ߤ礭ۤʤˤ⤫餺դˡֱѸפ English ȤƸڤ줬ʤΤޤʤΤǤ롥ѸΤΤ
McArthur αѸѤˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ#427. ѸüԤˢ֤ǥ ([2010-06-28-1])#4501. αѸѼˡ --- McArthur "Hub-and-Spokes" ǥ ([2021-08-23-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥȡ
Rubdy, Rani, and Mario Saraceni. "An Interview with Tom McArthur." English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. Ed. Rani Rubdy and Mario Saraceni. London: Continuum, 2006. 21--31.
McArthur, Tom. "The English Languages?" English Today 11 (1987): 9--11.
McArthur, Tom. "English in Tiers." English Today 23 (1990): 15--20.
McArthur, Tom. "Models of English." English Today 32 (1991): 12--21.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
McArthur, Tom. The English Languages. Cambridge: CUP, 1998. 94.
ε#4799. Jenkins ˤ "The Lingua Franca Core" ([2022-06-17-1]) Lingua Franca Core (LFC) ƳLFC 줿طʤˤϡѸ (world_englishes) λˤäơαѸؽԡȤ櫓 EFL γؽԤϡŪʱɸѼ䤽¾ϤɸŪȤߤʤƤѼΤǤϤʤELF (= English as a Lingua Franca) EIL (= English as an International Language) ȾΤѼؽΥåȤȤΤ褤ΤǤϤʤȤѸ춵Ѥ줹롥αѸüԿΤ餯Ⱦʬʾ EFL üԤǤꡤǤ LFC ºŤ EFL ؽԤˤȤäơ̱Ūפ˸뤫⤷ʤ
LFC ФȽŪʰո⤢롥LFC ⡤ŪʱɸѼƱͤˡñʤɸǤˤȤɤޤ餺ϤȤʤäƤϤʤȡϤμŤΤ鿷ΤؤȤؤȤȤˤʤʤ̱ŪǤȤʤС⤽ؼԤ䶵ԤͰŪˡ֥פȤȤȤ̷ϤĤߤǤϤʤ
Tomlinson (146) ϡLFC Τ褦ʤΤꤷɸѸפŤԤʤȤ٤ "arrogant" ǤȷپĤ餷Ƥ롥
But, are we not being rather arrogant in assuming that it is we as applied linguists, language planners, curriculum designers, teachers and materials developers who will determine the characteristics of a World Standard English? Is it not the users of English as a global language who will determine these characteristics as a result of negotiating interaction with each other? We can facilitate the process by making sure that our curricula, our methodology and our examinations do not impose unnecessary and unrealistic standards of correctness on our international learners, and by providing input and guiding output relevant to their needs and wants. But ultimately it is they and not us who will decide. To think otherwise is to be guilty of neo-colonist conceit and to ignore all that we know about how languages develop over time.
ɸफϤ䤳Ǥ롥Ϣơ#1246. Ѹɸಽȵϼδط ([2012-09-24-1]) ȡ
Tomlinson, Brian. "A Multi-dimensional Approach to Teaching English for the World" English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. Ed. Rani Rubdy and Mario Saraceni. London: Continuum, 2006. 130--50.
ε#4798. ENL ǤθѲϡֳפǡESL/EFL Ǥϡְִ㤤ס ([2022-06-16-1]) ǰѤ Jenkins (37) ϡELF (= English as a Lingua Franca) γˤȤʤħȯˤƤ롥ϡĴη̡͡ʱѸѼǧ줿ħǤꡤΤ ELF ѤˤƤƽפʹܤȤȤˤʤ롥
The Lingua Franca Core (LFC)
1. Consonant sounds except for substitutions of 'th' and of dark /l/
2. Aspiration after world-initial /p/, /t/ and /k/
3. Avoidance of consonant deletion (as opposed to epenthesis) in consonant clusters.
4. Vowel length distinctions
5. Nuclear (Tonic) stress production and placement within word groups (tone units)
ħ EFL ˤƳˤȤϤʤʤΤǤ (Jenkins 37)
Non-core features:
1. Certain consonants (see Lingua Franca Core no. 1)
2. Vowel quality
3. Weak forms
4. Features of connected speech such as elision and assimilation
5. Word stress
6. Pitch movement on the nuclear syllable (tone)
7. Stress-timed rhythm
ܸüԤŵŪˤߤѸȯ嵭Ρ֥פƤϤƤߤȡread lead ϤȤˡ֥ɡפȯƤޤƬ /r/ /l/ ζ̤ Core no. 1 ˴ޤޤΤǡħȤƤҤȤȯʬɬפ롤ȤȤˤʤ롥첻 (epenthesis) /ri:d/ ǤϤʤ /ri:do/ ȯ줿ȤƤ⡤ħˤϴޤޤʤᡤƤ (cf. Core no. 3)
Jenkins, Jennifer. "Global Intelligibility and Local Diversity: Possibility or Paradox?" English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. Ed. Rani Rubdy and Mario Saraceni. London: Continuum, 2006. 32--39.
