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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2012-09-27 Thu

#1249. Ѹϥ쥪줫 (2) [creole][me][old_norse][contact][historiography][pchron]

[2012-09-01-1]ε#1223. Ѹϥ쥪줫פǡBailey and Maroldt ˤ˱Ѹ᥯쥪Ф Görlach η㤷ȿ򳵴ѤѸ᥯쥪ϡBailey and Maroldt Τߤʤ餺Poussa ʤɤʣɿԤ߽ФƤγϡBrandy Ryan ˤ򻲾ȡˡ
Bailey and Maroldt ڤ Poussa ͤľäƤߤξԤȤˡޤǽεΩġϡ餫ͳǡѸɤƤ creolisation λʪ˻Ωƾ夲餷ʸ "creolisation" "(strong) influence from another language" ɤؤ̤뤳Ȥ顤ɤΤȤ¾줫αƶ٤ɤ뤫ɤνѸѤɽ뤫Ȥ˴ؤ˹Ԥ夯褦˻פ롥"influence" ȤŪѸ­ˡ"creolisation" ȤŪʡ loaded Ѹ򴺤ѤɬפɤˤΤޤݤ߹ʤ
μεƤ֤ΤϡڵԺߤλΡʼҲ˸ŪɤΤ褦˺ƷѸΤɤΤ褦¤ľȤѸ˵Ҥ˴ؤ꤬󵯤뤫Ǥ롥¸θФĩ濫뤤ĩȯǤȤǸʪȤƤϳڤΤȤƤϺǽ餫þƤȸ虜ʤ
㤨СPoussa ϡűѸȸťΥɸȤ creole 򾧤Ƥ뤬ηϰʲ̤Ǥ롥

It is argued that the fundamental changes which took place between standard literary OE and Chancery Standard English: loss of grammatical gender, extreme simplification of inflexions and borrowing of form-words and common lexical words, may be ascribed to a creolization with Old Scandinavian during the OE period. The Midland creole dialect could have stabilized as a spoken lingua franca in the reign of Knut. Its non-appearance in literature was due initially to the prestige of the OE literary standard. (84)


Görlach ˵Ƥ褦ˡʸˡξüȶޤñ㲽ϡťΥɸδͿλ夫μȯãüȯƤꡤťΥɸȤܿˤ®줿ȤϳΤޤǼϩαĹǤ롥ܸäμѤˤĤƤϡ[2012-07-23-1]ε#1183. ťΥɸαƶɾܻؤơפǿ줿꤬ؤ롥creolisation ˤϴܸäִդΤǤꡤܸäִС creolisation ʤΤȤĤȤƤ褦˻פ롥Knut 󥬡ե󥫤ȤƤο creole 侩Ȥɾcreole ʸȿǤʤäͳˤǼͤ롥ʸ̤ϳΤ˾ʤThe Peterborough Chronicle Continuations Τ褦ˡűѸ줫ѸؤθѲϢ³򼨺ڵ򤬤뤫
⡤쥪ˤĤǤʤΤϡ̾"creol(isation)" ȤϤޤǰۤʤä2֤δطˤĤƸ뤳ȤʤΤǤϤʤȤǤ롥űѸȸťΥɸΤ褦ʷŪˤ෿ŪˤȤ⤤٤ƱΤ礦ˤϡcreolisation Ȥϲ̣Τcreole creolisation θˤơФħŤʤʤ¤ꡤѸѤϡθܿ»ͤƤޤΤǤϤʤ

Görlach, Manfred. "Middle English --- a Creole?" Linguistics across Historical and Geographical Boundaries. Ed. D. Kastovsky and A. Szwedek. Berlin: Gruyter, 1986. 329--44.
Poussa, Patricia. "The Evolution of Early Standard English: The Creolization Hypothesis." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 14 (1982): 69--85.
Bailey, Charles James N. and Karl Maroldt. "The French Lineage of English." Langues en contact --- Pidgins --- Creoles --- Languages in contact. Ed. Jürgen M. Meisel. Tübingen: Narr, 1977. 21--51.

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2012-09-02 Sun

#1224. Ѹ졤ǥޡ졤եꥫ󥹸˶̤Ƥߤܿθ [germanic][inflection][synthesis_to_analysis][contact][danish][afrikaans][bilingualism]

[2011-11-10-1]ε#927. ޥζޤοءפǡO'Neil 򻲾ȤĤġѸ줬ťΥɸܿƶޤñΤƱͤˡΦ󥸥ʥӥ줬ϥɥĸ (Middle Low German) ܿեꥫ󥹸 (Afrikaans) (Dutch) ϥޥ (Low German) ܿơޤñȤ˿줿
ƱݤθڤGörlach (340) ǡ¾θȤǤʤƤǥޡ (Danish) ϡ13--15˶ޤʬ򼺤äλϡǡͤǥޡϥɥĸ2ѼԤȤʤäƤǤ롥ơ2ϡѸȸťΥɸδطäϳͶ̤ޤ礭ۤʤȤطˤä
եꥫ󥹸ˤĤƤϡ1700--1750ǯλˡѸǥޡƱͤʿCape Province ο̱Ԥ35%ϥϡ35%ϥɥķϤǡ͡͡ʶޤκۤ򼨤ʤ⡤ȤʬŪʤ˰¸ưջ̤ޤäƤȤߤ롥
ξˤ⡤Ʊ°2ܿؤäƤꡤξΤΤʼҲŪ岼طΤʤȤ̤Ƥ롥ɸΥޥ3ʿԴطˤ϶ʾΤΤȹͤƤ褵
ʤ쥪ϡѸΤߤʤ餺եꥫ󥹸ˤĤƤ⾧Ƥ褦ơޥ󥹽ˤ⡥Görlach References 򻲾ȡ

O'Neil, Wayne. "The Evolution of the Germanic Inflectional Systems: A Study in the Causes of Language Change." Orbis 27 (1980): 248--86.
Görlach, Manfred. "Middle English --- a Creole?" Linguistics across Historical and Geographical Boundaries. Ed. D. Kastovsky and A. Szwedek. Berlin: Gruyter, 1986. 329--44.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-04-17-1] [2013-12-03-1]

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2012-09-01 Sat

#1223. Ѹϥ쥪줫 [creole][pidgin][me][french][old_norse][contact]

ε#1222. ե󥹸줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1]) ǻȤ Görlach ʸϡBailey and Maroldt ˤѸϥ쥪ǤפȤʲФȿȤƽ񤫤줿ΤǤ롥ѸϸűѸȸťΥɸ줢뤤ϥե󥹸Ȥκˤäޤ줿Ȥ뤳βϡ쥪Ǥ롥줬Դ֤ǰפʤ¤ꡤӤǤ롥;Ϥʤ餫˥쥪ȤǧƤ줫鸲ħ⤭Ħˤ˴Ťƥ쥪ߤȤΤQŪʼΤ褦˻פ뤬Bailey and Maroldt ǤϡμǰƬ֤Ƥʤ褦˻פ롥
Görlach (341) ϡťΥɸȤκˤѸ쥯쥪򡤼Ǵꤹ롥ŵŪʥ쥪Ȥϰۤʤꡤ(1) ̾ˤȳʤ򼺤äƤ餺(2) ̾ˤƿ򼺤äƤ餺(3) ưˤƿ;θȻɸ򼺤äƤ餺(4) ư֤򼺤äƤ餺(5) ֤Ƥʤ
ˡ餯ԥκǤ⸲ħȤ⤤٤ "the drastic break" (341) ѸˤˤϴѻʤȤSranan Ϥ鷺20ǯۤɤǰꤷ[2010-06-05-1]ε#404. Suriname ˤȸפ򻲾ȡˡΥ쥪ȤäƤ褤ȯλиƤ롥
ťΥɸȤκˤѸ쥯쥪⤬Τ褦˺ʤΤǤ뤫顤ե󥹸ȤΥ쥪䡤Ǥ롥εǤ⾯줿褦ˡGörlach (338) ϡե󥹸αѸؤʸˡŪʱƶϡ쥪βǽˡ⤽⺳٤Ǥ뤳Ȥ򼨺Ƥ롥

Influence of French on inflections and, by and large, on syntactical structures cannot be proved, but appears unlikely from what we know about bilingualism in Middle English times. Middle English is a typical case of a language of low prestige, predominantly used in spoken form and split into a great number of dialects that had to assimilate the cultural (and in this case) mainly lexical impact of the 'high' language.