ѸǤϡѲ̤ƿɸŪɽ߽ФƤƤ롥Ѥղõ isn't itseveral staffs Τ褦̾ʣdiscuss about Τ褦ưˡʤɤ˵롥
3ĤΥ (the Inner, Outer, and Expanding Circles) ǰƬѸƤ Jenkins ϡΤ褦ʸѲλ㤬ֳ (innovation) ʤΤ뤤ñʤְִ㤤 (error) ʤΤȤ˸ڤƤ롥ü (NS) ˤΤǤСֳפǤꡤü (NNS) ˤΤǤСְִ㤤פǤ롤ȤûŪȯۤ˴٤äƤʤȡüԤˤѲüԤˤѲϲƱDzۤʤΤJenkins (32--33) εʹƤߤ褦
In fact it is not implausible that the only difference between English language change across the three circles is the time factor, with NNSs in both Outer and Expanding Circles speeding up the natural processes of regularization . . . that occur more slowly in the Inner Circle --- where currently it is perfectly acceptable to talk of 'teas' and 'coffees' instead of 'cups of tea' and 'cups of coffee' but not (yet) of 'advices' or 'furnitures'.
Another difference, though, is attitude towards such change. Linguists surveying language change in NS English tend to regard it as a sign of creativity and innovation. . . . On the other hand, linguists' tendency with NNS-led change, particularly in the Expanding Circle, is to label it wholesale as error regardless of how widespread its use or the degree to which it is mutually intelligible among speakers of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF).
1ܤΡüԤˤѲüԤˤѲ®٤ۤʤǤȤϡŤ˸ƤɬפϤΤΡѲεҤȤϡ̣Ǥ롥
2ܤΡѲؤ٤ΰ㤤ΤǤϤʤȤŦϡҲŪʴ顤⤷ʤƿĤˡƱѲǤ⡤ɤïˤäư줿ˤäơݥƥʡֳפͥƥʡְִ㤤פޤäƤޤȤȤˤʤ뤫Ѹ줬褦ˤʤäˤäơΤ褦ȽǴϤɤޤʤΤ
Jenkins, Jennifer. "Global Intelligibility and Local Diversity: Possibility or Paradox?" English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. Ed. Rani Rubdy and Mario Saraceni. London: Continuum, 2006. 32--39.
ε#4794. Ѹɸಽ vs ѸѼﲽ ([2022-06-12-1]) Ǽ夲褦 Standard English World Englishes ȤΩκϿȤ櫓Ѹ춵ˤƤ϶顦ؽΥåȤˤ뤫Ȥľ뤹뤿ᡤƤ̤ʤǤ롥Rubdy and Saraceni ϡ2ĤΩ EIL/EFL Ȥ3ǤߥǥͤϤˤƼΤ褦˻ŦƤ (6)
Towards simplifications: the teaching and learning of English
While an exhaustive description of the use of English is a futile pursuit, with regard to the teaching and learning of English in the classroom such complexities have necessarily to be reduced to manageable models. The language of the classroom tends to be rather static and disregardful of variation in style and register and, more conspicuously, of regional variation. One of the main issues in the pedagogy of English is indeed the choice of an appropriate model for the teaching of English as a foreign or second language. Here 'model' refers to regional variation, which is the main focus in the whole volume. In this sense, the choice is seen as lying between three principal 'rival' systems: Standard English (usually Standard British or Standard American English), World Englishes, and EIL/ELF (English as an International Language/English as a Lingua Franca).