Τ褦ʹͤ Görlach ˤȤäơѸ᥯쥪ȤϤޤ˼줬ΤβϸߤǤϤۤȤɼƤʤBrinton and Arnovick (297--98) Thomason and Kaufman (309) ƱȽƤ롥Ѹ˸ˤƤ⥯쥪츦ˤƤ⡤ĤλɷȤʤäȤϳΤǤ롥

Bailey, Charles James N. and Karl Maroldt. "The French Lineage of English." Langues en contact --- Pidgins --- Creoles --- Languages in contact. Ed. Jürgen M. Meisel. Tübingen: Narr, 1977. 21--51.
Görlach, Manfred. "Middle English --- a Creole?" Linguistics across Historical and Geographical Boundaries. Ed. D. Kastovsky and A. Szwedek. Berlin: Gruyter, 1986. 329--44.
Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford: OUP, 2006.
Thomason, Sarah Grey and Terrence Kaufman. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: U of California P, 1988.

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2012-08-17 Fri

#1208. ե󥹸αʸˡؤαƶɾ [french][syntax][inflection][synthesis_to_analysis][norman_conquest][me][word_order][idiom][contact][french_influence_on_grammar]

Ѹե󥹸ϱѸθäƶڤܤޤֻˤƤαƶڤܤ֤ʤʸˡ˵ڤܤƶ礭ʤ
Ѹ˵äʸˡѲΤΤϡƿä̾졤ƻ졤̾졤ưζηϤϡξüʿѤˤάʤ줿ʸˡϤʤʤä礬SVOظ경ƤäΤ褦ʸˡѲ˥ե󥹸줬ľܤ˴ͿȤȤϤʤ
ˡɽ (idiom) ˡȤạ̈Ǥǡե󥹸αƶʤβǽˤ򤤤ĤŦ뤳ȤϤǤ (Baugh and Cable, p. 167 15򻲾ȡˡե󥹸줬Ѹäʬ˵ڤܤƶȤ٤٤ʤΤȤơե󥹸αѸؤľŪʱƶ϶ϾǤ롥
ŪʱƶȤȤǤС[2012-07-11-1]ε#1171. ե󥹸ȤθܿȶޤοפǼ夲ե󥹸ĴʤФʤʤե󥹸αʸˡؤαƶϡޤפȸθĤĬή߳˿ʹԤ뤿μҲŪˤ롥Baugh and Cable (167) ɾѤ롥

It is important to emphasize that . . . changes which affected the grammatical structure of English after the Norman Conquest were not the result of contact with the French language. Certain idioms and syntactic usages that appear in Middle English are clearly the result of such contact. But the decay of inflections and the confusion of forms that constitute the truly significant development in Middle English grammar are the result of the Norman Conquest only insofar as that event brought about conditions favorable to such changes. By removing the authority that a standard variety of English would have, the Norman Conquest made it easier for grammatical changes to go forward unchecked. Beyond this it is not considered a factor in syntactic changes.


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

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2012-07-23 Mon

#1183. ťΥɸαƶɾܻؤ [contact][old_norse]

ε#1182. ťΥɸȤθܿϤǤϤʤ ([2012-07-22-1]) 񤭤ʤǰƬˤäΤϡĤǼƤťΥɸƶФ٤Ǥ롥Ѹ˳ʤɤǡťΥɸαѸ˵ڤܤƶ°̤ˤڤʤäꡤ뤤ϲɾ줿ꤹ뷹˵褷ܿξܺ٤ȵƧ߹ǡťΥɸƶɾͿ뤳ȤɬפǤ뤳Ȥ򶯤ʤƤ롥ɽŪˤߤСťΥɸˤŪƶ٤٤Ʋ̤ˤʤäƤΤ⤷ʤΤ褦˥ͥƥ֤ˤȤ館ϡष˻ޤΤʺɾܻؤߤȤƥݥƥˤȤ館٤ťΥɸƶäưܤ񤤤ƤۤɤǤ뤫顤ԤΤΥơޤؤǮդȰ¡ʤ̤ΤǤ뤳ȤϸޤǤʤ츫 downplay Ƥ褦Ǥʤ顤¤ emphasise Ƥ뤳Ȥ餫Ǥ롥
ˤϡ˽Ҥ٤褦ʡֿŤǮ٤ӤήƤ롥֤äȤפȼΤʤɤս򤤤ĤѤ褦

֥ΥɸαѸؤαƶ϶äפȡɤαѸˤ򰷤äܤˤ񤤤Ƥ롥ƶäȤ뺬ΤҤȤġϺǤ礭ʺΤҤȤĤǤ뤬ϤĤ줿ηϡפȤФʸˡѸ䵡ǽǤ̾졤ֻ졤³줬ѤƤ뤳Ȥ󤲤롥̤ˤΤ褦ʸϳ줫ѤˤȹͤƤ롥ˤؤ餺ѤƤΤϡ̲ͤȥ󥰥ɿͤȤ̩ܤʴطä˰㤤ʤȤȤˤʤ롥Τ褦˿ʤƤȡʤȤʤŪʬä褦ʵʬˤƤޤΤǤ롥顤̩ܤʴطȤϰΤɤΤ褦ʤΤǤȤФϡֻ̾줬ѤطΤȤäƤΤʤƲ˴٤äƤޤɤϤʳΤȤ̸ޤƤޤäƤ롥(iv--v)


ᤤ2Ĥθˤơθդ⤦1Ĥθ줫Ѥ줿ȰŪ˹ͤƤǤäƤ⡤줿ȤˤθդɤΥꥢȤȤƤȤ¸ߤ⤷ʤΤǤ롥äơ¸ߤʤäȤʤ¤ꡤ100ѡȤǤǸ뤳ȤԲǽʤΤǤ롥άͤѸˤʤäƽо줹줬Υɸ쵯Ǥ뤫ݤȽǤǺǤ⡤줬Ūˡ̣ŪˡäȤΥɸǤȾ줿塤̲ͤν꽻ϰǽ񤫤줿Ѹʸ˻ȤƤȤ顤̤ϥΥɸ줫줿ΤǤǽ˹⤤ȹͤƤ褤⤷ʤȤϤθ줬󥰥ꥢäդΥꥢȤ1ĤǤäǽ⤢뤫顤ϤäꤽȤϸʤǤ̵ۤǤƸؤΤߤǤʤ̤θ椬̤򤢤ޤǤꤷʤۤ褤Ȼפ롥(133--34)


ξ񤤤Ƥ˻פäȤϡ̲αƶ϶äפѽҤƤ뤳Ȥ̤ƤʤΤȤȤǤ롥Υɸ쵯ϡɸξˤơΥ٥Ǥ¿褦Ǥ뤬ΥɸΤ鸫ȤǤϤʤ褦˻פäơǽμѤϤäȤƤ⾯ʤʸι¤ϰθɽƤϤۤȤɱƶƤʤޤƤ䡤̤˥Υɸ쵯ȻפƤǤäƤ⡤Ʊ褦ʷθ줬űѸ˥ޥʡʥꥢȤȤ¸ߤƤ㤬뤳Ȥθȡ͡ʽ˥Υɸ쵯ȤƵ󤲤Ƥ줬ˤʤΤ路ʤäƤ롥äƹʤ븦ԤʤäƤɵڤʤФʤʤ (159)


ͳإ󥰤Υ󥰥꽻ˤȱѸؤαƶ١޽2012ǯ

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2012-07-22 Sun

#1182. ťΥɸȤθܿϤǤϤʤ [contact][old_norse]

##59,928,931,1170,1179 εǡťΥɸȤθܿıѸ˾ΰյˤĤƹŪ˽Ҥ٤Ƥźθܿλ򸫤ƤߤȡűѸȸťΥɸȤθܿ٤ϡۤɶä٤ȤǤϤʤȤȤ狼롥üȤơԥ䥯쥪ͤƤߤȤ褤κȯطʤˤϡ䤹ۤɤܿäΤˡťΥɸϱѸ˵ǽܸ򶡵뤷ȤϤ¤ΤȤθˤơ줯餤ΤȤʤäξξ硤෿Ū˻ƤΤ顤٤κ϶ä٤ȤǤϤʤѸ˸Ԥˤ⵩Ȥߤʤ̻뤷ťΥɸαƶɾƤȤȤϤʤ
Thomason and Kaufman ϡťΥɸαѸؤαƶٹ礤򡤽⾮ѤҤǤ롥ΤʤȤǡĥƤ뤬3սѤ褦

. . . we will also argue that the extent of Norse influence on English between 900 and 1100, though remarkable, was not extreme given the preexisting typological and genetic closeness of the two languages. (264)

In spite of the relatively large number of grammatical elements of Norse origin in Norsified ME, their effect on English structure was almost trivial. (298)

The Norse influence on English was pervasive, in the sense that its results are found in all parts of the language; but it was not deep, except in the lexicon. Norse influence could not have modified the basic typology of English because the two were highly similar in the first place. Norse did not stimulate simplification in English, since the simplifications we see in ME when compared to OE probably were taking place in OE before Norse influence became relevant. (302--03)


Τ褦 Thomason and Kaufman εФƤϰ⤢źθܿλ෿˾Ȥ餷ơθܿλɾȤ٤ϽפǤ롥ܿˤƶȤϡ̻ˤȳ̻ˤӤĤʥߥḁ̊ŪǤ뤿ᡤȤɾǤ롥ɾǤᾮɾǤʤɾƤ̥Ϥ򤵤ϤťΥɸαƶ⡤褷Ʒڻ뤹櫓ǤϤʤޤǹԤ᤮򾯤ޤȤݤǡŤɬפ롥

Thomason, Sarah Grey and Terrence Kaufman. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: U of California P, 1988.

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2012-07-19 Thu

#1179. ťΥɸȤܿȡּ夤嫡 [variation][contact][sociolinguistics][old_norse][history][weakly_tied][social_network][language_change][geography]

[2012-07-07-1]ε#1167. ܿʿǤϤʤˤ㤷פǡܿθ̤ϡŪǷ³Ūʾ⡤԰³ŪʾˤƤΤǤȤĤμĥҲ𤷤϶ǯμҲؤǤȤΡּ夤嫤ǷФ줿 ("weakly tied") ҲǤ׿Ƴ䤹ʤ䤹Ȥĥб롥Τ褦ʼҲŪͥåȥ˴ŤѲϡMilroy ʤɤθ̤ơǧΤ褦ˤʤäƤƤ[2011-09-26-1]ε#882. Belfast νŹפ򻲾ȡˡ
ĤϡιͤűѸȸťΥɸʲĤŪѸǤ֥ΥɸפѤƤˤȤθܿλ˶ŪŬѤդμҲŪŪ褦Ȼߤ󤬡[2012-07-07-1]εǰѤʸϤǤ롥˷ǤѤϡּ夤嫡ŬѤ򤵤˿䤷ʤᡤդޤʸϤǤ롥

ϡΥ󥰥ɤϤαǤϥ󥰻̲ͤȥ󥰥ɿͤδ֤Ǹꡤ󥰻ˤη׺ɤϤߤ졤ʼã⤽ϰ˽ߤĤ̲ΰ̱줿ΤǤäϰΥ󥰥ɿͤȰܽԤ̲ͤϤߤθդΰ㤤餤ˤƤʤä顤ࡼʲä̵äȤƤ֤ܿȲˤäưפ˽褿ǤΤ褦ʾϡ夤嫤ǷФ줿ԡߥ˥ƥ̤˽иξθΥꥨȤǤ׿αӲǤ夤嫤ǷФ줿̲ͤ͡󥰥ɿ͡뤤ϤκͤΤǤꤨޤΤ褦ʿãοȤǰפʤɤ˷ȤΤ䡤뤤ʼΤ褦ˡϰ­򿭤ФͤǤäơޤޤϤǶ嫤Ƥ륳ߥ˥ƥοãܿ뤳ȤˤʤΤǤ롥ζ嫤Υߥ˥ƥ1ĤΤ塹Ѥ餺ƱϤĤǤ뽸ǤäΤ褦ʽˤɬ濴Ṳ̄ͤ¸ߤοͤꥢȤ뤳Ȥˤäơˤν˹ޤäƤΤǤ롥Ƥθ׿γΥᥫ˥ब¾θѲǤ߹礤Ū˥ǡϰˡ󥰥󥸥ʥӥȸƤФ롥Ȥϰۤʤäդ¿ޤȿΤǤäǡζϡǡϰ褬󥰥ɲˤäå󤵤ޤǡ̿ͤϹԤ褬ԲǽǤäᡤϤϰ¿˳礷ΤǤ롥


εҤˤϡҲ˸ؾνפΩĤޤޤƤ롥ޤѲˤƼ夤嫤ζƱΤȶ嫤ζƱΤβ̤Ū䤬ɽƤ롥ˡĿͤȶƱΤ̤ĤġӤĤƤ롥ϡѲ (implementation) ȳȻ (diffusion) Ȥ̩ܤ˴ϢΩǤ롥ơŪѰ (synchronic variation) ̻ŪѲ (diachronic change) ߴط⼨Ƥ롥
ۤˤ⡤Ѳˤפ䷳ȤäҲư䡤β̤ʤɡܤ٤ޤޤƤ롥ˡּҲ˸ءפȤɽѤޤ˼Ҳؤ˸ؤȤ򶯤ռǤ롥

ͳإ󥰤Υ󥰥꽻ˤȱѸؤαƶ١޽2012ǯ

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2012-07-13 Fri

#1173. Ѳɬȶ [synthesis_to_analysis][inflection][old_norse][contact][causation][historiography][language_change][philosophy_of_language]

ؤαѸˤμȤǡѸζޤοˤĤơ[2012-07-10-1]ε#1170. ťΥɸȤθܿȶޤοפdz⤷Ҳ𤷤ޤοϡѸ줬Ū줫ʬŪʸ (synthesis_to_analysis ؤȸ෿žȤʤäѲǤꡤ켫ȤŪװǤʤťΥɸȤܿȤä쳰Ūװˤäư줿ȹͤƤ롥ϡѸˤ¿ΤʤǤ⡤Ǥʥߥåǹ񿴤򤯤ǤϤʤʤˤǤȤϤϤΤŪŪװȵ󤲤ơѸ˾ѲΤ顤֤ѲˤͳΤʤפȴҤȤȤʤΤɬǤ롥ºݤˡ¿γѲΡָפͳפ褯Ǥȡľܤ뤤ϴܤ˥ȤǽҤ٤Ƥ
ȤΥȤ˼Τ褦ˤꡤܤڤָ줬ɤ뤫ϡˤǤʤʤȻפä
ȤƤϡѲˤϸͳꡤ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡ٤ɬŪǤ롤ȤȤ򡤶ޤοȤ򻲾Ȥơĥ褦Ȥºݤˡ¿γμݤDzᤷݤȿøȿֶ״Ѥ󼨤졤˰ɽͤ줿ʹȤʤä
ѲθˤĤƤ causation γƵǰäƤ褦ˡ˸ؤˤǽפȹͤ롥ˤˤɬȶȽŤʤäƤꡤůؤȤäƤ褤ѲθȤƤ⡤θǤΤϤɤޤǤʤΤɤޤǤŪɬȤߤʤΤȤ꤬Ĥ롥΢֤СѲΤɤޤǤŪλʪʤΤȤˤʤ롥
٤ƶȸäƤޤȡǵϥȥåפ롥٤ɬȸäƤޤȡ٤ƤͿʤФʤ餺©줷ȤޤǤ϶ǡȤޤǤɬȤΤΤȹͤƤ뤬Ȥˤ˵Ҥˤ衤äƤʹƤⶽ̣򴶤ΤϡɬεͳȤͿʤͿ줿ۤ祤״Ф̣廊뤫γΥȤͶȯ䤤ϡƤ