ǥ饤ХȤʤǥȤƸڤƤ Standard English, World Englishes, ELF ϡ줾ˤ ENL, ESL, EFL ָαѸѤбƤȹͤcf. #173. ENL, ESL, EFL üԿ ([2009-10-17-1])ˡ
Standard English 濴˿Ѹ춵ϡENL üԡʤȤ櫓ƱѸüԡˤˤȤäƳͭŪ˰ҿդƤѼǤ⤢֥֥ϡפȴǤ롤ѸüΤΤʤǡ졦ȤüԤϾɤǤ뤳Ȥդ
World Englishes ϡϤѸüԡȤ櫓 ESL üԤŪѤƤѼޤѸѼΤǤ롥ESL üԤϱѸüԿ礬礭ˤѸѤΤˤפʱƶڤܤͽۤƤ롥World Englishes ݡפܤƤͳ⡤ˤ롥
ELF ϡѸüԡȤ櫓 EFL üԤΩθѸѤǤ롥ѸϹݥߥ˥ΤƻǤȤŪǽŪ¦̤Ż뤷ѸªӥͥΰǡѸüԤɤѸѤƥߥ˥ǰƬ֤Ƥ롥ŪˤϡΤɤϰȤľŪ˷ӤĤƤ餺¸θġѼ郎ȼθܤȤƤȤΩŪѼǤ롥EFL üԤϱѸüΤΤʤ礬Ǥ礭ؤʤѼȤ ELF ܤƤȤ櫓ELF ǰԤȤ餤ꡤμ֤ϲʤΤͰŪ˺ꤹ٤ΤʤΤɤ꤬롥
ܤαѸ춵ϡŪˤ餫 Standard English нŤäǯ͡ʱѸƤȤ World Englishes Ūʸ⸽ƤȤϤΩäƤȤϸѸ춵ŪȤƤ ELF ˸줹褦ˤʤäƤƤȤϸ
Ρֻߡץǥϡ3ĤαѸѤΤѤΤȤǤϤʤ褦˻פ롥ष3ơɤ줯餤γǥ֥ɤ뤫ȤʤΤǤϤʤ
Rubdy, Rani and Mario Saraceni, eds. English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. London: Continuum, 2006.
ߡѸŪȼäƤκǤΤϡɸ̤ꡤѸϹݥߥ˥ΤɸಽƤʤ٤ʡˤΤ뤤ϳϤȼѸѼ郎ޤޤȯãƤʤ٤ʡˤΤȤ2ĤΩϡΤ2Ĥεǽ"mutual intelligibility" "identity marking" ˤ줾бcf. #1360. 21¿εƤϱѸХХˤ뤫 ([2013-01-16-1])#1521. ȷ ([2013-06-26-1])ˡ
ܸȤѸؽԤΤۤȤɤϡܸȤФʸŪǥƥƥͭƤ뤿ˡȤ٤ѸѼȤݤʥץäƥǥƥƥɽ褦ʤɤȤϹͤʤäơѸؤͳ˹ݥߥ˥Τᡤο͡ȸߤ̤礦ᡤȤȤˤʤ롥Ѹ줬ɸಽƤ뤳ȤפʤΤǤäơǥХХѼ郎ƤޤϹޤʤȹͤ롥ܤ˸¤餺 EFL ϰαѸؽԤϡ褽Ʊ褦ʸ
ENL, ESL ϰˤƤϡѤѸѼʤФɸѼˤռŪ뤳ȤǥǥƥƥȤߵϷ褷ƾʤΤ褦ʿ͡ϡѸɸಽĹݥߥ˥ΰյƤˤ衤ϤȼѼ郎ȯãƤȤˤöŪ뤤ѶŪƤ롥
ϤơХʱѸεˤɸΩΩƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥˴ؤ륨åԤ Rubdy and Saraceni ϡϤǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (5)
The global spread of English, its causes and consequences, have long been a focus of critical discussion. One of the main concerns has been that of standardization. This is also because, unlike other international languages such as Spanish and French, English lacks any official body setting and prescribing the norms of the language. This apparent linguistic anarchy has generated a tension between those who seek stability of the code through some form of convergence and the forces of linguistic diversity that are inevitably set in motion when new demands are made on a language that has assumed a global role of such immense proportions.
ɸಽ (standardisation) ȤϲɸѸ (Standard English) ȤϲʤѸŪؤ¸ߤʤΤε䤬Ƥ롥Τ褦ʵΩˤϡѸˤμˤʤ롥ȤΤϡѸϡ1600ǯˤ錄ˤ̤ơɸಽæɸಽѼ¿ͲˤȤ֤иƤǤ롥21ƤɸಽæɸಽΩΩɬľŪӲǽʤ櫓ǤϤʤλͤˤϤʤϤޤѸŪؤԺߤǤ뤳Ȥ⡤Ѹ˾Ĺ餯ƤȥԥåǤ롥
ɸಽäƤϡᴩ ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯˤȤ줿ƱξҲϡ#4784. ظɸಽͤ٤ϼɮԴ֤¿ĥåߤǤ ([2022-06-02-1]) εȤΥˤޤȤޤäƤ롥

Rubdy, Rani and Mario Saraceni, eds. English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. London: Continuum, 2006.