Referrer (Inside): [2016-05-29-1] [2015-06-28-1]

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2012-07-11 Wed

#1171. ե󥹸Ȥθܿȶޤο [synthesis_to_analysis][inflection][french][contact][norman_conquest][word_order][reestablishment_of_english][french_influence_on_grammar]

ε#1170. ťΥɸȤθܿȶޤο ([2012-07-10-1]) ǤϡѸʸˡ˾塤ťΥɸβ̤䤬礭⤷ޤοȡ̩ܤ˴ؤθ경ֻλѤγϡŪŪʣװΤǤꡤťΥɸȤθܿϡפǤϤ뤬Τ1ĤˤʤȤ򤷤Ƥɬפ롥
쳰ŪװȤƤ⤦1Ĺͤ٤ϡե󥹸ȤθܿǤ롥1066ǯΥΥޥʹߡ󥰥ɤˤѸϰ̤ϲűѸˤ¸ߤѸɸϼ졤񤭸դۤå줿ѸϡüԿǤߤХե󥹸ⰵŪ¿äȤϳΤ ([2010-03-31-1])ҲŪˤϲäɽƤ褤θ塤Ѹˤ2Ķ֤ɬפäΤǤreestablishment_of_english) ե󥹸줬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶȤƤϡäֻʤɸŪʤΤ¿ʾˡѸ줬ҲŪ˴뤳ȤˤʤäפǤ롥
̣ȤˡҲŪ˴졤ϲäȤˤꡤѸϤषȯŸ뤳Ȥˤʤä[2010-11-25-1]ε#577. Ѹ̩ʤ˱ɡפ򻲾ȡˡҲŪϰ̤ȤäƤ⡤ե󥹸¦θ쵬Ȥä褦ʼϹԻȤϤʤषͳ˱ˤ줿ɽۤŬڤʾäΤ褦ʾǡΥޥλޤǤˤǤ¾θˤꤢ٤ޤǿʤǤޤοϡڤʤʹԤ³뤳Ȥ줿ΤǤ롥رѸˤDz򤭤ۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡ435֥Υޥͤȥե󥹸 (74) ǡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤

ѸϤϲäλ¤ϱѸθѲʹԤƤ椯Τ乥ξͿξͤǤ񤭸դɸबꡤ˼ҲŪʸҤտ路Ƥ¤ꡤϤñˤѤʤ񤭸դɸϸ경ƯѲФ޻ϤȤʤ뤫Ǥ롥ޤѸϽ̱θȤƼ֤֤졤åǽԺߤΤʤ뤯ޤޤѲ뤲뤳Ȥ줿ɤˤɤѲƤïʸʤ䡤⤽ïؿ󤻤뤳ȤΤʤμ微ؤžΤ顤ѤѤޤޤʤȤʤäΤǤ롥


ơ54֤ʤޤष (99--100) ǡΤ褦᤯ä

űѸθťΥɸȤܿȤʤäƸѸζ޸׷ϡѸ˥ե󥹸ˤäƱѸ줬ͤ򤪤Ȥ줿椨ˡï˳뤳Ȥʤ߳˿ʹԤΤǤ롥ŪʥޥŪɺήťΥɸüԤȤܿե󥹸ͥʼҲΤDZѸβͤ㲼ȡνװؤäƱѸ˾ΰѲΤǤ롥

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2012-07-10 Tue

#1170. ťΥɸȤθܿȶޤο [synthesis_to_analysis][inflection][old_norse][contact][norman_conquest]

Ѹˤˤ븲ĬήǤ礫ʬϤء (synthesis_to_analysis) ˡťΥɸȤθܿ礤˴ؤäƤȤϡƤ롥ťΥɸȤθܿȡޤοȤδ֤ˤϰ̴طȤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ١夲Ƥä ##59,928,931 ε򻲾ȡˡѸ˾塤ǽפȤ¿αѸ˳Ǽ夲ƤΤûʸϤΤ褯⤷ΤޤʤѸˤŪʻȤϡषΥ줿βΤۤޤʬ䤹褦˻פǡä̻֤֤ʤ񤤤 Lieber (103) ꡤϢսѤ褦

   Why did English lose all this inflection? There are probably two reasons. The first one has to do with the stress system of English: in Old English, unlike modern English, stress was typically on the first syllable of the word. Ends of words were less prominent, and therefore tended to be pronounced less distinctly than beginnings of words, so inflectional suffixes tended not to be emphasized. Over time this led to a weakening of the inflectional system. But this alone probably wouldn't have resulted in the nearly complete loss of inflectional marking that is the situation in present day English; after all, German --- a language closely related to English --- also shows stress on the initial syllables of words, and nevertheless has not lost most of its inflection over the centuries.
     Some scholars attribute the loss of inflection to language contact in the northern parts of Britain. For some centuries during the Old English period, northern parts of Britain were occupied by the Danes, who were speakers of Old Norse. Old Norse is closely related to Old English, with a similar system of four cases, masculine, feminine, and neuter genders, and so on. The actual inflectional endings, however, were different, although the two languages shared a fair number of lexical stems. For example, the stem bōt meant 'remedy' in both languages, and the nominative singular in both languages was the same. But the nominative plural in Old English was bōta and in Old Norse bótaR. The form bóta happened to be the genitive plural in Old Norse. some scholars hypothesize that speakers of Old English and Old Norse could communicate with each other to some extent, but the inflectional endings caused confusion, and therefore came to be de-emphasized or dropped. One piece of evidence for this hypothesis is that inflection appears to have been lost much earlier in the northern parts of Britain where Old Norse speakers cohabited with Old English speakers, than in the southern parts of Britain, which were not exposed to Old Norse. Inflectional loss spread from north to south, until all parts of Britain were eventually equally poor in inflection (O'Neil 1980; Fennell 2001: 128--9)


Ʊ򡤤Ǥʬ䤹Ķ̣򤽤褦˲ߤΤرѸˤDz򤭤ۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡ54֤ʤޤष (94--100) Ǥ롥ǤϡޤοˤťΥɸβ̤ΤۤˡΥޥ˥ե󥹸줬̤ˤƧ߹Ǥ롥Ԥϡ̴طȤƤϡŪǤϤ뤬ܿȸˤΥʥߥåʴط̻ˤ̻ˤʬӤĤ򤹤ΤˤäƤĤǤ롥ˤĤƤεǡ

Lieber, Rochelle. Introducing Morphology. Cambridge: CUP, 2010.
O'Neil, Wayne. "The Evolution of the Germanic Inflectional Systems: A Study in the Causes of Language Change." Orbis 27 (1980): 248--86.
Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.

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2012-07-08 Sun

#1168. ܿȤüܿǤ [contact][sociolinguistics][old_norse]

ε#1167. ܿʿǤϤʤˤ㤷 ([2012-07-07-1]) ǡűѸȸťΥɸθܿˤĤơ⸽̣Τ벣ĤθҲ𤷤θϡĤθܿФŪΩ졤ܿȤüԤɤμҲŪܿεǤȤͤ褯ȿǤƤ롥֤Ϥˡ (vii) ꡤƱݤ϶ʸϤѤ褦

ܿȤȡʣθȿܿȤ⡤ۤʤäȿäƤʣä꤬ܿ뤳ȤʤΤǤ롥顤ΥɸαѸؤαƶȤ硤ΥɸθȿѸθȿ˱ƶͿȸȤǤϤʤơΥɸä꤬Ѹä˱ƶͿȤȤǤ롥ά֥ͤΥɸζƶפȤҤȸɽ路ƤΤκˤϡդºݤ˻Ȥʹ֤ȡοʹ֤μҲȤδؤ꤬äȤĴɬפ뤷뤳ȤˤäñʤΥɸ쵯θä󤹤ǤϸƤʤΤƤȻפ