褿611ڡˤ 15:30--18:45 νڤˡī㡼ɶˤֱѸˤѸ --- Ѹꤹ륷ֺ¤Ϥޤޤ4ΥǡȤѸ (world_englishes) ơޤ˱Ѹˤδ餪äƤͽǤ
ؿΤϡҤäֺ¾Ҳ𤪤ӻäߤɤ̤Τۤ饤Ǥλä٤ޤޤ1֤Υ쥳ǥۿͽꤵƤޤΤǡԹΤ褤ˡǤäޤ
ΤγפʲžƤޤ
ޤǤʤѸϸˤƺǤͭϤʸǤѸŪη̡̾䤿ؤǤɸѸװʳˤ͡ʱѸ줬ȯãƤꡤǯϤΤѸ (World Englishes) ȸƤ֤ȤƤޤ
4ΥǤϡѸȤϲѸϤˤƤޤdz礷ΤѸεϤɤˤΤƺαѸϤɤʤäƤΤȤä˱ѸˤȤޤ
4Υȥͽˤϰʲ̤Ǥ
1Ѹ611
2ˤƱѸϳ礷Τ86
3ƤαѸ̤
421αѸΤ椯̤
ȤʤѸפǤäƤϤ褽̤Ȥʤ븫ߤǤ
̾䤿ؤǤɸѸפϱƱѸפȤƤޤѤƤѸϥɱѸ졤ʥꥢѸ졤ޥѸʤɤȼ¤¿ͤǤǯϡѸסʱѸǤʣ "World Englishes"ˤȤƸƤФ뤳Ȥ¿ʤäƤޤֵܹǤϡΡѸݤȤϲʤΤƳȤȤˡʤɤΤ褦ˤθݤƤΤˤĤơ˱Ѹˤδޤ
ܥΰϡhellog λǡǤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ǤۿƤޤΤǡҤ⤪İ
ѸȴϢơʲ hellog heldio ɤ
hellog #4558. ѸˤѸ ([2021-10-19-1])
hellog #4730. World Englishes γؤӻϤ˲ܤҲ ([2022-04-09-1])
heldio #141. ̡Ѹ X ݱѸkhelfʷѸ˥ե˸ǤྰȤ̡
heldio #173. Ω̿ءܹȤ̡ݱѸȤϲ
heldio #314. ߷ͧȤ̡ʤѸؤδؿޤäƤΤ
ͤܥؤλäԤƤޤ
#4509. "angloversals" --- ѸˤߤŪʡܡ ([2021-08-31-1]) "angloversals" ȤѸ졦ǰ˿줿αѸѼϤȡŪŪľܤδطʤѼ֤ˡ褯ܡʤȤ櫓ɸŪʸܡˤ̤ƴѻ뤳Ȥ롥̣ǡֱѸפ֤ʤΤǡȤ⤢Ȼפ뤫⤷ʤܤΤʤˤ9ʾαѸѼ˳ǧȤ˥С˶ᤤΤ⤢롥줬 angloversals ȸƤФΤ
Kortmann ϡ76αѸѼĴ¿Ѽ˶ͭƤ angloversals Υȥå11ϤФɸŪǵŪʸˡȤƤϥȤŪʹܤǤ롥Kortmann Υɽ (639--40) 䤹褦˲Ѥưʲ˼ "No." Ĵֹ桤 "AR" "attestation rate" ؤ
| No. | Feature | Absent in | Total | AR worldwide |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| F229 | no inversion/no auxiliaries in main clause yes/no questions (You get the point?) | North, SE, AppE, ChcE, NigE, TP | 70 | 92% |
| F34 | forms or phrases for the second person plural pronoun other than you (e.g. youse, yinz, y'all, you guys, yufela) | O&SE, SE, TznE, UgE, HKE, FijiE, Saramaccan | 69 | 91% |
| F221 | adverbs other than degree modifiers have the same form as adjectives (Come quick!) | PakE, SLkE, HKE, FijiE, BelC, Bislama, TP | 69 | 91% |
| F7 | me instead of I in coordinate subjects (me and my brother) | FijiE, EMarC, Saramaccan, TorSC, PalmE, Bislama, Norf'k, TP | 68 | 89% |
| F159 | never as preverbal past tense negator (She never came this morning) | O&SE, ChcE, JamE, UgE, NigE, IndE, SLkE, EMarC, Saramaccan, Sranan, RRC, Bislama, TP | 63 | 83% |
| F154 | multiple negation/negative concord (He won't do no harm) | NigE, TznE, PakE, SLkE, MalE, FijiE, RRC, TP, Bislama, GhP, NigP | 61 | 80% |
| F220 | degree modifier adverbs have the same form as adjectives (This is real healthy) | . . . | 60 | 79% |
| F147 | was for conditional were (if I was you) | . . . | 58 | 76% |
| F78 | double comparatives and superlatives (That's so much more easier to follow) | . . . | 56 | 74% |
| F172 | existential/presentational there's/there is/there was with plural subjects (There's three people in the garden) | . . . | 54 | 71% |
| F228 | no inversion/no auxiliaries in wh-questions (What you doing?) | . . . | 54 | 71% |
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