رѸˤDz򤭤ۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡ25֤ʤޤѲΤ (43) Ǥ⡤ָܿȤ̵ʸĤޤȤѸȽλѼԤͤȿ͡ҲȼҲȤͤͻ礷αѸä褿ΤǤ롥פȽҤ٤Ȥ롥
ؤǤϡָ줬ܿפָ줬ѲפʤɡָפΩɽ¿ȤʤΤΤ褦ʸϤޤǥ硼ȥåȤˤˡüԡפˤɤؤʤФʤʤüԤܿפΤǤüԤѲפΤǤ롥ؤˤƷ϶ߤǤ뤳ȤϳΤüԺߤεˤϾդʧäƤɬפ

ͳإ󥰤Υ󥰥꽻ˤȱѸؤαƶ١޽2012ǯ

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2012-07-07 Sat

#1167. ܿʿǤϤʤˤ㤷 [contact][sociolinguistics][old_norse][history][standardisation][language_change]

űѸȸťΥɸȤθܿˤĤƤϡold_norse γƵǼ夲Ƥˤ뤬ѸˤˤƸťΥɸαƶȤϡǤפ1ĤǤ롥8ȾФ11ˤƵä󥰤Υ󥰥ɤؤάå̱꽻η̤ȤơűѸüԤȸťΥɸüԤͻ礬ʤߡ⺮򤷤̾졤³졤ֻʤɤεǽ䤽¾δܸ줬¿ťΥɸ줫űѸؤήߡޤ礤˿ʿΤ褦ˤƸ줿 Norsified English ȸƤ֤٤䡤αƶѸϡ14ʹߤαѸɸಽδפȤʤꡤѸˤϢʤäƤ롥
ťΥɸȤܿϡۤɽפʤΤǡѸ˳ǤɬơޤҤ绨ĤǤ뤳Ȥ¿⤽⡤ۤʤζƱΤɤȡĤǤ⤳Τ褦ʸŪʺ򤬿ʤΤʤΤűѸüԤȸťΥɸüԤδ֡ʿ¤˶¸椨˸줬򤷤Τ뤳Ȥ¿ºݤΤȤξüԽĤΤθŪŪŪкŪδطϤʤΤäΤμҲŪפ⤫٤ˤϡ˽񤫤ƤɽŪʵҤĶ˭ϤɬפǤ롥
˭ˡļҲؤθޤơűѸȸťΥɸθܿäɽ񤬸줿ͳΡإ󥰤Υ󥰥꽻ˤȱѸؤαƶ٤Ǥ롥ѡȤսϤĤ뤬ξüԤͻٹ礤ä˶Ʊ褬ʿŪǤäɤȤˤĤơΥǡˤ͡μҲŪط̤ʤ顤Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥս꤬ŪǤ롥

ʾΤ褦˹ͤξԴ֤ͻʿŪäȴñդƤޤ⡤ʿŪʻϰ⤢ФǤʤϰ⤢äǤξ֤ϰμҲˤäƤ礤˰ۤʤäƤΤǤ롥ơٻ⡤ͤ͡ʿãǡϰ˽뤷֤λˤϡ͡ʤƸˤäãܿǤƤΤȤϸѲͤ˽פʤȤǤ롥


ϡξ¦ο͡κʿ¤ˡȡ¤˿ʤȤˤꡤ⼡˺äȤΤŪäषĹ֤ˤ錄³Ū֤ˤƤܿǻ̩äΤǤϤʤȤƤϡɽͤΤǤϤ뤬ͤƤߤи̣롥
ܿεˤϡظˤüԤɤμҲŪʴط򤷤ƤȤɬפǤ롥ơΤˤϡˤμȸ´ȼäϤޤɬפʤΤǤ롥

ͳإ󥰤Υ󥰥꽻ˤȱѸؤαƶ١޽2012ǯ

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2012-06-25 Mon

#1155. Postal θѲ [language_change][causation][generative_grammar][contact][sociolinguistics][rsr]

ε#1154. ѲΥȢȤƤ analogy ([2012-06-24-1]) Ǹڤ Postal ϡ#1123. Ѳθ˸ء ([2012-05-24-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡѲθ fashion ȹͤԤǤ롥ƱˡѲȤ "grammar change" ʸˡѲˤˤۤʤʤʸˡѲ֤뵬§κƲǤȤŪѤλơʸˡѲκǽʳɽ魯 "primary sound change which is independent of language contact" ϡ"'nonfunctional' stylistic change" ǤꡤʳθϤꤨʤȤ롥
Postal εϰ츫ñ¤â񤭤ȤĤƤ롥㤨СҲŪʺ۲Ѳμ¸ȳȻζ̡ܿˤѲѸ Romance Stress Rule ŪˤĤƤ⿨Ƥ롥Postal εϡѲ礭Ȥߤ1ĤȤܤ٤ȹͤΤǡפ1 (283--85) ʬѤ褦

SOME REMARKS ON THE 'CAUSES OF SOUND CHANGE'

     It is perhaps not inappropriate to ask what implications the view that sound change consists in changes in grammars has for the much discussed and controversial question of the causes of sound change. Why should a language, independently of contact with other languages, add a new rule at a certain point? Of course there are some scholars who hold that all linguistic change is a result of language contact, but this position seems too radically improbable to demand serious consideration today. Assuming then that some if not all phonological changes are independent of contact, what is their basis? It seems clear to the present writer that there is no more reason for languages to change than there is for automobiles to add fins one year and remove them the next, for jackets to have three buttons one year and two the next, etc. That is, it seems evident within the framework of sound change as grammar change that the 'causes' of sound change without language contact lie in the general tendency of human cultural products to undergo 'nonfunctional' stylistic change. This is of course to be understood as a remark about what we might call 'primary change,' that is, change which interrupts an assumed stable and long-existing system. It is somewhat more plausible that such stylistic primary changes may yield a grammar which is in some sense not optimal, and that this may itself lead to 'functional' change to bring about an optimal state. Halle's suggestion that children may learn a grammar partially distinct from that underlying the utterances they hear and thus, from the point of view of the adult language, reformulate the grammar (while adults may only add rules), may be looked upon as a suggestion of this type. For as he noted, a grammar G2 which results from the addition of a rule to a grammar G1 may not be the optimal grammar of the set of sentences it generates. Hence one would expect that children learning the new language will internalize not G2 but rather the optimal grammar G3. It remains to be seen how many of the instances of so-called 'structural sound change,' discussed in the writings of scholars like A. Martinet, can be provided with a basis of this type.
     It should be emphasized that the claim that contact independent sound change is due basically to the stylistic possibility for adults to add limited types of rules to their grammars does not preclude the fact that these changes may serve social functions, i.e. may be related to group differentiation, status differences, etc. That is, the claim that change is stylistic is not incompatible with the kinds of results reached by such investigators as Labov (1963). These latter matters concern more properly the social explanation for the spread of the change, a matter which seems more properly sociological than linguistic.
     I have been careful above not to insist that all instances of what have been called sound change were necessarily independent of language contact. Although committed to the view that sound change can occur without contact, we can also accept the view that some changes result from borrowing. The view that sound change is grammar change in fact really eliminates much of the importance of this difference. For under the rule interpretation of change, the only issue is the forces which led to the grammar change. Studies of complex cases of phonological grammar change due to contact have actually been carried out recently within the framework of generative grammar. This work, to be reported in a forthcoming monograph (Keyser and Halle, to appear), shows quite clearly that English has borrowed a number of Romance phonological rules. In particular, English has incorporated essentially the Latin stress rule, that which softens Romance k to s in certain environments, etc. This work has important implications beyond the area of sound change and may affect radically concepts of genetic relationship, Mischsprache, etc., all of which will, I think, require reevaluation.


Postal, P. Aspects of Phonological Theory. New York: Harper & Row, 1968.

Referrer (Inside): [2012-09-12-1] [2012-09-11-1]

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2012-06-19 Tue

#1149. The Aldbrough Sundial [inscription][old_norse][oe][inflection][contact][personal_pronoun]

űѸȸťΥɸθܿľܤʸڤ뵭ϿϤۤȤɻĤƤʤ󥰥ܿʸĤäƤ뤬ޤۤɤˤʤ
ξʸΤʤǤ褯ΤƤΤ1ĤThe Aldbrough Sundial ȸƤФפα߼˹ޤƤäǤ롥East Yorkshire ξĮ Aldbrough ˤ St. Bartholomew's church ɤˤϤޤƤΤǡʸϥΥޥ󡦥󥯥Ȱ˹ޤ줿ΤȹͤƤ롥University of Pennsylvania Anthony Kroch ΥڡDzǤ롥  *  
ΥڡˤѤΤ롤Page ʸɤפʸˤϡűѸȸťΥɸθܿ򼨺뵮ŤʸħȤʸݻȸѸź褦

+VLF LET (?HET) ARŒRAN CYRICE FOR HANVM 7 FOR GVNWARA SAVLA

"+Ulf had this church built for his own sake and for Gunnvǫr's soul."


űѸζηϤƤ뤳ȤCYRICE SAVLA 狼롥Late West-Saxon ɸǤС*cirican *saule ȤʤϤΤȤǤ롥Northumbrian ǤϸűѸˤϤǤˤμζޤοʿϿʹԤƤꡤäƸťΥɸȤθܿˤƶ뤳ȤϤǤʤGVNWARA ˤĤƤϡŪ°ʷȹͤ뤬Ѹ첽޷򼨤Ƥ褦ʤͭ̾ GVNWARA VLF ϤȤ̲Ϥ̾Ǥ롥
ηϤ򼨺ʾ˶̣ΤϡƵ̾Ϳʤɽ魯Ȥܤ HANVM ȤǤ롥űѸǤ3;ñ̾ͿʤȤƤη֤ϳǧƤʤťΥɸǤϤޤˤη֤ѤƤäơθťΥɸ줫Ѥ줿ȤϼƤ褤3;̾줬ƵŪѤƤ뺣Τ褦ʸ̮ǤϡťΥɸǤкƵ̾ sér ѤΤǤ롥űѸǤϡƵ̾Ƶ̾ηŪʶ̤Ϥʤäʾͤ碌ȡϡűѸ3;ñ̾εǽˡݤäޤޤˡη him ťΥɸб HANVM ֤äȤȤˤʤ롥
VLF GVNWARA ʤʪƤʸʪϡťΥɸüԤäǽ롥ϡűѸüԤȤοͻΤˡʸ˼褦ʡܿˤäѷѸä褦ˤʤäƤΤ⤷ʤPage (178) ϡʤڵ򤫤餽Τ褦ʲǽФȤˤդפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

Even in the highly Scandinavianized York, people with Norse names need not be of Norse descent. Surviving English inhabitants may have given their children fashionable Norse names in imitation of a Norse dominant class.


Page ϡ֥󥰥ɤǸťΥɸϤĤޤäƤפȤΤΤʷ󼨤ĤƤ롥Page ŪĴϡޤĹ⤿ʤäΤǤϤʤȤɤ߼롥

Page, R. I. "How Long Did the Scandinavian Language Survive in England? The Epigraphical Evidence." England Before the Conquest: Studies in Primary Sources Presented to Dorothy Whitelock. Ed. P. Clemoes and K. Hughes. Cambridge: CUP, 1971. 165--81.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-08-1] [2016-05-31-1]

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2012-04-12 Thu

#1081. ҲؤȯŸطʤȼҲؤʬ [sociolinguistics][history_of_linguistics][linguistic_relativism][geography][wave_theory][contact]

[2012-03-18-1]ε#1056. ѲϿʹ֤ˤѶŪʺѤǤפƬ[2012-03-22-1]ε#1060. θοȤȡפθȾǿ줿1960ǯ夫ҲؤȤʬȯŸƤθػŪطʤˤĤơȥåɥ1974ǯΤʤǼΤ褦˻ŦƤ롥

ؤϤޤǸȼҲȤδطޤä̵뤷褿ȸäƤޤäƤϤޤ礶äѤ뤫⤷ʤޤޤäƤȸ褦äȤʤǤäˤĤƤϡ¿ξ礽ʤͳ롥ָĿ͸(idiolect)סĤޤˤĤΥˤĿͤΤȤиθ˸¤뤳Ȥˤäơʣʸݤ򸦵椹ݤˤԲķñ㲽Ϥꡤñ㲽ȤˤäơŪˤ⤷ΤǤ롥Ǥ˻Ŧ̤ꡤȤΤϼҲŪʸݤʤΤǤ롥ҲȤ̤ޤä̵뤷Ƹ򸦵椷ΤǤϡΤʣʡ̣뤤Ĥ̤ɬŪæ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤷ޤ򤵤ȯŸ뵡򼺤碌뤳ȤˤʤȤΤѰۤ䤹ݤǤäơѰϸƱ˼ҲȤ̩ܤ˴طΤȤ¤ν˵ŤȤҲŪʸȯã˻餷᤿װΰĤʤΤǤ롥Ȥϡʤ̤Ǥ⤹٤ƤοͤˤäƱ褦˻ȤññεηϤʤΤǤϤʤƸؤϤʣʸݤ˼Ȥ߻Ϥ뤳ȤǽǤ⤢뤷ͭǤ⤢ȤʳˡäãȤʤΤ(24--25)


Τ褦ˤȯŸƤҲؤΰϰϤϹߤǤ⤽ϰϤϳ礷Ƥ뤬Ҳؤܤ绨ĤʬȡŪʴؿҲŪʴؿŪʴؿ3郎ǧ롥줾졤ءҲءؤˡ並̤ѤƸȤ館ʤȤܻǤ롥ŪʴȤƤϡ̱²ʸˤäơ²̾Τɽ魯ηϤۤʤäꡤʶ̣򼨤ʪݡˤۤʤȤäŪ (linguistic relativism) ˤ꤬롥ҲŪʴȤƤϡLabov θ[2010-06-07-1]ε#406. Labov New York City /r/פ򻲾ȡˤ Milroy (and Milroy) θ[2011-09-26-1]ε#882. Belfast νŹפ򻲾ȡˤɽǡҲ׳ؤˡѤԻؤŸƤ롥ŪʴϡŤؤǺѤƤȾ (the wave theory) ɽ (linguistic geography) ܿ (language contact) ̤鿷̿᤭ޤƤ롥
ΤۤΥץξ̤Ωġʤ뤤ϲǤ˽ҲؤȤǤƤ֤٤ΰͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ϡȥåɥ (27) ˤСָܼˤĤƤɤв뤳ȤǤ뤫ȤϤʤƤɤΤ褦ѲΤȤä褦ʶ̣Фơ˸ؼԤ˲Ϳ褦ȤΡפǤ롥ޤȹȡȶȤäŪŪ¦̤оݤȤʬ⤢ꡤϸμҲؤȤǤƤ֤ۤŬڤ⤷ʤ
ػŪˤϡҲؤȯŸؤæѤǤȤ¦̤Ĵ뤬˾äƤߡƾˤऱơŪʡֽҲءפܻؤҲŪʴ줿ؤȤΤŪ˹ۤƤ椯ȤˤʤΤǤϤʤä˸ѰۤѲˤĤƤμϡҲؤȯŸˤä˭ˤʤäˤ˸ؤˤ礭ʱƶڤܤƤҲؤˡޤޤܤ

P. ȥåɥ ظȼҲ١ȽŹ1975ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-07-13-1]

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2012-03-22 Thu

#1060. θοȤ [sociolinguistics][world_languages][contact][saussure]

Ethnologue ƬǤϡߤθοˤĤơΤ褦Ƥ롥"An encyclopedic reference work cataloging all of the worlds 6,909 known living languages." ԤˤäƤϤȾʬο󤲤Τ⤢ꡤ¾ˤ͡ʿƤƤꡤꤹ뤳Ȥ񤷤θο뤳Ȥκͳϡ[2010-01-22-1]ε#270. θοϤʤΤİǤʤפǼ夲ޤϢ#274. üԿ ([2010-01-26-1]) ǹͻϡ⤦䤷ʤ᤿
ߡˤĤθ줬Τ䤤ϸˤĤƤκǤѤʵΤ褦ˤפ뤬¤ΤȤѤΤʤˤ꤬ޤޤƤ롥ȤȤϡʤ줬ʣ뤳ȤȤʤäƤ롥ޤ줬ʣȤȤϡ¾θȤζΤǤꡤ줾줬̲βĿƤ뤳ȤȤʤäƤ롥֤ˤƤϡ̾ܤȤƤΤǤϤʤäܤǤСߤ˺򤷤ơŪħ줬֤äƤΤǤϤʤ
Τ褦ϲϢ³ǤΤȤʿ̤ˡ򤹤礬롥ơ䤿ϡμ¸ߤ򵿤鷺ˡषȤƤ뤫餳ɸ꤬ˤѤʵʹΤǤ롥μȤϡȤǤ롥 (150) ŬʤɽѤ褦

ϤޤȤФȤȤФȤδ֤˶ߤơοΤˤοΤˤʤäΤϡȤƹȤΩˤ롥οϤϡξ֤ǤϡʤΤǤä褦ˤ⡤ޤ̾ĤƤʤä衼åѤǤϡ¯סʤƥʳθ줬ʸǽ񤫤褦ˤʤꡤʸˡ񤫤뤳Ȥˤäơ֡פΩ줿ΤǤ롥


ĤޤꡤȤȤϡֹȡפȤ̵ռΤȤƤȯۤǤꡤμ֤ѻƤƤϷ褷ޤƤʤȯۤȤȤˤʤ롥Ǥϡ嵭ѤʵϡǿŪʵȤդƤޤäƤ褤ΤݤǤ롥¤ΤȤʳؤȤƤθؤֹȡפȤΩƤΤǤ롥äȸСֹȡʳءˡפǤ餢ä (154--55)

ؤΩưͿΤϡȤǤäȤ˶ͿȤڤΤñ̤ͿǤ롥ơؤϡΤ褦ʡȤˤä󶡤줿̸ (Einzelsprache) θ˽ƤĥƸȡȤ̸ϤФ硤ѼβˤäơؤΤ褦ˤƸ椷ΤǤ뤫顤ȡؤϹȤ˽°ΤǤ롥


Τ褦ˡؤϹȴѤ˴ޤߤʤϻϤ줿֤θ򡤹ȤȤǰΤޤޤ˴ѻȤ٤ϡ20Υ塼ؤԤͤФʤʤäΤǤ롥20ؤϡ褤ȤϤä֤Ǹ줽ΤΤѻϤ᤿ΤθȾˤʤäƹȤʤҲʤ򡤲ƺ٤ϰռŪˡθ夵Ȥߤ򳫻Ϥ
21äؤϡޤɸѤʵΤʲͿʳˤʤؤϡ⤷Ƥʤä櫓ǤϤʤषѤʳäɸεܼϡѤɤΤɤɤϤǤȤ¤򡤸ؤϤꤢȼƤΤǤ롥

ɧظؤȤϲ١ȽŹҴȿӡ1993ǯ

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2012-01-21 Sat

#999. ѲȾ [wave_theory][indo-european][family_tree][geography][lexical_diffusion][contact][history_of_linguistics][isogloss]

[2010-02-03-1]ε#282. Sir William JonesαԤŦפǽҤ٤褦ˡSir William Jones (1746--1794) βŪƶˤꡤ18ν꤫ӸؤϤޤäθ塤ӸؤδפϡAugust Schleicher (1821--68) ˤꡤ19ȾФˤϳΩƤȤäƤ褤Schleicher ȤСƷ˥ƥꥹĤ뽬Ϥ᤿ؼԤǤ⤢롥Ӹؤβڡ̤ϡΰη ([2009-06-17-1], [2010-07-26-1]) ˶Ž̤Ƥ롥
ǡƱӸؤȤѲѡ the family tree model ФưлϤƤޤϻּ˱äϤƤ뤬¤ˤϡϸߤܿ򤷤ʤȯŸƤ롥ɤδطͤˤϡּǼĤμǤʤ֤Ǥܿɽ魯μ碌ǰƬˤɬפΤǤϤʤǡSchleicher θѼԤΰ Johannes Schmidt (1843--1901) ϡthe family tree model ؤΥơȤ the wave theory (Wellentheorie) 󼨤ܤŪȵڤƤ椯Ȥ֤μ˾ƤѲѤǤ롥Campbell and Mixco (221) Ѥ褦

According to the wave model, linguistic changes spread outward concentrically as waves on a pond do when a stone is thrown into it, becoming progressively weaker with the distance from their central point. Since later changes may not cover the same area there may be no sharp boundaries between neighboring dialects or languages; rather, the greater the distance between them, the fewer linguistic traits dialects or languages may share.


׿ŪʸܤϡӤꤲޤ줿ФΤ褦ˡ濴ȤƱ߾˶٤عäƤ椯ͤƤߤСΤ褦˻פ롥ιꡤήԤšȯڴʬ۳硤Ȥʸݤ the wave theory ξˡǹäƤ椯褦˸뤫ӸؤϻּˤȤ줹Ƥꡤʤʤּȯۤˤɤ夫ʤäơѲ϶֤μȤ̿᤭ޤ졤 (linguistic geography) ȯŸؤȤĤʤäƤä
Ǥϡthe family tree model ˴Ť²ηޤϡthe wave theory ǤϤɤΤ褦ʿޤȤΤʲβѤޤߤʤ Schmidt ˴ŤδطޤǤʾϲp. 43 οޤ򻲹ͤ˺ˡ

Schmidt's Wave Theory

Ƹʤ־ΰˤϽŤʤ꤬ꡤ餬 Italic Ȥ餬 Germanic ȤΤȤǤʤȤȤ褯Ƥ롥ΰѤ2ʸǽҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡۤʤǻϤޤä2Ĥθ׿㤨п A B ϡȤƱȯȤƤƤ⡤ƱȾ¤ȤϤʤȾ¤κˤꡤABξ줿A줿ʤäʤɤΰ㤤롥ºݤˤϡ̤Τ褦ˤ줤˱ߤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡƸ׿εڤΰθ³ɽ魯 (isogloss) ʣȤΤȤʤ롥ABΤߤʤ餺¿θ׿Τ褦ˤƹäƤ椯ˡŪΥΥۤɡۤʤä줬ޤ줶򤨤ʤΤ Schmidt ϹͤޤƱ⤫顤ؤκ±äȤ⤤ "Every word has its own history." Ȥ⤤ޤ줿

Schleicher, August. Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen. Weimar: Böhlau, 1861--62.
Schmidt, Johannes. Die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der indogermanischen Sprachen. Weimar: Böhlau, 1872.
Campbell, Lyle and Mauricio J. Mixco, eds. A Glossary of Historical Linguistics. Salt Lake City: U of utah P, 2007.
ϲ ͭӾ ɧ ˮɧ ԡ罤۱Ѹؼŵ١罤ۡ1983ǯ

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2011-11-15 Tue

#932. neutralization ϰ۷֤ν̸ˤ׸ [oe][old_norse][inflection][conjugation][paradigm][contact][language_change][analogy]

[2011-11-11-1]ε#928. ޤ neutralization simplificationפ[2011-11-14-1]ε#931. űѸȸťΥɸζ޸κۡפǡťΥɸȤθܿ˵űѸζηϤδñˤĤƼ夲ƤO'Neil neutralization ȸƤ֡αѸκˤĤƤϡξüԤˤ޸ѶŪڤȤȤ¦̤Ĵ뤳Ȥ¿Ωʤ¦̡allomorphy ν̸Ȥ¦̤⸫ƨƤϤʤʤ
εǼѥоɽ򸫤С޸κۤڤȤۤƱθ촴ˤ̤ȤüԤάͭǤ뤳Ȥʬ뤬촴ΤΤƱɬݤǤʤ롥ѥΥåȤˤäƤϡ촴۷ (allomorph) ȤƸ뤳Ȥ롥Ǥϡdrīfan βˤƤϡñ13; (drāf) ā θ촴첻򼨤ñ2;Τʣ (drifedrifon) i θ촴첻򼨤
¾ˤ⡤ñ23;ΤζޤˤƸ촴첻 i-mutation 򼨤űѸưϾʤʤOE lūcan "to lock" θ߷γɽ򼨤ȡʲΤ褦˸촴첻Ѱۤ (O'Neil 262)

 Old English
Inflūcan 'lock'
Pres. Sing. 1.lūce
2.lȳc(e)st
3.lȳc(e)ð
Plur.lūcað


ȤѸŵŪʥѥǤϡñ23;Τθ촴¾ΥåȤƱ촴褦ˤʤäƤ롥Τ allomorphy ν̸Ǥꡤ̤ȤơѤθ촴߷Υѥ̤Ѥ褦ˤʤäưŤΤʤ allormophy 򤳤Τ褦˽̸뤳Ȥϡߤ˰ջ̤ޤȤƤűѸťΥɸüԤˤȤäƤϹŪ˷ޤ줿ʾˤ餬̸ѶŪ˷ޤ줿Ȥͤ뤳ȤǤ롥

I think it clear that working from quite similar, often identical, underlying forms but with different sets and intersecting sets of endings associated with them and bewildering allomorphies as a result of the conditions established by the endings, the basic underlying sameness of Old English and Old Norse had become somewhat distorted and thus a superficial barrier to communication between speakers of the two languages had arisen. It is not surprising then that the inflections of the languages were rapidly and radically neutralized, for they were the source of nearly all difficulty. (O'Neil 262--63)


allormophy ν̸ϡܿˤ neutralization βȤƤǤʤŪ (analogy) ñ㲽 (simplification) βȤƤª뤳ȤǤ롥ºݤˤϡΤߤѤƤȹͤΤǤϤʤξԤ˺ѤƤȹͤΤ⤷ʤ
allomorphy ν̸ϡѥ levelling ʿʿˤɤؤ뤳ȤǽѸˤĤƤϡ[2010-11-03-1]ε#555. 2 analogyפ򻲾ȡ

O'Neil, Wayne. "The Evolution of the Germanic Inflectional Systems: A Study in the Causes of Language Change." Orbis 27 (1980): 248--86.

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2011-11-14 Mon

#931. űѸȸťΥɸζ޸κ [oe][old_norse][inflection][conjugation][paradigm][contact][language_change]

[2011-11-11-1]ε#928. ޤ neutralization simplificationפǤϡűѸθηϤťΥɸȤܿˤñƤäO'Neil ѸѤ neutralization ȸƤβϡűѸȸťΥɸȤδ֤ǡб촴ϤۤƱǤˤ⤫餺б޸Ϸ㤷ۤʤäƤˡԤѶŪڤȤ줿ȤȤä
ǤϡŪˤɤΤ褦ξζηϤ򾷤ΤäΤƤߤ褦ʲϡŵŪʶѲư졤Ѳư졤Ѳ̾졤Ѳ̾ (o-stem) ζޤоɽǤ (O'Neil 257--59)

Strong Verb

 Old EnglishOld Norse
Infdrīfan 'drive'drífã
Pres. Sing. 1.drīfedríf
2.drīfestdrífR
3.drīfeðdrífR
Plur. 1.drīfaðdrífom
2.drīfaðdrífeð
3.drīfaðdrífã
Past Sing. 1. and 3.drāfdreif
2.drifedreift
Plur. 1.drifondrifom
2.drifondrifoð
3.drifondrifð
Pres. pple.drīfendedrífande
Past pple.drifendrifenn

Weak Verb

 Old EnglishOld Norse
Inftellan 'count'teljã
Pres. Sing. 1.telletel
2.telesttelR
3.telðtelR
Plur. 1.tellaðteljom
2.tellaðteleð
3.tellaðteljã
Past Sing. 1taldetalda
2.taldesttalder
3.taldetalde
Plur. 1.taldontǫldom
2.taldontǫldoð
3.taldontǫldõ
Pres. pple.tellendeteljande
Past ppl.etaldtal(e)ð

Weak Noun

 Old EnglishOld Norse
Sing. Nom.guma 'man'gume
Obliquegumangumã
Plur. Nom.gumangumaR
Acc.gumangumã
Gen.gumenagum(n)a
Dat.gumumgumon

Strong Noun (Feminine ō-stems)

 Old EnglishOld Norse
Sing. Nom.bōt 'remedy'bót
Acc.bōtebót
Gen.bōtebótaR
Dat.bōtebót
Plur. Nom.bōtabótaR
Acc.bōtabótaR
Gen.bōtenabóta
Dat.bōtumbótom


촴ϤۤƱǤꡤ鷺˰ۤʤȤƤ¤פεϰϤǤ롥Ȥб޸٤ȡΤۤΩġб륹åȤ˰ۤʤѤƤȤȤϤ뤳Ȥʤ顤ŪƱθۤʤ륹åȤѤƤȤΤ⺮򾷤˽ʬä㤨СűѸ drīfeð ϸ3;ñƱθťΥɸ drífeð ϸ2;ʣǤ롥
Τ褦˶ɽ٤ȡξüԤκ𿶤꤬Ū˸ƤΤǤϤʤ

O'Neil, Wayne. "The Evolution of the Germanic Inflectional Systems: A Study in the Causes of Language Change." Orbis 27 (1980): 248--86.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-17-1] [2011-11-15-1]

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2011-11-11 Fri

#928. ޤ neutralization simplification [inflection][contact][language_change][germanic][old_norse]

ѸˤǤϡűѸ줫ѸˤƵäηϤδñ򡤶ޤοʿ (levelling) ñ㲽 (simplification) ȤѸɽΤ̤Ǥ롥Ʊͤθݤ¿쾯ʤ¾ΥޥǤƤȤϡε#927. ޥζޤοء ([2011-11-10-1]) #656. "English is the most drifty Indo-European language." ([2011-02-12-1]) ˤƤǤʿñ㲽ȤѸ줬ŬѤ
O'Neil ϡޥ˸ޤοϡΤ˶̤٤2ĤѸ neutralization simplification ˤäƵҤ٤ȶĴƤ롥줾ϡO'Neil (283) ˤȼ̤ꡥ

(A) If there is significant and more-or-less permanent contact between two closely related languages differing for the most part only in superficial aspects of their grammars (inflections, accent, tone, etc.), these superficial differences will be rapidly neutralized or erased. (283)


(B) Without language contact, inflectional systems will simplify only so far as there is room available for easing learning without greatly decreasing perceptibility. (283)


ĤޤȤܿȤʤäʸˡƥ꡼ζ̤褦ʸηϤδñ neutralization ȸƤӡܿȤϴطʤؽγФ˴ؤüԤθ쿴Ū׵˴ŤƼ˿ʹԤηϤδñ simplification ȸƤʬ٤ȡO'Neil ϼĥƤ롥Ū˸Сneutralization ǡȤƷ㤷Ѥǥϡsimplification Ͼ˾ĺѤƤ륢ʥϤª
ѸǥޥζηϤδñƵҤȡΤ褦ˤʤIcelandic High German ʤɤŪݼŪʸǤϡȤ simplification ˤηϤδñΤߤѻΤФơñѸ졤Φ󥸥ʥӥ졤եꥫ󥹸ʤɤǤϡsimplification ˲äơܿˤäư줿 neutralization Ѥ
űѸŪ˿ʹԤƤޤδñťΥɸȤܿˤ®ȤŪϡǤϹƤ뤬Τ˶̤2ĤѸˤʤȤˡO'Neil ΰյ롥˿ʹԤƤץ (simplification) ΤޤޱĹ줿ΤǤϤʤñȤ̣Ǥϰˤ뤳ȤǤΤΡťΥɸȤܿˤͶȯ줿̤Υץ (neutralization) ˤäƸ岡줿ȹͤƤפǤ롥

O'Neil, Wayne. "The Evolution of the Germanic Inflectional Systems: A Study in the Causes of Language Change." Orbis 27 (1980): 248--86.

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